Optimal wiring diagram for a two-room apartment. Optimal wiring diagram for a three-room apartment Sockets in a three-room apartment

If you decide to replace the old wiring in a Brezhnevka or Khrushchevka, we recommend that you look at two typical electrical wiring diagrams in a two-room apartment in a panel house. Next, we will not only provide modern designs for placing sockets, switches and junction boxes, but also recommendations for drawing up an electrical circuit with your own hands.

How to draw a plan yourself

If you want to independently draw a plan for the placement of sockets, switches and junction boxes in each room of a two-room apartment, we advise you to consider the following points:

1. There is no need to connect the entire group of sockets or lighting line to one circuit breaker. It is advisable to “split” the power and lighting lines into several groups yourself. For example, one machine is responsible for the light in the hallway and bathroom, and the second is responsible for the lighting in the living room, kitchen and bedroom. At the same time, the socket line diagram in a 2-room Khreuschevka building should be similarly distributed into several groups. We talked about this in a separate article.
2. In order to independently draw a design diagram for electrical wiring in a two-room apartment, use a photocopy of the housing plan. In this document, all room dimensions are maintained according to actual values, so in the future, during installation, you will not have any difficulties with marking the walls.
3. and switches are not regulated by GOST standards and rules, so you can choose the most suitable distance from the floor for your conditions.
4. Each room must have its own electrical box, with the exception of the bathroom. Due to the high humidity in the bathroom, it is better to place the junction box in the corridor and from there carry out the wiring for sockets and lamps.
5. As a rule, developers do not provide electricity to the balcony. This is already done by the homeowner himself. If you decide to do it yourself, you can bring out a separate wire from the junction box of the next room, and not directly from the apartment panel.
6. The panel must be equipped with automatic protective equipment - an RCD and a circuit breaker, which will protect the wiring in a two-room Khrushchev house from short circuits, current leakage and overvoltage of the electrical network.
7. If the room is winding (like the hallway in the second of the diagrams we provided below), it is better to install several lamps controlled by a two-gang switch. Otherwise it won't be good enough.

Ready-made examples

So, for your attention, the wiring diagram for a 2-room apartment in a panel and brick house:

As you can see, for a long and winding corridor it is really better to install several chandeliers that will make the lighting better. As for sockets, there are most of them in the kitchen, because... here you need to connect many household electrical appliances: extractor hood, electric stove, refrigerator, dishwasher, microwave, kettle, etc.

To create a wiring diagram yourself, we recommend studying the following articles:

1. How to arrange sockets in an apartment:
2. Correct placement of lamps on the ceiling:
3. How to draw up a wiring diagram before repair:

You may also find the switchboard assembly diagram useful (one of the options):

The only difference is that in your case there will be more single-pole circuit breakers, because Most likely there will be more groups of sockets. Or there will simply be more consumers on one machine if the load does not exceed 3.5 kW per machine. As we indicated in the recommendations, the sockets were divided into several groups, and the wiring was additionally protected by an RCD and. The latter will protect the apartment from overvoltage and equipment failure if the neutral wire breaks, which is a common situation in old housing stock.

We hope that the provided drawings were useful to you. If you have any difficulties when drawing up an electrical wiring diagram in a two-room apartment in a panel house, be sure to ask our specialists in the “” category! You can see visual photos and video examples of electrical installation work in the article: do it yourself.

Until recently, the load on the electrical network in residential premises was insignificant. Calculations and installation of networks were not given due attention. Electrical supply projects were carried out according to standard schemes. The emergence of modern high-power equipment causes the redevelopment of the entire residential electrical wiring network, recalculation of its power and replacement of electricians. To carry out design and installation work in a new formation, you need to know the modern principles of arranging a residential electrical network.

Home electrical planning

So that during the operation of electronic equipment and connecting it from various electrical points does not lead to constant reinstallation of network elements, so that you do not have to constantly ditch the walls of the apartment, experts recommend starting work on arranging the electrical network with drawing up a power supply diagram. An example of a wiring diagram and connection of electrical equipment can be seen in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Example of an apartment power supply diagram

Such a drawing or diagram is formed in the “reverse order”: initially, all the lighting equipment and power equipment used are applied to the apartment plan; then, based on power calculations, the wiring diagram, wire cross-section, and protective devices are selected.

Power part

The power part of the electrical network includes powerful equipment used in the apartment: ovens, stoves, heating tanks, air conditioners. To connect them, separate powerful lines are allocated, protected by separate circuit breakers (RCDs). This design method will allow for safer operation of equipment in an apartment and more efficient repair work on electrical wiring networks.

Lighting part

The next block of the apartment's electrical circuit is the lighting part. There are two design options here:

• one group;
• several groups of lighting equipment.

The first type of scheme is used in small rooms equipped with a relatively small number of lighting devices. The second lighting circuit method is more common. An example of such a connection is shown in Figure 2.

Rice. 2. Design diagram for several lighting groups in an apartment

If in a room, in addition to lighting elements, there is a need to use power supplies and transformers, it is also recommended to turn them on in a separate electrical circuit with a separate RCD.

Large home appliances

In any apartment, the place where a large number of household appliances are concentrated is the kitchen. Most of them continue to work when a person is not directly using them. This is a refrigerator, electric stove, bread maker, etc. To ensure correct operation of equipment and constant protection of the network from overloads and short circuits, when developing an apartment’s electrical network, experts recommend separating a separate line. Such connections are made by laying electrical wiring with a larger cross-section and installing a high-load RCD.

