Blog about building a summer house. Floors on the ground supported by a foundation

There are several technologies for flooring on the ground, depending on operating conditions and owner preferences. The flooring can be laid on a wooden base or on a concrete screed or slab. In the latter case, the slab is either attached to a strip foundation, or a floating screed (self-leveling, dry) is used.

To save construction budget, the basement of the building is most often covered with floor slabs, which automatically become the base of the floor. The monolithic structure is located above the soil, which does not freeze in the most severe frosts, and is saturated with groundwater and radon radiation. Without quality natural ventilation the concrete slab begins to collapse, the health of the residents deteriorates with increased radio frequency.

Therefore in strip foundation or plinth are created ventilation holes, which cannot be closed even in winter. In cottage projects with low base There is not enough space for natural ventilation; the holes are filled with snow in winter. In this case, the only way to construct a floor is the ground technology.

Communications are traditionally routed through the lower level, so to ensure maximum maintainability, it is wiser to install duplicate sleeves and install additional water supply, gas pipeline, and sewerage systems in them. If the main pipelines become clogged during operation of the house, in this case there will be no need to open the slab/screed; it is enough to move the risers to the backup life support systems.

What a developer needs to know about ground floor construction

This technology has a high operational life only if the requirements of the SP standards of 2011 numbered (formerly SNiP 2.03.13-88) are met. To understand the design of the floor “pie” on the ground of the first floor of the building, it is necessary to consider the Factors acting on the poured slab:

Heaving forces, which usually frighten individual developers, do not occur under most buildings. Cottages based on slabs, strip foundations, grillages resting on the ground or buried in it emit some heat to the lower level. With normal insulation of foundations (pasing the outer walls of the base with extruded polystyrene foam), the geothermal heat of the subsoil is always retained under the base of the house.
Any project must have drainage and/or storm drainage, which diverts flood, soil, and water from the power structures of the cottage. melt water. Therefore, high humidity in the ground under a house is most often an aggressive advertisement calling on the developer to increase the construction budget to combat a non-existent danger. In fairness, it is worth noting that in the absence of stormwater and/or drainage system the soil under the building will indeed be constantly wet.
Even in the absence of heaving forces, the ground under the house will sag in 90% of cases during operation. The base slab tied to the strip foundation will end up hanging on it, which is not particularly scary with normal reinforcement. In this case, the floating screed will sink lower along with the floor, which will require dismantling and re-fabrication of the slab. Therefore it is used backfilling not with soil extracted at the excavation stage, but with non-metallic materials with mandatory layer-by-layer compaction with a vibrating plate or manual compaction of every 20 cm of sand and crushed stone.
The geotextile layer recommended by many companies under the backfill cushion in this case is not only unnecessary, but also harmful. The soil will not be compacted, and the effectiveness of the screed/slab will be reduced to zero. Non-woven material used only in the manufacture of pillows before laying external engineering systems(sewage, water supply), paving parking lots with paving stones, paths with paving slabs. In this case, the filtering and drainage properties of geotextiles are relevant.

Thus, when choosing a floor-on-ground technology, especially on a strip foundation, it is necessary to correctly position each layer of the “pie”. This will ensure maximum service life, ease of use, and high maintainability of the design.

What layers are needed and their relative positions

With a limited construction budget for a self-leveling screed/floor slab on the ground, the minimum necessary layers are (from top to bottom):

reinforced reinforced concrete screed - most floor coverings can be laid on it (linoleum, laminate, carpet, porcelain tiles, floorboard, cork, tile) or base for parquet (multilayer plywood);
insulation – reduces heat loss and operating budget (fewer heating registers can be used);
waterproofing - does not allow moisture to penetrate into the heat insulator from the ground;
subbase ( concrete preparation) – films, roll materials, membranes are often used as waterproofing, which are easily damaged during reinforcement, pouring the top screed, or builders’ shoes when laying the heat insulator, so a slab (4-7 cm) of low-strength concrete is poured;
cushion - when vibrating non-metallic material, stability of the geometry of the lower layer is achieved, on which the floating screed will rest.

A polyethylene film between the screed and the insulation is optional.

According to the SP standards for residential buildings 60 cm of pillow is enough (3 layers of 20 cm each). Therefore, if the pit is of significant depth, which is being made for a strip foundation, it is more expedient to fill it with the same soil to the design mark, also with layer-by-layer compaction.

A building on a slab foundation has a ground floor design by default. Therefore, before pouring the slab, it is enough to carry out the following steps:

ensure duplication of engineering systems - additional sleeves with a piece of sewer + water pipe;
make a cushion - excavate 80 cm of soil with 60 cm of backfill;
perform waterproofing - film or roofing felt;
lay a heat insulator - usually 5-10 cm of polystyrene foam, which retains its properties even when wet or immersed in water.

It is possible to plan the construction budget for a cottage only at the design stage. Therefore, the ground floor must be included in the documentation for initial stage.

Technologies for constructing floors on the ground

If, due to the above reasons, the project does not have a floor slab necessary to fix the floor cladding of the first floor, several options for arranging the substructure are possible. At the same time, pouring screeds from low-strength concrete is recommended in all cases, without exception. The main slab or adjustable logs, which are necessary when choosing parquet or floorboards, will subsequently rest on it.

Self-leveling screed

Scheme of a concrete floating floor on the ground

The maximum service life of the structure is ensured by a self-leveling floating screed on the strip foundation of the building. The technology looks like this:

filling the pit with sand - periodic backfilling with compaction every 10 - 20 cm;
rough screed - reinforcement is not necessary; film waterproofing can be laid under concrete grade M100 (5-7 cm layer, filler fraction 5/10 mm);
hydro-vapor barrier - membrane, film or roofing felt in two layers, running onto a monolithic strip foundation at 15 - 20 cm;
insulation – preferably extruded polystyrene foam, which retains its characteristics even in water;
finishing screed - reinforced with mesh (mesh 5 x 5 cm, wire 4 mm), filled with concrete M 150 (crushed stone fraction 5/10 mm, river sand or washed quarry sand, without clay).

Also, in the construction of a self-leveling floor, you can easily install a heated floor; to do this, you need to lay polyethylene or metal-plastic pipes for the coolant in the top screed. Each contour of a warm floor must be continuous, i.e. Pipe connections in concrete screed are not permitted.

