An attic floor is a pie of a cold attic on wooden beams, construction, floor insulation, how to properly insulate. Options for insulating an attic floor using wooden beams Overlapping a cold attic using wooden beams

In order not to heat a cold attic in winter period, you need to insulate the attic floor of the room. You should not heat your attic if it is not being used for its intended purpose.

In order to solve this issue, you need to think about how to insulate the attic using modern building materials. The process can take place both from inside the room and from outside. Insulation is carried out in the process complex repair before final finishing.

Even if the attic was not insulated during construction, you can always address this issue and carry out additional work.

Peculiarities

Most of the warm air masses escape through the roof. Therefore, when building a house with an uninsulated attic, you need to carefully approach the topic of insulation attic floor with wooden beams. After all, it creates a certain barrier between warm rooms and a cold attic.

Let's consider the special criteria for attic insulation that affect the maintenance of temperature in the house:

Purpose of the room. The attic is a kind of buffer between environment and habitable rooms. Its task is to regulate the temperature difference between the external environment and the house.
Temperature regime. In any season and on any day, the temperature of the air masses in the attic will always be higher than outside the window. This is why the attic is very cold in winter, and unbearably hot and stuffy in summer.
Heat loss in winter. The more a substance heats up, the less dense it becomes. This is a physical phenomenon. This is why in residential premises with a heating system, warm air from household appliances is concentrated in the ceiling area. That is, if you do not insulate the ceiling, then in winter all the warm air will heat the attic.

Excessive heat in summer. In summer you can watch reverse process. The roof, heated by the rays of the sun, will warm up the attic air, which, in turn, will penetrate into the room through the attic floors.
Reverse circulation of air masses. In contact with the ceiling without thermal insulation, warm air becomes cold, more dense and, as a result, sinks to the floor. This is reflected in the living space in the form of circulating drafts that cause harm to human health.

The appearance of excess moisture. When it comes into contact with an uninsulated attic, hot, humid air turns into condensation. The overall level of humidity in the house increases, which leads to mold growth in the corners.
Saving. The heat lost through the roof without insulation is about 30%. This means that with proper insulation of the attic floor, you can save 30% of the fuel used. Using air conditioning in the summer will also cost less.

The entry of warm air masses into a technical attic (non-residential) leads to negative consequences:

Due to the mixing of warm and cold masses, condensation may appear in the attic. Water falling on the surface can lead to rotting of wood on load-bearing beams.
If the attic is warm, the snow collected on the roof will begin to melt. The water dripping at the same time will begin to turn into icicles. Ice forms on the drainage system.

Materials

In order to choose the right type of insulation for the ceiling, you need to know several factors. The heat insulator must not only have a low thermal conductivity coefficient, but also have certain properties:

Resistance to moisture and mechanical stress. The seal should not change its shape under mechanical loads. Its qualities must remain unchanged, even if wet.
Heat resistance. The material must not burn or sustain combustion. High temperatures should not have a destructive effect on it.
Light weight. To create a protective thermal frame, you need to select materials with low weight. Then the attic floors will not be subject to mechanical stress.

Ability to pass steam. Living areas must have an acceptable temperature and normal level humidity. To ensure this, you need to choose only vapor-permeable finishing materials.
Environmental factors. The heat insulator must comply with all sanitary and hygienic standards. Hypoallergenicity and chemical neutrality are the basic requirements for the material. And also it should not contain toxic substances and volatile compounds.
Mineral base. Insulation materials should not contain organic compounds; their base should be made of polymers. This will prevent mold from growing and mice will not chew on them.

Based on all of the above, in order to insulate the attic wooden structures, there are several popular types of insulation:

Mineral insulation

Mineral wool is produced in two types - rolled and in mats. It is produced by melting rocks at very high temperatures. Basalt wool is the most suitable for attic insulation. It combines all the properties of a heat insulator. Mineral wool is quite light and fragile. To protect her from mechanical impact(press, crush), a wooden flooring is laid on top of the insulation.

The most best view The insulation for these purposes will be a rigid mat of high density, reinforced with foil on one side. It is laid with foil down. At the same time, it provides heat reflection and has a vapor barrier.

Glass wool

The production technology of the material is very similar to the production of basalt wool. But molten glass is taken as the main component. It has good springing properties. But at the same time there is fragility in it. Under mechanical stress, it breaks. Glass wool is cheaper than mineral insulation, so it is suitable for those who are on a limited budget.

But you need to take into account that if moisture gets in, it thermal insulation properties are getting worse. It is harmful to humans, as small pieces of glass injure the skin and can lead to irritation.

Bulk insulation

Expanded clay is round pebbles Brown. They are made from certain types of red clay, which is sintered at a very high temperature. Expanded clay has a very low thermal conductivity coefficient, since its structure consists of closed spheres. Each pebble is protected from moisture by the fact that there is a dense clay layer on its surface. Small pebbles of expanded clay can fill hard to reach places, hidden cavities in load-bearing wooden elements.

This natural mineral heat insulator is not subject to combustion, it does not contain harmful substances, mold does not grow, and rodents do not like it.