Drawing up a wiring diagram

Electrical wiring in an apartment begins with drawing up a network wiring plan. Installing electrical wiring according to an existing design drawing is much simpler and more expedient for a number of advantages:

• the electrical network diagram will allow you to plan in advance the necessary equipment and facilities;
• the presence of a circuit will allow you to accurately determine the power of the input input;
• the drawing gives installation personnel an understanding of potentially fire-hazardous wiring components in order to take measures to redesign them or take additional safety measures;
• The diagram will allow installation to be carried out as planned, with verification of completion of the full cycle.

Examples of schemes for a one-room apartment

Electrical engineers believe that if the total load on the apartment’s electrical network does not exceed 25 A, then it is possible and even cost-effective to plan the network with one circuit per machine. This method is a typical standard scheme of the past, when lighting elements with were included in the circuit. Today, these techniques have been abandoned and installation is carried out along independent separate circuits. An example of wiring a one-room apartment is shown in Figure 3.

Rice. 3. Electrical supply diagram for a one-room apartment

The drawing shows the competent distribution of the network load of a one-room apartment into several separate circuits with their own RCDs. Such a system will ensure trouble-free operation of the wires and correct operation of the equipment without voltage drop.

For a two-room apartment

The difference between the drawing for the installation of supplies for a two-room apartment and a one-room apartment is in the larger number of circuits in terms of wiring. Some arrangements are possible here. Figure 4 shows an example of such a circuit.

Rice. 4. Electrical supply diagram for a two-room apartment

The example clearly shows several lighting circuits, as well as separately dedicated protected circuits for the kitchen, rooms and other powerful equipment.

For a three-room apartment

Figure 5 shows an example of a drawing, which is often used for apartments with three or more rooms, where a fairly large number of conductors will come out of one distribution board.

Figure 5. Example of a power supply diagram for a three-room apartment

The peculiarity of this option is that there are separate circuits enclosed in separate blocks with their own protection. In this example, there are 2 blocks (25 A and 40 A, respectively). This method allows you to separate zones of cable products, making the system more convenient and practical.

Choice of installation method: open or hidden

After determining the layout of cable lines, the method of laying cables should be adopted. There are two ways to lay lines - hidden, open.

The first method is common when the finishing of premises is carried out with suspended structures and false panels (plasterboard, MDF). There is no need to make grooves (grooves) in the walls followed by putty. Hidden electrical wiring installed in an apartment has a number of significant advantages:

• maintaining the general appearance and integrity of the interior;
• less stringent requirements for cable installation conditions;
• increased tolerances to permitted currents.

It is not uncommon to see the option of open wiring. Wires are often placed in special plastic boxes attached to the decorative surfaces of the room. The open method of laying cables has the following advantages:

• possibility of installation after or during finishing work;
• faster installation;
• the ability to modernize the network by installing additional cables or dismantling them.

Currently, if the arrangement of the electrical network is an integral part of the general renovation of the premises, specialists often use a hidden method of laying conductors.

Tool you will need for the job

Electrical installation and repair is a complex, labor-intensive process performed by professional electricians. You can’t do this without a set of special equipment. In work (for laying, replacing old electrical wiring), the installation team uses the following set of professional tools and accessories:

• angle grinder machine with cutting wheels for stone;
• bit;
• perforator;
• screwdrivers with handles made of insulating material;
• phase indicator (indicator);
• wire cutters;
• pliers;
• extension;
• level;
• putty knife;
• portable lamp.

List of further works

After the wiring diagram has been sketched out, we begin to calculate the network parameters and install it.

Selecting a cable and calculating its cross-section

To accurately calculate the cable cross-section based on the power of consumers, use the following relationship: I=P/U, where P is the total power of all consumers in the circuit for which the cross-sectional area of ​​the conductor cores is selected, and U is the voltage of the apartment network. Most often, wiring circuits are arranged in such a way that the electric current load in them does not exceed 25 A. In this case, use the following sections:

• wire VVG-3*2.5 – two-core power cable with a cross-section of one conductor of 2.5 mm 2. This is the most used wire for organizing the electrical network in the apartment. They connect the distribution board with the distribution boxes of the premises;
• wire VVG-3*1.5 - two-core power cable with a cross-section of one conductor of 1.5 mm 2. Such conductors are used for installation from distribution boxes to sockets;
• wire VVG-3*4 – three-core power cable with a conductor cross-section of 4 mm 2. Such conductors are separated into separate circuits for connecting powerful apartment consumers (furnace, heating tank, etc.).

Marking sockets and switches

The placement of sockets and switches in the apartment should ensure ease of use and cover the needs of residents in connecting equipment. A typical example of the layout of electrical equipment (connection points) is presented in Figure 6.

When marking the locations of sockets and switches, the following requirements of modern standards must be observed:

• sockets and switches are located to the left of the doors;
• switches are mounted at a height of 0.9 m from the floor;
• in living rooms, sockets are located at a height of 0.4 m from the floor, in the kitchen - 0.95 -1.15 m, in the bathroom the use of sockets is prohibited.

Wall chipping

After marking the locations of distribution boxes, sockets, switches, and installation points for lamps, they begin to arrange grooves (grooves) along the walls and on the ceiling for laying out the wiring. It is worth remembering that gating should be done in horizontal and vertical planes along straight lines. This will make it possible to more accurately determine the location of the wire in the future. The grooves are made using a grinder or a hammer drill. The depth of the groove must be at least 20 mm, and the width must be sufficient for laying all cables planned for laying in this location.