Scheme of a concrete floating heated floor on the ground

When the groundwater level is below 2 m, according to 3 years of experience in operating the site, the absence of lower waterproofing in the floor structure on the ground is allowed, reducing the thickness of the sand cushion to 15 - 20 cm. In this case, the maximum groundwater level should be taken into account, according to statistical data for the region . Any facing materials can be laid on the screed.

Wooden logs

A budget option for ground floor technology is the design of an adjustable floor:

a concrete screed is poured onto a cushion made of non-metallic material (layer-by-layer compaction of 20 cm), covered with waterproofing;
logs are placed on adjustable supports, the upper part of which is cut off after installation;
a heat insulator is placed inside (basalt wool or extruded polystyrene foam);
the floorboard or laminate is laid directly on the joists; for parquet cladding, a layer of plywood is required.

Supports cannot be mounted on soil or non-metallic material. However, a concrete screed without reinforcement is cheaper than any other technology.

Dry screed

Floors on the ground can be made using dry screed technology. At the initial stage, the design is similar to the previous case (cushion + rough screed + waterproofing). After which, the sequence of actions changes. Manufacturer Knauf offers ready-made solution dry screeds of the following type:

positioning of beacons - special strips or profiles from gypsum plasterboard systems, fixed with putty solution;
filling with expanded clay crumbs - the gaps between the beacons are filled with this material over a layer of waterproofing;
laying GVL - special two-layer slabs attached to each other with glue and self-tapping screws.

Scheme of a dry floor on the ground using Knauf technology

ZIPS company offers original solution dry screed on a strip foundation of another type. Here the expanded clay chips are replaced with mineral wool glued to the gypsum fiber board (also two-layer). After installing the gypsum fiber panels, 12 mm plywood is laid on top of them, which is also convenient for attaching any floor covering.

These technologies are successfully used both for the first floor and for any subsequent floor in a multi-story building. In both cases, in addition to thermal insulation, sound insulation of the premises is provided.

Features of self-leveling screed technology

When building a floor on the ground, it is necessary to take into account several nuances:

inside the contour of the foundation strip, the roots are removed, the fertile layer is removed, which is not suitable for compaction;
polyethylene film allows radon to pass through, so it is better to use polycarbonate, vinyl acetate, and PVC modifications laid in two layers;
It is imperative that the waterproofing does not allow steam to pass through, i.e. was a water vapor barrier (or simply a vapor barrier), because moisture in the soil is also in a vapor state;
It is recommended to run the film onto the strip base around the perimeter 15 cm above the designed screed (subsequently trimmed with a knife);
the insulation is applied to the height of the slab being poured; above this level, a damper tape is used to provide sound insulation from structural noise.

The floating screed of each floor in the house is created for several purposes. Cutting off the slab from the walls allows you to compensate for internal stresses inside it and prevent cracking from possible shrinkage wall materials, isolate the noise transmitted to the power frame of the cottage by generators, compressors, boilers, and other power equipment.

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There are three options for constructing a floor foundation in a house built on a strip foundation. The first is wooden floors laid on load-bearing beams or joists. The second is a floor on the ground on a strip foundation. The third is a floor slab in finished factory form or poured over a reinforcing frame made of steel reinforcement.

All three designs are often used today, but if we talk about a field on the ground, then it is usually used with a low base part of the foundation, because the space from the ground to the upper ends of the tape must be filled, leveled along horizontal planes.

What is a ground floor

Purely structurally, the structure is a multi-layered cake made of different building materials. Each of them has its own purpose. And the absence of one of them entails a decrease in the quality of the overall design. If we consider the cake from bottom to top, here is the sequence of layers:

Rules for the technology of pouring floors on the ground

A sand cushion is not only a leveling layer, it is an opportunity to cut off negative impact underground water onto the concrete floor. Sand has the property of capillary raising of water only to a height of 30 cm. If you pour it under any building structure precisely this layer, then water simply will not be able to reach it.

Attention! Sand should be poured in layers of 10-15 cm, compacting each one. If the level groundwater on the site does not exceed 2 m, then the sand layer can be laid with a thickness of 15-20 cm.

Subbase and waterproofing layer

The subbase serves as both a base for the next layers and a waterproofing barrier. Fill it with concrete grade M100 or M150 without reinforcement. There are no strict requirements for the evenness of its surface, but there should not be strong differences. It is recommended to fill the screed in one go without long breaks, so that cracks do not form at the joints later. It is better to load this layer after a couple of weeks, when the concrete has dried well.

The waterproofing layer is assembled from rolled materials. This can be traditional roofing felt or roofing felt; today polymer films and membranes are increasingly used. Optimal solution– lay a water vapor barrier.

Here are some installation requirements:

rolled material is laid in strips with overlapping edges of 10-12 cm;
the edges are secured with construction tape; if roofing felt is used, it is coated with hot bitumen or bitumen mastic(cold);
waterproofing the floor on the ground is two layers laid in strips perpendicular to each other;
the material is laid with an approach to the foundation strip to the height of the floor being poured, that is, the construction of the floor base itself is a floating structure that is not in contact with the foundation.

Thermal insulation layer

The next layer is insulation. The thickness is selected based on the selected thermal insulation product. If these are polystyrene foam boards, then 10 cm will be enough. If expanded clay, then at least 25-30 cm, perlite can be laid 15-20 cm thick.

Attention! If polystyrene foam boards are chosen as insulation, then they must be laid with offset sheets, preferably in half a panel, like brickwork. This makes it possible to evenly distribute the loads acting from the floor.

A few more points regarding waterproofing and floor insulation.

The expanded clay or perlite layers must be covered with a waterproofing film on top. There is no need to cover polystyrene foam boards, because they practically do not change their properties when interacting with moisture.
If expanded clay is used as insulation, then there is an option to combine the base and thermal insulation material into a single layer. That is, in concrete mortar Expanded clay is added as a filler. And this mixture is poured over the pillow with a thickening of up to 20 cm.
If the groundwater level is below 2 m and the foundation structure itself has stood for 3 years, then the sub-base need not be poured.

Finishing screed

The last layer that forms the floor on the ground is a concrete mortar of grade M200, laid with a thickness of at least 10 cm. The floor screed is poured with mandatory reinforcement, where any metal mesh is used (chain-link, plaster, expanded) with cells of 5x5 cm. You can make a mesh structure yourself from wire with a diameter of 4-6 mm, by connecting rods with binding wire or welding.

