If necessary, during the redevelopment process, arranging a new doorway in a load-bearing wall will have to go through more than one instance. Permission to install openings in load-bearing walls Not everyone can afford it, both the house and the new entrance must meet many requirements for the Housing Inspectorate to give the go-ahead for redevelopment.
A new opening in a load-bearing wall may be needed in several cases:
- combining the room and kitchen;
- expansion of the bathroom due to the corridor leading to the kitchen and, as a necessity, the creation of an opening between the kitchen and living room;
- demolition of the window sill part of the wall to combine the loggia and the room;
- Union standing nearby apartments, etc.
IMPORTANT! It is prohibited to install a doorway in a load-bearing wall without prior approval. This can be fraught with accidents, fines and an order to bring the apartment into compliance with the plan at your own expense.
In what cases is it possible to obtain permission for redevelopment?
In the decision-making process, the housing inspection considers the following characteristics of the apartment and house:
- The floor on which the apartment is located and the total number of floors of the building - the higher the apartment is located, which means the less load on its floors, the higher the likelihood of obtaining permission.
- Year of construction of the building - if the building is old, its structures have become dilapidated due to natural wear and tear, the installation of an opening in this case can be dangerous.
- Opening size - the future opening should not be too large, the standard width is 90 cm.
- The condition of the walls in apartments above or below (can be seen on the floor plan of all apartments along the riser from the first to the last floor) - if your neighbors on the riser have already made an opening in this wall, the likelihood of obtaining permission is reduced. There is a loophole - the construction of an opening exactly under the neighbor's opening.
- The coincidence of the opening with the joints of the floors - the construction of openings in such parts of the wall is prohibited.
- Availability of indentation from outer wall at least 1 meter.
Most of the situations presented are not hopeless. Our specialists will find an opportunity in a legal way coordinate the redevelopment in the city of Moscow.
The approval of the opening and its subsequent opening are carried out only if the owner has a project for future redevelopment in hand. Before looking for a design organization, you need to find out whether it is possible in principle to install an opening in your home.
Since 2007, in houses designed by the State Unitary Enterprise "MNIITEP", the construction of new openings in load-bearing walls has been prohibited. An exception is some three-room apartments with a transformable wall, which provides for an opening between the room and the kitchen.
Reinforced opening in load-bearing wall
Approval procedure
Approval of an opening in a load-bearing wall is possible only after a technical examination and preparation of a future redevelopment project.
Actions upon approval:
- Get technical certificate premises.
- Contact the organization that designed the house, order a technical inspection of the load-bearing structures, and obtain an opinion on the possibility of installing openings. If the author of the project no longer exists, you must contact MosZhilNIIProekt or a design organization with permission to carry out such work.
- A design engineer will visit the site to take measurements and prepare a redevelopment project by the design organization.
- Coordination of the project with DEZ, Rospotrebnadzor, Gospozhnadzor.
- Collecting the necessary package of documents and sending it for consideration to the Moscow Housing Inspectorate (for residential premises) or to the Prefecture (for non-residential premises).
- Getting permission.
Subsequently, based on the design, the opening is constructed. Redevelopment can only be carried out by an organization that has permission to do such work. Upon completion of the repair, the company must provide a repair and construction work log and a hidden work report. The design organization carries out architectural supervision and ensures that the openings are strengthened.
Legalizing an opening in a load-bearing wall
If you have already completed the work at your own risk, it will be very, very difficult to legitimize the opening in the load-bearing wall.
First of all, it will be necessary to contact the organization that is the author of the project, or, if it no longer exists, to MosZhilNIIProekt, so that they, based on project documentation concluded that it was possible to construct an opening.
If possible, a specialist will visit the site and check the design of your opening and the feasibility of its installation in the location you have chosen. In most cases, strengthening an opening in a load-bearing wall is done incorrectly, which leads to the need for additional work.
One way or another, you cannot avoid having to pay a fine. If the opening arrangement according to the results technical report turns out to be impractical, it will have to be mortgaged.
So that you do not have problems with redevelopment, and with a high degree of probability, permission to construct an opening has been obtained, contact our company. We can take on all the work from coordination to preparing the design of the opening in the load-bearing wall and its installation.