Cabling

The principles of laying cables for hidden and open wiring are the same. Installation starts from the connection points and leads to the distribution panel. Next, the line is inserted into the shield and moved to another circuit. If necessary, identification tags are hung on the end sections of the wiring for quick reference. After installation is completed, the cables are covered with boxes or putty in the wall.

Installation of socket boxes and junction boxes

The laid wiring is brought to the mounted junction boxes and electrical outlets, inserted into them, and the ends are driven out with a small margin. All wiring branches are arranged in boxes. The connection of the conductors of aluminum or copper wiring must be reliable. For connection, it is advisable to use special devices, as shown in Figure 7.

Immediately before connecting the wires, they ring and make sure that the installation work is carried out correctly at this stage.

Installation and assembly of electrical panel

When all the cables of all electrical circuits are laid to the installation site of the electrical panel, they begin to organize the apartment's distribution panel. This part of the electrical network is characterized by a large number of conductors and protective devices, so it is very important to make all connections correctly. For the shield, you always choose mounting boxes with a certain supply of seats. This will allow you to upgrade the system or eliminate its malfunction in the future.

An example of an electrical panel diagram for a standard apartment is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Example of electrical panel diagram

In the figure, the positions indicate: 1 - input machine; 2 - electric meter; 3 - zero bus; 4 - protective grounding bus; 5–9 - automatic machines; 10 - separate automatic switch for lighting

Installation of sockets and switches

Sockets are installed in pre-installed boxes with wire ends removed. The process is not difficult and will require a minimum set of tools: pliers, wire cutters, and a screwdriver. This is the final stage of installation work on the apartment’s electrical network.

Checking the quality of work

The quality of the work performed is checked by turning on the wiring circuits and checking the presence of voltage and the correct phase distribution in the network. This procedure is carried out using voltage indicators. Incorrect installation can also immediately show a disconnected circuit breaker against short circuits.

Useful video on the topic

In the article we will talk about how to do electrical work in the house with your own hands; wiring diagrams will also be considered. If a couple of decades ago the load on the electrical networks of cities and even villages was insignificant, today the picture is the opposite. There are a lot of high-power household appliances - washing machines, multicookers, split systems, etc.

The load on electrical networks has increased many times. And while the city has some reserve, the wiring of a private house does not have this, therefore, an increase in load leads to the fact that the wires cannot withstand and begin to collapse. Consequently, the question arises that the electrics in the apartment and house should not only be repaired with their own hands, but also completely changed.

Previously, wiring in houses was done according to the simplest scheme - a switch and socket for each room, but in modern conditions this turns out to be too little - you want to turn on three chargers, a laptop, a TV, and so on. To do the wiring in your house yourself, you need to know certain rules and standards that should be followed during installation. You will also learn how to make a wiring diagram, how to wire it correctly with your own hands, and the requirements for it.

Regulations

Building materials and all activities of builders are regulated by certain rules and requirements, they are called GOST and SNiP. The Electrical Installation Rules (hereinafter PUE) also apply to electrical wiring in houses and buildings. It is this regulatory document that prescribes all the requirements for electrical equipment, thoroughly indicating what to do with it and how. All electrics in the apartment and house are connected to voltage with your own hands only after all checks for short circuits have been carried out.

Requirements for electrical wiring in private houses and apartments

If you decide to make the electrical wiring in your home yourself, you need to carefully study all the requirements for it. But the main attention should be paid to the following points:

1. The main components of electrical wiring (distribution boxes, switches, sockets, meters) must be made easily accessible. It is quite easy to install wiring in the house with your own hands. Electrics, however, are demanding from a safety point of view. But all the rules can be easily followed.
2. According to the PUE, switches must be installed at a level of 0.6-1.5 meters from the floor surface. Moreover, you need to pay attention to the fact that when opening the doors they should not create an obstacle. For example, if the door opens to the right, then the switch should be located on the left. And if the door opens to the left, then the switch is mounted on the right. The cable must be routed to the switch from above.
3. Sockets are mounted at a level of 0.5-0.8 meters from the floor surface. The fact is that it needs to be located at this level for safety reasons when the house is flooded. Moreover, a distance of at least 0.5 m must be maintained from a gas or electric stove, heating radiators, pipes (and other objects that are grounded). The wires go to all sockets from bottom to top. This is exactly how you do it yourself. Wiring diagrams are given in the article.
4. For every 6 sq. m. area of ​​the room there should be one socket. The exception is the kitchen, in which as many sockets are installed as necessary (based on the number of household appliances located in it). It is prohibited to install sockets in the toilet, but in the bathroom it is allowed only if there is isolation through a transformer (220 Volts are supplied to the primary winding, and the same amount is removed from the secondary winding). The transformer is installed outside the bathroom.
5. Before starting work, you need to make a wiring plan and clearly indicate its location in the walls. Please note that all wires must be located either horizontally or vertically - but not diagonally or in a broken line. This is not how you should do the wiring in your house yourself. The connection diagram of all devices must take this feature into account.
6. There must be a certain distance from ceilings, pipes and other obstacles. For example, you need to maintain a distance of 5-10 cm from the beams, and the same from the cornices. You need to maintain approximately 15 cm from the ceiling, 15-20 cm from the floor. If we are talking about vertical surfaces, then there should be at least 10 cm from door and window openings. But between the gas pipe and the wiring you need to maintain a distance of more than 0.4 m.
7. External or hidden wiring should not touch metal parts of any structures.
8. If several wires run in parallel, the distance between them must be maintained in excess of three millimeters. An alternative option is to hide each wire in a protective box or corrugation. This is how you install electrical wiring in a house yourself. Schemes should be drawn up with this in mind.
9. Wires should be connected and routed in special distribution boxes. All connection points must be carefully insulated, and one feature must be taken into account - it is forbidden to connect copper and aluminum wires. If you make wiring from copper wire, then make it all from it, there should not be any sections made of aluminum.
10. Grounding (including zero wires) must be secured to all devices using bolted connections.