Attention! It is necessary to ensure that the steel reinforcing frame is located inside the body concrete screed. Therefore, the mesh is placed on stands in the form of stones or metal profiles, cut into small pieces. Pieces of mesh are connected to each other with knitting wire.

Now you need to set the level of the poured layer. To do this, several threads are stretched between the opposite walls of the foundation with a step of 1-2 m between them. It is at their level that it will be necessary to pour the concrete solution to form the floor.

If the house is planned to have a heated floor heating system, then installation must be carried out before pouring the concrete. plastic pipes. The latter are attached to the reinforcing mesh or knitting wire, or with special metal or plastic clamps.

Video: Do-it-yourself floors on the ground when building a cottage

Alternative solutions

Floors on the ground in a private house on the ground floor can be constructed in a different way. There are many proposed technologies, among them there are quite unique ones that require minimum costs and not very much experience in construction operations. One of them - super floor from Knauf. This technology is otherwise called dry screed.

The beginning of the work involves three layers, as in the conventional technology of constructing a floor on the ground. That is:

pillow filling,
pouring the base,
laying waterproofing.

The rest of the technology is very different from the previous one:

Acoustic Group company, producing soundproofing materials, offers virtually the same floor design. Only instead of expanded clay, it contains mineral wool mats, which are factory glued to gypsum fiber board sheets. These panels are called ZIPS - soundproof panel systems. Basically, such slab material is intended to improve the soundproofing properties of the structure on which they are installed. But mineral wool is an excellent insulation material, so ZIPS panels laid on the floor insulate the base, increase its sound insulation characteristics, and level it.

The only point that needs to be taken into account is the low load bearing capacity this gender. Therefore, it is recommended to additionally lay plywood with a thickness of at least 16 mm over gypsum fiber board sheets.

As a rule, in order to install a floor on the ground on a strip foundation, you should know many nuances that will be useful in constructing a concrete structure. The type of building material will directly depend on the wishes of the owner and the method of application.

The installation of the flooring material can be carried out equally on a concrete screed base, wood or slab monolithic type. If a concrete slab is made, it must be attached to the foundation using reinforcement, or it will be floating. In the case of installing a floor on the ground itself, a primary gravel cushion is made.

What the developer needs to remember

The design of the ground floor foundation has enhanced operational capability. But for this you will need to choose the right material.

To make it easier to understand the structure of the pie from the inside, you will need to study the factors that affect the concrete slab:

The occurrence of heaving influence of the soil under a residential building is extremely rare. Country houses can be installed on different kinds bases, but they are all installed on the ground. If the insulation of the sole is of poor quality or is absent altogether, most of the heat will quickly go into the soil layers. Due to this, the underground or basement located under the house will be warm, which may make it difficult to store vegetables. To prevent this from happening, it is imperative to perform high-quality insulation.
Each building design must include drainage protection against water, which often appears in the spring from melting snow. If there is moisture drainage, groundwater will not form under the foundation structure, thereby the soil will be dry.

Do not lay geotextiles under sand cushion- compaction will worsen

In many cases, the soil structure under a residential building settles even if heaving does not occur. Sometimes the foundation strip is attached to the floor structure using reinforcement. When the soil underneath the floor subsides, a space is created, and the concrete slab sags because it is anchored to the foundation. To avoid such a situation, backfilling is performed at the time of construction. A pit is dug and then filled with crushed stone and sand. After a certain thickness, compaction is performed. If all conditions are met correctly, there will be no shrinkage.
Most construction organizations believe that at the time of installing a sand cushion under the base of a residential building, geotextile material is preliminarily laid. But, according to experts, in this case the result of compacting the sand or crushed stone cushion will worsen. During the compaction period, the layers of the cushion are pressed together with the soil, which is located below. It is best to install a drainage system under this pie.

In connection with the above factors, it is necessary to focus Special attention laying the cake in the case of a strip base. Thanks to this, the reliability of the entire structure as a whole will significantly increase.

It is important to remember at the time of erecting the foundation that engineering structures may fail after some time, and it will not be possible to replace them. To solve this problem, you can install a backup engineering type system.

Main installation options

Nowadays you can install flooring on the ground using two technology options to choose from. Moreover, all these actions are performed in different ways of execution. The first method is considered the most financially effective and not too labor-intensive.

Layout of a floor on the ground

An option for this design is to install the floor using wooden beams. Can be replaced if desired wood material steel beams. However, such a choice cannot help but hit your finances.

Let's move on to consider negative aspects this gender:

The second method is considered the most expensive, but expensive does not always mean bad. This method is a poured floor, while it is insulated and a layer of waterproofing is laid. This method is considered the most reliable and effective.

Preparatory stage

This stage of work involves preparing the soil for upcoming loads and installing an insulated screed. To do the work on your own, there is next order actions:

Performing markings. Measure the floor of the basement; if it is missing, then measure the first floor. These marks will serve as the starting point of the overlap, and this surface will also be the place on which you walk. The threshold of the room, be it a basement or the entrance to a private building, will be the starting point. The thickness of the concrete slab is subtracted from the reference point. At the next stage of work, several marks are made on the foundation. Thus, the points of the lower and upper parts of the floor become known. You can perform all actions using a level; with its help, accuracy will increase and the work process will significantly speed up.
Further preparatory actions. For a concrete slab, or rather a floor, the base in the basement will be dense layers of soil. You can use a vibrator to compact the soil. However, to use this mechanism you will need a special tool. Also, compaction of the soil structure can be done using a bulk mass, which is a log with a diameter of at least 30 cm. To perform this important task, a wide platform is attached to the tree trunk. Under its influence and the total weight of the wood, the soil is compacted.
Preliminary actions in relation to the monolithic strip base slab are additional bedding throughout the basement area. To make it you will need the following Construction Materials as: sand or crushed stone of medium fraction. When purchasing material for powdering, you should remember that sand must be selected at least of medium size. The size of the bedding layer should not exceed 50 cm. The sandy type of the bedding plays the role of a drainage system that evenly transfers mass from the building to the ground. In some situations, in order to make the layers denser, they are watered with a small volume of water, after which they are sprinkled and compacted again.
An important component of a strip-type foundation is the installation of high-quality moisture protection. Most often, ordinary film is used for this, which is made of polyethylene or membrane types of materials with high density. Pouring the concrete screed can only be done after the waterproofing has been laid out around the entire perimeter of the room. It is important to remember that all joints of waterproofing material must be overlapped exclusively. The film must be made larger than the area of the room, this is necessary in order to bend the edges. For details of preparation and laying on the ground, see this video:

It is important to remember during the period of pouring the screed that the floor structure can be made warm. This action can be performed using a heated floor design. It runs on electricity, and consumes a small amount of energy, but heats the entire area well.

