9. Walls of civil buildings. Primary requirements. External and internal walls, load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing walls, partitions.
Walls- These are vertical fences that separate rooms from the external environment and from each other. The walls must withstand the loads placed on them, ensure a constant temperature in the room and make it soundproof. In construction, depending on their purpose, walls are classified into external and internal. Depending on the material used, walls are made of artificial materials (concrete, brick, asbestos-cement) and natural (limestone, shell rock, tuff, wood). Depending on the perception of loads from the building, the walls can be self-supporting, self-supporting And non-structural. Bearers walls take loads from other parts of the building (floors, roofs) and, together with their own weight, transfer them to the foundations. Self-supporting The walls rest on foundations, but they carry the load only from their own weight. Non-load bearing(curtain) walls are fences that rest on each floor on other elements of the building (frame) and support their own mass within one floor.
The walls of civil buildings must meet the following requirements: be strong and stable; have durability corresponding to the class of the building; correspond to the degree of fire resistance of the building; be an energy-saving element of the building; have heat transfer resistance in accordance with thermal engineering standards, while ensuring the necessary temperature and humidity comfort in the premises; have sufficient soundproofing properties; have a design that meets modern methods of constructing wall structures; types of walls must be economically justified based on the given architectural and artistic solution, and meet the capabilities of the customer; material intensity (material consumption) should be as minimal as possible, since this greatly helps to reduce labor costs for the construction of walls and overall construction costs.
Partitions are called relatively thin walls that serve to divide the internal space within one floor into separate rooms. The partitions rest on the floors on each floor and do not carry any load other than their own weight.
PARTITIONS. Partitions must be soundproof, nailable, durable, and stable. Partitions are installed on the floor structure before flooring is laid. In places where partitions made of combustible materials adjoin stoves and chimneys, brick cuts should be arranged along the entire height so that the distance from the partition to the inner surface of the stove or chimney is at least 40 cm. FRAME. GYPSUM PARTITIONS. BRICK PARTITIONS. Brick partitions are laid with a thickness of 1/2 brick (12 cm). The basis for partitions can be concrete preparation under ground floor floors or reinforced concrete floors. On wooden floors brick partitions Due to their significant weight, this should not be done. A non-load-bearing wall, or partition, can only be internal.
- What is a “load-bearing wall” and why is it needed?
- How to find out the location of load-bearing walls in a house?
- Panel
- Brick
- Monolithic
- What actions can be performed with load-bearing walls?
- How to coordinate redevelopment?
From the author: Hello, dear readers. We all lovingly love our home, take care of it, and do cosmetic repairs. Sometimes simple things are not enough for us finishing works, and we begin to think about remodeling the apartment. It comes in two types: either construction additional walls, or the demolition of some of the existing ones. In our realities, the second option is most often used. Apartments in many houses are quite small, sometimes it is almost impossible to turn around in such an area. That's why people are trying to get out of the situation with the help of redevelopment.
Is it possible to determine from the BTI documents whether a load-bearing wall is or not?
There is no one generally accepted designation of load-bearing walls on plans. Unfortunately, there is no one generally accepted designation of load-bearing walls on plans that would be used by all design enterprises, developers and other organizations, therefore the owner often has to sit for a long time over the received drawings before being able to find out which the wall is load-bearing and which one is not. On the architectural and construction plans of the detailed design for construction apartment building Load-bearing walls are usually highlighted with special shading.
On plans from the BTI, such structures are indicated as thicker than simple ones interior partitions, but not always. There are often cases when on the plans of old houses a wall is indicated by a thin line, but in reality it is load-bearing.
Load-bearing wall in the registration certificate for the apartment
Attention
The first thing you need to pay attention to when examining the septum is its thickness. IN panel houses Load-bearing walls are always much thicker than conventional interior partitions.
Info
Load-bearing wall in a panel house Po building regulations the minimum thickness of the load-bearing partition in a panel house must be at least 12 cm. This is the net size, excluding facing materials on the wall, of which there can be quite a lot (plaster, wallpaper, paint, etc.)
d.).
Important
Interior partitions that do not perform load-bearing functions have a thickness of 8-10 cm (excluding finishing). That is, to determine the load-bearing walls, all internal partitions must be measured, having previously cleared them of facing materials.
Only after determination can you begin planning overhaul, choosing appropriate methods, means and solutions for rebuilding a residential property.
Load-bearing wall in a house - how to determine which walls are load-bearing?
All Khrushchev buildings are characterized by the same layout, and the load-bearing structures in them are usually only those that separate the apartment from other apartments, the landing and the street, and all internal partitions simply separate the rooms and can be safely dismantled. In Khrushchev, the load-bearing wall always has a thickness of more than 12 cm without finishing layers 4 Determining the purpose of the wall according to apartment plans It is believed that the load-bearing wall in any apartment can easily be found using technical documentation, for example, the floor plan of an apartment building.
This is true, but to determine the functions of internal partitions you need to be able to work with design documentation, understand symbols, read diagrams, etc.
Symbols on BTI plans
Both of these types have similar design solutions and are made in the form of three longitudinal load-bearing and transverse walls, which support the longitudinal ones and, basically, are also load-bearing. Also, the load-bearing walls are the walls on which the interfloor floor slabs rest (short side). Usually these are longitudinal load-bearing walls. There is an option when the floor slab rests on a reinforced concrete beam of rectangular cross-section. Which, in turn, rests on load-bearing walls or brick pillars.