These are the requirements that all electricians ask for. You can create connection diagrams with your own hands only if you take into account all these rules and regulations.

House electrical wiring project

The first thing you need to do is create an electrical wiring project, this is where it all starts. You will use it as a starting point during installation. Of course, it will be much better if it is done for you by experienced technicians who have been involved in this business for many years. But if you have experience, go for it.

But keep in mind that your safety depends on how the project is made. You definitely need to know what conventions are used when drawing up diagrams and projects. It is worth noting that Russian standards are quite different from European or American ones, so you should not use foreign schemes in the conditions of our country. All electrical installations in the house are designed with your own hands (diagrams are given in the article) at the initial stage.

Draw a plan of a house or apartment, mark on it the places where sockets, switches, chandeliers, etc. will be installed. The number of electrical appliances was discussed a little below. At this stage, the main goal is to create a diagram on which all the installation locations of the devices will be indicated. The second part is to outline the places for laying wires around the apartment. Of course, you need to know where the household appliances will be placed.

Wiring

Then wire all the wires. And if creating a diagram with the location of consumers is a simple matter, it is worth going into more detail at this stage of work. Three types of connections and wiring can be used:

1. Consistent.
2. Parallel.
3. Mixed.

The third one is considered the most attractive from the point of view of saving materials.

Do-it-yourself electrical work in the house (mixed type circuits) with the highest possible efficiency. To make your work easier, ungroup:

1. Lighting of corridors, living quarters, kitchens.
2. Bathroom and toilet (lighting).
3. Sockets in living rooms, corridors.
4. Sockets in the kitchen.
5. Electric stove socket (if necessary).

Please note that this is the simplest option for grouping electricity consumers. The fewer groups, the less materials will be used. The above example is the simplest and most economical. You can make it more complicated: literally connect electrical wiring to every outlet, for example. You begin to understand a little about how to install electrical wiring in a private home with your own hands.

To simplify the installation of electrical wiring, it can be mounted under the floor (for sockets). In the case of overhead lighting, installation can be carried out in floor slabs. Ideal for the “lazy” method - there is no need to groove the walls and ceiling. Moreover, on the plan diagram this type of wiring should be marked with dotted lines.

Calculation of current consumption

It is imperative to take into account the current strength that will flow through the network. There is a simple formula for this: current strength is the ratio of the total power of all consumers to voltage (we can say that this is a constant, since the voltage standard in our country is 220 Volts). Let's say you have the following consumers:

1. Electric kettle with a power of 2000 W.
2. A dozen incandescent lamps, each 60 W (total 600 W).
3. Microwave oven with a power of 1000 W.
4. Refrigerator with a power of 400 W.

The network voltage is 220 V, the total power is 2000+600+1000+400, that is, 4000 W. Dividing this value by the network voltage, we get 16.5 A. But if you look at practical data, in apartments and houses the maximum current consumption rarely reaches 25 Amperes.

Based on this parameter, it is necessary to select all materials for installation. In particular, it depends on the current strength. Please note that you should always take a margin of 25%. In other words, if you have calculated a current consumption of 16 A, you cannot install a fuse with the same trip current value. You need to choose a standard value greater than the calculated one.

Wire brands for home use

Now let's talk about how the electrical system is installed in the house. The cable (the PUE rules regulate all its parameters) must be selected based on the current characteristics. It is advisable that the wiring in a house or apartment be made of the following materials:

1. Wire brand VVG-5X6. This wire consists of five cores, each with a cross-section of 6 square meters. mm. It is widely used for houses that have a three-phase network to connect the lighting panel to the main one.
2. VVG-2X6 has two cores with a cross section of 6 square meters. mm. Widely used for single-phase power houses to connect the lighting panel and the main one.
3. The VVG-3X2.5 wire has three cores, each with a cross-section of 2.5 square meters. mm. Used to connect lighting boards with distribution boxes. Also from boxes to sockets.
4. Brand VVG-3X1.5 has three cores, each with a cross-section of 1.5 square meters. mm. Used for connecting switches and lighting lamps.
5. Brand three-core, cross-section of each core 4 sq. mm. Used to connect electric stoves.

Material Quantity Calculations

Now you consider what components (including small ones) the electrical wiring in the house consists of. Do-it-yourself project, wiring, installation, is done quite quickly. True, you will have to try hard to count the amount of wire as accurately as possible. To do this, according to the plan, walk around the apartment with a tape measure. After taking measurements, add four meters on top - there will be no extra margin.

At the entrance to the house all the wires from the house go to it. It installs automatic switches. Please note that the machines must have a maximum operating current of 16 or 20 Amps. must be connected via a separate circuit breaker. With a power of up to 7 kW, a 32 A automatic machine is used, with a higher power - 63 A.

Then you count the number of distribution boxes and sockets, there is nothing complicated in this matter, this is done according to the diagram drawn up earlier. In the future, you will need various “little things”, for example, insulating tape, lugs, tubes, cable ducts, boxes, thermal insulation, and others. Now it’s worth talking about what tools are used to install wiring in a house with your own hands. The scheme is discussed in some detail.

