The purpose of binding materials is to bind all the components of a future product or structure into a monolithic whole. There are two types of binding materials: those that harden only in air - aerial ones and materials whose properties, after the start of setting, cannot be affected by water. negative impact, and in some cases even has a positive effect - hydraulic. Airborne materials include clay, gypsum and airborne lime. Hydraulic ones include hydraulic lime and cements.
Clay- This is a soft, finely dispersed variety of rocks. When diluted with water, it forms a plastic mass that can easily undergo any forming. When fired, the clay sinteres, hardens and turns into a stone-like body, and with more high temperatures firing melts and can reach a glassy state.
Depending on the impurities, the clay takes different colour coloring. The most valuable raw material type of clay is white clay or otherwise kaolin.
Clay has the property of absorbing water up to a certain limit, after which it is no longer able to absorb it or pass it through. This property of clay is used to create bulk waterproofing layers.
Depending on the resistance of the clay to temperature, clays are classified as fusible, refractory and refractory. Their melting temperatures are respectively from 13800C to 15500C and higher. Pure kaolin melts at temperatures above 17500C.
Refractory clays serve as raw materials for the manufacture of refractory materials.
Lime obtained by burning limestone at high temperatures. The lime obtained in this way is called boiling lime due to the fact that upon contact with water there is an active release carbon dioxide. This process is called "quenching". For most applications of lime, it must be “slaked.”
Slaked lime turns into dough, which can be stored for many years. Long-term storage may even improve the properties of lime.
To obtain a binding solution, lime paste is mixed with sand. This solution is used when laying foundations for furnaces, chimneys and is used for plastering the walls of houses and stoves.
Gypsum obtained by firing rock - gypsum stone and subsequent grinding of the firing product. Gypsum is significantly inferior to cement in terms of strength of products obtained by using it as a binding material, and is also inferior to it in hygroscopicity - the ability to resist the penetration of moisture into the body of the structure. Therefore, gypsum is used in structures and solutions used indoors. Gypsum can be grade A - fast-hardening (end of setting - less than 15 minutes) and grade B - normal-hardening (end of setting - 30 minutes). Gypsum serves as the basis for solutions for sealing small irregularities and cracks in concrete planes of walls and ceilings, as well as plastering stoves.
Cement- the most common binding material, which makes it possible to obtain products and structures of the highest strength. Cement is the result of finely dispersed grinding of the sintering products of one of the types of clay - marl or a mixture of limestone and clay. The sintering process is carried out in special furnaces.
During grinding, dosed additions of gypsum, slag, sand and other components are made to the sintering products, which makes it possible to obtain cement with a wide variety of properties.
Depending on the raw materials and added additives, cements are divided into Portland cements and Portland slag cements. Portland cements include quick-hardening cements and Portland cements with mineral additives.
Concrete structures that use one or another brand of cement can acquire unique properties. First of all, these are especially durable concretes, for example, for airfield runways and rocket launch sites, frost-, fire- and salt-resistant grades.
To designate the maximum strength qualities of cement, the concept “grade” is used. “Mark 400” means that in a factory laboratory, during a trial test of a hardened cement cube with an edge of 100 mm, when crushed in a press, it withstood a load of at least 400 kg/cm2. The most common grades are from 350 to 500. Cement is produced up to the 600th and even 700th grade.
All cements have a fairly fast hardening time. The beginning of hardening-setting lies within 40-50 minutes, and the end of hardening is about 10-12 hours.
Below is short description the most widely used cements in construction.
Portland cement 400-D20 recommended for the production of monolithic, concrete and reinforced concrete structures, prefabricated reinforced concrete products, mortars.
Portland cement 500-D5 used for the construction of hydraulic structures, for the production of high-strength prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, monolithic reinforced concrete structures, emergency repair work with high initial strength.
Sulfate-resistant cement. It is used for the manufacture of concrete and reinforced concrete structures exposed to sulfate water, mainly under conditions of variable water horizons during systematic freezing and thawing, or wetting and drying, as well as piles, support structures, bridges intended for service in mineral waters.
Tensile cement. It is used in the construction and repair of underground tank structures, swimming pools, basements, underground garages, non-roll roofing, transport and communication tunnels, including metro tunnels; floors public buildings, crack-resistant waterproof joints, seams of all types, restoration of their waterproofness.
Oil well cement. Used for cementing oil, gas and other wells.
High alumina cement VGC . The use of VHC provides concrete and mortars with rapid hardening and high early strength, resistance in aggressive environments and high fire resistance. These properties make high-alumina cement a valuable material when carrying out restoration work - when breaking dams, pipes, for repairing roads and bridges, and during urgent construction of foundations. A wide range of operating temperatures (up to 1750°C) allows the wide use of VGC for lining mine wells, thermal units in ferrous metallurgy, the chemical and petrochemical industry, and the ceramic cement industry.