Everyone has their own reasons for “reformatting” their home - adding to the family, arranging a separate, additional room for an office, installing an arch or something else. As a rule, redevelopment does not cause any particular difficulties for owners; There are techniques that have been developed over the years. Another thing is an opening in a load-bearing wall. It is a loaded element of the building structure, and in in this case The owner's desire alone is clearly not enough.
general information
The owner of a private building decides independently whether to cut through the wall or not. He does not need to coordinate this issue with supervisory authorities. But also responsibility for Negative consequences will fall entirely on his shoulders. If redevelopment is done in an apartment, then permission must be obtained. An opening in a load-bearing wall, constructed incorrectly, in violation of all norms and regulations, can lead to the appearance of cracks along the entire height of the building, displacement of floors, and the like. And it is unlikely that the matter will be limited to administrative penalties.
Any approval by the authorities is a long procedure; sometimes the issue takes months to resolve. This time can be spent rationally if you evaluate, check and analyze something. Perhaps the problem will disappear automatically, since quite often the opening where you want is impossible in principle or is technically extremely difficult. Which means it’s inappropriate.
What to consider:
- Degree of deterioration of the building.
- Wall material and thickness.
- The number of floors of the house and the level on which the dwelling is located. The maximum load is on the walls of the lower floors. For this reason, for such apartments, even if cutting an opening is allowed, its dimensions are limited.
- Whether it will be necessary to reinforce the wall in this place, by what method, with what - this question must be clarified in advance.
- Layout of the room and the distance of the opening from external wall. And there is a limitation on this point. If the interval is less than 1 m, then work cannot be carried out, otherwise interior partition can "lead". This is mainly typical for brick house.
- Opening geometry. Simply put, what exactly do you want to do. Basically, 2 options are implemented: a simple passage (rectangular) or an arched one. If the opening only needs to be shifted without changing its geometry, then everything is much simpler; partial expansion on one side and sealing on the other.
Conclusion - before running around the authorities, coordinating various papers, paying for an audit and the like, you should consult with a professional. Perhaps it is impossible to make an opening in this particular room.
Operating procedure
The legal side of the issue is a separate issue. From a practical point of view, something more interesting is how a passage is cut in the wall depending on its material.
Preparation stage
Home redevelopment begins with this.
- Drawing up a diagram. It is advisable to inquire whether openings were made in the apartments on the floor below/above. It is optimal if they are located equally. By the way, this will make obtaining permission somewhat easier. During the design process, the parameters of the door are also taken into account, and therefore the appropriate model should be looked at in advance. Otherwise, you will have to further expand/narrow the opening, and this is extra work.
- Cleaning the base. Before you start cutting through the wall, you need to assess its condition. If signs of rot are visible, then you will have to do treatment, impregnation with special agents. In addition, it will become clear what will be needed during the work. Make an opening in a load-bearing wall, having only a set at hand household tools, it definitely won't work.
Use electric tool impact type(a jackhammer, a hammer drill with this function) is not worth it. His work initiates the appearance of cracks in the wall, and where they can “go” is unknown. And this means a decrease in the strength of the structure. To cut a passage in a residential building, the only acceptable option is cutting the material with a “grinder” (with a diamond blade).
- Surface marking. This is necessary in order to obtain the correct geometry of the opening, without bevels or curvatures of its end parts. This is especially true for thick walls; It is in this case that significant errors are inevitable, since you will have to cut into the material alternately from both sides.
After drawing the contour along its perimeter, maintaining the exact direction cutting tool(perpendicular to the base), through holes are drilled (at what distance is decided on the spot). Based on them, a similar outline is drawn on the back side of the wall.
Arrangement of the opening
- Installation of supports. The feasibility of this is determined by local specifics. But logs (sleepers, beams) installed vertically in the area working area, unload the wall, and the load on it is reduced.
- Protection flooring. Dust is not as bad as heavy fragments. Making a doorway in panel house, you need to be prepared for large pieces of concrete with protruding reinforcement to fall off. Therefore, plastic film will not save the floor. It is advisable to cover it with rubber strips, thick fabric, etc. Chipboard slabs/sheets, plywood, boards will do.