Interior or apartment partitions are usually installed under the beams. Load-bearing walls in a panel house In panel houses, the thickness of internal partitions ranges from 80 mm to 120 mm, made of gypsum concrete panels.
And, internal load-bearing walls are reinforced concrete panels with a thickness of 140, 180 or 200 mm. External load-bearing walls in a panel house have a thickness of 200 mm.
How to determine load-bearing walls in a room
The wall can be marked with a thin line and at the same time be a load-bearing one. Determining load-bearing walls by thickness The second way to find out which wall is load-bearing is by its location and thickness.
Load-bearing walls in a brick house Wall thickness in brick houses is a multiple of the size of the brick (120 mm), plus the thickness of the mortar joint (10 mm), if there is more than one masonry. Respectively, brick walls can be 120, 250, 380, 520, 640 mm thick, etc.
Mainly in brick residential buildings internal partitions are made of brick or gypsum concrete panels with a thickness of 80 or 120 mm. Apartment partitions 250mm thick brick or 200mm double panel with air gap.
Load-bearing walls in a brick house have a thickness of 380 mm. Majority brick houses built according to standard series - these are the so-called “Stalin” and “Khrushchev” buildings.
How to find out whether a wall is load-bearing or not in order to protect yourself during redevelopment?
Before starting a major renovation, which involves making changes to the layout of the apartment, it is necessary to identify load-bearing walls. By law, such building structures are prohibited from being dismantled, as they reduce the reliability and durability of the building.
Preliminary determination load-bearing structures apartments will save the owner from many problems with government agencies that monitor compliance with current building codes and regulations. Content
- 1 How to determine all the load-bearing walls in your apartment?
- 2 Search for load-bearing partitions in a panel house
- 3 What walls can be dismantled in a Khrushchev building?
- 4 Determining the purpose of the wall according to apartment plans
- 5 Rules for dismantling internal partitions
1 How to determine all the load-bearing walls in your apartment? Khrushchev and panel houses have load-bearing walls and thin interior partitions.
How to determine if a wall is load-bearing or not?
The walls that mark the boundaries of the apartment and those that look at the staircase are load-bearing, but in some cases only they alone can take on the entire load of the floors, and with all internal partitions possible to work. Load-bearing partitions can also be determined by the thickness of the wall. In this case, the wall thickness should be determined without taking into account the plaster coating. In brick houses, the main partitions are those whose thickness exceeds 38 cm.
If a house is built from reinforced concrete panels, then the load-bearing walls in it are at least 14 cm thick, and often these also include those walls that define the boundaries of the bathrooms. In monolithic houses, walls with a thickness of 20 cm or more are the main ones.
But in such houses it is not enough to rely on only one size, and a wall more than 20 cm thick can only be an ordinary partition.
How to find a load-bearing wall in an apartment and do the redevelopment correctly
To determine the load-bearing walls, it is necessary to use the plan. When remodeling, you must contact specialists for permission to dismantle the partitions. Even if you plan to move the doorway, you need to have certain documents that must be provided by BTI employees or other relevant government agencies. If an illegal redevelopment has been carried out in an apartment, it becomes impossible to sell it, and obtaining permission for redevelopment after its implementation is quite problematic. Any work with walls should be treated with full responsibility, because even the slightest crack in a load-bearing wall can affect the entire structure of the building. Carrying out work with load-bearing walls It is possible to carry out some work on load-bearing walls, however, any actions must be carried out exclusively by competent specialists.
Most often these are single-layer panels made of expanded clay concrete with a thickness of 300-350 mm or multilayer panels consisting of two reinforced concrete panels with a thickness of 60 mm (external) and 80-100 mm (internal), separated by insulation. As a result, load-bearing walls in a panel house have a thickness of 120 mm.
Load-bearing walls in a monolithic house Not everything is clear with load-bearing walls in a monolithic house. It is not always possible to identify them. In addition, they may not exist (for example, in monolithic frame buildings).
In residential monolithic buildings there are various designs. Such as monolithic load-bearing walls, columns, pylons, beams, etc.
The standard thickness of walls and pylons is 200, 250, 300 mm. The diameter of the supporting columns can be more than 300 mm. The thickness of the internal walls, usually made of aerated concrete blocks, ranges from 200 mm. Thus, the thickness of non-load-bearing partitions is less than 200 mm.
How is a load-bearing wall indicated in the technical data sheet?
For more precise definition thickness, you must first clean the surface of all decorative layers: plaster, paint, wallpaper and, especially, drywall. Although finishing does not make such significant adjustments, it can still have a critical effect on the measurement result.
What actions can be performed with load-bearing walls? As mentioned above, the structure that bears the main load is the basis of the entire building. Therefore, it must be handled with extreme care. To begin with, let’s outline those actions that are unacceptable to perform in relation to a load-bearing wall:
- demolish, as this is fraught with loss of stability of the entire building;
- move to another place - for the same reasons as in the previous paragraph;
- groove under wiring or pipes.
But still she is not completely untouchable.
If you decide to remodel your apartment to combine rooms, you must first understand whether the walls affected are load-bearing. Doorways in load-bearing walls must be consistent with supervisory authorities for a redevelopment project with a technical report from the author of the house project.