Tools for work

When carrying out, always adhere to safety regulations. In order not to get confused, it is better to do it yourself, but if you have a partner, then the help should be minimal - give it, bring it, don’t interfere. You will need the following tool:

1. Multimeter.
2. Hammer.
3. Bulgarian.
4. Screwdriver.
5. Pliers.
6. Wire cutters.
7. Curly and flat screwdrivers.
8. Level.

If you are renovating an old apartment and at the same time changing the wiring, you need to pull out all the cables so that they do not interfere. For this work, a special electrical wiring detection sensor is useful.

Marking the location of wires

Place marks on the wall where you will route the wires. Pay attention to whether the position of the wires complies with the rules. After you have marked the places where the electrical cables will pass, you can mark out the sockets, boxes, panels and switches. Please note that in new apartments there is a niche for installing the shield. And in old houses, the panels are simply attached to the wall.

Wall scoring

First of all, install a special attachment on the hammer drill and drill holes for installing distribution boxes, switches and sockets. To lay wires, it is necessary to make grooves in the walls - grooves. They are made using a grinder or a hammer drill. Whatever method you choose, there will be enough dirt and dust. The groove should have a depth of 2 cm. As for the width, it should be enough to lay all the wires. As you understand, wiring electrical wiring yourself is not a difficult task; from a physical point of view, it is more difficult to do the installation.

A separate story with the ceiling. If you plan to make it hanging, then simply install all the wires on the ceiling. This is the easiest way. It’s a little more difficult to make a shallow groove. And one more thing - hide it in the ceiling. For example, in panel houses, floors are used in which there are internal voids. Therefore, two holes are enough to route the wires. And the last thing is to punch holes in the corners of the rooms to bring the wires to the central panel. Then you proceed to closed (you will have to groove the walls) or open methods.

Conclusion

The most important thing in installing electrical wiring in houses and apartments is to adhere to all norms and rules in accordance with GOST, SNiP, PUE. This way you can not only achieve maximum efficiency from electrical wiring, but also reliability, durability, and most importantly, safety. And try to use only high-quality materials during installation. For example, it is advisable to use copper wires - they have a much longer service life (better conductivity, heat less).

When renovating or purchasing an open-plan apartment with a rough finish, the issue of electrical wiring will certainly arise. The choice of connection diagram, as well as the choice of materials used, will depend on where the partitions, household and lighting fixtures will be located, and what the purpose of the premises will be. It is necessary to take into account the material of the walls and floors where the electrical wiring will pass. The main thing is to correctly determine what you ultimately want to get. Only after figuring this out can you begin to develop a wiring diagram. This is essentially a wiring diagram, so the installation requirements must be taken into account.

Main rules

Electrical wiring should be designed in compliance with building codes and regulations, and installation should be carried out in accordance with the rules for electrical installations. The requirements of these documents must be observed, since they were written taking into account all accidents at home and at work.

Below are the basic rules for installing electrical wiring in a house or apartment. According to them, diagrams are drawn up.

Easy access to the distribution board, meter, distribution boxes, sockets and electrical wiring switches must be provided.
Sockets must be installed at a height of 30–80 cm from the floor and no closer than 50 cm to gas, electric stoves, heating radiators and pipes. The cable to the sockets must be laid from below. The number of installed sockets in a room is determined at the rate of 1 socket per 6 square meters. The kitchen is equipped with as many sockets as required for the appliances. The outlet in the bathroom should be connected through a low-power transformer located behind its walls.

Switches in the apartment are installed at a height of 60 - 150 cm from the floor in easily accessible places. The wire to the switches is laid from above.

Cables must be laid in a straight horizontal or vertical line. Crossing of cables, as well as diagonal or curved laying is not allowed. When laying electrical wiring horizontally, the distance between the wires and the floor beams must be at least 10 cm; ceiling and wire 10 - 15 cm, and laid from the floor at a height of 15-20 cm. In a vertical installation scheme, the wires must be at a distance of at least 10 cm from the edge of the door or window opening; from gas pipes - more than 40 cm.

Cables for any type of electrical wiring (external or hidden) should not come into contact with fittings, mortgages and other metal parts of building structures.

If you are laying a cable under a heating pipe, you need to remember that the distance between them must be at least 3 cm. When laying parallel, you need to provide a gap between the wires of more than 3 mm or conduct them separately in a cable channel or corrugated pipe. Wire connections should only be made inside junction boxes.

Connection of cables made of different metals is carried out through a special block. The ground and neutral wires are attached to the devices only with a bolted connection.

Wiring methods

There are three ways to install wiring in an apartment:

• star;
• plume;
• combined.

The first star wiring diagram. With this wiring, each device has its own automatic overload protection switch and a cable running from the distribution board to the device. This wiring option is good in that it is possible to control any device and in case of repair there is no need to disconnect other devices. Used in the Smart Home system. It is useful when raising children; you can set the time for connecting a particular device, turn off the lights at a certain time; to scare away thieves by programming the switching on and off of lighting fixtures in the absence of the owners according to a specific algorithm. It has one drawback - it is the most expensive.

The following circuit is called a “loop”. This type of wiring is similar to the previous option, but several devices are located on one cable. Significantly cheaper than Zvezda.

The most common version of the electrical wiring diagram, with junction boxes, combines the qualities of the first two types. From the electrical panel, several cables go to distribution boxes, and from them to a group or individual devices in the apartment.

You can’t get hung up on any one type of wiring. For example, if you need to connect a powerful consumer of electricity, then the “star” type is used, if a group of low-power ones, then a loop.