- Removing material. At the first stage, you should mark the contour with an insert of a disk on both sides of the opening. After that, break it into segments and cut them out one by one. If we are talking about masonry, then it is even simpler - it is dismantled in rows.
- Processing the opening. In any case, the wall in this place must be strengthened. Therefore, it is necessary to give the passage the correct geometry. If there is little work in a brick building, then in relation to a panel house its volume increases. You will have to cut off all protruding pieces of reinforcing bar and concrete the damaged areas. The result should be a rectangle of the calculated width and height.
- Strengthening the passage. The technique is selected depending on the wall material.
- Brick. In this case, a channel is sufficient. In the upper part of the opening, small niches are arranged on both sides, where the metal blank is placed. To ensure the reliability of the stop, its edges must extend into the masonry by at least 25 cm. It is somewhat more difficult with a thick wall. To strengthen it, you will need 2 channels installed on both sides of the opening. They are tightened with through studs, onto the ends of which bolts are screwed. The cavities formed in the wall are filled with solution.
- Concrete products For concrete, a horizontal lintel alone is clearly not enough. To really strengthen the load-bearing wall, a U-shaped frame is installed in the opening. You can make it in advance (by size door block) or weld during operation from strip (thick) iron, I-beam, channel. This design is fixed with anchors; Reliability cannot be achieved simply by “landing” on the solution.
If the opening is large enough, then its additional reinforcement can be made in the form of supports for the floor, stylized as columns. Easiest to use steel pipes large section. There are enough options for decorating them, and the services of a specialist will not be needed.
Even at the stage of preparation for marking the wall, it is necessary to clarify exactly how the in-house electrical wiring is organized in this area. Moreover, if it was not the owner who was doing it, but someone else. The most simple technique– using a cell phone in “FM” mode. By moving it along the surface of the wall, it is easy to determine the wiring layout based on the noise level.
To increase strength structural elements(pipes, channels) it is advisable to perform injection. That is, introduce a solution of good fluidity into the cavity. After hardening, it will not only improve the strength of the samples, but also increase the reliability of their bonding to the base material.
In principle, making an opening in the wall is not difficult. The technology is quite simple and powerful home handyman. But only subject to proper calculations and the right choice tools and materials. Therefore, it is at the preparation stage that one should pay attention Special attention. Everything else is a matter of time.
Is it possible to make an opening in a load-bearing wall and how to do it correctly, we will consider in detail. It's not such a simple matter, this type walls bear a heavy load and making an opening is not so safe.
How to make an opening in a load-bearing wall is described in detail below. You can also get additional necessary information from the video in this article and photos.
Thinking about how to make an opening in the load-bearing brick wall You should immediately take the documentation into account. After all, this is an important point.
According to current legislation, redevelopment with changes in load-bearing structures is prohibited. This will need to be approved.
So:
- Attached to the application detailed plan planned changes in the building plan.
- The issued permit will allow you to contact the design bureau for development technical documentation according to the planned project. Ready project approved by a number of permitting commissions - fire, gas, housing and communal services.
- The agreed project is finally approved by the controlling organization. Only after the last resolution can we begin to carry out the planned construction work for redevelopment - cutting an opening in the load-bearing wall of the building.
Examples of openings and their finishing
It could be an opening in a panel house, or a brick one, it doesn’t matter. He must fit in general interior premises. First of all, you need to choose the desired option and only then can you start working.
Let's look at what they are doing and it is quite likely that option will do and you:
Redevelopment safety factors
Any work with load-bearing structures buildings must be thoroughly verified and calculated. The walls of buildings experience enormous loads, so the design of the opening must be approached thoroughly. Poor quality redevelopment in violation of technology can lead to partial or complete collapse of the house.
The calculation takes into account the most important factors influencing the final result:
- Materials used in the construction of the building
- Technical condition of the house, especially floors
- Wall thickness
- Load on the section of the structure in which the passage is planned to be made
- Interior layout
- The dimensions of the planned opening and its compliance with the dimensions of the wall.
A calculated project that takes into account all the necessary factors is agreed upon by the supervisory service. For transfer work doorways start only after the project is approved.
