Greetings to all readers! What should be the thickness of brick exterior walls is the topic of today’s article. The most commonly used walls made of small stones are brick walls. This is due to the fact that the use of brick solves the problems of creating buildings and structures of almost any architectural form.

When starting to carry out a project, the design firm calculates all structural elements– including calculating the thickness of the brick exterior walls.

The walls in a building perform various functions:

• If the walls are only an enclosing structure– in this case, they must meet thermal insulation requirements in order to ensure a constant temperature and humidity microclimate, and also have sound insulating qualities.
• Load-bearing walls must have the necessary strength and stability, but also as an enclosing material, have heat-shielding properties. In addition, based on the purpose of the building, its class, the thickness of the load-bearing walls must correspond technical indicators its durability and fire resistance.

Features of calculating wall thickness

• The thickness of the walls according to thermal engineering calculations does not always coincide with the calculation of the value based on strength characteristics. Naturally, what harsher climate, the thicker the wall should be in terms of thermal performance indicators.
• But in terms of strength, for example, it is enough to lay out the outer walls in one or one and a half bricks. This is where it turns out to be “nonsense” - the thickness of the masonry, a certain thermotechnical calculation, often, due to strength requirements, it turns out to be excessive.
• Therefore, laying solid brick walls from the point of view of material costs and subject to 100% use of its strength should only be done in the lower floors of high-rise buildings.
• In low-rise buildings, as well as in upper floors In multi-storey buildings, hollow or lightweight bricks should be used for external masonry; lightweight masonry can be used.
• This does not apply to external walls in buildings where there is a high percentage of humidity (for example, in laundries, baths). They are usually built with a protective layer of vapor barrier material from the inside and from a solid clay material.

Now I’ll tell you about the calculation used to determine the thickness of external walls.

It is determined by the formula:

B = 130*n -10, where

B – wall thickness in millimeters

130 – size of half a brick, taking into account the seam (vertical = 10mm)

n – integer half of a brick (= 120mm)

The calculated value of the solid masonry is rounded up to the whole number of half-bricks.

Based on this, the following values ​​(in mm) of brick walls are obtained:

• 120 (a brick floor, but this is considered a partition);
• 250 (into one);
• 380 (at one and a half);
• 510 (at two);
• 640 (at two and a half);
• 770 (at three o'clok).

In order to save material resources (bricks, mortar, fittings, etc.), the number of machine hours of mechanisms, the calculation of wall thickness is tied to the load-bearing capacity of the building. And the thermal component is obtained by insulating the facades of buildings.

How can you insulate the external walls of a brick building? In the article insulating a house with polystyrene foam from the outside, I indicated the reasons why brick walls cannot be insulated with this material. Check out the article.

The point is that brick is a porous and permeable material. And the absorbency of expanded polystyrene is zero, which prevents the migration of moisture outward. That is why it is advisable to insulate a brick wall with heat-insulating plaster or mineral wool slabs, the nature of which is vapor-permeable. Expanded polystyrene is suitable for insulating concrete or reinforced concrete bases. “The nature of the insulation must correspond to the nature of the load-bearing wall.”

There are many heat-insulating plasters– the difference lies in the components. But the principle of application is the same. It is performed in layers and the total thickness can reach up to 150mm (for large values, reinforcement is required). In most cases, this value is 50 - 80 mm. It depends on the climate zone, the thickness of the base walls, and other factors. I will not go into detail, since this is the topic of another article. Let's return to our bricks.

The average wall thickness for ordinary clay bricks, depending on the area and climatic conditions of the area at the average winter ambient temperature, looks in millimeters something like this:

1. — 5 degrees — thickness = 250;
2. — 10 degrees = 380;
3. — 20 degrees = 510;
4. - 30 degrees = 640.

I would like to summarize the above. We calculate the thickness of external brick walls based on the strength characteristics, and solve the heat-technical side of the issue using the method of wall insulation. As a rule, a design firm designs external walls without the use of insulation. If the house is uncomfortably cold and the need for insulation arises, then carefully consider the selection of insulation.

Specialists from Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering have convincingly proven that in terms of price/quality ratio, VELOX technology is superior to all other known technologies for the construction of low-rise housing.

ANNOTATION article “Commercially available resource-saving low-rise building. Comparison of indicators of external fences", TGASU, 2008.
Authors: A.I. Gnyrya, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; S.V. Korobkov, Ph.D., Associate Professor, R.A. Zharkoy, graduate student

The authors compare the following construction technologies used at construction sites in Tomsk:

1. Brick wall 510 thick with insulation with 100 mm thick slabs
2. Cellular concrete "Sibit" with external insulation with a mini-slab 100 mm thick
3. Expanded polystyrene concrete with external insulation with expanded polystyrene 100 mm thick
4. Wooden beam 150 mm with external insulation with a mini-slab 100 mm thick
5. Wooden frame 150 mm filled with mini-slabs 150 mm thick
6. Beam 150 mm insulated with brick lining 120 mm thick
7. Permanent formwork “Izodom” 150 mm thick with heavy concrete
8. Fixed formwork "Velox" (VELOX) with polystyrene foam 100 mm with heavy concrete
9. Fixed formwork "Velox" (VELOX) with lightweight concrete 400 mm thick
10. Expanded clay concrete blocks insulated with 150 mm expanded polystyrene "Teplosten"

according to the following parameters:

• wall thickness
• heat transfer resistance
• Thermal energy requirement for heating a house per month
• duration of construction
• cost of 1 sq. m of external fencing and the estimated cost of the house box
• Fire safety

Based on the calculation results, a summary comparative table of indicators of external enclosing structures was compiled.

Then structures 4, 5 and 6 were excluded from the comparison as they did not meet the fire safety standards of buildings and structures (SNIP 21-01-97), noting the possibility of using these materials for the construction of dachas intended for seasonal or year-round use.