White and colored cement. It is used for architectural finishing and sculptural works, painting of brick, cinder block, concrete and other plastered parts of buildings and structures. White and colored cement is a strong and durable material that does not contain harmful additives or chloride compounds.
Let's look in more detail at super white Portland cement .
Its manufacturer is the Danish company Aalborg Portland, which has been known in the building materials market for many years. The company produces several types of conventional cement. But the most important product here is still considered super-white Portland cement. Currently, this type of cement is supplied to more than 70 countries around the world and is widely used there, from construction to restoration.
Its popularity is promoted not only by its rather exclusive properties, but also by its wide application possibilities. White cement is a material with unique characteristics that allow it to be used in the manufacture of sculptural elements, columns, as well as finishing works, for example, the facade of a building. The aesthetic requirements for facades and other formal building elements make the use of white cement especially effective.
Its use makes it possible to obtain a unique product interspersed with marble - “Terazzo”, from which various types tiles, flooring, as well as flights of stairs. Moreover, the fact that a white surface is more reflective than a gray one makes it possible to use white cement for the manufacture of steps, stairs, street and paving slabs and blocks, safety barriers, tunnel slopes, etc. Finally, super white Portland cement is used in lime mortar, colors on cement based, plasters, as well as in the production of dry mixes. It is as a constituent component in dry mixes that white cement is best known on the Russian construction market.
Its remaining qualities are not yet fully used by domestic builders. But all attempts to produce products of similar quality directly in our country have not yielded positive results. Aalborg Portland uses ultra-pure limestone and finely ground sand to produce super white cement. It is therefore not surprising that Danish super white cement meets local standards in all its markets.
The purpose of using binders is to connect all the elements into a single whole. future design or products. Cementing materials are divided into two types - air-based, which harden only in air, and hydraulic. These are materials whose astringent properties are not adversely affected by water and may even have a positive effect. Air binders include clay, air lime and gypsum. For hydraulic binders - various brands cement and hydraulic lime.
Properties of clay
Clay is soft variety rocks having a finely dispersed structure. Upon contact with water, a plastic mass is formed that can easily be shaped into any form. During thermal firing, clay hardens and sinteres, turning into stone in hardness, and at extremely high firing temperatures it reaches the melting point and can turn into a glassy state.
The presence of impurities in the material determines the color of the clay. The most valuable raw material is kaolin - white clay.
Clay absorbs water well only up to a certain limit, after which the material becomes saturated and stops allowing it to pass through itself. When creating waterproofing bulk layers, these properties are used.
According to the degree of resistance of the material to high temperatures, clays are classified as refractory, fusible and refractory. The melting point of low-melting clay is 1380 degrees, refractory clay is up to 1550 and refractory is above 1550 degrees, respectively. For white clay, the melting point is above 1750 degrees. Refractory clays are used to produce refractory materials.
Properties of lime
Lime is obtained by burning limestone at high temperatures. Lime obtained in this way is called boiling water for its ability to actively release carbon dioxide upon contact with water. The process of interaction of lime with water is called “slaking”. In most cases, slaked lime was used.
Slaked lime has the consistency of dough, which can be stored for many years. As a result of long-term storage, the properties of lime do not deteriorate, and may even improve.
To prepare the binder material, lime dough is mixed with sand. The resulting solution is used when laying foundations for stoves, chimneys and is used for plastering stoves and walls of houses.
Properties of cement
Cement is a binding material that has received the most widespread use and allows the production of structures and products of high strength. This material is obtained by finely grinding the products obtained after sintering marl or a mixture of limestone and clay. Sintering occurs in special furnaces at high temperatures. When grinding the sintering products, sand, slag, gypsum and other components are added to them, due to which various properties are imparted to the cement.
Ready-made cements are divided into Portland cements and Portland slag cements, depending on the additives added and the raw materials. Among Portland cements there are quick-hardening ones and those with mineral additives.
Use in concrete structures This or that brand of cement gives them unique properties. These can be especially durable concrete runways of airfields and missile sites, grades of concrete that are resistant to fire, salt and frost.
To designate the maximum possible strength qualities of cement, the concept of grade is used. For example, grade 400 means that the cement can withstand pressure with a load of 400 kg/cm2 before failure. The most commonly used grades are from 350 to 500. Cement with grade 600 and even 700 has found application.
All brands of cement have a fast hardening time. Setting begins after 40-50 minutes, and the entire hardening process takes 10-12 hours.