The demolition of a load-bearing wall or part of it is strictly prohibited, since it violates the power structure of the building and threatens cracks or even collapses due to improper redistribution of loads.
At the same time, the dismantling of non-load-bearing interior partitions does not threaten the safety of the house and its residents, and therefore can, in most cases, be agreed upon with the Moscow Housing Inspectorate based on a simple redevelopment sketch.
Based on the above, we see that Without clarifying for yourself whether the wall is load-bearing or not, it is better not to start redevelopment . However, this does not stop many owners. Thus, on various Internet portals for design and repair, there are many examples of redevelopments, where designers “do what they want” with load-bearing walls, without taking into account all the consequences of such repairs.
As a result, the customer receives an illegal redevelopment, the neighbors receive cracks in the ceiling, and the inspector who, based on their complaint, visits the “bad” apartment is a reason to issue an order to return the premises to their original or agreed upon state.
Below we have tried to provide information with which you will most likely be able to determine which walls are load-bearing and which are not in your apartment, and, depending on this, carry out repairs in the future without violating the law and building codes.
Load-bearing walls in a panel house
Standard panel houses of various series are the most common type of housing in Moscow. This type apartment buildings residential buildings, unfortunately, does not allow many planning decisions to be implemented. The fact is that most of the interior walls in panel houses are load-bearing, and the construction of openings in them can be hampered by many circumstances, such as the floor of the apartment, the general design of a given series, or the condition of the house.
Panel house P-3 series, photo:
So, how to understand which walls are load-bearing in a panel house? The easiest way is to measure the thickness of the desired wall.
- For partitions, this parameter is usually from 80 to 100 mm
- The thickness of load-bearing walls ranges from 140 to 200 mm
- Interior partitions in 90% panel houses these are gypsum concrete panels 80 mm thick
- Internal load-bearing walls are reinforced concrete panels with a thickness of 140, 160, 180 and 200 mm. In some old series of panel houses, there are also 120mm load-bearing walls
Accordingly, this means that if the wall thickness is less than 120mm, then it is a non-load-bearing partition, and if it is more, then it is a load-bearing wall.
It should be noted that the thickness of the wall must be measured in its “pure form”, that is, not taking into account the finishing layers (plaster, wallpaper), and for the purity of measurements, the plaster layer must either be removed in several places, or pre-measured and subsequently subtracted from the thickness of the wall.
In “borderline” cases, it is better to rely on the opinion of the engineers of the design institute - the author of the house in your series, where you or the intermediaries you have chosen will apply for a technical report on the redevelopment. In any case, it is the technical specifications that will give the final answer on the redevelopment of load-bearing walls.
Example: technical conclusion State Unitary Enterprise MNIITEP - an institute that is the author of 90 percent of panel houses in Moscow.
Load-bearing walls in brick houses
Load-bearing walls in monolithic houses
For monolithic houses, the most accurate way to determine load-bearing wall- take in management company architectural plan floors. Due to the variety of individual design solutions, without appropriate documentation it can be quite difficult to determine whether a particular wall is load-bearing. IN In monolithic buildings you can find both load-bearing walls and columns, pylons (columns of rectangular section). Monolithic frame houses may not have load-bearing walls at all.
Non-load-bearing brick partitions in a monolithic house:
The thickness of internal walls and pylons in monolithic houses is usually 200, 250 and 300 mm, therefore, if the wall affected by the redevelopment is less than 200 mm, then it is an ordinary partition. But in some cases, the partition can be more than 200 mm (if it is made of foam blocks).
Start from the lowest point in your home. To determine which walls in your house are load-bearing, it is best to start from the place that bears the main load, starting from the foundation. If your home has a basement, start here. If not, try starting from the ground floor where you can locate the lowest concrete slab. Pay attention to the walls, the system of beams of which rests directly on the foundation. Any walls that are located directly on the foundation must be considered load-bearing and demolishing them is strictly prohibited.
View the interior walls of the entire structure. Starting with a basement (or, if you don't have one, the first floor), determine the location of the interior walls. Trace each interior wall through every floor of your home - in other words, pinpoint where the wall is in relation to the floor below, then work your way up to see if the wall extends through subsequent floors. If there is another wall, a floor with perpendicular beams, or other heavy structure above this wall, then it is likely a load-bearing wall.
Look for steel beams or pile-and-beam structures. Sometimes builders use special load-bearing structures, such as steel support beams and pile-and-beam structures, to transfer some of the building's weight to the external walls. In these cases, there is a chance (but not a guarantee) that the nearest internal walls will not be load-bearing. Look for signs of large, sturdy wooden or metal structures that cross the ceiling of a room and extend onto a wall that is known to be load-bearing or external, such as three-dimensional horizontal projections that cross the ceiling.
Look for signs that the house has been remodeled. Many houses, especially old ones, have been changed, expanded and rebuilt several times. If this applies to your home, what was once an exterior wall may now be an interior wall. If so, then innocent looking interior wall may turn out to be a load-bearing structure for the original structure. If you have any reason to believe that your home has been seriously altered, best choice will turn to professionals to be sure that your external walls really external walls.
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We are looking for a load-bearing structure in a panel house
The most common residential buildings are panel type houses.