Opening options
The complexity of calculations when designing the transfer of a doorway in a load-bearing wall depends on the configuration of the planned opening. The complexity of construction work and the order of its implementation directly depend on the chosen option.
| Standard straight opening
| Cut through the wall from a blank sheet. The calculation takes into account the existing doorway, which takes part of the load of the supporting structure. According to the project, such an opening is left untouched or covered with bricks |
| Arch-shaped opening
| They are more difficult to perform - the bending trajectory is taken into account in the calculation. Particularly difficult are the calculations of an arched opening in a brick wall, taking into account the placement of masonry joints |
| Partial passage transfer
| It involves shifting the lintel of the existing passage in the desired direction.
|
Hole cutting equipment
Cutting openings in a load-bearing wall is performed with a special tool. Ordinary impact sledgehammers, hammer drills and grinders are not suitable for such a complex procedure - they create too much dust, replaceable parts quickly wear out and break, excessive vibration leads to the formation of cracks and chips on the walls.
Cutting openings in load-bearing walls is performed:
| Rope cutting installation
| A special rope with diamond-coated bushings is used as a cutting tool. The rope is designed to withstand enormous tensile loads. The installation practically pulls the rope through the structure being cut. Apply dry and wet cutting. The second option helps to avoid heavy dust. |
| Hand saw with cutting disc diamond coated
| Water is supplied to the cutting site to cool the tool and prevent excessive dust formation |
| Wall cutting machine
| Operating on the same principle as hand saw, but designed to work with thick walls. Uses running water for cooling |
| Diamond drill tool
| The cutting tool is a special cone-shaped drill with a diamond coating. This tool is also used for drilling holes in walls for laying various communications. |
Making an opening
Preparatory stage: strengthening the future opening
Construction work to change the design of load-bearing walls is carried out strictly according to the approved project, taking into account design features building. The main objective of the project is to maintain the integrity of the structure after moving or creating a new passage.
Before starting work, the structure of the planned opening is strengthened in advance. To do this, using a wall chaser, grooves are cut along the perimeter of the passage, into which reinforcement (channels) is laid.
The grooves are not through - they are recesses for the reinforcing element. The channel section is calculated taking into account the various structural characteristics of the building.
Attention: The channels are placed in the recesses made with a wall chaser on both sides of the partition. To ensure that the laying location exactly matches, markings of the planned passage are made on the wall. Using the markings, they drill through holes and transfer the design to the other side of the wall.
- The channels used to strengthen the structure are pre-cut to the required length, taking into account the height and width of the planned opening. You will need two pairs for the sides of the opening and two pairs for the top and bottom. Holes are made in advance on each pair through which the channels will be fastened with pins or self-anchors. The distance between the holes is calculated by calculation.
- The side pairs are installed alternately into the grooves. Through the holes made in the channel pairs, a partition is drilled for fastening hardware. The pairs are held together with fasteners. Important: The fasteners must be tightened well using a special power tool or available materials.
After installing the vertical channels, the operation is repeated with horizontal pairs. The joints of horizontal and vertical channels are fastened by welding on both sides of the future opening. The preliminary strengthening of the opening is ready.
Main stage: cutting the load-bearing wall
After finishing preparatory stage After strengthening the load-bearing wall, they begin to break through a new doorway. The complexity of the work depends on the material of the walls. Brickwork It is easiest to dismantle - it is removed row by row. WITH concrete wall There will be more problems during dismantling due to the presence of reinforcement in the structure.
- To cut an opening in a wall, a hand saw with a diamond blade is most often used. At the site of the future opening, markings are applied dividing the passage into small blocks. Using the marking tool, cuts are made on both sides of the wall. The depth of the slot can reach 15 cm on each side. Next, the blocks are removed one by one from the opening, layer by layer. When dismantling it is often necessary additional use hammer drill.
- When cutting an opening with a wall saw, the depth of the slot reaches 60 cm, but during operation access to running water for cooling the tool and washing away concrete chips and dust.
- Sometimes the thickness of the building wall turns out to be quite large, especially if an opening needs to be cut in the foundation or façade. In this case, a rope installation is used that can quickly cut through concrete or monolithic blocks of any thickness.