Construction gypsum
As a result of firing gypsum stone with subsequent grinding of the firing products, building gypsum is obtained. This material is significantly inferior to cement in hygroscopicity; moisture penetrates into the structure using gypsum. The strength of products in which gypsum was used as a binding material is lower than that of similar ones with cement. Therefore, building gypsum has found application in indoor structures. The following grades of gypsum are distinguished: A - fast-hardening (setting time is about 15 minutes) and B - normally hardening (setting time is about 30 minutes).
Construction gypsum is used as a base for preparing mortars, which are used to seal small cracks and unevenness in walls and ceilings, as well as for plastering stoves.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATION OF BINDING MATERIALS.
Construction binders are powdered materials that, when mixed with water, form a plastic, workable mass that over time hardens into a durable stone-like body. This definition applies to inorganic binders, which are discussed in this book, and not to organic binders (bitumen, tars, adhesives and similar materials).
Binders are divided into groups depending on their composition, basic properties and area of application.
The most extensive group is of hydraulic binders, which, after mixing with water, are capable of hardening both in air and in water. After preliminary hardening in air, they continue to harden in water, maintaining and increasing their strength for a long time. Hydraulic binders can be used in above-ground, underground and water-exposed hydraulic structures.
The group of hydraulic binders includes cement, aluminous cement, pozzolanic cements, slag cements, filled cements, expanding cements, hydraulic lime, romancement. A number of varieties of these binders are known. Thus, depending on the composition, cements are distinguished: ordinary, alitic, belitic, aluminoferritic, ferritic, magnesian. In accordance with the special properties, such types of cements are distinguished as fast-hardening, especially fast-hardening, plasticized, hydrophobic, sulfate-resistant, with moderate exotherm, white and colored, cementing, road, for asbestos-cement products, magnesia. Varieties of aluminous cement are anhydrite-alumina and gypsum-alumina cements.
Construction aerial lime.
GOST 28013-98
Group Zh13
INTERSTATE STANDARD
BUILDING SOLUTIONS
General technical conditions
General specifications
ISS 91.100.10
OKSTU 5870
Date of introduction 1999-07-01
Preface
Preface
1 DEVELOPED by the State Central Research and Design Institute complex problems building structures and structures named after V.A. Kucherenko (TsNIISK named after V.A. Kucherenko), Research, Design and Technological Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete (NIIZhB), with the participation of JSC "Pilot Plant of Dry Mixes" and JSC "Roskonitstroy" " Russian Federation
INTRODUCED by the State Construction Committee of Russia
2 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (MNTKS) on November 12, 1998.
Voted for acceptance
State name | Name of body government controlled construction |
Republic of Armenia | Ministry of Urban Development of the Republic of Armenia |
The Republic of Kazakhstan | Committee on Housing and Construction Policy under the Ministry of Energy, Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan |
Republic of Kyrgyzstan | State Inspectorate for Architecture and Construction under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic |
The Republic of Moldova | Ministry of Territorial Development, Construction and Communal Services of the Republic of Moldova |
Russian Federation | Gosstroy of Russia |
The Republic of Tajikistan | State Construction Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan |
The Republic of Uzbekistan | State Committee for Architecture and Construction of the Republic of Uzbekistan |
3 INSTEAD GOST 28013-89
4 ENTERED INTO EFFECT on July 1, 1999 as state standard Russian Federation by Decree of the State Construction Committee of Russia dated November 29, 1998 N 30
5 EDITION (July 2018), with Amendment No. 1 (IUS 11-2002)
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in information system for public use - on the official website Federal agency on technical regulation and metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)
1 area of use
This standard applies to mortars on mineral binders used for masonry and installation of building structures during the construction of buildings and structures, fastening facing products, plaster.
The standard does not apply to special solutions (heat-resistant, chemical-resistant, fire-resistant, heat- and waterproofing, grouting, decorative, tensile, etc.).
The requirements set out in 4.3-4.13, 4.14.2-4.14.14, sections 5-7, appendices B and D of this standard are mandatory.
2 Normative references
The normative documents used in this standard are given in Appendix A.
3 Classification
3.1 Construction mortars are classified according to:
- main purpose;
- the binder used;
- medium density.
3.1.1 According to their main purpose, solutions are divided into:
- masonry (including for installation work);
- facing;
- plastering.
3.1.2 According to the binders used, solutions are divided into:
- simple (on one type of binder);
- complex (on mixed binders).
3.1.3 Based on average density, solutions are divided into:
- heavy;
- lungs.
3.2 The designation of a mortar when ordering must consist of an abbreviated designation indicating the degree of readiness (for dry mortar mixtures), purpose, type of binder used, grades for strength and mobility, average density (for light mortars) and the designation of this standard.
An example of a symbol for a heavy mortar, ready-to-use, masonry, on lime-gypsum binder, grade M100 for strength, P2 for mobility:
Masonry mortar, lime-gypsum, M100, P2,
GOST 28013-98 .
For a dry mortar mixture, light, plaster, on a cement binder, grade M50 for strength and mobility - P3, medium density D900:
Dry mortar plaster mixture, cement, M50, P3, D900, GOST 28013-98 .
4 General technical requirements
4.1 Construction mortars are prepared in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.
4.2 Mortar properties include the properties of mortar mixtures and hardened mortar.
4.2.1 Basic properties of mortar mixtures:
- mobility;
- water holding capacity;
- delamination;
- application temperature;
- average density;
- humidity (for dry mortar mixtures).
4.2.2 Basic properties of the hardened solution:
- compressive strength;
- frost resistance;
- average density.
If necessary, additional indicators can be established in accordance with GOST 4.233.
4.3 Depending on the mobility, mortar mixtures are divided in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1
Mobility grade P | Norm of mobility for cone immersion, cm |
||||
4.4 The water-holding capacity of mortar mixtures must be at least 90%, for clay-containing solutions - at least 93%.
4.5 The stratification properties of freshly prepared mixtures should not exceed 10%.
4.6 The mortar mixture should not contain fly ash more than 20% of the cement mass.
4.7 The temperature of mortar mixtures at the time of use should be:
a) masonry mortars for external work - in accordance with the instructions in Table 2;
b) facing mortars for facing with glazed tiles at a minimum outside temperature, °C, not less than:
from 5 and above |
c) plaster solutions at a minimum outside temperature, °C, not less than:
from 5 and above | ||||
table 2
Average daily outside air temperature, °C | Temperature of the mortar mixture, °C, not less |
|||
Masonry material |
||||
at wind speed, m/s |
||||
Up to minus 10 | ||||
From minus 10 to minus 20 | ||||
Below minus 20 | ||||
Note - For masonry mortar mixtures during installation work, the temperature of the mixture should be 10°C higher than indicated in the table |
||||
4.8 The moisture content of dry mortar mixtures should not exceed 0.1% by weight.
4.9 The standardized quality indicators of the hardened mortar must be ensured at the design age.
For the design age of the solution, unless otherwise specified in project documentation, should be taken for 28 days for solutions based on all types of binders, except gypsum and gypsum-containing ones.
The design age of solutions based on gypsum and gypsum-containing binders is 7 days.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
4.10 The compressive strength of mortars at design age is characterized by the following grades: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.
The compressive strength grade is assigned and controlled for all types of mortars.
4.11 The frost resistance of solutions is characterized by grades.
The following frost resistance grades are established for the solutions: F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100, F150, F200.
For mortars of compressive strength grades M4 and M10, as well as for mortars prepared without the use of hydraulic binders, frost resistance grades are not assigned or controlled.
4.12 The average density, , of hardened solutions at design age should be, kg/m:
Heavy solutions | 1500 or more | |||
Light solutions | less than 1500. | |||
The normalized value of the average density of solutions is set by the consumer in accordance with the work project.
4.13 Deviation of the average density of the solution towards an increase is allowed no more than 10% of that established by the design.
4.14 Requirements for materials for the preparation of mortars
4.14.1 Materials used for the preparation of mortars must comply with the requirements of standards or technical specifications for these materials, as well as the requirements of this standard.
4.14.2 The following should be used as binding materials:
- gypsum binders according to GOST 125;
- building lime according to GOST 9179;
- Portland cement and Portland slag cement according to GOST 10178;
- pozzolanic and sulfate-resistant cements according to GOST 22266;
- cements for mortars in accordance with GOST 25328;
- clay according to Appendix B;
- others, including mixed binders, according to regulatory documents for a specific type of binder.
4.14.3 Cementing materials for preparing solutions should be selected depending on their purpose, type of structures and conditions of their operation.
4.14.4 The consumption of cement per 1 m of sand in mortars based on cement and cement-containing binders must be at least 100 kg, and for masonry mortars, depending on the type of structure and their operating conditions, no less than that given in Appendix D.
4.14.6 Lime binder is used in the form of hydrated lime (fluff), lime dough, and milk of lime.
Lime milk must have a density of at least 1200 kg/m and contain at least 30% lime by weight.
Lime binder for plastering and facing mortars should not contain unslaked lime particles.
Lime dough must have a temperature of at least 5°C.
4.14.7 The following should be used as a filler:
- sand for construction work according to GOST 8736;
- fly ash according to GOST 25818;
- ash and slag sand according to GOST 25592;
- porous sands according to GOST 25820;
- sand from slag of thermal power plants according to GOST 26644;
- sand from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy slags for concrete according to GOST 5578.
4.14.8 The largest grain size of the filler should be, mm, no more than:
Masonry (except rubble masonry) | ||||
Rubble masonry | ||||
Plaster (except for the covering layer) | ||||
Plaster covering layer | ||||
Facing | ||||
4.14.9 When heating aggregates, their temperature, depending on the binder used, should not be higher, °C, when using:
Cement binder | ||||
Cement-lime, cement-clay and clay binders | ||||
Lime, clay-lime, gypsum and lime-gypsum binders | ||||
4.14.11 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides of materials used for the preparation of mortar mixtures should not exceed the limit values depending on the area of application of the mortar mixtures according to GOST 30108.
4.14.12 Chemical additives must comply with the requirements of GOST 24211.
Additives are introduced into ready-to-use mortar mixtures in the form of aqueous solutions or aqueous suspensions, and into dry mortar mixtures - in the form of water-soluble powder or granules.
4.14.13 Water for mixing mortar mixtures and preparing additives is used in accordance with GOST 23732.
4.14.14 Bulk starting materials for mortar mixtures are dosed by weight, liquid components are dosed by weight or volume.
The dosing error should not exceed ±1% for binders, water and additives, and ±2% for aggregates.
For mortar mixing plants with a capacity of up to 5 m3/h, volumetric dosing of all materials is allowed with the same errors.
4.15 Labeling, packaging
4.15.1 Dry mortar mixtures are packaged in plastic film bags in accordance with GOST 10354 weighing up to 8 kg or paper bags in accordance with GOST 2226 weighing up to 50 kg.
4.15.2 Packaged dry mortar mixtures should be labeled on each package. The markings must be clearly marked on the packaging with indelible paint.
4.15.3 Mortar mixtures must have a quality document.
The manufacturer must accompany the dry mortar mixture with a label or marking applied to the packaging, and the ready-to-use mortar mixture dispensed into the vehicle with a quality document, which must contain the following data:
- name or trademark and address of the manufacturer;
- symbol mortar according to 3.2;
- class of materials used to prepare the mixture, according to the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides and digital value;
- grade for compressive strength;
- mobility grade (P);
- volume of water required to prepare the mortar mixture, l/kg (for dry mortar mixtures);
- type and amount of added additive (% of binder mass);
- shelf life (for dry mortar mixtures), months;
- weight (for dry mortar mixtures), kg;
- quantity of mixture (for ready-to-use mortar mixtures), m;
- date of preparation;
- application temperature, °C;
- designation of this standard.
If necessary, the labeling and quality document may contain additional data.
The quality document must be signed official manufacturer responsible for technical control.
5 Acceptance rules
5.1 Mortar mixtures must be accepted by the manufacturer's technical control.
5.2 Mortar mixtures and solutions are accepted in batches through acceptance and periodic control.
A batch of mortar mixture and mortar is taken to be the quantity of a mixture of the same nominal composition with the same quality of its constituent materials, prepared using a single technology.
The volume of the batch is established by agreement with the consumer - no less than the output of one shift, but no more than the daily output of the mortar mixer.
5.3 All mortar mixtures and solutions are subject to acceptance control according to all standardized quality indicators.
5.4 When accepting each batch, at least five spot samples are taken from the mortar mixture.
5.4.1 Spot samples are taken at the place of preparation of the mortar mixture and/or at the place of its use from several batches or places in the container into which the mixture is loaded. Sampling points from the container should be located at different depths. With a continuous supply of the solution mixture, point samples are taken at irregular intervals for 5-10 minutes.
5.4.2 After selection, spot samples are combined into a total sample, the mass of which must be sufficient to determine all controlled quality indicators of mortar mixtures and solutions. The selected sample is thoroughly mixed before testing (with the exception of mixtures containing air-entraining additives).
Mortar mixtures containing air-entraining, foaming and gas-forming additives are not additionally mixed before testing.
5.4.3 Testing of the mortar mixture, ready for use, should begin during the period when the normalized mobility is maintained.
5.5 The mobility and average density of the mortar mixture in each batch is monitored at least once per shift by the manufacturer after unloading the mixture from the mixer.
The humidity of dry mortar mixtures is controlled in each batch.
The strength of the solution is determined in each batch of the mixture.
Standardized technological indicators of the quality of mortar mixtures provided for in the supply contract (average density, temperature, delamination, water-holding capacity) and frost resistance of the solution are monitored within a time frame agreed with the consumer, but at least once every 6 months, as well as when the quality of the initial ones changes materials, composition of the solution and technology for its preparation.
5.6 Radiation-hygienic assessment of materials used for the preparation of mortar mixtures is carried out according to quality documents issued by enterprises that supply these materials.