Before you need to study where other engineering systems lie, the material of walls, floors and ceilings; Is it possible to do without gating the walls? find out the power, quantity, location of devices. For example, if the ceilings are made of hollow core slabs, then they can be used as cable channels.

Thus, it depends on financial capabilities, the number and type of electrical installations, and their location. Only after receiving this information can you understand what kind of electrical wiring diagram is required in the apartment and begin designing.

Sequencing

First you need to take a drawing of the apartment or make it yourself to scale with the location of windows and doors. Then place on the plan all energy consumers by room, indicate their power, based on this. It can be:

• lighting;
• socket;
• a group of rooms and a corridor;
• group of bathrooms;
• If the apartment has an electric stove, then there is a separate group for it.

Depending on the number of rooms and loads, the number of groups will be determined. Thus, kitchen and hallway sockets may be separated into two different groups. This is necessary in order to minimize wire costs and facilitate further electrical network maintenance and repairs.

Each group must be connected through a residual current device (RCD) (usually called a circuit breaker). For the lighting group, a 16 A automatic machine is provided, for the socket group it is 25-32 A, and for the electric stove - 40-63 A.

After the position of all electrical wiring devices has been determined from the diagram, the number of wires and their cross-section are calculated.

The wiring diagram in the apartment must be drawn up in several copies, since during the work unforeseen points appear that will need to be noted on the diagram. In addition to the schematic diagram, an editing room is needed for the direct performers. Electricians work on it and make changes.

The installation diagram with all changes after completion of the work becomes as-built. This is the diagram that needs to be requested from the previous owner of the apartment.

What does it indicate?

The diagram must indicate all the dimensions of the apartment’s premises, the distances between various electrical devices. This will allow you to accurately calculate the amount of materials needed and reduce installation time. It is better to draw different groups in different colors; the diagram becomes more readable. In addition, it is necessary to show where which sockets (single, double), switches (one, two, three-key) will be located. The diagram will look something like this.

In addition, the diagram is accompanied by a list of materials and devices that need to be installed. Additionally, you need to take into account the consumables used during the installation process, such as plastic clamps, blocks, dowels, electrical tape, alabaster for attaching socket boxes to the wall. To determine the exact amount of cable required, you will have to take measurements with a tape measure and take into account the height of the ceilings.

When choosing a cable, it is better to choose a copper type VVG; compared to aluminum, it has higher conductivity and excellent flexibility, making installation easier. In apartments, a two- or three-core cable with a cross-section of 2.5 mm2 is usually laid for sockets, and the lighting connection is made with a 1.5 mm2 cable. From the floor electrical panel to the apartment one, wiring is carried out with a 3-5-core cable with a cross-section of 6 mm2; for powerful appliances such as an electric stove, a boiler, a cable with a cross-section of 4 mm2 is used so as not to overheat.

Laying in the floor and ceiling

If you intend to make a concrete floor screed, you need to take advantage of this, run the electrical wiring along the floor in a corrugated area, and then just fill it with concrete. The result will be savings in materials and a reduction in the amount of work. With a suspended or suspended ceiling, the consumption of materials can also be reduced, the design and work can be simplified.

The cable is simply attached to the ceiling from the outside. If you allow external installation, you can significantly reduce the work time through the use of cable channels. At the same time, the most dusty work – gating – is eliminated. Accordingly, all this should be reflected in the design and materials.

Typically, single-phase electrical wiring is used in the apartment. If the apartment is large, with high electricity consumption, then a three-phase power supply may be required. The difference is small. There will be a three-phase meter in the floor panel.

Three phases will be supplied to the apartment distribution board, and then everything will be the same as in the single-phase version. When installing in distribution boxes, the main thing is to do everything correctly, not to mix up the phases, so that the device does not receive 380 V instead of 220 V. If there is no experience in such work or electrical engineering education, it would be correct to invite a specialist.

Just 15 - 20 years ago, the load on the electrical network was relatively small, but today the presence of a large number of household appliances has provoked an increase in loads significantly. Old wires are not always able to withstand heavy loads and over time there is a need to replace them. Laying electrical wiring in a house or apartment is a task that requires certain knowledge and skills from the master. First of all, this concerns knowledge of electrical wiring rules, the ability to read and create wiring diagrams, as well as electrical installation skills. Of course, you can do the wiring yourself, but to do this you must adhere to the rules and recommendations outlined below.

Electrical wiring rules

All construction activities and building materials are strictly regulated by a set of rules and requirements - SNiP and GOST. As for the installation of electrical wiring and everything related to electricity, you should pay attention to the Electrical Installation Rules (abbreviated PUE). This document describes what and how to do when working with electrical equipment. And if we want to lay electrical wiring, then we will need to study it, especially the part that relates to installation and selection of electrical equipment. Below are the basic rules that should be followed when installing electrical wiring in a house or apartment:

• key electrical wiring elements such as distribution boxes, meters, sockets and switches must be easily accessible;
• Switches are installed at a height of 60 - 150 cm from the floor. The switches themselves are located in places where an open door does not prevent access to them. This means that if the door opens to the right, the switch is on the left side and vice versa. The wire to the switches is laid from top to bottom;
• It is recommended to install sockets at a height of 50 - 80 cm from the floor. This approach is dictated by flood safety. Also, sockets are installed at a distance of more than 50 cm from gas and electric stoves, as well as heating radiators, pipes and other grounded objects. The wire to the sockets is laid from bottom to top;
• the number of sockets in the room must correspond to 1 pc. for 6 m2. The kitchen is an exception. It is equipped with as many sockets as necessary to connect household appliances. Installation of sockets in the toilet is prohibited. For sockets in the bathroom, a separate transformer is installed outside;
• wiring inside or outside the walls is carried out only vertically or horizontally, and the installation location is displayed on the wiring plan;
• wires are laid at a certain distance from pipes, ceilings, etc. For horizontal ones, a distance of 5 - 10 cm from the floor beams and cornices and 15 cm from the ceiling is required. The height from the floor is 15 - 20 cm. Vertical wires are placed at a distance of more than 10 cm from the edge of the door or window opening. The distance from gas pipes must be at least 40 cm;
• when laying external or hidden wiring, it is necessary to ensure that it does not come into contact with metal parts of building structures;
• when laying several parallel wires, the distance between them must be at least 3 mm or each wire must be hidden in a protective box or corrugation;
• The wiring and connection of wires is carried out inside special distribution boxes. The connection points are carefully isolated. Connecting copper and aluminum wires to each other is strictly prohibited;
• grounding and neutral wires are secured to the devices with a bolted connection.

Electrical wiring design and diagram

Electrical wiring work begins with the creation of a project and wiring diagram. This document is the basis for future wiring of the house. Creating a project and diagram is quite a serious matter and it is better to entrust it to experienced specialists. The reason is simple - the safety of those living in a house or apartment depends on it. Project creation services will cost a certain amount, but it's worth it.

Those who are accustomed to doing everything with their own hands will have to, adhering to the rules described above, and also having studied the basics of electrical engineering, independently make a drawing and calculate the load on the network. There are no particular difficulties in this, especially if there is at least some understanding of what electric current is and what the consequences of careless handling are. The first thing you need is some symbols. They are shown in the photo below:

Using them, we make a drawing of the apartment and mark lighting points, installation locations for switches and sockets. How many and where they are installed is described above in the rules. The main task of such a diagram is to indicate the location of installation of devices and routing of wires. When creating an electrical wiring diagram, it is important to think in advance where, how much and what kind of household appliances will be installed.

The next step in creating the diagram will be to route the wires to the connection points on the diagram. It is necessary to dwell on this point in more detail. The reason is the type of wiring and connection. There are several such types - parallel, sequential and mixed. The latter is the most attractive due to the economical use of materials and maximum efficiency. To facilitate wiring, all connection points are divided into several groups:

• lighting of the kitchen, corridor and living rooms;
• toilet and bathroom lighting;
• power supply for sockets in living rooms and corridors;
• power supply for kitchen outlets;
• power supply socket for electric stove.

The above example is just one of many options for lighting groups. The main thing to understand is that if you group the connection points, the amount of materials used is reduced and the circuit itself is simplified.

Important! To simplify wiring to sockets, the wires can be laid under the floor. Wires for overhead lighting are laid inside the floor slabs. These two methods are good to use if you don’t want to scratch the walls. In the diagram, such wiring is marked with a dotted line.

The electrical wiring project also indicates the calculation of the expected current in the network and the materials used. The calculation is performed using the formula:

I=P/U;

where P is the total power of all devices used (Watt), U is the network voltage (Volts).

For example, a 2 kW kettle, 10 60 W light bulbs, a 1 kW microwave, a 400 W refrigerator. Current strength is 220 Volts. As a result (2000+(10x60)+1000+400)/220=16.5 Amperes.

In practice, the current strength in the network for modern apartments rarely exceeds 25 A. Based on this, all materials are selected. First of all, this concerns the cross-section of electrical wiring. To make your choice easier, the table below shows the main parameters of the wire and cable:

The table shows extremely accurate values, and since the current strength can fluctuate quite often, a small margin will be required for the wire or cable itself. Therefore, it is recommended that all wiring in an apartment or house be made from the following materials:

• wire VVG-5*6 (five cores and cross-section 6 mm2) is used in houses with three-phase power supply to connect the lighting panel to the main panel;
• wire VVG-2*6 (two cores and cross-section 6 mm2) is used in houses with two-phase power supply to connect the lighting panel to the main panel;
• wire VVG-3*2.5 (three cores and cross-section 2.5 mm2) is used for most of the wiring from the lighting panel to the distribution boxes and from them to the sockets;
• wire VVG-3*1.5 (three cores and cross-section 1.5 mm2) is used for wiring from distribution boxes to lighting points and switches;
• wire VVG-3*4 (three cores and cross-section 4 mm2) is used for electric stoves.

To find out the exact length of the wire, you will have to run around the house a little with a tape measure, and add another 3 - 4 meters of reserve to the result obtained. All wires are connected to the lighting panel, which is installed at the entrance. Circuit breakers are installed in the panel. Typically these are 16 A and 20 A RCDs. The former are used for lighting and switches, the latter for sockets. For an electric stove, a separate 32 A RCD is installed, but if the power of the stove exceeds 7 kW, then a 63 A RCD is installed.

Now you need to calculate how many sockets and distribution boxes you need. Everything is quite simple here. Just look at the diagram and make a simple calculation. In addition to the materials described above, you will need various consumables, such as electrical tape and PPE caps for connecting wires, as well as pipes, cable ducts or boxes for electrical wiring, and socket boxes.

Electrical wiring installation

There is nothing overly complicated about electrical wiring installation work. The main thing during installation is to adhere to safety regulations and follow the instructions. All work can be done alone. Tools for installation will require a tester, a hammer drill or grinder, a drill or screwdriver, wire cutters, pliers, and a Phillips and slotted screwdriver. A laser level will not be superfluous. Since without it it is quite difficult to make vertical and horizontal markings.