Depending on the series of the house, the location of the load-bearing structures is different. In any case, there are significantly more of them than partitions. One of the most simple ways definition is the thickness measurement. So, remember that basically its value for partitions in panel houses is 80–100 mm, but load-bearing ones can be 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200. When measuring the thickness, it is worth taking into account the layer of plaster. It must either be removed where the wall was measured, or subtracted from the result obtained.
In 80% of cases, the partitions of panel houses consist of plasterboard, and their thickness is 80 mm. Thus, we attribute everything that is thinner than 120 to partitions, but if the measurements are higher than the indicated figure, then the walls are load-bearing. Of course, it may happen that the figure turns out to be 120 mm. Then you should use the services of engineers who developed the layout of the house. One way or another, even if you yourself determine that this wall can be dismantled, you will need a technical opinion from engineers. Only on its basis are any redevelopments allowed.
Looking for a carrier in a brick house
Now let's talk about old brick buildings. The walls of such houses have different thicknesses depending on the number of bricks in the masonry. Length standard brick is 120 mm. Seams between brickwork have an indicator of 10 mm. Thus, if it consists of two rows of bricks, then the value will be calculated as follows: 120 + 120 + 10 = 250 mm. According to further calculations, the size of a brick wall can be: 380 mm (three rows of 120 and two joints of 10), 510 mm (four rows of 120 and three joints of 10), 640 mm (five rows of 120 and four joints of 10) .
Now we explain how to recognize a load-bearing wall in a brick house. And everything is extremely simple: again, by measuring. The walls in such houses separating the apartments are partitions and have a thickness of 250 mm (double masonry). The usual partitions between rooms are either 80 or 120. The remaining walls are load-bearing - they can be 380, 510, 640 and higher.
By the way, there are old houses with wooden floor. Even wooden partitions can be load-bearing. Initially they did not perform such a function, but later became a support for the floors above.
We are looking for a load-bearing structure in a monolithic house
Monolithic houses have a huge variety of layouts. Here you can only be sure that there is a partition in front of you. Therefore, if possible, you will need to find a house project, and also be sure to consult with an engineer from the developer.
Although you can again resort to the method of determining load-bearing walls by measuring the thickness. Magnitude monolithic wall maybe 200, 250, 300 and higher. Having measured it, do not rush to make hasty conclusions. So, if its thickness is less than 200 mm, then this means by 99% that you have measured the partition. But if this figure, for example, is 200 mm, then this does not always confirm the opposite. The fact is that monolithic houses involve the use of foam blocks, which are a special type of partition.
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What is a load-bearing wall?
First, find out what a load-bearing wall is and where it is located. Load-bearing walls perform an important task - they maintain the integrity of the entire structure. As load-bearing elements Sometimes columns and beams protrude, but this does not change their purpose. Since all elements of the roof and ceiling structure rest on the wall, it is important to know during redevelopment how to determine the load-bearing wall in the house.
If you demolish it, it can lead to bad consequences, starting with cracks appearing on the house and ending with complete destruction of the structure. Unlike those carrying ordinary interior walls They hold only their own weight and also perform a separating function. To ensure that repair work is carried out safely and correctly, you should contact specialists for help. Only they know how to determine whether a wall is load-bearing or not.
Do not forget about the special permit for redevelopment, which is issued by specialists from the technical inventory bureau. It will indicate which walls can be destroyed and modified, and which are prohibited.
Methods for determining load-bearing walls
There are several ways to determine whether a house has a load-bearing wall or not. Accurate and easy to implement - this is a study constructive plan Houses. This document is in the capital construction department. Also, do not forget about the existence of a technical passport. If the owner of the apartment can read construction drawings, it will not be difficult for him to determine the load-bearing wall in the house.
Load-bearing walls are often determined by their thickness and location. When measuring the thickness of the wall, you must first remove the wallpaper and clean the surface of the old plaster. Only after this can measurements begin. The parameters of load-bearing walls are different for all houses, for example:
- The load-bearing walls in a brick house are thirty-eight centimeters thick. The more bricks laid, the greater the thickness.
- In panel houses the situation is slightly different. Here, all walls exceeding fourteen centimeters are load-bearing. In such a house, redevelopment is difficult and almost impossible. After all, most of the walls in a panel house are load-bearing.
- In monolithic houses, walls thicker than twenty centimeters are load-bearing. In houses, it is quite difficult to determine the load-bearing wall thickness. Therefore, it is easier to take a general floor plan from the developer.
All external walls form the basis of the building, serving as support walls.
Openings
Once the load-bearing walls in the apartment are determined, certain restrictions associated with redevelopment will appear. It is impossible to completely demolish a load-bearing wall. It is better to make an opening or niche in it - this is a safer option. The number of openings in load-bearing walls is limited.
If it is necessary to make an opening in such a design, it is better to seek help from professionals. Carrying out such work on your own is dangerous, and without special permits and papers with the redevelopment done, such an apartment will become a burden.
There are situations when partial demolition of a load-bearing wall is necessary. In this case, you cannot do without an engineer. Even a small window or door opening requires appropriate permits and licenses.
Only true professionals in their field will be able to not only make an opening in a load-bearing wall, but also increase its strength. This will help avoid its destruction. A metal or reinforced concrete lintel is used to support the wall.