Next, the authors, having determined the average cost of a building “box,” excluded from the comparative table structures whose price exceeded this average cost, as the most expensive and energy-consuming materials. These are designs 1, 2, 3, 9.

As a result, as " people's house» the authors confidently chose the technology monolithic construction V fixed formwork VELOX listed the following advantages:

• ease of installation and increased accuracy of wall geometry control
• highest thermal efficiency
• versatility for walls of any design and applicability of concrete of any grade
• low cost
• no need to use heavy-duty equipment
• high pace of construction
• seismic resistance and reliability
• microclimate in the room, like that of a wooden house.
• simplicity of finishing,

without noting any obvious shortcomings.
“Silver” is given to structures made using the “Izodom” technology, and “bronze” to “Teplosten” structures.

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE RESOURCE-ENERGY SAVING
LOW-RISE HOUSE.
COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF EXTERNAL FENCES.

A.I. Gnyrya Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, St. Korobkov, Ph.D., Associate Professor, R.A. Zharkoy, graduate student.
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Some text is missing

The advantages of low-rise, high-density urban residential development compared to multi-storey buildings, regardless of the type of buildings (panel, brick, monolithic, etc.), are obvious to users, as well as to investors, architects, builders, housing and communal services specialists and normal society as a whole.

The first and initial functional benefit is the creation of a healthy living environment. Only a family home, an apartment close to the ground, is capable of developing physically and mentally healthy children and citizens, as well as helping them find the right spiritual and moral guidelines. The manifestation of alienation, aggressiveness, and lostness of people in our society, as studies by psychologists show, are largely associated with varying degrees of discomfort in them permanent residence in multi-storey buildings.

Low-rise buildings sharply reduce the safety of living in the event of natural disasters, fires, emergencies, etc. The conditions for maintenance, maintenance, repair, reconstruction are simplified, and in case of complete physical deterioration, reconstruction, demolition and disposal of buildings.

Thermal protection, noise protection, insolation and overheating resistance can be significantly improved in summer time, temperature and humidity conditions of the premises. The use of new engineering equipment systems will improve the reliability, efficiency, and quality of use of heat supply systems, water supply and sewerage systems, ventilation, etc. A special place will be occupied by the development and implementation of the so-called local and autonomous systems life support. The guideline here is the idea of ​​​​building an environmentally friendly house with low thermal energy consumption.

According to the results of an April survey conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation (residents of 110 settlements in Russia were surveyed), almost 60% of citizens prefer apartments own house. Moreover, many would like to live outside the city.

The Government of the Russian Federation supports the development of individual housing construction in Russia. The country's president calls for more individual houses to be built - for one or more families.

During a meeting of the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Implementation of National Projects, held on April 2, 2008, the President set the task of building from 500 thousand to 1 million buildings in Russia annually. individual houses. According to him, these should be houses with a total area of ​​70 to 120 m2 costing about 20 thousand rubles per 1 m2. The President proposed creating a Federal Fund for the Promotion of Housing Construction, to which all inefficiently used lands of ministries and departments, state-owned enterprises and institutions will be transferred. “If we fully implement the ambitious project of individual housing construction, then, without exaggeration, we will live in a qualitatively different country, with a different standard of living and psychology of people who have turned from inhabitants of communal apartments into owners of their own land,” the President commented on his initiative.

So, there is hope that every Russian family will have the opportunity to acquire individual inexpensive housing. But the question is, what should this “people's house” be like? Perhaps it will be a classic brick or lightweight concrete, or maybe using wood? It is difficult to immediately answer these questions; research and comparison are required to determine which technology is more preferable. But in any case, the main indicator for any home is compliance with current regulatory documents in heating engineering, fire safety standards And sanitary requirements so that the house is warm, fireproof and made of reliable environmentally friendly building materials.

If you imagine a house in large components, it turns out that it consists of a foundation, walls and a roof. The design of the roof differs little when using one or another construction technology; the foundation also remains virtually unchanged. It turns out that by “construction technology” we mean only a fairly narrow segment of the house, which is called “walls”. This means that in order to search for a “people’s house” it is necessary to compare different wall options and choose the optimal one. We will not try to compare interior and exterior decoration, as well as utilities, because... the cost of these materials can vary widely. We will make the choice from the point of view of a private developer who needs to build an individual cottage with a total attic area of ​​128 m2 according to an existing project, we will try different walls on the same house. To objectively evaluate this or that design, let’s forget for a while such concepts as aesthetics, prestige, durability, etc.

Having analyzed the designs of already built individual houses in the city of Tomsk, we received two dozen wall options, each of which is included in a separate group:

1. brick (with and without insulation);
2. concrete (light concrete, heavy concrete);
3. wooden (timber, log);
4. frame (type “Canadian house”);
5. from combined materials.

From each group, a wall was selected whose heat transfer resistance met the current heat saving requirements. So, 10 walls participating in the experiment:

1. Brick wall 510 mm with insulation with mineral wool slabs 100 mm thick in the wall. The outer layer is 120mm facing brick, the interior layer is 20mm plaster;

2. "Sibit" 400 mm with external insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and siding cladding; indoors - 10mm plaster layer;

3. Expanded polystyrene concrete 400 mm with external insulation with 100mm polystyrene foam and external polymer plaster, inner surface Ostu-Turen walls 20mm cement-sand mortar;

4. Beam 150 mm with insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and siding cladding, with lining inside.

5. Wooden frame 150 mm, filled with 150mm mineral wool boards, plasterboard inside, OSB board and siding outside.

6. Beam 150 mm with insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and facing brick, with lining inside.

7. Izodom system- non-removable polystyrene foam formwork: insulation polystyrene foam 150mm (75+75), reinforced concrete 150mm, inside two layers of gypsum board (fire-resistant plasterboard) 25mm per metal frame, outside polymer plaster 10mm.