The final stage in arranging the floor on the ground

In order to make concrete structure reliable floor, the pouring process must be carried out in several stages. If the concrete consistency will be made with your own hands, then the following material will be useful:

cement grade 300 or 400;
fine sand;
water;
medium small crushed stone.

All of the above elements should be thoroughly mixed in electric concrete mixer, adhering to certain proportions. If such a construction tool is not available, you can make wooden box. You can mix concrete consistency in it. For answers to basic questions about the installation of this type of flooring, watch this video:

Fill the concrete mixture along the beacons

Level beacons are installed in the room. The floor will be poured along them. A well-mixed solution is poured from the extreme corners of the room, while tamping is performed. This is necessary so that there is no porosity, that is, air formations, in the structure of the concrete consistency.

Levels out concrete mixture indoors using a special long aluminum rule. After pouring concrete, the room should be left for 30 days. This time will be enough for the structure to fully harden.

After this period, a specialized mixture is poured over the structure, which is necessary for high-quality leveling of errors.

Floor on the ground on a strip foundation: design tips

To install a floor on the ground on a strip foundation, you should know many nuances that will be useful in constructing a concrete structure.

Our house has a strip foundation. Initially, we thought of making a ventilated subfloor under the floor of the first floor, but when pouring the foundation, we forgot to make vents in it for ventilation. There was an idea to drill out these vents, but later, after thinking it over carefully, we decided to abandon the underground - all kinds of mold, rodents and insects love to live in it. We decided to simply pour a monolithic concrete floor on the first floor inside the strip foundation.

We started work by insulating the foundation strip.

They decided to insulate with inside. For insulation, we took 5 cm thick EPS slabs. In fact, insulation of the foundation is usually done from the outside, but by this time we had already installed flashings above the foundation. The tides hang over the foundation by 4-7 cm - we expected to lay the foundation lining under them. The cladding requires about 2-3 cm, so we simply didn’t have any room left for insulation on the outside.

The slabs have a size of 120x60 cm, and the foundation strip rises about 30 cm. In order not to cut the slabs, we simply buried them a little in the ground. The upper edge of the insulation belt rises 5-10 cm above the foundation strip. Subsequently, the space between the insulation slabs and lower crowns the log house will be filled with any heat-insulating material or polyurethane foam. This solution will allow us to completely stop heat leakage from the house through the cold concrete foundation in winter.

Another task that we needed to solve before pouring the monolithic concrete slab was the installation of a foundation for the fireplace chimney. We are planning to make a ceramic chimney in a casing made of concrete blocks. The structure is very heavy, so it was necessary to additionally strengthen the foundation where the chimney was installed.

In the place where the chimney was installed, we dug a hole 70x70 cm with a depth of about 50 cm. The size of the chimney is only 50x36 cm - we made the foundation with a reserve so that when installing the chimney we could slightly adjust its position or, if necessary, rotate it 90 degrees.

The reinforcement was tied inside the pit, and formwork was placed along the contour. Formwork is needed so that the chimney foundation is not connected to a monolithic floor slab. In case of shrinkage due to the heavy weight of the chimney, the floor should not be damaged.

After this, it was possible to level the soil surface and cover everything with a layer of sand. In the photo in the corner you can see a sewer pipe with a diameter of 50 mm sticking out of the ground. We laid it down so that in the future we could run an electric cable through it into the house.

The pipes in the photo are the water supply and sewer systems that were previously installed in the house.

To compact the layer of sand, water was poured on it. In the future, this water will either go into the ground or be absorbed by the concrete when it dries.

A reinforcing mesh is laid on a layer of sand. Laying is carried out over the entire floor area. So that after pouring the concrete, the mesh is inside the slab, it is raised above the floor, placing pieces of foam plastic underneath.

Concrete was poured directly from the mixer, feeding it through the window. To avoid splashing the walls, we lined them with old pieces of plastic film.

And here is the first concrete “bun”. You can use it to check the consistency of concrete. In our case, it turned out to be a bit thick, so we had to add water to increase the fluidity.

After that, the concrete flowed in a torrent. And the builders simply dispersed it across the entire floor area with shovels.

The surface of the poured concrete floor was leveled using a regular board.

After alignment, this is the picture we got.

Already in this photo you can see small irregularities. But we were not faced with the task of obtaining a perfectly flat floor - this is just a rough, solid concrete base, on which waterproofing, insulation and a finished floor will still be laid.

After drying it turned out to be such a beauty. The thickness of the concrete slab is about 10 cm. The slab is poured approximately 10 cm below the top edge of the foundation strip. In the future we will concrete floor install joists about 15 cm high, lay insulation between the joists, and lay the finishing floor over the joists. The insulation layer will cover the joint between wood and concrete, which is now covered with EPS slabs.

The photo shows that the concrete at the site of the chimney foundation is darker, because... there is a much thicker layer there - about 60 cm. Plus, this concrete bedside table comes into contact from below with the deeper, moist layers of the soil and “pulls” moisture into itself.

Let's take a closer look at what a strip foundation is - strips of reinforced concrete that are laid under load-bearing walls and distribute the weight of the building along the entire perimeter. This solution makes it possible to provide sufficient resistance, squeezing out the soil, avoiding distortion and subsidence of the building. As a rule, a concrete floor is chosen for a strip foundation for the first floor.

Step-by-step process of laying a concrete floor for the first floor with a strip foundation

The basis

When the basement floor has been installed or the foundation has been completed, they proceed to the next stage - installing the floor on the finished strip foundation. The amount of concrete needed for the floor can be calculated using construction calculator self-leveling floor. The excavated soil is carefully poured into the resulting perimeter of the building during the construction of the foundation (strip) in the process of preparing the pit. After this, soil is poured to the required level and then thoroughly compacted. To compact the soil, it is spilled with water evenly over the entire perimeter of the area for 2-4 hours. When the soil completely settles, backfill with a layer of crushed stone. It is necessary to select a layer of crushed stone of at least 10 cm, and the fractions of crushed stone themselves can be large, medium or small fractions.