- There is a third way to make an opening in the wall. To do this, holes are drilled along the markings on the wall with a diamond drill. Next, you only need to saw the cut fragment into pieces and remove pieces of the wall from the opening.
- Modern tools for cutting openings in load-bearing structures allow work to be completed in a short time with minimal noise and dust.
The final stage: strengthening the structure
An opening cut into a load-bearing wall requires final strengthening using welding and general construction work.
The work is carried out in several stages:
- Those parts of the channels around the perimeter of the opening that were inaccessible before the dismantling of the wall are completed by welding. Important: the legs of the seams when welding must be at least 6 mm, according to established standards.
- Pairs of channels on different sides of the wall are connected by transverse steel plates, no more than 50 mm wide and no less than 4 mm thick. The plates are welded to the channels along the perimeter of the structure with a pitch of approximately 30-40 cm from each other.
- A metal mesh is welded onto the channel, over which plaster is applied (see How to do plaster yourself). The integrity of the damaged plaster coating of the wall is restored - all potholes and depressions are sealed, the channels are additionally strengthened with cement mortar.
Attention: Working with special tools cutting openings in load-bearing walls requires special professional skills. When operating the equipment, you must follow safety rules: work in protective clothing and keep your hands away from rotating parts of the mechanisms.
- Upon completion of the redevelopment work - cutting a new passage in the supporting structure of the building - the changes made must be recorded and put into operation.
- For this selection committee housing organization will draw up a corresponding act. The document must be certified by representatives of the design bureau that developed the project, the company that performed the work, and the organization that accepted the facility into operation. After approval by all authorities, the redevelopment will be officially legalized.
You now know how to make an opening in a load-bearing wall. Its price will depend on the size of the opening and finishing materials. You can do everything without any problems with your own hands, this will reduce costs. And the instructions will help you not to miss anything.
Sometimes, for redevelopment in an apartment or private house, it is necessary to make a new door or window opening. Creating an opening in the load-bearing wall of an apartment brick building is not the easiest task. Things are easier with redevelopment in a private house, here everyone is their own boss.
What is a doorway? This is a hole in the wall intended for installing entrance units. A fixed fixed element in the inter-wall space is called door frame. Often an arch is made as a decorative element of the interior.
Construction of a doorway in a load-bearing brick wall
Before starting work, you must contact a specialist who will make a demonstration project with all calculations based on the client’s wishes. To implement the project, significant costs are required, which start from an amount of 30 thousand rubles. So when you get down to business, you need to consider a lot. Independent work on the installation of a doorway will help the owner save money - it will cost approximately 15 thousand rubles.
Construction of a new opening
- it must comply with building codes;
- It is advisable to place the hole in the central part of the supporting structure;
- it is necessary that the top part coincides with the cement seam of the masonry;
- the space between walls up to 0.9 m wide does not require reinforcement operations.
When creating an inter-wall space in a supporting wall, you need to properly create reinforcement. Equally important when changing the design of walls is the safety of life of other residents. apartment building and preservation of the structure of the building itself.
Work order
First of all, you need to decide where to organize additional space for entry and exit. It all starts with markup. You need to decide on the width of the hole, and then begin to determine its future location with a pencil. You need to measure the distance from the outer wall and make a mark - from here we begin to draw the outline of the future interior space.
A thick wall structure is being cut on both sides, so markings will be necessary on the reverse side as well.
For their exact match, it is necessary to drill several holes according to the pencil markings (Fig. 1). And then on the other side connect all the holes with a pencil line.
Rice. 1 The above-described manipulations should be carried out using a building level, a triangle and a ruler.
Since we will create the space in the load-bearing wall of a brick house, it is necessary to take care of auxiliary partitions and lintels in advance (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2 Removing a section of wall
Fig.3 Before starting work, it is necessary to free the supporting wall structure from the layer of plaster along the drawn line so that the seams of the masonry are visible. However, it is necessary to remove the plaster with extreme caution, because most likely there is wiring located underneath it - damage can lead to the failure of the entire power supply system.