Foam sheets

A heat insulator with a polymer structure is produced by sintering small spherical granules. His standard size 100x100 cm. Thickness ranges from 1 to 15 cm. Polystyrene foam is one of the affordable and cheap insulation materials. But at the same time it has the lowest thermal conductivity coefficient. Since it consists of polymers, there is no organic matter in its composition. This means that it is moisture resistant, does not rot, and mold does not form in it. The thermal insulator is not exposed to fire, but at elevated temperatures it begins to emit toxic emissions and there is a risk of high smoke. The disadvantages of polystyrene foam include the fact that, due to its closed structure, it does not allow water vapor to pass through at all.

Expanded polystyrene boards produced by extrusion

In terms of the composition of the substances, they are the same as polystyrene foam, but the methods of their manufacture are radically different. Expanded polystyrene is produced by the hot extrusion method, when the prepared polymer mixture is passed through a special apparatus. Specific Gravity The material is higher than that of polystyrene foam, its structure is porous and homogeneous. This leads to higher thermal conductivity values. The insulation is strong and can withstand heavy weight loads.

Polyethylene foam with reflective foil

The construction name for the material is penofol. This is a roll-shaped insulation made of polyethylene foam, covered with foil. It can be combined with other types of thermal insulators, since by itself it has a limited scope of application. The closed-pore structure gives a low thermal conductivity coefficient. Air, liquid, and water vapor do not pass through polyethylene. Therefore, penofol is a good waterproofing agent. The foil plays the role of a reflector, that is, it returns heat back to living room. Its thickness is from 3 to 15 mm.

Sawdust for reinforced concrete slab

This is, first of all, accessibility and low cost. They are used as insulation for ceilings in barns, bathhouses, and outbuildings. The application method is to coat wooden attic structures with a mixture of clay and sawdust. The method, although primitive, is effective. Sawdust can be purchased at the sawmill. Clay is also available in affordable quantities. Mixing the solution is not difficult. At low specific gravity The mixture is very hard, especially after it dries completely. Therefore, it does not load wooden floors. The material is vapor permeable, but sawdust can cause mold bacteria to develop, and rodents like to damage this type of insulation.

Most often insulation concrete structure occurs with mineral slabs, mineral wool, chopped straw and sawdust concrete.

Scheme of work

First you need to prepare heat-insulating materials and tools:

hammer;
hacksaw;
plane, chisels;
drill and screwdriver;
construction stapler;

ruler, tape measure;
ladder;
wooden beams and boards;
vapor barrier;
finishing material.

Decide which insulation will be used:

mineral wool;
expanded polystyrene;
sawdust;
penofol;

glass wool;
Styrofoam;
expanded clay

Then installation work should be carried out.

Installation technology

Depending on the choice of insulation, the installation method also differs.

Mineral insulation

Cotton wool is laid in three ways: cells, grooves and a continuous layer. The choice depends on the degree of load. The most best design obtained from a continuous layer. First you need to lay a vapor barrier film. It removes water vapor, which is directed from the room to the attic. The film is laid strictly in accordance with the markings, with an overlap. Wooden structures must be tightly covered with film, otherwise they will rot.

At the second stage, cotton wool is laid. This is a simple procedure; the insulation is cut into strips. When laying, you need to ensure that the insulation does not wrinkle and there are no gaps between the sheets.

Attic floors must be waterproofed. Then lay the rough coating, which will subsequently serve as the basis for the finishing.

Polystyrene foam or extruded polystyrene foam

Installing rigid insulation is quite simple. First you need to level the base, remove unevenness and differences in the floor. Lay a cement-sand screed. The sheets are laid between the beams. If no one will live in the attic, then the insulation must be closed plastic film. And if the floor will be used, then you need to put OSB boards on the foam plastic or fill it with a cement mortar screed.

There are two types of attic space - a cold attic and a combined attic or attic. In a cold attic, insulation is laid horizontally across the attic floor, and the temperature inside the cold attic is about the same as outside.

The temperature inside a cold attic should not exceed 4 °C outside air temperature (rules and standards for the technical operation of housing stock, decree No. 170 of September 27, 2003, clause 3.3.2), i.e. if the temperature outside is -15 °C, then in the attic it should be no more than -11 °C. If this difference is greater, then, for example, at an outside temperature of -5 ° C, the slope will heat up, the snow on the roof will melt and flow onto the eaves. The cornice will not heat up, because... there's no underneath warm room, and the water on it will turn into ice, forming icicles. How more ice will form on the eaves, the greater the chance of leakage, the higher the load on the roof and the higher the risk of ice breaking, which can lead to tragic consequences. All this reduces the service life of both the roofing covering and the roof as a whole.

Rice. 1 Ventilation of a cold attic.

To ensure normal temperature conditions in a cold attic, it is necessary, first of all, to insulate the floor between the attic and the living space. The thickness of the insulation is calculated based on several parameters, the main one of which is the location of the house. The second most important criterion for maintaining the temperature regime of the attic space is under-roof ventilation.