In the absence of data on the content of natural radionuclides, the manufacturer determines the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides of materials in accordance with GOST 30108 once a year, as well as with each change of supplier.
5.7 Mortar mixtures, ready for use, are dispensed and taken by volume. The volume of the mortar mixture is determined by the output of the mortar mixer or by the volume of the transport or measuring container.
Dry mortar mixtures are released and taken by weight.
5.8 If, when checking the quality of the mortar, a discrepancy is revealed in at least one of the technical requirements of the standard, this batch of mortar is rejected.
5.9 The consumer has the right to exercise control check quantity and quality of the mortar mixture in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the methods of GOST 5802.
5.10 The manufacturer is obliged to inform the consumer, upon his request, the results of control tests no later than 3 days after their completion, and if the standardized indicator is not confirmed, notify the consumer immediately.
6 Control methods
6.1 Samples of mortar mixtures are taken in accordance with the requirements of 5.4, 5.4.1 and 5.4.2.
6.2 Materials for preparing mortar mixtures are tested in accordance with the requirements of standards and technical specifications for these materials.
6.3 The quality of chemical additives is determined by the effectiveness of their effect on the properties of mortars according to GOST 30459.
6.4 The concentration of the working solution of additives is determined with a hydrometer according to GOST 18481 in accordance with the requirements of standards and technical specifications for specific types of additives.
6.5 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in materials for the preparation of mortar mixtures is determined according to GOST 30108.
6.6 Mobility, average density, water-holding capacity and stratification of mortar mixtures are determined according to GOST 5802.
6.7 The volume of entrained air in mortar mixtures is determined according to GOST 10181.
6.8 The temperature of freshly prepared mortar mixtures is measured with a thermometer, immersing it in the mixture to a depth of at least 5 cm.
6.9 Compressive strength, frost resistance and average density of hardened solutions are determined according to GOST 5802.
6.10 The moisture content of dry mortar mixtures is determined according to GOST 8735.
7 Transportation and storage
7.1 Transportation
7.1.1 Mortar mixtures, ready for use, should be delivered to the consumer in vehicles specifically designed for their transportation.
With the consent of the consumer, transportation of mixtures in bunkers (tubs) is allowed.
7.1.2 The methods used for transporting mortar mixtures must exclude the loss of binder dough, the ingress of atmospheric precipitation and foreign impurities into the mixture.
7.1.3 Packaged dry mortar mixtures are transported by road, rail and other modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the transportation and securing of goods in force for this type of transport.
7.2 Storage
7.2.1 Delivered to construction site mortar mixtures, ready for use, must be reloaded into loader-mixers or other containers, provided that the specified properties of the mixtures are maintained.
7.2.2 Packaged dry mortar mixtures are stored in covered, dry rooms.
Bags of dry mixture must be stored at a temperature not lower than 5°C under conditions that ensure the safety of the packaging and protection from moisture.
7.2.3 The shelf life of the dry mortar mixture is 6 months from the date of preparation.
At the end of the storage period, the mixture must be checked for compliance with the requirements of this standard. If compliant, the mixture can be used for its intended purpose.
APPENDIX A (for reference). List of regulatory documents
APPENDIX A
(informative)
GOST 4.233-86 SPKP. Construction. Construction solutions. Nomenclature of indicators
GOST 125-79 Gypsum binders. Specifications
GOST 2226-2013 Paper bags and combined materials. General technical conditions
GOST 2642.5-2016 Refractories and refractory raw materials. Methods for determining iron (III) oxide
GOST 2642.11-97 Refractories and refractory raw materials. Methods for determining potassium and sodium oxides
GOST 3594.4-77 Molding clays. Methods for determining sulfur content
GOST 5578-94 Crushed stone and sand from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy slags for concrete. Specifications
GOST 5802-86 Construction mortars. Test methods
GOST 8735-88 Sand for construction work. Test methods
GOST 8736-2014 Sand for construction work. Specifications
GOST 9179-77 Construction lime. Specifications
GOST 10178-85 Portland cement and Portland slag cement. Specifications
GOST 10181-2014 Concrete mixtures. Test methods
GOST 10354-82 Polyethylene film. Specifications
GOST 18481-81 Hydrometers and glass cylinders. Specifications
GOST 21216-2014
GOST 21216-2014 Clay raw materials. Test methods
GOST 22266-2013 Sulfate-resistant cements. Specifications
GOST 23732-2011 Water for concrete and mortars. Specifications
GOST 24211-2008 Additives for concrete and mortars. General technical conditions
GOST 25328-82 Cement for mortars. Specifications
GOST 25592-91 Ash and slag mixtures from thermal power plants for concrete. Specifications
GOST 25818-2017 Fly ash from thermal power plants for concrete. Specifications
GOST 25820-2000 Lightweight concrete. Specifications
GOST 26633-2015 Heavy and fine-grained concrete. Specifications
GOST 26644-85 Crushed stone and sand from thermal power plant slag for concrete. Specifications
GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides
GOST 30459-2008 Additives for concrete. Methods for determining effectiveness
SNiP II-3-79* Construction heating engineering
APPENDIX B (recommended). Mobility of the mortar mixture at the site of application depending on the purpose of the solution
Table B.1
Main purpose of the solution | Cone immersion depth, cm | Mobility grade P |
A Masonry: | ||
For rubble masonry: | ||
vibrated | ||
unvibrated | ||
For masonry made of hollow bricks or ceramic stones | ||
For masonry made of solid bricks; ceramic stones; concrete stones or light rock stones | ||
For filling voids in masonry and supplying with a mortar pump | ||
For making a bed when installing walls made of large concrete blocks and panels; jointing horizontal and vertical joints in walls made of panels and large concrete blocks | ||
B Facing: | ||
For fastening slabs natural stone And ceramic tiles on a finished brick wall | ||
For fastening cladding products of lightweight concrete panels and blocks in the factory | ||
In Plastering: | ||
soil solution | ||
spray solution: | ||
with manual application | ||
at mechanized way application | ||
coating solution: | ||
without the use of gypsum | ||
using gypsum |
APPENDIX B (mandatory). Clay for mortars. Technical requirements
APPENDIX B
(required)
These technical requirements apply to clay intended for the preparation of mortars.
B.1 Technical requirements for clay
B.1.3 The content of chemical components by weight of dry clay should not be more than %:
- sulfates and sulfides in terms of - 1;
- sulfide sulfur in terms of - 0.3;
- mica - 3;
- soluble salts (causing efflorescence and efflorescence):
total iron oxides - 14;
the sum of potassium and sodium oxides is 7.
B.1.4 Clay should not contain organic impurities in quantities that impart a dark color.
B.2 Clay testing methods
B.2.1 The granulometric composition of clay is determined according to GOST 21216.2 and GOST 21216.12. B.2.4 The mica content is determined by the petrographic method according to
Operating conditions of enclosing structures, humidity conditions premises according to SNiP II-3-79*
Minimum consumption of cement in masonry mortar per 1 m of dry sand, kg
Under dry and normal room conditions
In humid conditions
In wet room conditions
UDC 666.971.001.4:006.354 | ISS 91.100.10 | ||
Key words: mortars, mineral binders, masonry, installation of building structures; masonry, facing, plastering mortars |
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Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2018
Binding building materials or simply binding materials are natural or artificial substances that have the ability to physical and chemical processes transition from a liquid or dough-like state to a stone-like state, while simultaneously developing their adhesion to other materials.
Classification of binding building materials
Binders are divided into two main groups:
- inorganic or mineral binders (lime, gypsum, cement, etc.);
- organic binders (bitumen, tar, glue, etc.).
Inorganic binders materials, in turn, are divided into air and hydraulic.
Air binders materials harden only in air; hydraulic harden both in air and in water.
When hardening inorganic binders, two stages are distinguished: setting - the process of gradual transition of a dough consisting of binder and water from a fluid phase to a solid phase and hardening itself, during which the material, while remaining externally unchanged, gradually becomes more and more durable.
All inorganic binders are made from widely abundant non-metallic minerals. However, they differ significantly in cost, which is explained by the varying complexity and energy intensity of their manufacturing process.
Air binders
Air binders include:
- lime,
- gypsum,
- soluble glass and
- acid-resistant cement.
Lime- the simplest and most ancient binder - is obtained by burning limestone. As a result of firing, anhydrous calcium oxide - CaO - is obtained - quicklime, which is quenched with water to obtain a construction binder. This releases a large amount of heat, causing the temperature to rise to 300°.
Hardening of lime occurs with the addition of carbon dioxide from the air, which determines its ability to harden only in air. The low content of carbon dioxide in the air causes very slow hardening of lime, which continues for years in very thick walls, and therefore the strength of building lime is not regulated.
Gypsum binders obtained by firing natural gypsum stone (gypsum dihydrate). As a result of firing, dihydrous gypsum loses 75% of water and turns into the so-called semi-hydrous gypsum, which, when crushed, when mixed with water, quickly sets and then hardens in air. The setting of gypsum proceeds so quickly that SNiP limits the period of not only the end, but also the beginning of setting (4 minutes from the start of mixing).
This property of gypsum is known to be widely used in medicine in the treatment of fractures.