When the seams at the site of the future empty space are visible, you can begin to work. You need to start removing bricks from the very top. First, the top row of bricks is removed, which will be the width of the entire door space. A jumper is inserted here on which the structure will be supported.
Next, more holes are made above the jumper. It is necessary to install a beam into the resulting hole, which will act as a support. The support beam must be supported with a jack so that the structure does not collapse during operation. The beam and jack will support the weight of the entire wall structure (Fig. 3).
Channel lintel Then all holes are lubricated with concrete solution. After drying concrete mixture, you can continue working on knocking out bricks.
The structure should be strengthened if the door space is more than one meter wide.
To protect the floor from falling bricks, it is necessary to make a flooring from boards. Bricks should be removed with diamond drills to minimize damage to the wall structure.
Violation of the technology for removing bricks can lead to weakening of the structure, its premature wear and deformation.
It should be noted that the space under the door must be 10-20 centimeters larger than the door or window frame. This gap can be filled with foam.
Strengthening the opening
Strengthening work is being taken away maximum amount time, as they are carried out painstakingly. Organized empty space under a door or arch must be reinforced with channels. It is advisable to use a channel jumper with vertical posts. Channels are mounted on both sides, which are screwed into the previously installed wooden lintel using bolts (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4 If the space in the wall structure is large, then it is reinforced not only in the upper part, but also on the sides (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5 How to determine a load-bearing wall in a brick house?
The most basic way to determine the supporting wall is to familiarize yourself with the floor plan of the living space. Such a plan must be included in the registration certificate or house register. To understand diagrams and drawings, you need to have some drawing skills. Experience in construction would be helpful. Then you can easily distinguish a supporting wall from a regular partition.
Rice. 6 Usually interior walls have a thickness of no more than 18 centimeters. The smallest thickness of the supporting wall is 38 centimeters - a masonry of three bricks. Four-brick masonry is possible, which forms a wall 51 centimeters thick. Often the thickness of the walls in brick houses is 64 centimeters - five-brick masonry (Fig. 6).
If the plan cannot be found, then you should use general rules definitions of load-bearing walls in a house:
- if the walls face the street, we can definitely say that they are supporting;
- walls shared with neighbors;
- wall thickness more than 380 mm, as mentioned earlier;
- walls facing the landing.
Exterior finishing
After completing the work on forming the opening in the brick load-bearing wall, everything must be decorated decoratively (Fig. 7). What is needed for this? First of all, you need to make a choice finishing material. Will it be wood, plastic or decorative rock- you decide. Next, you need to show a little imagination and create decorative elements in the formed space of the brick wall.
Rice. 7 For self-cladding you should have basic knowledge in the field finishing works, and also requires a special tool.
If you need to decorate the space for a door without having one, then you should use additional boards. This will add elegance to your new room decor and add sophistication to the interior. You can create such a cladding yourself.
The opening made in the form of an arch looks beautiful. As a rule, arches come in round or pointed shapes. To decide on the shape of the arch for the client, check out the design catalogs. The most common today is Byzantine and Greek style. In some cases, the arch can be made with lighting.
Many times in our lives we come across reconstructions of apartments or houses. And often this process is accompanied by the construction of new entrances. But what to do when behind the layout this passage is in a load-bearing wall? This task is not at all easy. If you make a mistake, the structure of the room as a whole may suffer. The situation becomes more complicated if a person decides to do all the work with his own hands, but in no case should you despair. You just need to take into account some of the subtleties of working with a load-bearing wall.
Coordination of redevelopment
Before starting work, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the relevant authorities. Their answer is influenced by the following factors:
- housing design (so that the room is not completely destroyed due to the opening);
- wear and tear of walls (walls, like people, have the ability to age and lose their former strength and durability);
- wall type and thickness;
- placement of the opening (it should not coincide with the junction of the ceilings and the wall);
- the size of the opening in relation to the area of the wall;
- the gap between the opening and adjacent walls;
- the gap between the highest edge of the opening and the ceiling;
- opening width;
- number of floors above the opening.
Only after receiving a positive response from the relevant authorities do we proceed to direct work.