8. VELOX system classic- permanent chip-cement formwork 70mm (35+35), reinforced concrete 150mm, polystyrene foam insulation 150mm, cement-sand plaster inside, façade plaster outside.

9. VELOX system on lightweight concrete 400mm, siding outside, plaster inside.

10. Block "Teplosten"- inner layer of expanded clay concrete 60mm, outer layer of expanded clay concrete 100mm, inside the wall - expanded polystyrene 150mm, interior finishing with a plaster layer.

Technical and economic indicators of low-rise buildings (Table 1):

• A wall thickness of more than 500mm is uneconomical for several reasons, one of which is the width of the foundation blocks; the greater the thickness of the wall, the smaller the volume of the room, therefore, the smaller the total area;
• Heat transfer resistance is an indicator of pass or fail building regulations on thermal characteristics, namely TSN 23-316-2000 “Thermal protection of residential and public buildings in the Tomsk region”;
• Thermal energy demand for the heating period - important characteristic heat loss from the building, as well as an important component of the cost of operating a residential building;
• Duration of construction of the building in days;
• Price square meter external fencing is a determining factor in the cost of the entire structure and the cost per square meter of total area, expressed in rubles.

Note to table 1:

The calculation of heat transfer resistance was determined in accordance with SNiP 02/23/2003 “Thermal protection of buildings” for the city of Tomsk.

The need for thermal energy was determined according to TSN 23-316-2000 of the Tomsk region. An individual energy passport was compiled for each option.

The cost of thermal energy per kWh is 60 kopecks.

The duration of construction of the box was determined in accordance with the Unified Standards and Prices (ENiR).

The total cost of 1 m of external fencing is the sum of the materials and the cost of the work expended. This value is determined according to the quarterly magazine “Construction Price List” No. 4/2008.

The cost of the box is the cost of the walls from the top of the foundation to the bottom of the mauerlat, excluding the costs of the floor and foundation.

Indicators of individual enclosing structures residential buildings with attic
Table 1

№	Design outer wall	Thickness				Heating cost per month					Cost of a "box" of a house
		mm	m 2 ?C/W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	Total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
1		760	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	47	2 925	575	3 500	666 356	10 412	1,00
II	Concrete
2		570	3,6	25 293	3 215	1 929	32	2 256	675	2 931	535 760	8 371	0,8
3		530	4,35	23 812	3 027	1 816	48	1 926	974	2 901	525 602	8 213	0,79
III	Tree
4	150mm timber with 100mm insulation and siding, lining inside	320	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	53	1 331	580	1 911	330 176	5 159	0,50
IV	Frame
5	Wooden frame 150mm inside 150 min. cotton wool, plasterboard inside, OSB** outside and siding (element-by-element assembly)	200	3,85	24 735	3 144	1 887	27	1 211	325	1 536	258 004	4 031	0,39
V	Combined materials
6	Beam 150 insulated 100mm and brick facing 120mm, lining inside	400	3,7	25 061	3 186	1 911	51	1 898	751	2 649	445 033	6 954	0,67
7		360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8		420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
9		520	2,2	30 759	3 910	2 346	44	2 445	610	3 055	520 577	8 134	0,78
10		310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

Note:
* EPS - polystyrene foam
** OSB - plywood with oriented chips
*** GKLO - fire-resistant sheet plasterboard
**** ShchCP - chain-cement board

According to SNiP 21-01-97 “ Fire safety buildings and structures" wall structures numbered 4, 5, and 6 are fire hazardous, so we will exclude them (Table 2). At the same time, we will determine the average cost of the “box” of the building, this value is equal to RUB 498,535. Let's exclude the most expensive walls numbered 1, 2, 3, 9 (Table 3). An expensive material is usually a material that requires a large amount of energy to produce, so-called energy-intensive materials. If their total number in the house is reduced to a minimum, we will get a “people's house”.

table 2

№	Exterior wall construction	Thickness	Heat transfer resistance R	Thermal energy demand during the heating period	Heat energy demand per month	Heating cost per month	Relative duration of construction of box walls	Cost of 1 m 2 of external fencing, rub.			Cost of a "box" of a house	Relative cost of 1 m 2 of total area	Present value factor
		mm	m 2 ?C/W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	Total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
1	Brick wall 510mm thick with insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and 120mm brick lining, plaster inside	760	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	47	2 925	575	3 500	666 356	10 412	1,00
II	Concrete
2	Sibit 400 with external insulation with 100mm mineral wool slabs and siding cladding	570	3,6	25 293	3 215	1 929	32	2 256	675	2 931	535 760	8 371	0,8
3	Expanded polystyrene 400mm, plastered inside, outside EPS*, 100mm and facade plaster	530	4,35	23 812	3 027	1 816	48	1 926	974	2 901	525 602	8 213	0,79
III	Tree
IV	Frame
V	Combined materials
7	System "Izodom", Reinforced concrete 150 mm, PPS insulation 150 mm, inside two layers of GKLO*** 25 mm per met. frame, outside polymer plaster	360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8	Velox system, CPS**** 70mm, PPS 150mm, reinforced concrete 150mm, façade plaster inside and outside	420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
9	Velox system on lightweight concrete 400mm, 70mm shchtsp, siding on the outside, plaster on the inside	520	2,2	30 759	3 910	2 346	44	2 445	610	3 055	520 577	8 134	0,78
10	Block "Teplosten". Expanded clay concrete 60mm, PPS 150mm, expanded clay concrete 100mm, clay turf inside	310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

average cost boxes: RUB 498,535

Despite the fact that some walls do not meet fire requirements or are expensive, we highlight their advantages and disadvantages:

Wooden walls (timber, log):

Advantages:
Wooden walls have low thermal conductivity, therefore, if the house was not heated in winter, it can be warmed up to comfortable conditions in a few hours; create a healthy microclimate in the house; remove excess moisture from the room; relatively light and resistant to deformation; can be built on simple columnar foundation; can withstand a large number of “freezing-thawing” cycles, their service life is about 100 years.

Flaws:
Highly flammable and susceptible to insect pests and rotting; after the felling is completed wooden walls at least a year must pass before finishing begins (settlement up to 10%); When dry, they become deformed and crack. Caulk timber walls- a complex and expensive procedure.

Frame walls:

Advantages:
They have low thermal conductivity; the lightest of all those considered and resistant to deformation; can be built on a columnar foundation or a floating column foundation; costs of funds, effort and time for construction frame walls minimal; There is no need to wait for the house to settle before finishing.

Flaws:
Highly flammable and susceptible to insect pests and rotting; the design of the walls does not provide confidence in the construction; an increase in the size of the house leads to a significant complication of the frame and a decrease in reliability; It is advisable to use it in the construction of summer cottages intended for seasonal or year-round use.

Indicators of enclosing structures of individual residential buildings with an attic (fire hazardous walls excluded)
table 2

№	Exterior wall construction	Thickness	Heat transfer resistance R	Thermal energy demand during the heating period	Heat energy demand per month	Heating cost per month	Relative duration of construction of box walls	Cost of 1 m 2 of external fencing, rub.			Cost of a "box" of a house	Relative cost of 1 m 2 of total area	Present value factor
		mm	m 2 ?C/W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	Total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
II	Concrete
III	Tree
IV	Frame
V	Combined materials
7	System "Izodom", Reinforced concrete 150 mm, PPS insulation 150 mm, inside two layers of GKLO*** 25 mm per met. frame, outside polymer plaster	360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8	Velox system, CPS**** 70mm, PPS 150mm, reinforced concrete 150mm, façade plaster inside and outside	420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
10	Block "Teplosten". Expanded clay concrete 60mm, PPS 150mm, expanded clay concrete 100mm, clay turf inside	310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

Average cost per box: RUB 498,535

Advantages and disadvantages of expensive walls.

Brick walls:

Advantages:

Brick walls are very strong, fireproof, durable; allow the use of iron concrete plates floors; allow you to build walls of complex configurations, lay out decorative elements facade.

Flaws:

They have high thermal conductivity; absorb moisture due to capillary suction and freeze in winter, which leads (during seasonal operation) to destruction; relatively heavy and do not tolerate deformation. In this case, a strong foundation is required. To ensure thermal insulation, brick walls have big sizes; after completing the laying of the walls, a year must pass before finishing them begins; the walls must “settle” before finishing begins; the main disadvantage is high price.

Lightweight concrete (foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, polystyrene concrete):

Advantages:

Relatively fireproof, durable; the relatively small size of the blocks and the ease of their processing make it possible to build walls of complex configurations from them; the thickness of such walls can be half that of brick ones; laying walls from blocks is much simpler and cheaper than brickwork; due to low density cellular concrete the entire wall structure is 2-3 times lighter, which simplifies the construction of the foundation.

Flaws:

Due to the high porosity of the product have increased moisture absorption, therefore, after the construction of the walls is completed, the façade of the building must be covered with compounds that create a moisture-proof, vapor-permeable film on the surface; walls do not tolerate deformation; before finishing them, the walls must “settle”; cracks may form during settlement; relative to the road.

Walls that take place in the “people's house”:

Izodom system:

Advantages:

The ease of assembling walls from blocks allows you to achieve high construction speed; due to thermal efficiency construction of enclosing structures can be carried out in winter conditions - the concrete is in warm formwork; reliability and seismic resistance of the structure - load-bearing element reinforced monolithic concrete protrudes from the walls; relatively low construction cost; lack of heavy lifting equipment.

Flaws:

High fire hazard building until the end of the internal and exterior finishing; the difficulty of maintaining the “geometry” of the walls at the time of construction - polystyrene foam “floats” in the concrete; plastering the facade requires special expensive materials intended only for expanded polystyrene; fire regulations require two layers of fire-resistant plasterboard 2x12.5mm on a metal frame as interior finishing, which is naturally expensive; the resulting air gap between interior decoration and a wall - an attractive place for rodents, as well as difficulty in attaching cabinets and other equipment; It is not allowed to use materials heavier than 16 kg per square meter of exterior wall finishing.

"Velox" system:

Advantages:

High fire resistance; ease of installation and increased accuracy of wall geometry control; highest thermal efficiency; the ability to change the thickness of concrete and polystyrene foam due to the simple design of the screeds; low cost of materials; there is no need to use heavy-duty mechanisms; high pace of construction; it is possible to use lightweight concrete; high seismic resistance and reliability of the system due to monolithic reinforced concrete; the indoor microclimate is similar to a wooden house, since the formwork is made of 95% wood chips; simplicity of exterior and interior decoration.

Flaws:
Not detected.

Technology "Teplosten":

Advantages:

Easy installation and low cost; high fire resistance; high pace of construction; saving the cost of materials; does not require external finishing when using mass-painted blocks.

Flaws:

Low load bearing capacity; sensitivity to general deformations; for heavy floors, a separate frame made of metal or reinforced concrete is required as a load-bearing frame; lack of state-approved or state-certified technical solutions for the construction of houses.

Conclusions:
According to research and analysis of advantages and disadvantages different technologies construction of external fencing of low-rise buildings in the city of Tomsk, we can say with confidence that “ people's house"The technology of monolithic house construction in permanent chip-cement formwork Velox can rightfully be considered. Its positive thermal efficiency qualities, ease of installation, combined with high reliability and environmental friendliness put this technology to first place. The Izodom technology takes second place, and the Teplosten technology takes bronze.

This article is aimed at helping an individual developer in choosing a construction technology and the ability to quickly, efficiently and inexpensively solve the problem of building a house that meets all modern requirements.

Layout of the first row of masonry

Construction brick house involves laying on different schemes, based different sizes products and the calculated thickness of the building walls. If you need a masonry of 2 bricks, then it can be used in the construction of load-bearing walls that are subject to loads from the weight of the house. But sometimes such masonry is also used in the construction of internal walls and even interior partitions - if the walls will take on heavy loads - not only from the weight of furniture or household appliances suspended on them, but also from interfloor or ceiling ceilings.

Technical parameters - wall thickness, maximum loads, product size, etc. - are specified in technological maps and regulatory documents construction documents: SNiP 3.03.01–87, SNiP 12–01–2004, SNiP 12–03–2001, SNiP II–22–81, GOST 530–2012 and others. Due to the large number of rules and regulations, it would be correct to study the main points of the construction process - this is laying a corner of 2 bricks, laying a wall, reinforcement and the main requirements for materials.

Preparatory work, tools and materials

It is impossible to do without specialized devices and construction tools. How much and what you will need can be seen from the table below. The absence of one or another tool will slow down work, so you should try to stock up on everything you need from the list:

Required Tools

Construction, entrenching, measuring tools and accessories	Purpose
Scaffolding or trestles	For masonry taller than human height
Trowels, spatulas, trowels	For laying, leveling and cutting mortar
Metal square with divisions	Checking the masonry angle
Tape measure 10 m	For marking and controlling the dimensions of walls or partitions
Building level	To check the horizontal and vertical levels of masonry
Rule, plumb line	Checking the vertical level of the surface
Furnace hammer, pickaxe	Splitting and giving the product the required shape
Shovel	Mixing the solution, transferring into the bucket
Clamp and wooden slats size 5 x 5 or 7 x 5 cm, length 2 m - order. Notches are applied on the batten every 7.7 cm, corresponding to the width of the masonry. 7.7 cm is a stone height of 6.5 cm plus and a mortar joint thickness of 1.2 cm	Ordering - marking the rows, clamp - fastening the order
Cord	Checking the horizontal level of the wall
Template of slats for marking window and door openings	-
Iron container - tub, bucket, barrel	To supply mortar to the masonry site
Traverse with pallet	Iron platform for supplying materials to scaffolding

1. Brick laying begins after preparing the site - clearing away construction debris and unnecessary items. It is also necessary to check the surface of the foundation for vertical and horizontal deviations;
2. Next, building material in the required quantity, tools are prepared, trestles are installed or scaffolding is assembled.

Ceramic red brick double format

The wall thickness can vary from 12 cm to 64 cm within the following limits:

1. Half brick wall - 120 mm;
2. The thickness of one brick is 250 mm;
3. One and a half bricks - the thickness of the masonry is 380 mm;
4. Laying in two bricks - 510 mm;
5. The wall of two and a half bricks has a thickness of 640 mm.

Considering the low heat-conducting properties of red ceramic stone, in geographical areas with temperate climate the walls are made 510–640 mm thick, that is, the wall is laid out with 2 bricks or 2.5 widths. In addition, after raising the walls, the wall must be additionally insulated.

Dimensions of bricks from Russian manufacturing companies

Design name	Dimensions markings and dimensions in mm		Marking
Single brick	1-HF	250 x 120 x 65	O
Eurobrick	0.7-HF	250 x 85 x 65	E
Single modular building stone	1,3-HF	288 x 138 x 65	M
One and a half brick	1,4-HF	250 x 120 x 88	U
Thickened with horizontal voids	1,4-HF	250 x 120 x 88	UG
Double	2,1-HF	250 x 120 x 140	K
	3,7-HF	288 x 288 x 88
	2,9-HF	288 x 138 x 140
	1,8-HF	288 x 138 x 88
	4,5-HF	250 x 250 x 140
	3,2-HF	250 x 180 x 140
Large format porous ceramic	14,3-HF	510 x 250 x 219	KK
	11,2-HF	398 x 250 x 219
	10.7-HF	380 x 250 x 219
	9,3-HF	380 x 255 x 188
	6,8-HF	380 x 250 x 140
	4,9-HF	380 x 180 x 140
	6.0-HF	250 x 250 x 188
With horizontal voids	1,8-HF	250 x 200 x 70	KG

As an example: Brand 2.1NF means the volume of the product is 2.1 times larger in comparison with the standard NF brand, which has dimensions of 250 x 120 x 65 mm, plus a layer of solution. Due to the increased dimensions of the products, the number of construction operations is minimized.

Basic principles of masonry

To lay a wall or load-bearing partition with two bricks, you will need two people. The process is carried out according to the technological map, which correctly organizes and optimizes the work. For 1 m 3 of wall, according to calculations, it will take 140 units of standard ceramic stone, 121 units of facing stone, 190 kg of sand and cement mortar, 9.5 kg of reinforcing bars.

1. The order is attached to the base, a cord is pulled along the foundation or markings for the wall, and materials are laid out at the masonry sites. Before applying the prepared mortar to the masonry site, it must be mixed again and given to the mason, who will lay it out and level it over the surface. A brick is laid on the mortar, after finishing two rows the seams are unstitched;
2. To ensure continuity of masonry operations, it is necessary to place two pallets every 3–4 meters - one for ordinary bricks, the second for facing bricks. Containers with mortar are placed between the pallets - they should be spaced 50–60 cm from the wall so that masons can walk freely along the rows.
3. The construction team consists of two workers: the first is an assistant mason who will supply bricks, refresh cement mixture, put on pallets different brands bricks. The installation is carried out by a suitably qualified mason.

External and internal mileage - These are the outer rows in the wall: the outer mile is located on the front side of the house, the inner one is on the side of the room. The outer verst is laid out from ceramic stone, which must be prepared in advance and, for convenience, placed inside the base or room. When laying a row of spoons, the building material is placed along the wall, two units in a pack, or one at an angle to each other. When laying a bonded row, the blocks are prepared in pairs, at an angle of 90 0 to the wall surface. The distance between packs is half a brick, or 120 mm. The spoon is the long narrow side of the product, the poke is the short narrow side, the bed is the long wide side of the product.

1. Laying bricks, the thickness of which is the same as the thickness of a regular ordinary product, is carried out as follows: the helper lays out the mortar, retreating from the outer part of the wall by 10–15 cm. When laying on a spoon, the mortar is laid with a shovel on the side to form a line 7–8 cm long. It is more convenient to carry out bricklaying by applying the mortar through the front part of the wall, in a bed up to 20 cm long. After this, a qualified mason must level the mortar and lay the brick on the bed, press it to the mortar in the center of the stone block and move it to the previously laid stone product;
2. The bricks must be laid in order so that the thickness of the seam is not disturbed. The excess squeezed out solution is trimmed and placed again on the surface of the row;
3. To lay a strong masonry of two bricks, the first row is laid on a butt. Multi-row dressing requires alternating tying and spoon rows: the tying is placed through five spoons. After laying out the outer mile, backfilling and laying of the middle row begins, which is carried out according to the same principle, that is, the layout pattern is repeated;
4. Spoon and tie rows in the backfill relative to the outer verst are carried out in the opposite way - the first row serves as a spoon, after which five tie rows are laid out.

In addition to clamping, several other methods of constructing walls with two bricks are implemented in practice. The building ceramic block is pressed when raising the outer mile, and when backfilling and raising the inner mile, a slightly different masonry scheme works.

Miles are laid out “snugged”, “empty”, “tucked” and “half tucked”. The second and third methods can be carried out with trimming the mortar mixture. The backfill is laid out “half flat”. “Pressing” the wall is raised on hard cement mortar, while the seams are filled as much as possible, followed by jointing. Laying "press" is the most labor-intensive.

When laying a brick on a poke, the mortar must be raked with a spoon surface to fill the seam, and the brick sits on the surface. This method is quite easy, but masonry with unfilled seams will be less durable, which should not be allowed in regions with seismic zones or when building a house on weak heaving soils. Moreover, the method of laying bricks “end-to-end” is categorically not permitted. When building a wall with two bricks, this method is used only to raise the inner mile.

The “butting with cutting” method is a combined “pressing” and “empty” masonry scheme, during which the seams are completely filled. The method involves laying the mortar “pressed” on the bed, and the brick is laid “end-to-end”.

When laying using the “half-fill” method, it is convenient to maintain a backfill row. This scheme differs from the previous ones in that the mortar is consumed less, and the vertical joints are not completely filled with mortar, but 50% of the remaining part of the empty joint is filled during the laying of the upper brick rows. In this case, the transverse seams are completely clogged with mortar.

How to lay out a blind partition

Deaf brick partition post it if you have 2–4 ranks as a mason. The thickness of the partition is half a brick, because the brick is laid on the tray surface of the product. Since the partition is most often erected single brick, then it is easy to calculate the consumption of stone and mortar: for 1 m 3 you need to stock up on 50 units of brick and 0.02 m 3 of cement-sand mortar.

During the construction of a wide partition, bricks are laid using the “press-on” method, with single-row chain ligation of mortar joints. The seams are unstitched on one side alternately - the vertical joints are unstitched first, then the horizontal ones. After each joint opening, the surface must be wiped with a cloth or rag.

The sequence of operations during the construction of the internal partition is as follows:

The floor and ceiling of the room are marked, the order is attached and the mooring cord is pulled. To cleared workplace ordinary brick is laid out, the mortar is mixed one last time, and laid out initial surface. For convenient and quick masonry, you will need to immediately install two pallets with bricks - they are placed on opposite sides of the workplace, at a distance of 60–70 cm from the load-bearing walls. A container with cement mortar should fit between the pallets.

If the partition is not load-bearing, then its supporting surface will be much, almost two times, smaller than that of load-bearing walls. Therefore, the entire process of constructing a partition should be aimed at strengthening it. Next, the laying of the first row of bricks begins. There are some nuances that should be taken into account. Since the partition is too small compared to load-bearing wall, support area, all actions are aimed at ensuring the stability of the structure.

After laying the first row, three more rows of bricks are raised, and the evenness of the masonry is checked - horizontal and vertical. At this level, the partition bricks are rigidly connected to the load-bearing wall using L-shaped steel plates or inserted into drilled holes reinforcement bars. One side of the bent plate is nailed with dowels to the load-bearing wall, the second is embedded in the partition during laying. In the same way, the partition is attached to the floor and ceiling.

When plastering, the plates are masked with a layer of mortar. To strengthen the partition, a horizontal wall is laid every five rows. reinforcement mesh, and it is desirable that its level coincides with the level of reinforcement in the load-bearing wall.

A series of houses 1-510 were erected en masse in the capital and nearby settlements from 1957 to 1968; in total there are about 1,100 such residential buildings in Moscow. Block buildings of the 1-510 series are considered more durable than panel buildings and have a longer service life. However, such buildings today are outdated, many are in disrepair, and therefore they are actively included in the lists of objects subject to demolition. Although in practice it turned out that this series is difficult to demolish due to the thick and durable external walls.

For the reconstruction of the “five-story buildings” 1-510, which were decided not to be demolished, MNIITEP was developed standard project with the addition of one or two levels without displacing the residents of the house. When implementing a project to add floors, as a “compensation” to residents for the inconvenience associated with repair and construction work, planned repairs and replacement were carried out throughout the building utility networks, water supply systems and plumbing equipment.

Design features of the series and facade finishing

Design 1-510 is a block multi-sectional five-story building with end or row sections. Several 4-story buildings were erected according to the same project. In all cases, the first floor was residential.

The outer walls of the buildings in the series are made of slag expanded clay concrete blocks(40 cm); concrete panels were used for internal walls (27 cm); the partitions between the rooms of one apartment are made of gypsum concrete (8 cm); interfloor ceilings- these are slabs made of hollow-core reinforced concrete (22 cm). In series 1-510 load-bearing walls are all longitudinal external and inter-apartment panels. The joints of the slabs were filled with mineral wool. The significant thickness of the external walls provided good heat and sound insulation characteristics of the housing, but a number of houses had poor-quality tile joints, which led to a deterioration in these parameters.

Like other “Khrushchev” buildings, the 1-510 series does not have a garbage chute and an elevator. The roofs of the buildings of the 1-510 series differed depending on the period of construction of the buildings. At first, the roof was hipped with asbestos-cement slabs, and then in the project it was replaced with a gable roof, and roll waterproofing was added as a covering.

The facades of houses 1-510 were not covered, but painted in White color or to other light shades. The houses of this series differ from other “Khrushchev” buildings by balconies located at the ends of the building in two rows; all utilities are located in the technical basement.

Features of apartment layouts

In series 1-510, only rooms in corner two-room apartments were isolated. A significant drawback of later houses in this series is the combined bath and toilet (even in 3-room apartments). In addition, the apartments of the 1-510 series have small kitchens and adjacent room layouts. However, significant changes can be made to the standard layout of apartments 1-510, making the housing more comfortable. Most often, during major renovations, the kitchen and one of the rooms are combined into a common room; equip openings in interior walls; make a small office or dressing room.

Specifications

Parameter	Meaning
Alternative name:	I-510
Construction regions:	Moscow: Fili, Presnya, Shchukino, Khovrino, Koptevo, Mikhalkovo, Degunino, Beskudnikovo, Ostankino, Butyrsky Khutor, Bogorodskoye, Sokolinaya Gora, Perovo, Nagatino, Tsaritsyno, Kapotnya, Zyuzino, etc.; Moscow region: Reutov, Lyubertsy, Dzerzhinsky, Khimki, Noginsk.
Construction technology:	block
By construction period:	Khrushchevka
Years of construction:	from 1957 to 1968
Demolition prospect:	Individual houses are being demolished. A standard reconstruction project for non-destructible buildings in the series has been developed.
Number of sections/entrances:	from 2
Number of floors:	4-5
Ceiling height:	2.48 m
Balconies/loggias:	In all apartments starting from the 2nd floor
Bathrooms:	In early buildings - separate, in later ones - combined. Standard baths
Stairs:	Without a common fire balcony, the width of the staircase is 2.60 m
Garbage chute:	No
Elevators:	No
Number of apartments per floor:	4
Apartment areas:	Shared/living/kitchen 1-room apartment 31-32/18-20/5-5,6 2-room apartment 41-45/26-31/5-5,6 3-room apartment 54-55/37-40 5,3
Ventilation:	Natural exhaust, blocks in the kitchen and bathroom
Walls and cladding:	Exterior walls– slag concrete blocks 40 cm thick Domestic– concrete blocks 39 cm thick; Partitions– gypsum slag concrete panels 8 cm thick Interfloor ceilings– concrete slabs with oval voids 22 cm thick
Roof type:	In early houses there is a hipped roof, in later houses there is a gable roof. Coverage – roll waterproofing, in early buildings there are asbestos-cement slabs (slate)
Manufacturer:	Precast concrete plant No. 2
Designers:	SAKB (Specialized Architectural Design Bureau), reconstruction project with superstructure - MNIITEP
Advantages:	Significant thickness of external walls, the presence of balconies, the possibility of installing openings in interior walls
Flaws:	Problematic seams of block walls, worsening the heat and sound insulation characteristics of houses; combined bathrooms in later versions; adjacent rooms in 2-room apartments (except end ones)

With the rhythm modern life More and more people are moving from stuffy city apartments to their country houses and dachas for weekends, and often for permanent residence. It’s good if this house has already been built and you don’t need to know what walls are. But most often, owners build and equip their holiday home themselves.

Brick houses are considered the warmest and most durable in operation, although such construction is not cheap.

You can build a lightweight prefabricated slatted house or similar structures and enjoy nature all summer long. But this option is definitely not suitable for winter.

If you are going to visit Vacation home year-round or live there permanently, then perfect design the outer walls of your home will be.

Types of materials

Brickwork is done using two materials: mortar and brick. Bricks are usually silicate or ceramic. Silicate has following parameters: 250 x 120 x 88 mm. Ceramic (clay) has other parameters: 250 x 120 x 65 mm. All brick faces have separate names:

• spoon - edge 250 x 65 mm;
• poke - edge 120 x 65 mm;
• bed - with edge 250-120 mm.

The grade is the main indicator of the strength of a brick; it indicates its strength under compression. For the construction of external walls of a small structure, a country house or a private house, brick grade 100 or 75 is suitable. Clay (ceramic) material is used to make the walls of the basement, plinth, external walls and internal partitions buildings, as well as furnaces. Silicate material is used more often to make external walls of domestic and commercial structures.

Between the load-bearing brick wall and the outer layer it is necessary to provide space for insulation. The thickness of the load-bearing brick wall depends on climatic conditions and design features building.

Before you begin to build the first row, it is necessary to correctly calculate the thickness of the external walls, taking into account the number of floors and structure of the building and climatic conditions region. The thickness of external walls is a multiple of half the length of one face of the brick plus the thickness of the masonry joints:

• wall thickness 250 mm - 1 brick masonry;
• wall thickness 380 mm - 1.5 bricks;
• wall thickness 510 mm - 2 bricks;
• wall thickness 640 mm - 2.5 bricks.

Depending on the chosen masonry design, the material consumption is approximately equal to 1 sq.m.; 50-55 pcs. The wall will turn out beautiful if the material is correct form, without cracks, with straight edges and will have no other defects. For increase thermal characteristics and reducing the weight of the external wall structure, lightweight hollow bricks are used, the weight of which is 20% less than solid bricks.

Mortars for brickwork

There are three types:

• cement-based;
• on limestone;
• on cement-lime.

Cement-based mortars are prepared from cement and sand in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:6, depending on the required grade of cement for the construction of the structure. To do this, mix the dry mixture in the required ratio, mix thoroughly, add water and stir until smooth. It is more convenient to use a concrete mixer.

The mortar for laying bricks must be mixed before use so that it does not lose its plasticity.

It is necessary to take into account that the masonry of external walls laid with cement mortar is cold. Besides this, it is quite tough.

Lime mortar is warm, but its strength is inferior to cement mortar. Based on the rules, to prepare the lime mixture, you need to strain the milk of lime through a sieve and add sifted fine sand.

The mixture should be thoroughly mixed and water should be added in small portions. The thickness depends on the amount of water. It is recommended to add no more than 2-3 parts of sand to 1 part slaked lime. To increase the strength of the mortar, you can add a small portion of clay or cement to it. The construction of external walls for a residential building using such a solution is rarely used; this mixture is more suitable for laying stoves.

Taking these rules as a basis, the cement-lime mortar is mixed in the same way as lime mortar, but clean sand is replaced with a dry mixture of cement and sand in the required proportion. The excellent plasticity of cement-lime mortar is suitable for almost all types of brickwork. A device of this design will be reliable and warm.

Methods and types of masonry

The following laying methods exist:

• end to end;
• end-to-end with trimming;
• half-sitting (forgetful);
• press in.

When choosing a method, it is necessary to take into account the plasticity of the solution, the humidity of the material, the time of year, as well as the requirements for appearance facade. Each has its own characteristics and rules.

The sequence of actions when laying using the end-to-end method: a – spoon row; b – butt row.

When using the back-to-back method, a layer of cement-sand mixture is laid out evenly, approximately 3 cm thick, leaving a small ridge at the edge of the wall to fill the vertical joints. In order to do end-to-end laying, you should take 2 bricks and lay them flat at a slight angle at a distance of 10 cm from the already laid bricks. Carefully turning, move the bricks towards the already laid ones. When moving with the front edge, a ridge of mortar is obtained, filling the vertical and horizontal joints.

The device of brickwork with trimming is used when completely filling masonry joints with their subsequent jointing. The cement-sand mixture is laid out with an indentation of 10-15 cm, and the brick is laid using the same technology as end-to-end. Excess solution is removed. For this type of cement mortar, it is necessary to be quite rigid, since the more plastic cement-sand mixture is difficult to quickly remove when installing bricks. A row of this design turns out smooth and beautiful.

Laying bricks against each other takes a lot of time, but makes the structure more durable.

By laying out a row using pressed masonry, based on the rules, bonded and tongue bricks are laid. The mortar is leveled at once for a large number of bricks (5 studs or 3 studs). When laying a row, you should maintain a distance of 10-15 cm from the wall. To lay out the first row, you need to level the cement-sand mixture with one hand and take a brick with the other. Collect a small part of the lying mortar and press it with a trowel to the edge of the laid brick. Next, the new brick that makes up this row is laid and slightly moved towards the installed one. The excess mixture of cement and sand is removed. The process is quite labor intensive, but this design is the most durable.

The half-fill brick laying device has a different design. The solution is laid out between the inner and outer mileposts. A verst is the outer or inner edge of a wall. It is leveled and done in a hurry. Zabutka is the gap between the inner and outer mileposts. Both and spoon ones would be appropriate. Design features allow for the simultaneous laying of two bricks.

There are several ways to bind brickwork: a – chain; b – wild; c – cross; g – Gothic; d – Brandenburg; e – spoon.

The transverse seams of the structure should be filled completely. If you end up with a row where the vertical seams are not completely filled, then they need to be filled when laying the next rows. Types of masonry include:

• spoon - on the front side, the bricks are laid out only with the spoon side, sometimes offset by 1/2 and 1/4 of the part;
• Gothic - alternating spoon and butt bricks;
• cross - alternating spoon and butt rows;
• chaotic - random alternation of spoon and butt bricks, etc.

Ordering technology and tools

The rules for constructing external walls imply the use of the following tools:

• trowel (trowel);
• hammer-pick;
• jointing for masonry joints;
• a plumb line to check the verticality of the walls being built;
• level;
• lace.

The necessary tools and materials should be at hand so that you don’t have to waste time searching for the right item. Materials:

• bricks;
• solution;
• masonry mesh.

Before you start laying out the first row, you should prepare the base of the future wall and mark the contours on it. Experienced builders mark the contours with string.

To ensure that each row is even, the bricks must be laid along a pre-tensioned cord.

Laying is done from the corners of the house to the end of the wall. First lay on cement mortar guides or outer bricks, which should be connected with a cord along which the rest of the row is laid out. The lace determines both the height of the row and the correct location of the bricks. When working with a thickness of up to 30 cm, the lace is pulled on one side, and when laying thicker walls - on both sides. When the lace is stretched, lay out a mixture of cement and sand with a trowel and distribute it so that you get a layer 1.5 - 1.8 cm thick.

The cement mortar is laid out at a distance of 2 cm from the front surface of the masonry (outer mile). Fulfilling this condition will ensure that the mortar does not leak out of the joints, and, as a result, significant efforts will not be required to clean the masonry. Try to lay out the first row as best as possible. Check horizontal and vertical edges for level. After all, the entire wall will be based on this row.

Usually the row leads from left to right. Starting a new row, bricks are laid on the mortar so as to cover the connecting seams of the lower layer. Lightly press the material and tap it with the handle of the trowel. The solution leaking from the seams is carefully removed with a trowel and dumped into a jar. After laying a new row, you should check the horizontal position of the rows and the verticality of the outer surface of the wall. For this purpose, a construction plumb line is usually used.

For greater structural strength, after covering the forgetting with a row of spoons, it is recommended to lay a masonry mesh with a 5x5 cm cell. Properly laid brick walls will protect and warm you and your family for many years.