In addition to insulation and ventilation on temperature regime the attic space is affected by: non-insulated hatch covers for access to the attic, ventilation pipes for rooms (kitchen, bathroom) leading into the attic space, uninsulated hot water supply located in the attic, etc.

The roofing pie for a cold attic can be divided into two parts. The first part is along the floor between the attic and the living space. The second part is along the slope.

The first part of the roofing pie, depending on the type of ceiling, looks like this:

Rice. 2 Pie on the concrete floor.

Rice. 3 Pie on a wooden floor.

The vapor barrier serves to prevent moisture from entering the room into the insulation. By concrete base It is best to use bitumen roll material with fused overlaps. A film vapor barrier is used along the joists with the obligatory gluing of the overlaps with sealing tapes. As a vapor barrier it is necessary to use vapor barrier films D-Folie B, D-Folie B 90 or D-Folie BR.

The insulation is laid in several layers with joints spaced apart to eliminate cold bridges.

The hydro-windproof membrane protects against heat loss and moisture ingress. Moisture can form due to condensation, snow blown into the attic space, and also due to possible leaks. Superdiffusion membranes D-Folie A 150 or D-Folie A 100 must be used as hydrowind protection.

In any case, regardless of the type of ceiling, it is not recommended to cover the insulation on top entirely with plywood or boards. If you need to occasionally walk around attic space, it is better to provide paths from boards without covering all the insulation.

The second part of the roofing cake using flexible tiles in a cold attic it looks like this:

Rice. 4 Roofing pie for a cold attic.

The temperature inside a cold attic should not exceed 4 °C outside air temperature (rules and standards for the technical operation of housing stock, decree No. 170 of September 27, 2003, clause 3.3.2), i.e. if the temperature outside is -15 °C, then in the attic it should be no more than -11 °C. If this difference is greater, then, for example, at an outside temperature of -5 ° C, the slope will heat up, the snow on the roof will melt and flow onto the eaves. The cornice will not heat up, because... there is no warm room underneath, and the water on it will turn into ice, forming icicles. The more ice that forms on the eaves, the greater the chance of leaks, the higher the load on the roof and the higher the risk of ice breaking, which can lead to tragic consequences. All this reduces the service life of both the roofing covering and the roof as a whole.

Rice. 1 Ventilation of a cold attic.

In addition to insulation and ventilation, the temperature regime of the attic space is affected by: uninsulated hatch covers for access to the attic, ventilation pipes for rooms (kitchen, bathroom) leading into the attic space, uninsulated hot water supply located in the attic, etc.

The roofing pie for a cold attic can be divided into two parts. The first part is along the floor between the attic and the living space. The second part is along the slope.

The first part of the roofing pie, depending on the type of ceiling, looks like this:

Rice. 2 Pie on the concrete floor.

Rice. 3 Pie on a wooden floor.

The vapor barrier serves to prevent moisture from entering the room into the insulation. On a concrete base, it is best to use bitumen roll material with fused overlaps. A film vapor barrier is used along the joists with the obligatory gluing of the overlaps with sealing tapes. As a vapor barrier, it is necessary to use vapor barrier films D-Folie B, D-Folie B 90 or D-Folie BR.

The insulation is laid in several layers with joints spaced apart to eliminate cold bridges.

In any case, regardless of the type of ceiling, it is not recommended to cover the insulation on top entirely with plywood or boards. If you occasionally need to walk through the attic space, it is better to provide paths from boards without covering all the insulation.

The second part of the roofing pie using flexible tiles in a cold attic looks like this:

Rice. 4 Roofing pie for a cold attic.

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How to arrange a roofing pie under a soft roof: general principles and analysis of construction options

To an uninitiated person in the intricacies of construction, the roof appears in the form of an accessible coating that protects his household from weather adversity. In fact, this is a complex structure, each element of which must flawlessly perform the work assigned to it. The components are laid in layers like a culinary product that shares its name with the roofing system. Layers are laid in a certain order, violation of which threatens a noticeable decrease in consumer characteristics. How correctly the roofing pie is constructed under soft roof, the service life of the roof and the heating equipment of the house as a whole depend.

Types of soft roofing structures

Roofing pie - generalized technical term, combining a number of designs with a similar “layered” structure. The combination of layers should protect the home owners from atmospheric attacks and protect the internal filling of the pie from premature deterioration.

The standard structure of a roofing pie includes the following required components:

Vapor barrier. Prevents the penetration of vapors from internal space houses and moisture condensation on the building materials used in the construction of the roof;
Thermal insulation. Helps retain heat, protects against noise, winds, and cold temperatures coming from outside;
Waterproofing. Prevents the penetration of rainwater and melted winter precipitation into both the roof structure and the building;
Decorative coating, which simultaneously performs the work of wind protection.

The category of soft roofs includes materials with excellent waterproofing qualities. These include bitumen roll representatives, piece analogues, mastics and a new generation of membranes. A couple of decades ago they served only as a barrier against water, but now they also successfully play the role of decorative coatings. This is due to the improved external surface and the development of installation methods that allow super-thin materials to be attached to any type of base.