Selecting Tools
First of all, in any construction work is the preparation of equipment. Professional builders use a concrete cutter, a tool for working with load-bearing walls with their own hands - a jackhammer, and a hammer drill will also work. In addition to this you will need:
- sledgehammer;
- marking equipment;
- welding;
- studs or bolts (depending on the profile);
- nuts;
- washers;
- channels;
- cement mortar.
Preparatory work
1. Make sure there are no electrical communications behind the wall or turn them off.
2. Mark the outline of the opening. Due to the fact that load-bearing walls are thick, they have to be dismantled from both sides.
3. Drill through holes using a 12mm drill bit in the corners of the outline. They will help you navigate while marking the opening on the other side.
4. Cut the channels to the required length.
Installing a jumper
The jumper is the most important component in the entire process. The load on the load-bearing walls will be transferred to this part, so the safety of the entire house depends on its correct installation.
To install, first of all we knock down the plaster and knock out a recess along top line opening, we will lay a channel in it. The length of the recess is: the width of the opening plus one meter. The profile must fit tightly into the space prepared for it. We clean the remaining bricks with a wire brush and rinse with water.
For tightening fasteners, we drill holes in the profile in increments of approximately 3 cm (no more). When everything is ready, we wet the surface and apply a cement mortar into which we immerse the channel. We drill through the wall, focusing on the prepared holes. On the other hand, thanks to the previous stage of work, we can easily outline and carve out the same niche. We insert the second profile into it (with holes drilled, as in the first one) and tighten both channels with studs (bolts), at the ends of which we put washers and screw in the nuts. We fill the voids in the profiles with concrete or brick.
Another way to install the jumper:
In addition to the above method of installing a jumper, there is a second one. For it we will need two beams with an L-shaped profile. This design is called a precast concrete lintel. Such profiles do not need to be tightened with studs (bolts). After the grooves in the places where the lintel is supported are cleaned, place a thick layer on both sides cement mortar. Next, we proceed to install the reinforced concrete beam. When the solution has dried, we can begin cutting out the opening.
Cutting the opening depending on the material
Many people worry about how to make an opening in a brick wall. In fact, among all materials, with brick this process will be the easiest. By removing one row, all the rest will go without problems. The situation is completely different with concrete. You will have to work long and hard with a hammer drill.
- Knocking out a concrete wall:
We make an opening in a concrete load-bearing wall; to make our work easier, we will proceed as follows:
1. Divide the wall area into several small squares.
2. We cut the concrete along the marked contours using a grinding machine or drill with a hammer drill (this will take more time).
3. Some elements of the wall can be knocked out quite easily with a sledgehammer, but in others you will need to disassemble the reinforcement.
For those who prefer to see how to properly break through a load-bearing wall, the video is at the end of the article.
- Finishing work:
After the opening is ready, it is necessary to further strengthen it. Between two channels we weld a continuous strip of steel, approximately 6 mm thick. Another option: we weld the plates in increments of 2 cm. We install corners on both sides of the opening, or if they are missing, channels will also do, but they will require niches. We weld them to the top crossbar of the opening. Also, we tie each pair of corners together using steel plates and tighten them with pins (for them, on the corners or channels, you need to drill holes in advance). If this strengthening seems insufficient to you, then to make the load-bearing wall stronger, install the lower horizontal jumper, we weld it to the racks.
Door from window
There are often cases when they plan to make a door in place of a window. This operation does not require much effort.
In order to make a door from a load-bearing wall window with your own hands, we will need:
- steel corners (necessarily at an angle of 90 degrees);
- channels;
- reinforced concrete beams;
- powerful hammer drill;
- ruler;
- Bulgarian;
- sledgehammer;
- Sander.
First of all, we remove the window. There may be remnants of plaster and paint in its old place, remove them grinder. Afterwards we get rid of the lower partition, if it is made of brick, then we simply break it with a sledgehammer, if it is concrete, then we cut it out as with a regular opening. If there were metal fragments in the partition, we get rid of them using a grinder. Plasterboard partition we disassemble it piece by piece (we remove the screws first).
We get rid of the debris and begin to install the jumper. The lintel is installed using the same technology as when creating a doorway from scratch.
Considering that we are making the opening in a load-bearing wall, it is advisable to secure the overlapping structures using long vertical racks along the entire height of the housing.
