Have you noticed how some freshly washed items become smaller in size? If this happens, it means the material shrunk– became shorter. The same thing can happen with pieces of fabric for sewing.
It is important to remember this feature when purchasing a cut, otherwise you will be in for an unpleasant surprise:
· you will immediately sew the item without processing the fabric, and it will “shrink” after soaking and ironing;
· you wash the linen, and it turns out that there is not enough of it.
To prevent this from happening, you need to purchase more fabric than the pattern suggests. And after the purchase the cut should subject to wet heat treatment so that it takes its final form.
Most often, the exact percentage of fabric shrinkage is determined after washing. But if the material cannot be washed, it should be wetted or treated with steam.
Why do tissues shrink in size?
The main reason lies in the peculiarities of production. During the creation of fabric, the threads of the future fabric stretch and give them a certain position. Taking water and heat “baths”, the material tends to regain its optimal shape, as a result of which its length and width decrease.
If the threads of one of the systems (warp or weft) are very twisted or otherwise squeezed, they will want to “straighten up.” And this will happen due to shortening the threads of the other system.
Another common reason for shrinkage is fiber swelling. In this case, the threads become thicker and shorter.
How to deal with shrinkage
To prevent shrinkage, wet-heat treatment of the fabric is necessary. They call her decatification . IN general view this process looks like this: the material is moistened, ironed and left to dry completely. A more specific method of decating depends on the characteristics of the structure and composition of the fabric chosen for sewing.
Shrinkage standards for fabric and knitwear
Before buying a cut, you need to find out how much shorter it will become after moistening.
The most convenient source of information about fabric shrinkage is table. If the type of material and its composition are known, the degree of “shortening” can be quickly determined.
Coarse woolen fabrics shrink a little less - about 2.5-3%. But knitted materials become much shorter than regular fabrics (unless, of course, they contain elastane).
Knitwear, which is used when sewing outerwear, gives a significant shrinkage - 8-10% on average. More exact values Loss of length and width can be seen in the table below.
On average, linen knitwear shrinks by 8-10% in length and 10-12% in width.
If the type of material and its composition is known, the degree of fabric shrinkage can be easily determined using the tables above. You need to add the length of the cut to the resulting number.
Basic formula for calculations it looks like this:
(D*U/100) + D = D 0.
Here D - This required length material for cutting, U – percentage of shrinkage, D 0 – cut length upon purchase.
Important! To the resulting number you need to add a few more centimeters to an “even” value. After all, the piece that we “add” to the desired length will also “shrink” when decated.
For example, you are going to purchase 170 centimeters of cotton corduroy. It “sits down” by about 5%. So the calculation will be like this
170*5/100 + 170 = 178.5 cm.
Do you urgently need to make a shirt, sweater or dress a size or two smaller? Such a need may arise due to various reasons. Sometimes an item stretches during wear or is purchased in a size larger than needed, or the owner of a beautiful sweater has lost weight and does not want to part with her favorite item. Then the solution to the problem arises: how to make the item shrink after washing at home. After all, baggy clothes suit few people, especially if you have a slim figure and want to show it off.
Wool
If you need to wash a wool item, hand wash it with liquid agent.
The main rule for woolen knitwear is never soak it, as this will only stretch things out.
How to wash knitwear so that it shrinks
T-shirts often stretch out when worn and lose their attractive appearance. What can I do to restore them? If they are tailored correctly (and this is not always the case), there is a chance. Can help you reduce their volume washing machine.
- Wash knitwear on the highest temperature and spin speed setting.
- Another method involves dipping the T-shirt in boiling water without washing it. After lying in it for 5 minutes, the product will decrease by one size; staying for 15 minutes will reduce the item by one and a half to two sizes.
High water temperatures can promote molting. If you do not want to risk the color, wash the item as required by its label. And for shrinkage, use an electric dryer.
How to make cotton clothes shrink
We reduce the size of linen items.
- Linen is a natural fabric, and its shrinking process is similar to that of cotton. Use hot water 90° and delicate mode in the machine, or at this temperature, soak the item in the basin for a while.