Load-bearing walls in a panel house
Most panel houses have a standard code for the project according to which they were built. Therefore, before you begin redevelopment, you need to know how to determine the load-bearing wall in a panel house.
To find load-bearing walls in a panel house, you can use the database of these structures. It makes it possible to see the layout of apartments from each series and choose your home using the code. Another way is to measure the walls. Thickness self-supporting walls in a panel house it ranges from 80 millimeters to 1 meter, while the thickness of the load-bearing walls is from 140 to 200 mm. The higher the indicator, the greater the likelihood that it is a load-bearing wall. It is important to remember that demolishing it in a panel house will lead to the destruction of the building.
How to find out if a load-bearing wall in a house is made of brick?
To find out how to determine a load-bearing wall in a brick house, you need to add the thickness of the vertical mortar joint to the size of the brick. That is, the thickness depends on how many bricks are supplied. Brick walls can be 120, 250, 380 mm thick, and so on, plus finishing layers.
Load-bearing brick walls have a thickness of three hundred eighty millimeters or more. If self-supporting structures are made of gypsum concrete panels and bricks, then in this case the interior partitions will be 250 mm. Thus, load-bearing walls in brick houses have a thickness of 380 mm. If during measurements the thickness is less than 380 mm, then such a wall is an ordinary partition. Find brick houses series is more difficult than panel ones, since there are much fewer of them.
Load-bearing walls in Khrushchev
All Khrushchev buildings were built according to the same type. They have three load-bearing walls and additional transverse ones, which serve as support for the load-bearing ones and prevent them from tipping over. This list also includes the transverse walls of the staircase. They support not only load-bearing structures, but also flights of stairs, thus also becoming load-bearing.
How to determine a load-bearing wall in a brick apartment? Can it be dismantled or not? The slabs that are located between floors are supported by load-bearing or transverse reinforced concrete walls and beams.
If we talk about modern buildings, studio apartments are very popular. In such rooms, many manage without redevelopment, simply dividing the space with furniture. To from ordinary apartment to make smart housing, you need to completely or partially dismantle the walls, leaving only the box. However, such global changes will negatively affect the integrity of the building, especially if it is old.
How to find a load-bearing wall in a monolithic house?
Are you interested in how to determine whether a wall is load-bearing or not in a monolithic house? These buildings have a variety of architectural and design features. They combine conventional load-bearing walls, columns, beams and rectangular columns. The thickness of load-bearing walls is 200-300 mm, and the thickness of columns in monolithic houses is an order of magnitude higher. All walls having a thickness of less than 200 mm are considered partitions.
When it comes to new buildings, the load-bearing structures are easy to determine simply by inspecting them. They are clearly visible because they are made of reinforced concrete. Holes sealed with mortar can also be seen on the load-bearing walls.
What can you do with a load-bearing wall?
As is already known, the structure is the basis of the building and holds the main load; it must be handled carefully and carefully. Before determining whether a wall is load-bearing or not, it is worth finding out what actions are prohibited in relation to it:
- It cannot be completely demolished, as this will affect the stability of the entire structure.
- It is prohibited to move it to another place.
- It is prohibited to install wiring or conduct communications in it.
Despite these prohibitions, a load-bearing wall is not untouchable; you can make a doorway in it, create an arch or partition between rooms, or drill through it.
How to coordinate redevelopment
Before carrying out redevelopment, it is necessary to obtain permission from the relevant authorities. Since residents do not always correctly determine the type of wall covering or dismantle the load-bearing wall, these approvals are mandatory. Therefore, the question of how to determine a load-bearing wall according to the building plan can play a bad joke with residents.
Do not neglect the rules, otherwise the construction will become illegal and the owner will be fined. It follows from this that it is better to spend time on official authorities and obtain all permissions than to suffer from mistakes made.
If you are deciding whether to redevelop a room or not, you should remember that even a harmless error in calculations when performing this work can provoke serious problems. By doing this, you risk your life and the lives of other household members.
Since it is not always possible to determine the type of load-bearing wall, it is better to use the services of a specialist. Nevertheless, having decided to do the work yourself and knowing how to determine where the load-bearing walls are, be extremely careful and vigilant, because you already know what a possible deviation in calculations or reasoning regarding the type of wall covering and its nature entails.
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How to determine a load-bearing wall in a brick house?
Brick size – 12 cm;
- 250 mm walls: 2 bricks + joint (10 mm);
- 350 mm walls: 3 bricks + 2 seams;
- 510 mm walls: 4 bricks + 3 seams;
- 640 mm walls: 5 bricks + 4 seams;
Interior partitions built from blocks or bricks are only 12-18 mm. The walls between neighboring apartments not much thicker - 25 mm.
In the building monolithic type Determining the load-bearing wall in a house is somewhat more difficult, since they use different values during construction.
Walls exceeding a thickness of 20 cm are load-bearing. However, the architectural plan of the project will help you understand more precisely, since the nuances modern construction may include various options deviations from standard sizes.
Owners of city apartments often have a question: how to determine the load-bearing wall in a panel house? Only an experienced architectural engineer can answer the question. In a panel-type house, all walls thicker than 12-14 cm are considered load-bearing. Carrying out redevelopment in a panel-type apartment is often much more difficult. The partitions are usually up to 10 cm.
2.Location relative to others;
All external walls are always load-bearing. In addition, the external walls of the building make up its box and border on the façade side of the building. The external walls of the apartment facing the staircase or neighboring dwellings are also considered the main ones.