Arch in load-bearing wall
Sometimes, instead of a doorway, owners put an arch. It looks much nicer. But there are many nuances in working with an arch. For example, make it in brick house This can only be done by a professional, since it requires a relationship with the location of the masonry joints. With a panel house the situation is different. This option can be done independently.
- We make an arch in the load-bearing wall of a panel house:
First of all, we cut out a U-shaped opening, which we strengthen with profiles; we will fit an arch into it. The next step is to measure the doorway.
After measuring, we begin to create the frame:
1. We make a frame on which in the future we will attach a curved strip; for it we use a 27 by 28 profile.
2. We select metal scissors; it will be most convenient to work with those that have a spring mechanism (with this type, the handles themselves recline back after compression).
3. We cut the profile, 2 sides out of three, it is necessary that it takes on an arched shape (the steeper the bend you plan, the more often we make cuts).
4. Turn the profile clockwise on its side, thereby placing it inside the fixed right front part of the arch (the second one should be on the opposite side).
5. We make cuts on the top and middle parts every 50 mm.
6. The frame is ready, but it needs to be strengthened. We install crossbars made from a 60 by 27 profile, securing them with short self-tapping screws.
7. Install the frame in the opening.
Next we need to make the front parts of the arch. For this you can choose any material, but self-production the best option will become drywall. The front parts are shaped like a semicircle. To obtain the ideal shape, we will make a “compass” from the things at hand. Take a thread and fasten it in the center of the semicircle, measure the radius (the width of the opening divided by two) and fasten the second end to a pencil. We draw, cut and attach to the frame. Our arch is ready, we can safely plaster or paint it.
Connecting a room with a balcony
A balcony is always built in a load-bearing wall, this is the main problem. It is very difficult to obtain permission to connect it to the room. In addition, it is worth considering that the balcony is a settling area in case of fire. It is easiest to remove a person from him. Therefore, before you decide to take such a step, think carefully.
If the decision has not changed and you have received permission, then proceed following works. The first step is to glaze the balcony. Next, we dismantle the wall, but since it is load-bearing, we must install a lintel that will take on the entire load. Also, during the work it will be necessary to raise the floor on the balcony. The last step will be to insulate the balcony.
It is worth adding that this process is very labor-intensive and for safety it is better to consult a professional.
Closing the old opening
Very often, after creating a new entrance, the need for the previous one disappears and it must be closed. In case of internal partition It is possible to lay it with a plasterboard sheet, but from the outside, apart from the capital laying, there are no other options. For sealing we use materials such as brick or foam block.
First, let's prepare the hole. We remove the plaster (and if present, then paint) to the very base. We carry out this process along the entire wall, and not just in the slopes. We make indentations in the brick opening that will be needed for bonding with fresh masonry. We remove half a brick in every fourth row. Drill one-sided holes in the ends concrete wall and drive metal rods 7-9 mm thick into them. A prerequisite is that the holes are located in places between the rows of future masonry. We cover the threshold of the opening with waterproofing; roofing material will serve as it.
Before laying each subsequent brick row, it is necessary to stretch the thread in a horizontal position between the two opposite walls of the opening. This will be required to avoid errors during laying. To be completely sure it is also worth building level. We knit the rods peeking out between the rows with reinforcement (masonry mesh is suitable as a replacement).
After filling the opening with bricks, we wait a day and begin plastering. We prime the areas that have been cleared of plaster and the masonry itself. We attach a steel mesh to the primer (for greater strength) and plaster again. How much plaster solution needs to be applied depends on the unevenness of the walls.
Openings in the interior are much easier to seal. First, we install the sheathing (using a profile) on one of the sides of the old passage. Having plastered the first side, you can proceed to installing the sheathing on the opposite side. We lay a sound insulator (a mandatory condition) and cover it with panels. The finishing work will be finishing.
Creating a new doorway in a load-bearing wall can be challenging, but once you look at your updated room, you'll realize it was worth the effort. This process is possible even with your own hands, without the help of professionals. The main thing is to follow all the recommendations for working with load-bearing structures, and you will not have any problems. And always remember, safety comes first in this matter.