The combination of insulating and decorative properties has made it possible to reduce the number of main layers in a roofing pie to 3, if one of the types of rolled materials is used for arranging the roof.

When laying bitumen shingles, waterproofing is not completely abandoned. However, it is laid as an additional waterproof layer and covers the roof either completely, if the slope of the slopes does not exceed 18º, or partially in strips along the overhangs, along the ridge and valleys, around pipes and at junctions on roofs with slopes steeper than 18º.

The following list of main roofing layers has the character general recommendations. In fact, it is modified by reducing or adding functional elements, because the scheme for forming an ideal roofing structure is influenced by a number of significant circumstances, such as:

type and purpose of the object being developed, i.e. is it a residential building or a domestic structure;
temporary or permanent use, determining the use or rejection of thermal insulation;
the shape of the roof and the steepness of its slopes, directly related to the choice of materials for the roofing;
type of base for installing a pie and laying a soft roof;
the presence of an exploited or unexploited attic;
regional climatic features, according to which the thickness of thermal insulation is determined;
compatibility of construction layers, because in case of incompatibility, separation or migration layers will be required.

A well-designed soft roof pie is constructed taking into account the entire range of the listed conditions. Without information about the specifics of the project, no one will give exact recommendations, but it is worth familiarizing yourself with the principle of construction, regardless of whether you will build the cake yourself or hired roofers will do its installation.

Principles of constructing a roofing pie

Let's look at the most common pie designs for soft roofing used in private construction. Flat and low-slope roof structures are rarely built over low-rise buildings. However, there are adherents of the strict cubic forms of the techno or high-tech style, and their numbers are steadily growing. Most often, flat roofs are erected over bay windows, attached terraces, utility compartments of the building, garages, etc. They are covered with bitumen-polymer materials or a membrane, laid on reinforced concrete floors or a base made of galvanized profiled sheet.

The most popular in private construction is bituminous shingles, used in the construction of pitched roofs with a slope of 12º or more. It is mainly used for coating rafter system, erected both over dachas and over country houses. Let's start with it.

Roofing pie for flexible tiles

Soft tiles are used to cover buildings with cold attics and houses with insulated attics, the designs of which, of course, have radical differences. In the first case, there is no need to use insulation, in the second, thermal insulation is a mandatory component. Both options require a continuous sheathing made of antiseptic-treated boards, sheets of moisture-resistant plywood or OSB-3 oriented strand boards.

The simplest non-insulated option

The scheme for laying a soft roof over an uninsulated attic is extremely simple:

a counter beam installed across the rafters is nailed to the rafter legs. The recommended size of the beam is 50x50; it is attached with two rough nails to each rafter beam. The installation pitch of the counter beam depends on the pitch between the rafters. If the standard distance is 0.7-0.9 m, the block is nailed after 30 cm;
slabs of continuous sheathing are laid on the counterbeam in a staggered manner so that there are no cross-shaped connections between them. The edges of the slabs should rest on the counter-lattice elements. Fasten the slabs every 15 cm with rough nails to the block;
A self-adhesive waterproofing carpet is laid, the installation of which is carried out depending on the steepness of the slopes. When the slope is 18º or more, only the slopes, ridge, valleys, junction areas and pipe passages through the roof are covered with waterproofing. Less steep roofs are completely covered with an insulating carpet;
Soft tiles are installed on top of the waterproofing barrier.

If a continuous sheathing is constructed from boards, then the need for a counter-lattice is automatically eliminated. The boards are fastened directly to the rafter legs and laid with a gap of 3 mm between the elements.

Installation of an insulated roof

The pie for an insulated roof is much more complicated. Its design is complemented by thermal insulation. And if it exists, then you will need a vapor barrier material that protects the insulation from moisture accumulation. The result of moistening is a decrease in insulating characteristics and the accompanying processes of rotting with subsequent destruction. Ventilation is also needed to remove condensation from under the roofing, which is unable to pass drops dangerous to wood on its own.

Scheme for laying layers of roofing pie for insulated pitched roof, which involves the operation of the attic, is as follows:

With inside rafter system is attached directly to the rafters with a stapler vapor barrier membrane. It is laid parallel to the overhangs in strips from bottom to top. The strips are connected into a single web with double-sided tape;
according to the vapor barrier installed, again on the inside, a counter-lattice is constructed from a bar, the installation step of which depends on the material of the planned internal lining attics. For example, under plasterboard sheathing, it is advisable to place the sheathing bars at a distance of 40 or 60 cm;

With outside roofs, auxiliary struts are mounted between the rafter beams. They are required to hold the insulation boards. Place the spacers in increments 2-3cm smaller than the height thermal insulation board. So it is necessary that the thermal insulation is firmly fixed in the compartments created for it, “straightening out” after slight compression during the installation process;
The resulting semblance of a honeycomb is filled with heat-insulating material, the thickness of which should be 3-5 cm less than the thickness rafter legs. This necessary condition For proper ventilation roofing pie;
the counter-lattice is constructed again. Nailed to the rafters along their direction to form ventilation ducts– roofing vents;
a continuous sheathing is attached to the outer counter-lattice, on top of which an additional waterproofing carpet is laid;
soft tiles are laid.