3.According to the design of the beam overlap
All load-bearing walls are clearly perpendicular to the main structure of the support slabs. The top slabs rest on the walls with their shortened side.
What do openings in load-bearing walls indicate?
Once load-bearing walls have been identified, the owner is solely responsible for damage, deformation or pressure on the elements. Creating openings and arches in a load-bearing wall entails a lot negative impacts on the building box and negatively affects the entire structure. The appearance of cracks, shrinkage of the house, destruction façade elements begins from the impact on the load-bearing wall. Depending on the duration of the building’s existence, the impact on the load-bearing wall can be completely destructive. This especially applies to multi-storey buildings old type: Khrushchev, Stalin, etc.
It is strictly prohibited for the BTI authorities to carry out complete demolition of the load-bearing space. If the redevelopment is caused by the need to replace the supporting structure, it is necessary to design the space using reliable support columns. The cross-section, dimensions and thickness of the columns are calculated by specialists from authorized bodies. The columns must support and systematically distribute the weight of all rising floors.
Typical designs of panel buildings
Before defining a load-bearing wall in a panel house , We recommend that you read standard projects panel buildings, which vary in code. First, you need to determine the series of the structure, and then familiarize yourself with the detailed version of the drawing and its features. The layout of apartments and a detailed plan of supporting structures in the drawings are highlighted using color.
Panel house project code:
- 90-05;
- 90-06;
- 90-07;
- 90-022;
- 90-023;
- 90-031;
- 90-045;
The description of each project code includes the presence of designations of the main load-bearing walls and partitions. How to determine a load-bearing wall on a plan? It is necessary to examine the drawing of the apartment in detail and indicate the thickness of the walls. On paper, load-bearing walls are indicated by denser, solid lines.
Opening or niche in a load-bearing wall?
After determining the load-bearing wall in an apartment, many ask the question of creating an opening or an additional niche in the load-bearing wall. Creating a built-in opening in many apartments in panel houses is acceptable. Compliance with the requirements of regulatory authorities is strictly mandatory. It is allowed to perform horizontal and vertical grooves on the walls of the load-bearing structure. Drilling into walls and installing internal dowels is also allowed. Individual design of a house or apartment must be entrusted to professionals who bear full responsibility for dismantling and forming load-bearing surfaces.
Ideas for designing openings in a load-bearing wall
It is prohibited to completely dismantle a load-bearing wall. However, when creating openings, there are options for decorative filling of load-bearing structures. One of the stylish proposals of designers is the formation of an aquarium system on part or the entire wall.
Options for placing aquariums between load-bearing columns:
- The aquarium in the space between the column and the additional interior partition looks stylish and decorates the apartment attractively.
- The addition of furniture with an emphasis on the aquarium system fits harmoniously into the design.
- When expanding an apartment due to the space of a balcony or loggia, window sill systems in the form of aquarium stands are often used. The built-in aquarium looks amazing and captivates the eye with a living picture.
- Built-in aqua systems in niches of load-bearing walls look great in bedrooms and living rooms.
Knowing all the rules, it is easy to determine which wall is load-bearing and planning further design will be easier with the involvement of craftsmen. The InnovaStroy company carries out repair work turnkey projects of any level of complexity in apartments, houses and offices. Planning and redevelopment of buildings does not cause difficulties for craftsmen. In addition, clients are offered innovative developments and improved comfort of living in an apartment. The company’s specialists make the client’s stay comfortable, and the list of repair work does not cause difficulties. If the question arises of how to determine whether a load-bearing wall is or not, it is necessary to determine the type of structure and know its features.
How to determine whether a load-bearing wall is in a Khrushchev building?
- It must be remembered that all the walls of the building box are load-bearing;
- Walls facing staircases, marching openings are also the main ones;
- The partition between the balcony, loggia and kitchen (room) carries a small supporting load, so it can be easily dismantled. However, before carrying out construction demolition of the wall, it is necessary to ensure high-quality insulation the entire space so that the cold flow does not cause damage to other walls of the room.
- You can easily dismantle the interior opening in the bathroom. The thickness of the wall can be 10-12 cm, but does not serve any main purpose.
- Panel houses are the most unfavorable for the demolition of walls.
- Before starting to dismantle any walls, it is important to understand that a supporting structure is required.
To answer the question of how to determine a load-bearing wall in an apartment and how many main walls can be located in a building, we recommend contacting the professional consultants of the InnovaStroy company. How to determine a load-bearing wall in a brick house? Using the above methods it will be easier. Note that the main indicators of a brick structure are easily replaced by support beams, metal or stone. When forming decorated aqua systems, there is a possibility of additional pressure on the structure. It is important to realistically assess the fragility of the structure, and, if necessary, carry out additional strengthening of individual walls of the building. Installation must be done with caution in an independent way. An error in determining the load capacity of a wall has negative impact on the condition of neighboring apartments and the entire floor. If you are in doubt about how to determine the load-bearing wall on the plan, we recommend that you seek advice from the InnovaStroy company.
Studio apartment we demolish walls without damage!
In modern designs they are extremely popular small apartments open spaces called studios. This layout is convenient for a family of 2-3 people. Many people want to remodel large apartments in the studio, dividing the interior space with furniture. This option requires complete or partial demolition of the walls, leaving only the box of the apartment.