Strength building gypsum for compression 35-45 kg/cm2.
However, gypsum has insufficient water resistance, resulting in a decrease in strength when moistened, and therefore it is used only for interior works(for partitions, plaster) in dry rooms, and also as an additive to other binders to accelerate setting.
Soluble or “liquid” glass is a silicate material specially produced at glass factories, in the form of glassy blocks that can be dissolved with steam (in autoclaves) or heated with water to the required consistency. Dissolved glass is a mineral glue that hardens in air.
Liquid glass is used for the manufacture of fire-retardant paints, acid-resistant putties and films, as well as for strengthening weak sandy soils.
Acid resistant silica fluoride cement(CC) is a powdery mixture of ground quartz sand and sodium silicofluoride. Mixture mixed with liquid glass, after hardening in air, it turns into a durable stone-like body that can withstand the action of most acids.
Acid-resistant cement is used to protect building structures from acid corrosion, for the construction of corrosion-resistant layers, etc.
Hydraulic binders
The most common type of hydraulic binders are cements, and among them the first place is taken by Portland cement - an artificial binder obtained from natural marls or a mixture of limestone and clay.
The starting material is crushed, mixed with water and fired before sintering in rotating cylindrical kilns. The calcined product (clinker) is crushed in ball mills. The fine powder obtained by grinding is light gray in color and is cement.
Cement is the most versatile, but at the same time the most expensive of the inorganic binders.
When cement is mixed with water in an amount of 20-50%, a cement paste is formed, which after some time sets, turning into cement stone. Hardening of cement stone under favorable temperature and humidity conditions continues for many years. However, strength increases quickly only at first and therefore a period of 28 days (4 weeks) is taken as the standard cement hardening period.
Strength of cements characterized by their brands. To determine the grade of cement, standard samples are prepared in the form of beams measuring 4X4X16 cm (taking 3 parts of sand to 1 part of cement). The beams are tested for bending (until failure), and their halves are tested for compression.
The grade of cement is the numerical value of the tensile strength in kg/cm2 during a compression test. In addition, the minimum flexural strength is established by the standard for each grade of cement.
The cement industry now produces the main grades of Portland cement 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700.
Ordinary Portland cement is used for concrete and reinforced concrete structures, with the exception of those exposed to sea, mineralized or even fresh, but running water.
Other types of cement:
- Portland slag cement, obtained by joint grinding of cement clinker with granulated blast furnace slag (in an amount of 30-70%), which, being a waste product of blast furnace production, itself has astringent properties;
- pozzolanic Portland cement, obtained by co-grinding cement clinker with special dots, which, when hardening the cement, bind free lime and thereby increase the resistance of concrete to leaching;
- aluminous cement (grades 400, 500 and 600), characterized by particularly rapid hardening; Unlike other cements, aluminous cement reaches its brand strength within 3 days.
Expanding the production of quick-hardening cements is of great national economic importance, as it makes it possible to speed up and reduce the cost of the process of manufacturing prefabricated reinforced concrete, as well as speed up the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete structures, since the hardening rate of cement also determines the hardening rate of concrete.
Organic binders and materials based on them
Organic binders are divided into three main groups:
- bitumen,
- tar and
- synthetic.
All these materials have the nature of resins - they soften and melt when heated.
Bitumen and tar have a black or dark brown color; therefore they are sometimes called black binders.
Natural bitumens as binders are found mainly in sedimentary rocks. Such rocks in ground, melted and molded form are called asphalt mastic (asphalt).
Petroleum liquid and semi-solid bitumen are a product of the oxidation of heavy oil distillation residues.
Coal tar, a by-product of coking coal, is also available in liquid or semi-solid form.
Petroleum bitumens and coal tars are used to make roll roofing materials and waterproofing materials.
Ruberoid is a flexible cardboard impregnated with bitumen. Covering roofing material (for the upper layers of the roof) has the same covering layer. The same material, only impregnated with bitumen (without a covering layer), is called lining roofing material (glassine).
Rolled materials similar to roofing felt and glassine, made on the basis of coal tar, are called roofing felt and roofing felt, respectively.
Mastic is a mixture of bitumen or tar with fibrous or dusty fillers (asbestos, wood flour, tripoli, quartz, etc.), which increase the heat resistance of the mastic and binder consumption.
There are hot mastics, liquefied by heating, and cold mastics, liquefied with solvents.
Bituminous and tar mastics are used in the installation of roll roofing made of roofing felt and roofing felt, and also independently for waterproofing.
Asphalt mastic is used for making asphalt floors, sidewalks, road surfaces etc.
Synthetic resins form the basis of plastics, which, due to their limited use in construction, are not considered here.