For device warm roof with soft tiles in the northern regions, sometimes the thickness of mineral wool insulation of 15 cm is not enough - a generally accepted standard for the middle zone. Then, on the outside, first a tier of counter beams is installed transverse to the rafters for laying the second layer of insulation, then a beam is installed along the rafters for installation of a continuous counter batten.

If you plan to lay bituminous shingles on top of low slopes constructed from reinforced concrete slabs or arranged by raking and pouring a cement-sand screed on top, the vapor barrier is laid on a concrete or cement-sand surface. A board is installed on top of the vapor barrier on the edge in increments of up to 90 cm, and then required amount tiers of counter-lattice.

Roofing pie with wooden elements cannot be closely adjacent to chimney pipes. The required distance from the pipe walls can be found in SNiP 41-01-2003. The empty space is filled with non-flammable mineral wool material, and an apron made of galvanized or laminated metal is installed outside around the pipes.

Stages and principles of constructing a roofing pie under soft tiles will present a video:

Roofing pie for rolled materials

For the construction of roofs with a slight angle of slope, with a spread from 1º to 12º, bitumen-polymer materials or roofing membranes are used. It just doesn't make much sense to install custom shingles on them. And the patterned aesthetics of flexible tiles on flat and almost flat roofs will please only birds.

There are no significant differences in the set of layers for piece and roll material. The sequence is similar: vapor barrier → insulation → hydrobarrier - also a decorative coating and wind protection. However, the installation of a roofing pie has its own specifics. Continuous sheathing and counter beams are not used. The layers are laid without auxiliary wooden elements on concrete floors, cement-sand screeds, corrugated sheets, prefabricated leveling structures. Therefore, we focus attention not on the sequence of installation actions, but on the installation features.

Principles of vapor barrier design

The following materials serve as a vapor barrier layer for laying roll materials:

bitumen and bitumen-polymer vapor barrier, fused onto a concrete or cement-sand base, including cement-sand insulation with vermiculite, expanded clay, perlite in the form of filler in case of a slope slope of more than 6º. If the slope is less, bitumen vapor barrier can be laid without gluing or fusing to the base.;
polyethylene reinforced or non-reinforced vapor barrier, laid loosely along the corrugations of the profiled sheet or glued to it if the slopes are inclined more than 6º.

In the construction of a soft roof using prefabricated screeds made of plywood or OSB boards, any type can be used vapor barrier material, but the recommended option is a bitumen-polymer vapor barrier with a polyester fabric base. However, it is also not forbidden to place polyethylene on a concrete surface, but before this you should create a separating layer of glassine.

The vapor barrier layer is laid in the form of a kind of pallet extending onto the vertical planes of adjacent walls and parapets. The height of the sides of the pallet is calculated as follows: the thickness of the thermal insulation layer plus 3-5 cm. Similar sides are installed around the intersection of the roof with chimney pipes and other communications.

Both vapor barrier options must be combined into a continuous sheet. Strips of bitumen and bitumen-polymer material are laid with an overlap of 8-10 cm on the sides and 15 cm in the end joints and welded gas burner. The connection of polyethylene strips is made using adhesive tape.

Rules for laying thermal insulation

You can insulate a soft roof with a roll covering using literally any material, but mineral wool boards and foam polystyrene are considered priority. On concrete bases and cement-sand screeds, the insulation system is laid in one tier, on corrugated sheeting in two so that the joints of the elements of the upper row are not located above the joints of the lower layer.

Rigidity mineral wool for single-layer insulation 40 kPa at a compressibility of 10%. To construct two-tier thermal insulation, it is not necessary to use slabs with equal rigidity. The bottom row can be folded with material with a strength rating of 30 kPa, the top row 60 kPa.

If a polymer membrane is used as a waterproofing and decorative roofing covering, a separating layer of fiberglass or geotextile must be laid between it and the polystyrene thermal insulation. Otherwise, the membrane will lose its consumer qualities before the time guaranteed by the manufacturer due to the gradual migration of plasticizers into the adjacent material. A separating layer is also required when installing an inverted ballast roof if polymer coating spreads over the bitumen vapor barrier layer.

Laying mineral wool slabs on corrugated sheets without first constructing a prefabricated screed from plywood or OSB sheets can be done if the thickness of the thermal insulation is twice as large as the distance between adjacent corrugations. If reality does not meet this condition, a prefabricated screed is constructed before laying the insulation.

The installation of thermal insulation under a roll covering requires compliance with the following rules:

the thermal insulation material is attached separately from the covering laid on top;
at mechanically fastening, each thermal insulation board and its individual part is fixed at two points. The insulation is fastened to the corrugated sheet using steel self-tapping screws with a plastic sleeve in the shape of a fungus. Plastic bushings are not used if the slope of the slopes is more than 10º. In any case, they are attached to the concrete base with screws with dowels and metal plates;
gluing of insulation boards is carried out on bitumen-polymer mastic. Gluing is possible if the area of the surface “planted” on the adhesive composition is at least 30% of the area of the insulating board;
Insulation boards are laid with mandatory seam spacing so that weak areas are distributed evenly. Elements of the second tier, if there is one, are shifted relative to the first by at least 20 cm, both along the side and end lines;
seams in insulating carpets wider than 5mm must be filled with heat-insulating material.

The use of rigid insulation is justified economically and technologically. It allows you not to install a screed on top of the insulation, which is mandatory for fill-in thermal insulation.

If necessary, build roof slope To completely free the surface from atmospheric water and dirt, the thermal insulation is supplemented with slope-forming devices. Most often they are made from wedge-shaped slabs of mineral wool or similar polystyrene foam parts, less often from backfill insulation followed by filling cement screed. A slope on a concrete base can also be done by pouring cement and sand, which is unacceptable for forming a slope on a base made of a profiled sheet.

Additional layers roofing material

An additional barrier against atmospheric water is installed in areas of high load. It is laid in strips along the ridge, overhangs and junctions with fillets constructed in advance, in valleys, around penetrations and points internal drain. It is constructed either from strips of bitumen-polymer roofing coating, or from a special self-adhesive hydrobarrier.

The construction of the roofing pie is completed by installation roll covering and fixing it by fusing, gluing or fastening with self-tapping screws with bushings or plates.

The presented schemes for constructing a roofing pie do not contain precise recommendations. We brought general rules, taking into account which will ensure flawless operation and long service life of the roof in the middle zone. In the case of construction in northern latitudes, the proposed options require modification.

krovlyaikrysha.ru

What is an attic

The attic space is limited by the roof slopes and the ceiling of the residential floor. This place is often used to create additional living space.

There are two types of attics in private households:

Residential. It is called an attic. It can be equipped with a living room, study, bedroom, library, etc. Room height in in this case must be at least 220 centimeters. In addition, it is necessary to provide ventilation, natural lighting, and insulate the slopes.
Non-residential. This attic space is usually used to accommodate technical equipment, storing old or unnecessary things. In this case, a 2-meter height will be sufficient, and there is no need to provide natural lighting. Instead of insulating the slopes, they insulate the attic floor.

When making a decision to repair or rebuild a house, you need to decide in advance for what purpose the attic will be used in order to make calculations and a design for the floor. The list depends on this necessary materials and the gap between the beams. They must provide the required strength and load-bearing capacity.

Functional purpose of floors

The design of the attic floor depends on the parameters of the structure and the purposes for which it is planned to use the under-roof space. The attic has a unique function air gap, which separates the cold roof from the heated floors.

The floor in the attic performs a number of tasks:

carrier. The floor, located between the upper residential floor and the attic space, is assigned a load-bearing function, so it is made reliable and durable, since people will move on it, they plan to place equipment on it and arrange storage areas;
insulating. In a cold attic, the temperature differs little from that outside the house. In this case, the floors in the attic have a thermal insulating function, thereby preventing the air from cooling on the residential floors. To retain heat, the attic floor needs to be insulated. It is advisable to entrust such work to professionals.

Features of the device and design of floors

Since attic floors perform two functions - load-bearing and insulating, they have a multi-layer structure. Each of the elements of the “pie” complements each other, which ensures the created structure has a long service life, strength and the ability to withstand heavy loads.

The construction of the floor in the attic requires the presence of the following layers:

Finish floor. This name is given to the floor covering, which is laid on a rough base. If it is an attic, then when installing the finished floor, linoleum, laminate, parquet, etc. are laid. In non-residential premises there may be no finishing floor covering.
Rough base. It is a boardwalk that is mounted on logs. The subfloor is lined with edged boards 4–5 centimeters thick or for the purpose of saving from unedged.
Lags. These are durable, smooth wooden elements, laid perpendicular to the floor beams to create flooring. When the attic floor is being installed according to wooden beams, insulation is placed between the joists, which is protected from below with a layer of vapor barrier, and covered on top waterproofing material. If you do not use insulating layers, then repairs will be required in a few years.
Beams. The frame of the floors is built from thick and strong beams, which are either mounted on the projections of the walls or built into them. They must support the entire weight of the structure.
Headlining. From the side of the rooms, the ceilings are decorated finishing material, for example, natural wood or plasterboard.

Types of attic floors

To construct the ceiling of a cold attic, materials differing in weight, durability, cost and load-bearing capacity are used.

There are several types of floors depending on what they are made of:

Wooden elements. For their manufacture, you can use beams with a cross-section of 150x150 or 200x200 millimeters. The advantage of this option is that wood is quite durable and at the same time relatively light material, so wooden elements do not put additional load on the foundation of the house. In addition, their big advantage is their low price and availability. But such an attic floor is used when the size of the building does not exceed 6 -10 meters, since it maximum length lumber.
Metal products. Metal I-beams are distinguished by their strength and ability to withstand heavy weight without deformation. But they weigh a fair amount, so they are rarely used in wooden houses, but for brick and aerated concrete buildings they are the best option.
Reinforced concrete products. Molded floor beams, made from reinforced heavy-duty concrete, are used for multi-story buildings, since they are heavier and the same length.

Of all the above types of floors, in private low-rise housing construction, in most cases, preference is given to wooden beams. They have the optimal balance between price and quality. If the calculations are carried out correctly and the technology is followed, repairs to the ceiling will not be required in the coming years.

Requirements for the device of the pie

Since the safety of staying in the house depends on the quality of installation and repair of attic floors, a number of requirements are imposed on their arrangement.

To know the maximum value permissible load that the structure can withstand, it is necessary to perform the appropriate calculations, and then, based on their results, they begin to develop a project from which it will be clear how to properly insulate the attic floor in the house.

The requirements relate to:

Load capacity. It directly depends on the material used to make the beams and the gap between them.
Distances between load-bearing elements . The maximum permissible value for this parameter in accordance with building codes equals 4 meters.
Resistance to temperature changes. It is necessary that the beams can withstand such changes without problems. The fact is that the difference between the air temperature in the residential floors and in the attic always exceeds 4 degrees.
Isolation. The attic floor covering of a cold attic should protect the premises of the household from the penetration of cold and moisture from the under-roof space.

During the design process, you should take into account the requirements for the beams used to arrange the floor in the attic so that the result is reliable and durable. The distance between them must be calculated based on the loads exerted on them.

Technology for creating an attic floor using wooden beams

If you have experience construction work You can mount the ceiling of a cold attic using wooden beams yourself. This process is performed at the final stage of roofing work.

The sequence of actions will be as follows:

Installation of load-bearing beams. For a small private house, wooden floors made from timber with a cross-section of 150x150 or 200x200 millimeters are suitable. They are laid on concrete or brick walls.
Installation of lag. They are placed on the edge perpendicular to the beams in increments of 60 centimeters. The logs are made from boards with a cross section of 150x50 millimeters.
Laying thermal insulation. The insulation is placed between the joists - it will protect against the penetration of cold from the attic.
Installation of rough and finished floors.
Covering load-bearing beams on the side of the room to decorate the ceiling surface.

When insulating the attic floor, you should not forget about installing hydro- and vapor barriers.

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Cold attic design

When building the roof of a house, many people think about making a cold attic or attic underneath it? The easiest way to organize a roof is with a cold attic space. Construction of an attic will cost several times more and require more labor.. Although, it is undeniable that the attic will significantly expand the living space.

Cold attic roofs have the following main components in their pie::

roofing;
attic external walls (applicable for gable roofs with gables);
insulated ceiling between the living space and the attic.

Ventilation is provided by eaves and ridge vents. The air passing through the eaves openings is called supply air, and the air leaving through the ridge is called exhaust air. Additionally, ventilation can be done through dormer windows on gables or roof slopes. The windows are equipped with louvered grilles to allow the ventilation intensity to be adjusted.

Dormer windows are located on opposite slopes of the roof so that there are no unventilated areas.

Dormer windows can be rectangular, triangular and semicircular in shape. Their lower part should be at a height of no more than 0.8-1.0 m from the floor of the attic, and the upper part should not be lower than 1.75 m from the floor in the attic. They can also serve as an exit to the roof of the house to inspect the roof, ventilation and chimney elements.

Steam and thermal insulation of a cold attic

For a roof with a cold attic, it is most important to minimize heat loss through the attic floor. For both wooden and reinforced concrete floors, a vapor barrier is mandatory. It is laid on the ceiling itself and protects the insulation from vapors that can condense in the heat insulator after passing through the ceiling of the living room. Slabs and slabs can be used as insulation bulk materials. The ceiling pie consists of a vapor barrier, floor beams and insulation.

The following types of heat insulators are often used in ceiling coverings::

expanded polystyrene and foam boards;
mineral wool slabs or mats;
expanded clay granules;
fuel or granulated slag;
sawdust with lime or clay;
pumice.

The thickness of the required insulation layer is selected depending on the calculated winter temperature using the table below.

Winter temperatures are calculated according to SNiP 2.01.01-82 (building climatology and geophysics) or selected by regions of the Russian Federation from the corresponding climate maps.

The insulation is laid between the joists or ceiling beams, and a boardwalk is made on top for the attic passages. Joists are usually 50 mm thick, and decking boards are 25-35 mm thick.

For ventilated attic spaces, soft or semi-solid heat-insulating materials are considered the most optimal.

Attic waterproofing device

Waterproofing roofs with a cold attic, according to many experts, is a controversial issue. Some say that waterproofing must be present under the roofing material, while others categorically recommend that it be abandoned. Here, a lot depends on the type of roofing material and the angle of inclination of the roof slopes.

Metal roofs are most susceptible to corrosion, which occurs due to possible small leaks or condensation. Therefore, we once again draw your attention to the fact that ventilation plays one of the main roles in the fight against condensation formed.

For gently sloping metal roofs Experts recommend installing superdiffusion membranes. It will prevent moisture from entering the outside of the roof when snow or rain blows in. No matter how well the roof is laid, there is always the possibility of minimal leaks. That is why, by overpaying a little, you will receive additional protection from moisture getting on the insulation in the ceiling of a cold attic.

Possible leaks or condensation entering hydrophobic insulation materials significantly reduce their thermal insulation properties.

If, for example, slate is used as a roofing material, then waterproofing can be abandoned. There is also corrugated sheeting with an anti-condensation coating on the market, which can hold up to 1 liter of water per 1 m2. For our part, we recommend always using waterproofing membranes, because this is the cheapest and easiest additional method protect your roof from possible leaks.

When installing waterproofing membranes use a counter-lattice. It serves as a fixing strip and, due to its height, provides the necessary clearance for ventilation of the under-roof space. The installation of lathing in a cold attic is no different from insulated roofs. The dimensions of the sheathing and its pitch determine the type of roofing being installed.

Cold attic temperature

To prevent ice and icicles from forming on the roof, it is necessary to maintain the correct temperature and humidity conditions in the attic. If the thickness of the thermal insulation material is insufficient, significant heat losses through the ceiling. Warm air, heating the roof covering, causes snow to melt and ice dams to form. By choosing the right insulation layer, this can be avoided.

The effectiveness of a heat insulator can be assessed by measuring the temperature of the top layer of insulation. The electronic thermometer is immersed in insulation by 10-20 mm. Readings taken temperatures should correspond to the values in the table below.

As you can see, the design of a cold attic pie is not particularly complex in design. The main task is to ensure the necessary intensity of ventilation and the thickness of the thermal insulation layer in the ceiling.

For this it is necessary all heat sources, coming from the house, block heat insulator - attic floor insulation - put a "fur coat" on the house, keeping the house warm, and not give it to the attic.

There must be an attic cold - have the same air temperature inside as well as outside.

Then the snow will not melt on the roof, gathering in the snowdrifts, and icicles won't fall on the head.

ATTENTION! Need to remember Golden Rule: if you don’t want to climb onto the roof again clear the snow from it And knock down icicles- necessary properly insulate it.

After all, the purpose house roofs - act as an “umbrella” over the house (under no circumstances are they “hot water bottles”!). The role of a “hot water bottle” is played by heating the house. And the most the main task - separate the "hot water bottle" from the "umbrella".

At all delete or close all sources of heat entering the roof of the house- because she must confirm her "title" - cold roof.

In houses with cold attic roofs only insulated attic floor being the floor of the attic above the ceiling of living quarters.

Roofs with a cold attic, which are discussed in this section of the site, contain:

attic covering with roof,
external attic walls performed with holes- for ventilation with outside air through openings in the walls;
insulated attic floor top floor.

Before starting work - space in the attic should definitely ventilate.

Natural ventilation(ventilation) attic performed via under-eaves and ridge vents. Lower (under-eaves) vents serve as a supply air, A upper (under-ridge) vents serve exhaust ventilation - thereby creating necessary draft.

ATTENTION! Application in cold attics solid structures , dividing sections of the building(long support panels, high purlins or ribs, etc.) NOT ALLOWED.

Insulating the floor For attic space can serve coatings (see table 1 below):

polystyrene foam boards, foam plastic boards PSB-25, fiberboard, foam silicate(foam concrete is not an insulating material);
construction felt, mineral boards, rolled mineral wool;
expanded clay gravel, fuel slag And pumice.

Before performing work for attic floor insulation need to:

Go through and check all roof and ceiling joints for the presence of cracks (to protect against leaks).
All gaps must be filled (tow).
All wooden structures must be covered with fire retardant and anti-rot solutions.

During repairs coverings made of asbestos cement sheets need to PAY ATTENTION on the gaps (cracks), formed by waves of asbestos-cement sheets. If there are such, then they MUST BE COMPLETED lime mortar with an admixture of fibrous substances.

For sealing junction points asbestos cement sheets for walls and parapets necessary check the presence of protective aprons, A to the pipes - collars made of galvanized roofing steel. Overlap of dissimilar elements coverings for aprons it should be not less than 15 cm.

The temperature inside a cold attic should not exceed 4 °C outside air temperature (rules and standards for the technical operation of housing stock, decree No. 170 of September 27, 2003, clause 3.3.2), i.e. if the temperature outside is -15 °C, then in the attic it should be no more than -11 °C. If this difference is greater, then, for example, at an outside temperature of -5 ° C, the slope will heat up, the snow on the roof will melt and flow onto the eaves. The cornice will not heat up, because... there is no warm room underneath, and the water on it will turn into ice, forming icicles. The more ice that forms on the eaves, the greater the chance of leaks, the higher the load on the roof and the higher the risk of ice breaking, which can lead to tragic consequences. All this reduces the service life of both the roofing covering and the roof as a whole.

Cold attic ventilation

The roofing pie for a cold attic can be divided into two parts. The first part is along the floor between the attic and the living space. The second part is along the slope.

The first part of the roofing pie, depending on the type of ceiling, looks like this:

Pie on concrete floor

Pie on a wooden floor

The insulation is laid in several layers with joints spaced apart to eliminate cold bridges.

The second part of the roofing pie using flexible tiles in a cold attic looks like this:

Roofing pie for a cold attic