Important! When carrying out repairs and replacing wiring in an old house or apartment with hidden wiring, you must first find and, if necessary, remove the old wires. For these purposes, an electrical wiring sensor is used.

Marking and preparing channels for electrical wiring

We begin installation with markings. To do this, use a marker or pencil to place a mark on the wall where the wire will be laid. At the same time, we follow the rules for placing wires. The next step will be to mark the locations for the installation of lighting fixtures, sockets and switches, and the lighting panel.

Important! In new houses, a special niche is provided for the lighting panel. In the old ones, such a shield is simply hung on the wall.

Having finished with the markings, we proceed either to install the wiring in an open way, or to groove the walls for hidden wiring. First, using a hammer drill and a special bit, holes are cut for installing sockets, switches and distribution boxes. For the wires themselves, grooves are made using a grinder or a hammer drill. In any case, there will be a lot of dust and dirt. The depth of the groove of the groove should be about 20 mm, and the width should be such that all the wires fit into the groove without obstruction.

As for the ceiling, there are several options for solving the issue of placing and securing the wiring. The first is that if the ceiling is suspended or suspended, then all the wiring is simply fixed to the ceiling. The second is to make a shallow groove for wiring. Third, the wiring is hidden in the ceiling. The first two options are extremely simple to implement. But for the third one you will have to make some explanations. In panel houses, floors with internal voids are used; it is enough to make two holes and stretch the wires inside the floor.

Having finished with the gating, we move on to the last stage of preparation for wiring installation. Wires must be pulled through the walls to bring them into the room. Therefore, you will have to use a hammer drill to punch holes. Usually such holes are made in the corner of the room. We also make a hole for running the wire from the distribution panel to the lighting panel. Having finished gating the walls, we begin installation.

Installation of open electrical wiring

We begin the installation by installing the lighting panel. If a special niche was created for it, then we place it there; if not, then we simply hang it on the wall. We install an RCD inside the shield. Their number depends on the number of lighting groups. The assembled and ready-to-connect panel looks like this: there are neutral terminals at the top, grounding terminals at the bottom, and automatic circuit breakers are installed between the terminals.

Now we insert wire VVG-5*6 or VVG-2*6 inside. On the switchboard side, the electrical wiring is connected by an electrician, so for now we will leave it unconnected. Inside the lighting panel, the input wire is connected as follows: we connect the blue wire to zero, the white wire to the top contact of the RCD, and the yellow wire with a green stripe to ground. We connect the RCD circuit breakers to each other in series at the top using a jumper from the white wire. Now we move on to open wiring.

Along the previously outlined lines we fix boxes or cable channels for electrical wiring. Often, with open wiring, they try to place the cable channels themselves near the baseboard or vice versa, almost under the ceiling. We secure the wiring box using self-tapping screws in increments of 50 cm. We make the first and last hole in the box at a distance of 5 - 10 cm from the edge. To do this, we drill holes in the wall using a hammer drill, drive a dowel inside and secure the cable channel with self-tapping screws.

Another distinctive feature of open wiring are sockets, switches and distribution boxes. All of them are hung on the wall, instead of being built inside. Therefore, the next step is to install them in place. All you have to do is place them on the wall, mark the mounting locations, drill the holes and secure them in place.

Next we proceed to wiring the wires. We start by laying the main line and from the sockets to the lighting panel. As already noted, we use wire VVG-3*2.5 for this. For convenience, we start from the connection point towards the panel. At the end of the wire we hang a label indicating what kind of wire it is and where it comes from. Next, we lay the VVG-3*1.5 wires from switches and lighting fixtures to the distribution boxes.

Inside the distribution boxes, we connect the wires using PPE or carefully insulate them. Inside the lighting panel, the main wire VVG-3*2.5 is connected as follows: brown or red wire - phase, connected to the bottom of the RCD, blue - zero, connected to the zero bus at the top, yellow with a green stripe - grounding to the bus at the bottom. Using a tester, we “ring” all the wires to eliminate possible errors. If everything is in order, we call an electrician and connect to the distribution panel.

Installation of hidden electrical wiring

Concealed electrical wiring is quite simple. The only significant difference from the open one is the way the wires are hidden from view. Otherwise the actions are almost the same. First, we install the lighting panel and RCD circuit breakers, after which we start and connect the input cable from the side of the distribution panel. We also leave it unconnected. An electrician will do this. Next, we install distribution boxes and socket boxes inside the made niches.

Now let's move on to wiring. First we lay the main line from VVG-3*2.5 wire. If it was planned, then we lay the wires to the sockets in the floor. To do this, we insert the VVG-3*2.5 wire into a pipe for electrical wiring or a special corrugation and lay it to the point where the wire exits to the sockets. There we place the wire inside the groove and insert it into the socket box. The next step will be to lay the VVG-3*1.5 wire from the switches and lighting points to the junction boxes, where they are connected to the main wire. We isolate all connections with PPE or electrical tape.

At the end, we “call” the entire network using a tester for possible errors and connect it to the lighting panel. The connection method is similar to that described for open wiring. Upon completion, we seal the grooves with gypsum putty and invite an electrician to connect it to the distribution panel.

Installing electrical wiring in a house or apartment is quite easy for an experienced technician. But for those who are not well versed in electrical engineering, they should take the help of experienced professionals from start to finish. This, of course, will cost money, but this way you can protect yourself from mistakes that could lead to a fire.