- Do not use washing powder containing chlorine - this substance is harmful to linen fabric. Rinse any remaining product in cool water. After this wash, your linen item will shrink one size.
How to make synthetic outfits fit.
In order for synthetics to shrink, things need to be dried in washing machine
- Not every synthetic fabric subject to shrinkage. You will not be able to fit products made from acrylic, lycra and spandex. The problem of downsizing can be solved only by altering things. Small size can only be obtained by washing only products from polyester And nylon. To do this, wash them by hand in cold water.
- Subsequent drying in a washing machine or on a radiator can further provoke shrinkage of these fabrics.
We reduce the outfit made from silk.
- Silk fiber does not tolerate too much high temperatures. Wash silk items by hand in warm water. Even this will make them shrink slightly. You can dry it outdoors or at room temperature.
Do not hang silk laundry on a radiator to dry; it may become permanently deformed.
Additional ways to shrink things
The drying method can also affect the size of woolen items. A wool item can shrink if you dry it after regular washing on a hot radiator.
To shrink an item of cotton clothing, for example a sweater, heat the iron, set the steam output to maximum and process the entire item.
Methods for shrinking other items are based on exposure to high temperatures and contrast washing mode.
Are there special means for shrinking fabric?
Alas, you won’t find products on sale that allow things to shrink when used. So, one way or another, you will have to resort to various options washing. At weaving factories, the fabric is subjected to forced shrinkage on shrinkage machines (decatation) so that it shrinks less in the future, or it is treated with anti-shrink chemicals and resins.
The ability of a fabric to shrink relates to fabric defects, and not vice versa, therefore industrial products to influence tissue in this direction is not performed. A shrunken piece of clothing can more often upset you than please you.
Well, if you have lost weight, but it’s a pity to part with your favorite things, resew them. If you have accumulated a lot of such things, it is better to give them to the studio, into the hands of professional tailors. As a last resort, store your clothes in wardrobe. Who knows, maybe you will still need it.
In the first years after it is built brick house, it is necessarily subject to shrinkage. It can last quite a long time - up to 8 years, depending on the characteristics of the soil on which the construction was carried out. Load-bearing walls houses put pressure on the foundation and if the soil is soft, the house will sink deeper. To prevent cracks from appearing in the brickwork as a result of shrinkage, so-called expansion joints. These seams are intended to reduce loads on the house structure in areas where deformation may occur. These seams are a kind of cut that divides the building into blocks and gives the structure a kind of elasticity. The seams are sealed with a special insulation material.
There are seams for various purposes- shrinkage, sedimentation, temperature, anti-seismic.
A brick house that is subject to shrinkage must have both a shrinkage joint and a temperature joint.
Features of house shrinkage
Many happy owners of a new brick house do not carry out repairs in the house for 2-3 years. However, if we are talking about the only housing, then you can do redecorating. It shouldn't be very expensive, since you'll still have to redo it later. You need to do some fairly simple and inexpensive steps:
- plaster the walls, whitewash the ceiling and stick on not very expensive wallpaper;
- Parquet is best suited for the floor; it is not afraid of shrinkage;
- There is no need to use tiles or tiles; there is a high risk that they will fall off or crack.
Of course, you can decide to make serious repairs, but you must remember that it can be spoiled by the consequences of the shrinkage of the house and, in particular, the shrinkage of the cement mortar. In order to minimize the consequences of house shrinkage, it is recommended to use construction and Decoration Materials himself High Quality, produced the best manufacturers. To carry out the work, it is necessary to invite experienced specialists who have already carried out similar work in newly built brick houses. Brick buildings are quite rigid, so their shrinkage is not so significant.
Often in brick houses the foundation settles. This one can reach up to 150mm. To minimize settlement, the foundation of the house is built on sand cushion and bury it to a fairly large depth. It is clear that this is done at the very first stage of construction. It is necessary to build drainage around the house, which will reduce the pressure groundwater on the foundation.
During construction own home we must remember that shrinkage of a house is not something unusual; it always happens, no matter what material they are built from.