It is necessary to understand that such redevelopment requires the creation supporting structures to distribute the main weight upper floors. Many professionals offer clients the use frame technologies and the creation of decorative columns and built-in niches. This option harmoniously delimits the space and does not violate the requirements of higher authorities of technical bureaus.
Let us remember that the older the structure, the more significant the fragility of the main walls. In old-type buildings, the main structures are not allowed. Therefore, dismantling is prohibited without additional supports and a detailed calculation of the weight of the floors. Masters recommend seeking help from professional architects who will help resolve the issue of redevelopment without additional costs or violations of requirements.
Renovating old-style apartments is always a difficult task, requiring the involvement of third parties. We do not recommend carrying out large-scale wall demolition activities on your own at one time. Remember that by turning to professionals, you preserve not only your own comfort, but also the comfort of your neighbors.
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How to find out if a wall is load-bearing
The easiest way is to look at the house project. All the walls are clearly marked there. The plan must be kept in the city administration, in the capital construction department.
In addition, you can also use the apartment plan, which is located in those. passport or house register. However, to do this you need to be able to read blueprints or have experience in construction.
Video: Olga Rozina: how to identify a wall
If for some reason the plan cannot be found, then the purpose can be understood by some characteristic features. So, for example, if behind the wall there is a neighbor’s apartment, an entrance or a street, these are load-bearing.
Another way to find out is by thickness. If you live in a brick house and the thickness of the partition is 38 cm, then it is load-bearing. In a panel, the thickness of the load-bearing walls is 14 cm or more.
In a brick house
In brick houses, the thickness of the exterior starts from 38 cm, between apartments from 25 cm, interior - 8 - 12 cm. The main material in the construction of such houses is silicate and red brick.
For partitions, gypsum slabs can be used. By measuring a wall, for example, in the area of a doorway, you can determine whether it is solid or a partition.
However, this method is not suitable for all homes. For example, in the 90s, houses were built according to individual projects, so if there is no plan, then only the author of the project can determine.
In panel
Since the panel house consists almost entirely of load-bearing structures, it will be very difficult to implement the planned redevelopment. Load-bearing walls include inter-apartment, external and adjacent to external walls. In addition, the walls of bathrooms can also be load-bearing.
Interior partitions have a thickness of 8 - 10 mm. There are partitions of 12 cm, but this is a rare exception. To determine the purpose of the walls in this case, it is better to contact specialists who will draw a conclusion only after studying design features buildings and decide whether redevelopment can be done.
In monolithic houses
A monolithic house is a building whose foundation smoothly merges into the wall. In such buildings, any wall whose thickness is more than 20 cm is load-bearing. Such buildings are usually made according to individual project, it is impossible to determine using its size.
It happens that an ordinary interior partition in monolithic buildings has a thickness of more than 20 cm. There are monolithic houses in which load-bearing walls are completely absent. They are replaced by reinforced concrete columns.
And in this case, you cannot do without a drawing and plan. If they are missing, you will have to contact specialized companies.
Work carried out on load-bearing walls
When carrying out work on solid walls, remember that electrical wiring may be hidden in the wall, which, if damaged, can cause injury. Older houses may have gas pipes in the walls.
You need to work as carefully as possible and with extreme caution; if possible, adhere to project documentation. Remember that they cannot be completely demolished, as the floors will remain without support.
If you want to partial removal, then you need to install supports in the opening, which can then be hidden under the finishing.
Watch the video: Which walls can be demolished in a panel
alina-sharapova.ru
Let's recognize load-bearing walls
Regardless of what kind of house your home is located in - a panel Khrushchev building or a nine-story brick building - it will definitely have load-bearing walls and simply interior partitions. The latter can actually be removed without any consequences, while violating the integrity of the former will lead to serious troubles that threaten not only your apartment, but even the entire house. But sometimes the planned project requires that a through opening be made in one specific place, or maybe the wall is completely in the way?
In any case, you should not resort to dismantling without familiarizing yourself with the floor plan. If you don’t have one at hand, contact the technical inventory bureau or try to determine the load-bearing walls yourself.
In panel houses
Not finding technical documentation for an apartment, load-bearing walls in a panel house can be easily determined by their thickness: the fact is that the main walls supporting the floor panels are always a little thicker. Thus, the minimum thickness of a load-bearing wall in a standard panel house is 12 cm, not taking into account the layer of plaster, finishing materials, and additional partitions are 2 cm thinner.
Typically, internal walls do not affect the stability of the entire house, but only serve to divide the single space of the apartment into rooms. It is allowed to begin alteration and demolition work only after all walls have been carefully measured and key structures have been identified.
And one more thing: nine-story panel houses in most cases they consist of main walls - such a structure is very reminiscent of a classic house of cards. When planning an apartment renovation in such a house, it is better to familiarize yourself with the detailed plan before starting work.
In Khrushchevka
There are several ways to understand which walls in a Khrushchev building are load-bearing:
- the first, most correct one is to study the technical documentation;
- the second method suggests paying attention to the purpose of the wall - if you have a Khrushchev building, then load-bearing walls usually divide the floor into separate apartments, and secondary walls already divide each of them into rooms;
- the same applies to areas separating the premises from flight of stairs or common corridors - they are always the main ones;
- but the wall between the room and the balcony, unlike brick houses, on the contrary, does not carry an important load, but retains heat;
- in a divided bathroom, you can safely demolish the partition - this will not affect the integrity or stability of the building in any way.