We are installing a concrete floor for the first floor

Along the perimeter of the building area it is necessary to pour a 6-10 centimeter layer of sand and a layer of crushed stone on top. In order to protect the sand layer from moisture, we lay out a polyethylene film. A reinforcing mesh with a thickness of 10-12 mm will be placed on top of the film (depending on the future load). The reinforcing mesh must be knitted with a cell size of up to 20 centimeters. In those places where there will be intersections of the reinforcement, in other words, the corners of the mesh, they are welded by welding or tied using knitting wire. When the mesh is completely tied, it must be raised above the sand level. This is done to create a protective layer during the future pouring of the concrete layer. This solution allows you to protect the reinforcing layer from the adverse effects of precipitation. Bound reinforcement filled with concrete will distribute the entire load evenly.

Familiarize yourself with the technique of pouring concrete in winter.

When the level of the concrete pouring layer is 20 cm, the reinforcing mesh must be raised several centimeters above the surface. When reinforced mesh raised above the soil, rubble, plastic film and with a layer of sand proceed to the beginning of pouring the concrete layer. As a rule, grade 200 concrete is used for this. For correct calculations the required volume of concrete, you should multiply the thickness of the poured layer by the total floor area (for example, 20 centimeters), + 5% for a margin, since most often factories do not add concrete or errors in calculations may occur. Often, when building a house, there are large errors; it is for this reason that it is worth making a small reserve.

To reliably protect the finished foundation and floor from moisture, you will need to perform high-quality waterproofing.
Watch how to do this in the video:

Flat floor

To correctly fill a concrete floor to a level, it is necessary to stretch a thread (beacons) along two diagonals or straight lines along the room, and when it reaches established level begin to level the concrete surface. A hoe or shovel is used for this. This is a rough base, and the final level of the concrete floor will be removed with a screed.

Final

When the concrete floor has been poured onto the ground, the concrete must now be covered with a film to protect it from the influence of the external environment and prevent rapid evaporation of moisture from the concrete. The film can only be removed after 2 days.

The process of installing a concrete floor on a strip foundation is completed. To cover the rough surface, you can use special insulation materials (foam plastic, expanded clay, URSA, etc.), which are covered with fiberboard, JZB, boards and other facing materials.

Strip foundations are quite common, as they can be created without the use of heavy construction equipment. But when creating such a foundation, you need to be prepared for certain troubles. If ventilation is not created in it, this will lead to the appearance of condensation in the underground space. To avoid such problems, it is worth making a closed subfloor with ventilation. But more simple option is to create a floor on the ground on a strip foundation.

Features of the floor of the first floor of a house on a strip foundation

It is worth remembering that the soil under the floor does not freeze and is saturated with moisture. That is why ventilation holes are made in the basement of the house, which remain open even in winter period. When creating a ventilated underground space, you can use any thermal insulation materials.

If the base of the building is low, there is not enough space to create ventilation. It is in such cases that the creation of a floor on the ground occurs. When creating such a floor, it is worth remembering that repairing communications will require complete removal of the screed in the place where they are installed. To avoid such problems, it is enough to make duplicate sleeves for all networks under the floor. In this case, if clogged, you can connect to duplicate networks without destroying the screed under the floor.

Features of floors on the ground

Before you start creating floors on the ground, it is worth finding out what requirements apply to such structures:

To protect the concrete structure from moisture, it is necessary to create a drainage system around the house. It is also important to create storm sewer so that all water immediately leaves the building. If this is not done, the foundation and floor of the first floor will be constantly exposed to moisture, which will lead to its destruction. Worth remembering. What the drainage system should be designed to maximum amount water that may accumulate around the structure.
To backfill the pit under the house, you must use crushed stone and sand. If soil is used, the house will begin to sag, which will lead to structural deformations. It is important to compact the crushed stone after filling a 20 cm layer. If this is not done, the material may sag after creating a concrete structure.
Before constructing the first floor floor, you should not create a layer of geotextile, as this will reduce the effectiveness of soil compaction to zero.

What does a ground floor pie consist of?

To correctly make the described type of floor, you need to create all its layers:

The lower layer consists of sand and crushed stone. These materials are carefully compacted before laying subsequent floor elements. This is necessary to ensure that the structure does not shrink after construction.
After creating a layer of sand and crushed stone, a concrete slab is formed. Its thickness should be from 4 to 7 cm. The slab is created from low strength concrete.
After this, waterproofing material is laid, which is necessary to protect the floor from moisture coming from the ground. For waterproofing it is worth using various rolled materials.
The thermal insulation layer should be created from durable material. Its height depends on climatic conditions and characteristics of the material. Creating a thermal insulation layer allows you to prevent heat loss and save on heating your home.
After this, a reinforced concrete screed is formed. It is the basis for laying floor materials. Linoleum, tiles, boards, cork and other materials can be laid on the screed. It is worth remembering that before laying the parquet it is necessary to create a base of multi-layer plywood.

Important! Since the depth of the pit under the floor is greater than the mark at which the bottom of the sand cushion should be, it is necessary to fill the depression with soil, which is carefully compacted after each layer of 20 cm. The height of the cushion should be at least 60 cm.

Creating a floating screed

Creating a floor on the ground in any case implies arranging a base of low-strength concrete. A reinforced concrete slab can be created on it, but often home owners install adjustable joists on which the finishing material for the floor is fixed. A floating screed is created as follows:

First, a sand cushion is created. During backfilling, it is necessary to compact each layer 20 cm thick. If this is not done, the material will begin to settle after the structure is created.
After this, a rough screed is created, which is not reinforced with metal rods. In some cases, film waterproofing is laid under the screed. But this is also not necessary. The concrete screed can have a height of 50-70 mm. To create it, M100 concrete is usually used.
At the next stage it is laid waterproofing membrane. Roofing felt or film is often used. The material should be laid in 2 layers to reliably protect the floor from the penetration of moisture from the ground. The material must be wrapped to a height of 15-20 cm.
Then the thermal insulation material is fixed. To insulate the floor, you should use extruded polystyrene foam. It is much more effective than other insulation materials that are presented in construction stores. Moreover, this material is resistant to moisture and can be used for a long time.
At the last stage, the finishing screed with reinforcement is created. To do this, a wire mesh is created, the cell size of which is 50x50 mm. Concrete grade M150 with crushed stone filler is used for pouring. It is important to consider that you do not need to use clay when creating the solution.

Important! To reduce heat loss, you can install heated floors. To do this, during the creation of the finishing screed, pipes with coolant are installed in the concrete.

Installation of wooden joists

Installing adjustable joists is the most a budget option, which is chosen by owners of houses on a strip foundation. A floor with joists is created as follows:

The first stage involves creating a sand cushion. It is important to tamp every 20 cm, since if this action is not performed, the structure may settle after construction.
After this, waterproofing material is laid. To ensure that the floor is reliably protected from moisture, it is necessary to lay it in 2 layers.
At the next stage, the concrete screed is poured, the height of which should be about 60 cm.
The next stage involves installing supports for adjustable joists. The upper part of all supports is cut so that the installed logs are at the same height.
The space that remains between the joists must be filled with thermal insulation material. For insulation, you can purchase extruded polystyrene foam, as it is quite strong and durable. Basalt wool is also often used
At the next stage, the subfloor is created, on which the floor covering will subsequently be laid.
After choosing a certain material, it is fixed on plywood or boards.

The described work on creating a floor in a house on a concrete strip can be done with your own hands without the involvement of professional builders.

Dry screed on the ground

The floor in a house on a strip foundation can be created using the dry screed method. In this case, the work is carried out in several stages:

First, a sand and gravel cushion and a rough screed are created as in the previous case. All other work when choosing this option is carried out using a different technology.
After this, the waterproofing material is laid. To insulate the floor from moisture coming from the ground, it is worth using plastic film.
The next stage is the installation of beacons. It is best to use plaster profiles. During installation, it is important to ensure that all elements are positioned horizontally.
Then you need to fill expanded clay chips between the beacons. It is leveled according to the beacons and compacted.
After this, tongue-and-groove gypsum fiber boards are laid. The joints of all sheets are glued and fastened with self-tapping screws. It is worth remembering that the joints of different layers should not coincide.

Features of the work

When performing the described work, several subtleties must be taken into account:

Before creating a foundation and floor on the ground, it is necessary to completely remove the fertile layer, since it is not suitable for compaction. It is important to remove all plant roots that are located under the house.
It is best to use various modifications of PVC or polycarbonate as waterproofing. It is worth remembering that the material must be laid in 2 layers. At the same time, it should not only stop moisture, but also protect against steam penetration.
When laying the waterproofing material, it is necessary to extend it onto the walls of the strip base of the house by about 20 cm. After creating the floor, the excess waterproofing material must be cut off.
The thickness of the heat insulator should not exceed the height of the strip foundation.
When pouring the finishing screed along the edge of the walls, it is necessary to lay damper tape. It is necessary to compensate for expansion of the screed. It also prevents cracking.

When creating a floor on a strip foundation, the thickness of the soil must be selected taking into account the climate in the region.

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The installation of the flooring material can be carried out equally on a concrete screed base, a wooden one or a monolithic type slab. If a concrete slab is made, it must be attached to the foundation using reinforcement, or it will be floating. In the case of installing a floor on the ground itself, a primary gravel cushion is made.

What the developer needs to remember

Properly insulate the base and floor along the ground, otherwise most of the heat will go into the soil

The design of the ground floor foundation has enhanced operational capability. But for this you will need to choose the right material.

To make it easier to understand the structure of the pie from the inside, you will need to study the factors that affect the concrete slab:

The occurrence of heaving influence of the soil under a residential building is extremely rare. Country houses can be installed on different types of foundations, but they are all installed on the ground. If the insulation of the sole is of poor quality or is absent altogether, most of the heat will quickly go into the soil layers. Due to this, the subfloor or basement located under the house will be warm, which can make it difficult to store vegetables. To prevent this from happening, it is imperative to perform high-quality insulation.
Each building design must include drainage protection against water, which often appears in the spring from melting snow. If there is moisture drainage, groundwater will not form under the foundation structure, thereby the soil will be dry.
Do not lay geotextiles under a sand cushion - the compaction will worsen
In many cases, the soil structure under a residential building settles even if heaving does not occur. Sometimes the foundation strip is attached to the floor structure using reinforcement. When the soil underneath the floor subsides, a space is created, and the concrete slab sags because it is anchored to the foundation. To avoid such a situation, backfilling is performed at the time of construction. A pit is dug and then filled with crushed stone and sand. After a certain thickness, compaction is performed. If all conditions are met correctly, there will be no shrinkage.
Most construction organizations believe that at the time of installing a sand cushion under the base of a residential building, geotextile material is preliminarily laid. But, according to experts, in this case the result of compacting the sand or crushed stone cushion will worsen. During the compaction period, the layers of the cushion are pressed together with the soil, which is located below. It is best to install a drainage system under this pie.

In connection with the above factors, special attention should be paid to laying the cake in the case of a strip base. Thanks to this, the reliability of the entire structure as a whole will significantly increase.

It is important to remember at the time of erecting the foundation that engineering structures may fail after some time, and it will not be possible to replace them. To solve this problem, you can install a backup engineering type system.

Main installation options

Nowadays, it is possible to install flooring on the ground using a choice of two technology options. Moreover, all these actions are performed in different ways of execution. The first method is considered the most financially effective and not too labor-intensive.

Layout of a floor on the ground

An option for this design is to install the floor using wooden beams. If desired, you can replace the wood material with steel beams. However, such a choice cannot help but hit your finances.

Let's move on to consider the negative aspects of this gender:

There is a need to increase the size of the base, because the beams must rest on something. If you do not affect the dimensions of the foundation, then you can instead create additional support pillars over the entire area of the base.
The height of the rooms is lost, this happens due to the fact that the beams rest on the foundation. The height will be lost in size by about two hundred millimeters. To change the situation, it will be necessary to increase the height of the structure, which means it is necessary to invest additional financial resources.
Experts have proven that a laid floor based on wooden beams will not be stable, even no matter how well all the work is done.
Due to wooden beams are laid close to the ground, and there, as a rule, the humidity is high, their service life is significantly reduced. Even specialized protective equipment will not save you wooden crafts. Installing an air ventilation system does not always solve this kind of problem.

Preparatory stage

Before installing the insulated screed, make markings

This stage of work involves preparing the soil for upcoming loads and installing an insulated screed. To do the work yourself, there is the following procedure:

Performing markings. Measure the floor of the basement; if it is missing, then measure the first floor. These marks will serve as the starting point of the overlap, and this surface will also be the place on which you walk. The threshold of the room, be it a basement or the entrance to a private building, will be the starting point. The thickness of the concrete slab is subtracted from the reference point. At the next stage of work, several marks are made on the foundation. Thus, the points of the lower and upper parts of the floor become known. You can perform all actions using a level; with its help, accuracy will increase and the work process will significantly speed up.
Further preparatory actions. For a concrete slab, or rather a floor, the base in the basement will be dense layers of soil. You can use a vibrator to compact the soil. However, to use this mechanism you will need a special tool. Also, compaction of the soil structure can be done using a bulk mass, which is a log with a diameter of at least 30 cm. To perform this important task, a wide platform is attached to the tree trunk. Under its influence and the total weight of the wood, the soil is compacted.
Preliminary actions in relation to the monolithic strip base slab are additional bedding throughout the basement area. To make it you will need building materials such as sand or crushed stone of medium fraction. When purchasing material for powdering, you should remember that sand must be selected at least of medium size. The size of the bedding layer should not exceed 50 cm. The sandy type of the bedding plays the role of a drainage system that evenly transfers mass from the building to the ground. In some situations, in order to make the layers denser, they are watered with a small volume of water, after which they are sprinkled and compacted again.
An important component of a strip-type foundation is the installation of high-quality moisture protection. Most often, ordinary film is used for this, which is made of polyethylene or membrane types of materials with high density. Pouring the concrete screed can only be done after the waterproofing has been laid out around the entire perimeter of the room. It is important to remember that all joints of waterproofing material must be overlapped exclusively. The film must be made larger than the area of the room, this is necessary in order to bend the edges. For details of preparation and laying on the ground, see this video:

It is important to remember during the period of pouring the screed that the floor structure can be made warm. This action can be performed using a heated floor design. It runs on electricity, and consumes a small amount of energy, but heats the entire area well.

The final stage in arranging the floor on the ground

In order to make a concrete structure for a reliable floor, the pouring process must be carried out in several stages. If the concrete consistency will be made with your own hands, then the following material will be useful:

cement grade 300 or 400;
fine sand;
water;
medium small crushed stone.

All of the above elements should be thoroughly mixed in an electric concrete mixer, adhering to certain proportions. If such a construction tool is not available, you can make a wooden box. You can mix concrete consistency in it. For answers to basic questions about the installation of this type of flooring, watch this video:

Fill the concrete mixture along the beacons

The concrete mixture in the room is leveled using a special long aluminum rule. After pouring concrete, the room should be left for 30 days. This time will be enough for the structure to fully harden.

After this period, a specialized mixture is poured over the structure, which is necessary for high-quality leveling of errors.

Heat accumulation in country cottage or a country house building - the key to creating an energy-efficient home. You can independently lay a floor placed on the ground on one of the types of strip foundations using a screed. The technology is suitable for budget construction and large-scale housing construction work.

Features of floors on the ground

Floor covering on the ground is a multi-layer structure that promotes high-quality ventilation and stability of the structure. Overlapping in the form of a tape is justified for buildings with low ground floors and the impossibility of installing a monolithic base.
Concrete floor structures located on the soil include the following elements:

bedding in the form of sifted river sand, which is compacted;
a layer of medium-fraction material - crushed stone or expanded clay;
rough screed from a cement mixture;
layers of hydro-, steam- and thermal insulation;
finishing screed made of cement mortar;
final floor finishing.

A building cake organized in layers protects the structure from freezing and the appearance of condensing sediment. The floor design is durable, strong, and easy to implement, but requires financial investment.

SNiP: information for the developer

Installing a floor along the ground line will be effective if you adhere to the recommendations of SNiP 29.13330 of 2011. The document specifies a number of conditions under which the technology will be justified:

Carrying out waterproofing work. Optimal material– extruded polystyrene foam placed under the sole of the building. Foam boards help retain geothermal heat.
Choice optimal thickness layers. The need to create a structure and its thickness depend on the level of subsoil moisture, the load of the structure and the possibility of heating. When the groundwater level is less than 2 m, sand bedding is not used, and the rough screed is replaced by pouring crushed stone. Loads of more than 0.2 t/1 m2 require reinforcement with wire 4 mm in diameter.
Availability of a drainage system. Laying drains is required when high level groundwater. In private construction, storm drains are used to drain flood, ground or melt water.
Backfilling with non-metallic bulk materials (20 cm of sand and the same amount of crushed stone) followed by compaction will prevent subsidence of the foundation.
Laying geotextile fabric is relevant only when installing filter communications or drainage. Otherwise, the soil will not be compacted, compromising the strength of the foundation.

Belt base technology – optimal for country house construction. It minimizes the cost of making each layer of the pie, increases the service life of the house, is maintainable and reliable.

Varieties of base in the form of a tape

The base in the form of a tape is suitable for the construction of buildings made of heavy materials and on soils that are heterogeneous over the entire area. A simple technology for arranging the structure makes the base of the first floor strong and prevents shrinkage. The strip base allows you to equip a basement and is used in the construction of houses with complex configurations.
The tape, which is installed under the internal and external walls of the home, is easy to install. The product requires a large amount of building materials - concrete, wood for formwork, reinforcement, etc. In construction practice, several types of strip foundations are created.

Monolithic or poured design

Built directly on construction site. The structure is subject to additional reinforcement, and after hardening it forms a rigid, inextricable monolith.
Foundation requires mandatory construction formwork made of metal or wood that can withstand the weight and pressure of hardened cement, it is metal or wood. The frame can be removable or non-removable. For stability, the concrete masses are additionally insulated and waterproofed. The monolithic base is durable and has high strength.

Prefabricated strip base

It is assembled from factory reinforced concrete blocks, which, after delivery to the construction site, are connected using reinforcement and cement mortar. When constructing a low-rise structure on sandy soil, it is permissible not to use cushion blocks.
The disadvantage of the design is the difficulty of perfectly fitting the elements in terms of the complex configuration of the structure of the future house.
The prefabricated strip base has many advantages:

construction is carried out in the shortest possible time;
labor costs for arranging the foundation are minimized by renting special equipment;
work can be carried out even in winter.

On prefabricated foundation a basement or basement floor is being built.

Combined structure

A combined strip foundation is used on difficult soils when it is necessary to raise the level of the first floor in the presence of a slope or on moving soil. The construction allows to reduce heat loss throughout the house.

Rubble and brick types

The rubble base is one of those that takes a long time to build, but it is considered the most durable - it does not freeze and is not exposed to groundwater. The work involves selecting stones according to shape and connecting them cement mortar. The rubble concrete type differs from the previous one in the equal ratio of stone and cement (50/50). Brick strip foundation is standard brickwork using concrete. It is recommended to use it on dry soils and be sure to install high-quality waterproofing.
The foundation in the form of a strip is suitable for laying floors on the ground in reinforced concrete, stone and brick houses with a density of more than 1300 kg/m3.

Advantages of tape monolith

Foundations in the form of a strip allow you to organize an underground floor and provide thermal insulation for a private house. The design has many advantages:

prevents the penetration of subsoil gases into the home when proper waterproofing and backfill.
the underground space does not require ventilation systems.
the soil and concrete slab accumulate heat, which is suitable for frame and other houses with thin walls.
Concrete screeds are a convenient base, an ideal thermal platform for organizing “warm floors”.
thermal insulation of the structure reduces the risk of foundation freezing and swelling.
for communications laid at the backfill level, minimal insulation is required.

The internal space of the strip structure is backfilled, insulated and waterproofed before the installation of the concrete floor begins.

Material selection technology

Building materials for arranging floors on the ground on a strip foundation are selected depending on the level of the structure. To reduce construction costs, the screed is performed working from top to bottom:

lay a reinforcing frame that will support linoleum, carpet, laminate, tiles, boards or a base made of multilayer plywood;
they are lined with foil insulation, which reduces the number of heating points;
lay waterproofing, mainly roofing material, film;
cover the base with a thickness of 4-7 cm based on M200 cement, crushed stone and sand;
form a sand cushion, which is compacted with a vibrating plate to a depth of 20-30 cm.
pour the main screed of durable concrete.

The selected materials will make it possible to carry out the construction of floors in a technologically correct manner. The amount of consumable raw materials can be determined approximately. For a standard floor surface at soil level, you will need 30 cm of sand, 5-10 cm of concrete, 10 cm of insulation, 5-7 cm of screed and finishing materials.

Arrangement of floors on a strip foundation

All work is divided into several stages. When performing each task, it is necessary to follow the algorithm - so the structure will be strong and reliable.

Backfilling the sand layer

Before starting the activities, you need to take into account the need to compact bulk raw materials - manipulations will compact the sand cushion. The tasks are performed in stages:

Sand is laid in a layer of 10-15 cm and compacted dry with a vibrating plate.
The compacted material is watered with a hose equipped with a spray nozzle. It is important not to oversaturate the material with moisture, because... Do not compact it further.
Reconsolidation is carried out. The vibrating plate is used twice, changing the direction of movement.
Sand is poured again.

You need to walk over the moistened material several times with a vibrating plate and wait until the layer dries.

Construction of reinforcement frame

It is difficult to reinforce strip-type foundations - the process is labor-intensive. Experts advise following a step-by-step work technique:

Lay several smooth crossbars with a diameter of 6-8 mm, lengthening them by 100 mm.
Calculate the pitch - the distance over which the cement mortar will be poured.
Place ribbed longitudinal reinforcement with a diameter of 12 - 16 mm on the transverse pins. Form the bottom belt.
Mount the upper rods at the mating points in a vertical position.
Place 2 longitudinal rods on the elements. Form the bottom belt.

The connections of the reinforcing frame are welded and tied with clamps or wires.

Pouring the foundation on a pillow

The base foundation is created on a ready-made cushion of crushed stone and sand. The concrete mass is made in proportions 1:3:6 based on M200 cement and other materials. Self-concreting consists of the following steps:

Filling the starting layer with a thickness of 10 cm.
Secondary pouring of the mixture to a height of 40-50 cm.
Compacting the mass with a vibrating rammer or piercing with a reinforcing pin.

To reduce work time, the cement mortar is poured in one go.

Laying a waterproofing layer. Vapor barrier

The work is intended to protect the underground structure from moisture. Pre-made concrete footing will ensure even application of materials for fusing or gluing. The pre-concreting procedure is relevant in conditions where groundwater is close or when constructing basements.
The waterproofing process is carried out according to the construction algorithm:

A polyethylene film 150 microns thick is laid with an overlap of 15-20 cm, and then the seams are taped.
To ensure reliable protection against the penetration of moisture and condensation, a second layer of waterproofing is laid in the same way.
Insulation is carried out with polystyrene foam or extruded polystyrene foam. They are placed in a layer of 10 cm.

Using polyethylene film, protect it from contact with the cement mortar.

Types of screeds

Construction of the floor on the ground is carried out using two techniques - dry and self-leveling. The choice of technology is at the discretion of the site owner.

Performing a dry screed

The technology involves the formation of layers - a cushion based on crushed stone, sand filling, rough screed and waterproofing. Then, using special ready-made mixtures, the floor covering is screeded. The finished compositions are laid out as follows:

Install beacons (planks or profiles) and fix them with putty.
Crushed expanded clay composition is poured between the beacons. Level the material over the waterproofing layer.
Lay the slabs, which are secured with adhesive-sealant or using self-tapping screws 19 mm long.

Finishing installation work The edges of the film are cut off, and the resulting gaps are sealed with sealant.

Self-leveling floor screed

Self-leveling floor technology creates a perfectly smooth surface for subsequent finishing. The arrangement of the coating has a number of features:

The waterproofing layer is cleaned of dust and processed liquid glass, diluted with water in proportions 2:1. The surface is treated in 2-3 layers, after each has completely dried (1 hour);
The filling mixture is prepared manually based on bulk material and water. The composition must be kept for 10 minutes and the kneading repeated.
The mass is poured onto the floor in a layer of 0.3-1 cm and leveled with a spatula.
Air bubbles are eliminated by rolling a needle roller on the surface.
The mixtures formed after drying are eliminated using a putty mesh.
Finishing is done after the mass has hardened.

The installation of a self-leveling screed compensates for the load of the house, eliminates wall shrinkage, and isolates noise from heating equipment.

Construction rules

When making floors on the ground, try to respect the boundaries of the layers, fill and lay waterproofing along the beacons. When conducting communications, place the wires in a metal box, the holes of which must be sealed. Be sure to check the quality of the layers - this is the only way the structure will gain strength and reliability. The floor at ground level can be lined with insulation, on top of which boards, tiles or laminate can be laid.
With a technologically correct design of the floor, careful control of the height of the layers, and selection of a strip foundation, the product will last up to 50 years.