Shrinkage of cement mortar
The cement mortar decreases in size as it dries. In addition to changing the volume binder material, due to which shrinkage mainly occurs, this process depends on the percentage of binder filler to water binder. Also, the hardening time of the solution and the weather conditions under which it hardens play a very significant role in this process.
The more binder and water-binding material in the solution, the more it changes size when drying. Shrinkage occurs as quickly as possible in the first stage of solidification of the solution. Over time, the changes decrease and eventually stop completely. Shrinkage cement mortars stops after 3 – 3.5 months. For standard solutions, the amount of shrinkage can vary within fairly wide limits - from 0.1 to 0.4 mm/m. Sometimes a maximum shrinkage rate of millimeters per meter of length is achieved.
During facing works, as well as mosaic ones, shrinkage is extremely undesirable. In order for it to be small, you need to make a solution with minimum quantity binder material and add special impurities to it.
When purchasing an apartment in a new building or becoming the proud owner of a private house, you want to quickly begin interior decoration so that the home finally acquires a cozy look and becomes comfortable to live in. But experts warn: do not rush and purchase finishing materials. Why? Because the building has to go through one more stage - shrinkage. All structures without exception are subject to this process. It is based on the interaction of the physical properties of materials and environment. When the building is stable and the shrinkage of the house stops, the finishing will justify the money and effort spent. By rushing, residents risk wasting time and money, because finishing materials can become unusable under the influence of internal deformation of the house structure.
After what period of time can you move from rough repairs You can truly, thoroughly find out by finding out the characteristics of shrinkage in different types houses, taking into account the influence of factors. If everything was calculated and done correctly, then shrinkage will occur with virtually no effect on the tiles, wallpaper, or laminate used. The owners will not have to dismantle raised floors and find tiles that have broken off from the wall.
For new buildings, shrinkage is a completely natural process. The foundation and piles must be adjusted to the weight of the ceilings and walls. In addition, if the building is multi-apartment, then you need to take into account the weight of everything that the residents bring inside. Development companies include the time required for final stabilization of the structure in the project plan. What factors influence the degree of shrinkage of a building? This is a whole list of criteria based on research results:
- the peculiarity of the soil in the selected area (on hard soils the process is completed faster than on moving ones);
- foundation type;
- ground water level.
In a new home, the process can last from 2 to 6 years. On average, a building is adapted in 2-3 years. It should be borne in mind that the greater the weight of the structure, the more complex the process. A brick structure will adapt worse than a structure made of cellular concrete, which has much less weight.
Shrinkage of a brick-monolithic house 
What is shrinkage wooden house
When can you start repairing and finishing?
The desire to tidy up the living space is more than understandable. Rough finish does not add comfort. However, no matter how strong the desire to take on repairs, hold back your emotions and financial resources. Construction experts strongly recommend waiting at least 2 winter period. For that time will pass the active part of the shrinkage process of the house and further finishing will no longer be affected, or will take place with minimal losses.
During the shrinkage process, the floors and walls are slightly displaced relative to the original geometric shape. It is impossible to determine these changes by eye, but they are quite enough to deform the finishing materials on the walls, floor and ceiling.
How is it shown? For example, in the kitchen or bathroom it cracks or comes off. ceramic tile. Cracks may appear in the tile joints in the same rooms. Wallpaper may peel off, paint and plaster on the ceiling and walls may crack and crumble. The consequence of shrinkage will be “waving” of laminate and parquet panels. The window and door openings are sagging.
The conclusion suggests itself: until the process of shrinkage of the building has gone through, it is better to spend money solely on cosmetic repairs.
Shrinkage may cause cracks in floor tiles. Is it still possible to do a thorough interior decoration? Even experienced craftsmen finishers will not give a 100 percent guarantee. If you really want to, then as a solution, experts suggest using materials that have a sufficient degree of elasticity to transfer the changing geometry of surfaces, these include:
- stretch ceiling;
- vinyl tiles;
- non-woven or liquid wallpaper;
- special plasters with an elastic effect.
If the type of building allows a small percentage of deformation, then the materials used in the finishing will be able to adapt to the displacement of surfaces and maintain the quality of the coating. “Gutta-percha” finishing will cost more than usual, so before you decide to experiment, you should weigh your options.
When purchasing housing with finishing done by the developer, also be prepared to make renovation work. However, by that time the active phase of shrinkage will have already passed, and you can safely use the materials you like.
Foundation shrinkage can contribute to cracking of gas silicate masonry Features of shrinkage in different types of houses
House shrinkage is a change in the geometric parameters of building elements due to the drying of the materials from which they were made. This process must be taken into account when constructing a structure, since it is natural and impossible to do without it. With proper calculations, shrinkage will occur harmoniously and without consequences for the structure.
Settlement of the building, with which shrinkage is sometimes confused, is, on the contrary, not natural and signals instability of the soil in the selected area or weakness of the foundation. Settlement can cause not only cracking of walls, but even their collapse.
The degree of shrinkage of a building directly depends on the material chosen for construction. Wooden buildings are considered the most problematic in terms of shrinkage. Concrete, foam blocks and brick are also susceptible to this process, but not in such a pronounced form.
| House type | Main shrinkage period | Features of the course |
| Panel | 2-3 years |
|
| Monolithic frame | 1 year |
|
| Brick | From 3-4 to 5-6 years |
|
Deformations in concrete slabs floors Panel
Shrinkage panel house occurs on average per year. The changes are so noticeable that rough coating will in no way be able to hide traces of deformation. For the first renovation, it is recommended to use coatings that can then be easily dismantled - laminate or linoleum. The main part of the shrinkage can be quite noticeable in relation to changes in the geometry of the planes of the walls, floor and ceiling. The result may be noticeable cracks and distortions in the area of corners and tile joints. The slabs themselves remain unharmed. Very often, after shrinkage, apartment owners have to think about the need to level the floor. Ideally, of course, it is better to wait with repairs until the active stage of shrinkage has passed. It may not be so comfortable, but the financial losses will be minimal.
Brick
In production building materials The technology includes so-called shrinkage protection. Therefore, if shrinkage has a significant percentage, this indicates low quality of the material, or that the builders violated standards during the construction of the building.
At the production stage, the brick undergoes a drying procedure, due to which the percentage of moisture in the product is reduced to zero. This means that further evaporation, which could lead to shrinkage of the material, is eliminated. Concrete does not hold water in itself. In this case, the cause of shrinkage may be freezing during the cold season or improper load distribution within the structure. If the building was erected in the autumn-winter period, there is a high probability that the materials may get wet, and when saturated with moisture, freeze. As a result, inside the cracks and pores, the moisture turns into ice, which tends to expand. This can lead to severe external cracks.
Another disadvantage of brick buildings is the large number of seams. These gaps, if the masonry was not of sufficient quality, can accumulate moisture inside them, which will expand or contract under the influence of temperature changes. The porosity of brick, in comparison with other types of building materials, is its advantage and disadvantage at the same time. When building brick houses, builders must be very careful to ensure that all gaps are minimal and well-designed. The degree of shrinkage of a brick house compared to a wooden one is minimal, but it will take 3-4 years.
A crack in the ceiling is the first sign of building shrinkage Monolithic frame
The basis of a monolithic frame structure is load-bearing frame, not made using welding work, but made using vertical columns. This is a solid system in which the frame plays the role of support for the structure as a whole. With this approach to construction, the risk of cracks is minimized.
Shrinkage in houses monolithic type is minimal compared to other types of buildings, since the solid structure qualitatively distributes the load on the foundation, due to which shrinkage occurs evenly. For people living in the house, the changes are almost invisible compared to a brick building. However, there may be subsidence of soil under the monolith. In this case, a strong frame protects the building from significant deformations. This makes it possible to carry out repair work in a new building almost immediately.
True, if sufficient geological and geodetic research was not carried out or there were serious violations in construction technology, then even monolithic structure capable of revealing unusual miracles of shrinkage.
Consequences of shrinkage of a brick-monolithic house Factors affecting shrinkage
It was already mentioned earlier that shrinkage of the foundation of a house is a natural and natural phenomenon. The degree of its severity is influenced by external and internal factors. By taking into account their influence on the structure, unwanted manifestations can be prevented in the future.
External
To the group external factors refers to soil mobility - the uneven occurrence of soil layers leads to the fact that the movement under different ends of the building may differ. There are several types of this factor:
- the depth of soil freezing - it is not the soil itself that freezes, but the moisture in it. When water freezes, it causes the soil to shrink, and when it comes time to thaw, it begins to expand. The soil around the foundation swells and begins to compress it. With a significant degree of freezing, the foundation lies to a greater depth, since it must be laid deeper than the soil freezes. Accordingly, shrinkage will take longer. In addition, the degree of freezing affects the strength of the foundation, because periodic compression leads to gradual destruction of the foundation of the house;
- depth of groundwater - moisture has a serious impact on the foundation of the building, but the degree of its influence is not the same. The blind area protects the upper part of the foundation from water, but the lower part is located underground. Despite the fact that rainwater also penetrates into the ground, the main impact comes from groundwater. Due to differences in humidity, the foundation may shrink differently in the lower and upper parts relative to time. If groundwater lies close to the surface, drain the foundation to reduce the impact of moisture;
- horizontal - displacement leads to a tilt of the foundation to the sides;
- vertical - here the movement of layers is characterized by a displacement up or down. The foundation either fails or is pushed out;
- mixed mobility can move the building base both vertically and horizontally. To reduce mobility and stabilize the soil, the foundation is installed on a foundation pad made of crushed stone, sand and concrete;
- climatic conditions - the territory of our country is characterized by a humid climate, clay and sandy loam soils, as well as low temperatures. The soil freezes deeply, which must be taken into account when building the foundation. Failure to comply with construction technology can lead to serious deformation of the building during the shrinkage process;
- time of year - you should not build a foundation in spring or autumn, when there is a lot of rain and the soil is saturated with moisture. This is especially important if further freezing is possible, which will negatively affect the integrity of the foundation.
Scheme for sealing a crack near a brick wall Domestic
- expansion and contraction of building materials. Due to temperature changes, substances expand or contract. In the case of the foundation of a building, the impact occurs from two sides. Temperature affects the foundation itself and the soil in which it is immersed. To prevent this physical deformation from causing harm to the structure, expansion joints are made in the foundation;
- moisturizing and drying materials. The main process that causes shrinkage is the drying of building materials. As moisture evaporates, the building structure becomes lighter and decreases in volume. If the materials are wet, then, on the contrary, swelling occurs, weight and volume increase. Shrinkage lasts exactly as long as required for maximum evaporation of moisture, then the materials acquire maximum strength. The speed of the process will directly depend on the air temperature and humidity;
- the quality of the materials used - the foundation carries a large load, so the materials at its base must meet all requirements and construction standards. Brands and fractions should be used only those specified in regulatory documents. The quality of the building design will depend on the clarity of the technology.
The foundation must stand before the building itself can be erected. Otherwise, the shrinkage process will continue under the influence of walls and load-bearing structures. As a result, certain areas will sag and cracks will form on the walls and foundation. If the deformation is too strong, the house may simply collapse.
Based on the above, we can conclude: shrinkage of a house is a natural process, but not always subject to warranty periods. Its course is greatly influenced by internal and external groups of factors, as a result of which the same construction technology may give different results. Moreover, in addition to the quality of the walls and ceilings, the properties of the foundation and how competently it was executed are very important. Did the builders take into account the type of soil mobility and measure the depth of groundwater flow? Have you taken care of drainage for the foundation and how good is the foundation pad? There are many nuances, so for finishing to become a timely undertaking, it is worth making sure that the house is built in accordance with all applicable standards.
Video
It describes in detail what problems can be encountered during building shrinkage.
Photos with options for problems that may arise during building shrinkage
What are the risks of shrinking an apartment building?
Shrinkage of brick multi-storey building can last quite a long time, so it takes a significant amount of time to pass the test and obtain a final conclusion about the quality of the object.
Shrinkage of houses can last up to 10 years.
The construction of multi-storey buildings is a rather complex and long-term process, which has a huge number of features and nuances. In this case, the construction of a building means the completion of work, but by no means the completion of testing of the building.
Types of structures and construction process of brick buildings
A monolithic frame house shrinks in one year.Purchasing an apartment in a new building is a significant event for every person, and sometimes it is the dream of his whole life. Based on this, it is quite understandable to want to immediately move to a new home, equip it and live peacefully. However, in reality, everything turns out to be not so simple, since often after some time, freshly laid ceramic tiles begin to fall off, and cracks appear along the walls. The reason for this is the shrinkage of the house, which is a natural process that can lead to significant deformations of the building. It arises as a result of the pressure of the total mass of the building, which amounts to more than one ton, on the foundation.
As a rule, this phenomenon depends on the type of building. Today, the construction of multi-storey buildings is carried out using the following methods and materials:
- panel objects;
- monolithic frame buildings;
- brick buildings.
Each of these types of buildings implies different shrinkage periods due to the peculiarities of their design. Yes, when normal conditions panel house settles in 3-6 years, and a monolithic frame object, which is the least massive and solid, can go through the full procedure in just 1 year.
Shrinkage of a brick house is the most long-term process, since the building itself consists of many small parts connected together with cement mortar. In addition, the weight of brickwork is much higher than the mass of other materials used for the construction of multi-story buildings. Therefore, the foundation of a high-rise brick building requires significant reinforcement, which is not always carried out correctly. Shrinkage of a brick house can last up to 10 years, and in particularly difficult cases it can last for an unlimited period.
Types of shrinkage, their role in the formation of a building and possible consequences
Shrinkage of a panel house occurs from 3 to 6 years.House shrinkage can have many manifestations that can not only affect the interior decoration, but also disrupt the overall integrity of the building and its stability.
Although such a phenomenon is rare and represents a violation of construction technology, it can still occur. Usually in this case the brick house develops several cracks with outside and undergoes slight deformations inside, after which the shrinkage procedure ends and the object becomes monolithic and strong.
The shrinkage of brick buildings has many features, among which the following types of deformations occupy an important place:
- thermal expansion or contraction of the material;
- shrinkage.
Each of the above types of shrinkage has a significant impact on a brick house. In most cases, they are responsible for the deformation of the building. The damage may look like this:
- cracking of surfaces;
- formation of brick chips;
- masonry discrepancies;
- plaster lag;
- subsidence of individual sections of the wall.
In some cases, the formation of such defects can be quite serious, in others, on the contrary, it can be completely invisible.
The coefficient of linear expansion of materials, directly related to the ambient temperature, causes an increase or, conversely, a decrease in the volume of the brick. So, in winter, during the most low temperatures, the brick becomes significantly smaller, and in summer, on hot days, its volume is greatest. This process is natural and can be explained by the laws of physics. This is precisely one of the main reasons why brickwork shrinks and becomes deformed.
Another factor in the occurrence of deformations is the so-called shrinkage, i.e. the effect of moisture on the material. The brick has a porous structure and perfectly absorbs water that disturbs it. internal structure and increasing mass. This aspect becomes especially important in winter, when the water begins to freeze and the masonry gradually collapses.
Factors responsible for the shrinkage of a multi-story building
Periodic exposure to such factors determines the long duration of the shrinkage procedure, during which each element takes its place. specific place, and the house itself accepts its final appearance. In general, the shrinkage procedure is not always the result of errors in calculations or non-compliance of construction technology with the required standards, although these factors also play a huge role. There are also many other nuances that need to be taken into account. The list of such criteria is as follows:
- type and model of brick;
- soil features;
- shape and type of construction;
- height of the structure;
- compliance with building codes;
- climatic conditions of the area;
- foundation quality.
//www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOKk_UGAVFQ
Each of these parameters can cause a violation of the external characteristics of a brick house and a change in its structure. However, such consequences are extremely rare. As a rule, shrinkage proceeds quite smoothly and manifests itself in the form of several cracks on the surface of the walls. Moreover, at the end of this process, the object acquires not only its completed appearance, but also stability, allowing it to be used for many years.