There is another way to determine which walls are load-bearing - this is by drilling: the thickness of the main partitions is such that one drill is not enough for a through hole.
Which ones can be demolished?
It is somewhat easier to remove an interfering wall in a Khrushchev-era building than in a panel house. The only partitions that can be safely removed from the panel are the wall separating the bathroom and the partition between the room and the kitchen. In Khrushchev's houses, remove (in whole or in parts) those that do not have an important function.
Remove the main walls that hold concrete floors under no circumstances is it possible. Dismantling them will certainly weaken the ceiling, significantly reducing the load on the foundation. The only acceptable option is partial dismantling with mandatory strengthening of the opening. And lastly: all work related to changing the layout of the premises requires obtaining special permits from the relevant authorities. Once you have received the document, get to work!
Do not neglect the mandatory stages of work - measuring the thickness of the partitions, studying the apartment plan. And the best thing is not to be lazy, and visit the BTI, and understand for sure what kind of object you are dealing with. Only in this case, after renovation, the room will not only improve, receiving an updated look, but will also remain safe for residents.
Good luck with your projects and safe repairs!
If you have a need for renovation and redevelopment, then you need to know where the load-bearing or non-load-bearing walls are in your apartment and which of them can be affected.
It is quite difficult for a non-specialist to determine the location of the walls by assessing them according to the BTI plan, by visual guessing, by tapping, or by measuring their thickness. It is possible to guess more accurately, but it is impossible to get an exact answer.
1. BTI documents
Basically, there is an opinion that everything you need about an apartment can be seen from the BTI documents. These documents are available for two types of apartments
1. Floor plan + explication
2. Technical certificate BTI
So, a floor plan, in principle, is not suitable for analyzing apartment structures. This is just a drawing of your apartment and that's it.
But the Technical Data Sheet of the BTI may be somewhat more useful, but it is only useful if you are interested in the area of the premises.
In addition, you can find out in it what material the building was built from, in what year and other technical details, but regarding the type of walls, you will not find answers in this document.
2. Tapping
Also, the method is very ambiguous. For example, in panel houses there are non-load-bearing partitions made of concrete ( that is, the walls are “very strong”), and they also have reinforcement.
3. Thickness measurement
A wall in an apartment is never “bare”. There is usually some layer of plaster on the wall. One centimeter is the standard case, but sometimes more. Therefore, by measuring its thickness, you can make a mistake by 2-4 cm and assume that the wall is load-bearing, but in fact it may not be load-bearing. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the thickness of the wall “in its pure” form, without plaster layers.
The only “more or less” adequate way to determine the structure of a wall is to open it.
That is, a hole is made in the wall, the thickness of the wall is measured without plaster layers, and an immediate understanding of what the wall consists of appears.
We will also comment on why, according to the BTI plan, it is difficult to determine where the load-bearing wall is and where it is not, and we will give several examples.
Try to determine from them where the walls are load-bearing and where are not load-bearing. At the very end of the article, these walls will be described in the attached pictures.
Only presented here standard series from which “more or less” with some probability one can understand and assume something.
For older houses or houses of individual series, the situation is much more confusing, where even a redevelopment specialist who has worked for many years cannot always unambiguously determine the type of structure, even from experience. You can “estimate” the probability, but definitely say no.
So, below are the BTI plans for standard house, try to determine where the walls are load-bearing and where they are not:
You can see scanned plans of apartments in panel houses, on some of them the load-bearing walls are marked with wider lines, on others, all the walls are shown the same thickness, which can give the wrong idea about their purpose. The wall between the living room and the kitchen in panel houses is usually a load-bearing wall, while this cannot be clearly understood from BTI plans.
The fact is that BTI engineers only measure the premises, that is, their area, and they are not interested in the thickness, purpose and material of the interior walls.
(And reflecting on a scale of 1:200 a load-bearing wall 14 cm or 16 cm thick from a non-load-bearing partition 12 cm thick is not even technically possible)
For a specialist, it may be enough to know what series of apartments is in front of him in order to understand the purpose of the wall, but for non-specialists, to be sure, it is necessary to refer to the developer’s plan, on which load-bearing walls are marked with shading or axes, and non-load-bearing partitions are indicated with thinner lines.
Sometimes you can also find a technical passport of an apartment from the developer, where all the structures are described, but this is very rare.
Since redevelopment will require the development of a redevelopment project, you can forward your question to specialists who will figure out in which wall openings can be made.
We often encounter situations when an owner comes to us with, say, an opening already made in a load-bearing wall. Moreover, the builders who "done this a hundred times" they assured him that the wall was not load-bearing and could be completely demolished, but they were just doing "small little hole" and the wall turns out to be load-bearing and we begin to work with an already quite complex object in which the opening is of an unacceptable size, not in an acceptable location and not yet properly reinforced or without reinforcement at all.
Our company has been coordinating redevelopments in apartments and non-residential premises, and therefore we can easily determine whether the wall is load-bearing.
Call us, we will be happy to advise you on your property.
Answers on the location of load-bearing walls and non-load-bearing partitions in the pictures below:
