Ground floor of the house. Do-it-yourself basement floor - the house will become more spacious

Before you make a basement for your home, you need to consider several design options that are widely used today in country house construction. The most common types are:

The sinking one is the most popular and effective. This design is not afraid of exposure to precipitation. This is a fairly economical option, because in this case the wall is thin and there is no need to use any additional building materials. Drainage equipment is also not required, so the design looks beautiful and neat in appearance. In addition, the protrusion can be hidden using a waterproofing layer. The design of the base in this case requires minimum costs. In addition, the base can be covered with a small layer of soil, after which the area can be landscaped.
Sometimes it is not possible to do it yourself. For example, when a thicker structure is needed, which is dictated by the small thickness of the walls of the house or climatic features terrain. In this case, the construction of a protruding option is taken as a basis. In this case, building a basement will be a little more difficult; more building materials (concrete, brick, etc.) will be required. This current solution, if the building has external walls of small thickness, and an underground floor is also provided. The protruding plinth is wider external walls, so it will reliably protect the basement from the penetration of cold air. But due to its size, the structure will be more exposed to mechanical and climatic influences, so here it is necessary to make a high-quality waterproofing layer and drain along the entire length of the external walls with your own hands.
A plinth made flush with the wall is rare. It is best not to consider such a solution, because the construction of a basement of this type is fraught with many problems. For example, the cut of the waterproofing layer will remain open when exposed to weather conditions, and it will not be possible to permanently cover it with soil.

Construction materials

Of course, before building a plinth, it is necessary to take a responsible approach to the choice of materials. In addition to the practical side, do not forget that the exterior of the entire building will largely depend on the appearance of the lower part.

Sunken construction option.

If you choose to build a protruding plinth, then the materials for its construction must be durable and not require additional finishing (artificial or a natural stone, concrete or brickwork). In most cases it is brick version will look most aesthetically pleasing.

If the walls of the house are made of brick, then for the plinth it is best to choose concrete blocks, reinforced concrete, solid brick, etc.

Do not forget that in most cases it will be necessary to install a base armored belt. The thickness of the reinforcement and its quantity are determined by the design of the future house.

Monolithic concrete structure.

If you don’t know what to make a plinth from, then you need to take into account that the material for construction must meet the following characteristics: practicality, durability, frost resistance. That is why, as mentioned above, monolithic concrete is often used as a material for the plinth, or it is laid out from brick, blocks or stone.

Building a basement with your own hands from monolithic concrete – The best decision for a private home. It is recommended to do it immediately along the entire length of the external walls without any seams. During construction, formwork will be required, which will subsequently be filled with layers of concrete. In this case, it is best to purchase cement grade M300 or M400. In addition, it is recommended to give the structure additional strength using a reinforcement cage. If the base is wide enough, then its outer part can be covered with stone and covered with a small amount of soil.
Concrete blocks for the plinth are not used so often. Their installation is carried out with dressing, and the blocks themselves are laid on a solution prepared in advance. There are not many standard sizes of concrete blocks on the modern market, therefore, before you make the basement of a house with your own hands, you need to take into account that there will definitely be multiple blocks, the voids formed due to this in the future will have to be closed cement mortar.
If the building stands on a strip foundation, then it is most rational to use natural stones for the construction of the basement. A stone plinth is made from any types of stones that are laid on cement mortar. It is worth noting that such work, as a rule, can only be done by professionals who can not only correctly lay artificial or natural stone, but also carry out the procedure for reinforcing the base in particularly difficult working conditions.
made from solid brick, which has high frost resistance characteristics. Traditional sand-lime brick is not recommended because it is susceptible to moisture. If in winter the temperature in the area drops below -35, then it is recommended to lay 1.5-2 bricks.

Thermal insulation of the structure

If the basement in your house is not heated, then heat loss through the basement ceiling will be significant. Fill in bulk thermal insulation material no use here. This part of the house definitely needs high-quality thermal insulation, which can be done in a private home with your own hands. If we build a base without a high-quality thermal insulation layer, then the structure will not serve you for a long time, but will gradually begin to collapse under the influence of external forces.

Thermal insulation material laid on top of a layer of waterproofing.

Ideally, extruded polystyrene foam should be used. It is available in the form of slabs that can be mounted on special adhesive compositions. You can do the work yourself. The use of concrete to secure the slabs is not required.

After the polystyrene foam boards are fixed to the wall, they must be plastered over the mesh.

Much has been said about how to build a basement, but homeowners often forget about the waterproofing, which must extend above ground level. The waterproofing layer will not allow groundwater and melt moisture to penetrate into the thickness of the wall and base materials. As a rule, in this case, roll materials or special bitumen mastics are used (or all at once).

Option for installing a waterproofing layer.

The choice of waterproofing materials will depend on the capabilities and wishes of the owner, climatic conditions terrain and specifics of the construction of the basement of the building. Modern market offers many solutions, so there is plenty to choose from.

To further protect the basement from the effects of water (snow), it is recommended to install a protective screen along the entire length over the external walls. In most cases, asbestos-cement sheets or reinforced concrete slabs are used to construct such a screen.

Exterior finishing

The use of finishing materials for the plinth is not regulated in any way. The base part should emphasize appearance the entire house, so simply covering it with soil or bringing it flush with the wall is not the best solution.

Option for finishing with decorative plaster.

Plaster and paint. This approach can be used when constructing a brick plinth. With the help of plaster, it will be possible to eliminate defects and provide protection against moisture penetration and temperature changes. The paint will be covered with snow in winter, so you will have to systematically touch up the surface and apply a new layer of plaster.
Covering with a layer of concrete. This method is more effective and reliable than the first. The use of concrete is relevant for a brick or block base. The concrete layer, of course, will be constantly exposed to moisture, snow, etc., so it is necessary to make it thick enough so that you do not have to redo the whole job every year.
Tiles and fake diamond. Materials can be used for brick or reinforced concrete monolithic structures. The use of these materials for the base is quite expensive. If you have the necessary experience, you can do the work yourself.
Siding. Using special panels, the plinth can be given any appearance. There is no need to additionally paint the siding. The material can be used on a wooden base, as well as in any weather conditions. If the siding is covered with snow in winter, it must be systematically cleaned so that the material does not experience additional stress.

When planning the construction of a residential building, a lot of thoughts and doubts arise about whether it makes sense to include the construction of a basement in the plan. To make the right decision, you need to immediately figure out whether you will need a basement floor in the future. According to experts, the construction of residential buildings with a basement will be as economical and rational as possible. But how does one build a basement floor with one’s own hands without violating any requirements or standards that apply in the construction industry?

Purpose of the ground floor

The construction of houses with a basement is classified as economical construction. First, it’s worth understanding what the basement floor is. There are various explanations on this matter. Architects say that ground floors are nothing more than basements that tend to occupy the space of the first floor. Builders have a different point of view: they decipher the ground floor as a floor that is located below ground level.

The height of this floor, according to standards, must be at least 2.5 meters. The basement floors can be used as a basement, cellar or utility room. It can also be used to make a living room or other living room. In addition, a building built with a basement floor looks more respectable, and the thermal insulation performance of the house increases.

If you are building a house in the city, then extra square meters. Using these surpluses at your own discretion, in the future you will be able to quickly recoup all the costs that were incurred during the construction of the basement. Ground floor allows you to forget about the loads exerted by the walls of the house, which is important for a certain type of soil.

Types of base

In construction, there are 3 types of plinth: protruding, recessed and plinth flush with the foundation. The most common type of foundation is called buried, but not for the reason that it looks the most beautiful. The fact is that it is this type of basement that is least exposed to moisture, because water drains from it faster and this protects the foundation, basement and walls of the house from destruction.

If the walls of your residential building are thin, then in this case a protruding plinth will suit you best. This type of basement is the most justified if you want to arrange a basement room, which is located almost underground and, of course, should be warm. But if you plan to use the basement floor after construction for storing unnecessary things, then it is quite possible to make the basement thin.

It is highly not recommended to make the base flush with the foundation, as it will serve as the beginning of the walls and will not give you necessary protection from moisture. Such a base also needs to be covered with waterproofing material, which will be uneconomical, and it will not add beauty to your home.

Construction of the basement

We have already noted that the height of the basement floor should reach 2.5 meters, which is regulated by the relevant documents. But many developers are trying to increase it even more in order to turn the ground floor into a full first floor. To increase the height, the technology most often used is to dig the earth to a certain depth, determined by your personal needs.

Wall thickness

So, you started building your house by building the basement. And the first point that you need to decide is the thickness of the walls. If your house is located on solid ground, you can make the thickness of the basement walls similar to the thickness of the building walls.

If you plan to build a house on unfavorable soils, then make the walls of the basement a little thicker - 20 centimeters will be enough. During construction wooden building, you can build a basement using solid concrete blocks.

Base depth

If the site contains groundwater in the soil almost all year at a distance of one meter from the surface level, then it is recommended to deepen the ground floor no more than one meter. In the place where the house is located, it is possible to lift the soil by pouring soil around the house. As a result, a raised platform is formed, but this technology for constructing a basement floor will cost you a little more.

If there is too much groundwater under the house, you can resort to procedures such as draining the area and draining water from the foundation of the house. If under a residential building groundwater are formed exclusively seasonally, then you can use a method to protect the foundation from the influence of lateral forces if the soil freezes and lay a drainage line at a special angle.

Pit preparation

At this stage, it is highly recommended to install a standpipe, since during the construction process an extremely large amount of water will be consumed. Immediately prepare the terrain and dig a pit with an excavator. For example, a house that measures 14 by 11 meters requires a pit almost two meters deep. Remember, when you dig a hole with an excavator, you need at least two machines that will transport the soil to the side.

If you have to dig a pit in early spring, then you can see accumulated water at its bottom, so in this case you should wait until the water goes away by itself. You can also try to pump out the water. The excavator does not dig the hole very smoothly, so you will need to level the bottom and corners of the pit.

Pillow

After this, it is necessary to build a concrete pad. Make a mark at the bottom of the pit and indicate the dimensions of the house. At the place of passage load-bearing walls trenches need to be dug. If you plan to build a basement floor with your own hands, then you need to do this work yourself, as shown in the video about the construction of a basement floor.

Be sure to monitor the depth of the trench so that it is at least 30 centimeters. It wouldn’t hurt to strengthen it with boards. Fill it with crushed stone, reinforce it with metal rods and fill it with concrete. After this you need to wait 3 weeks.

Waterproofing

Next, you need to move on to work related to waterproofing, because the construction of the basement floor is connected with the foundation, and in this case it is important to do everything correctly. Otherwise, moisture will enter the basement, and this may ultimately even cause the collapse of part of the house or the building as a whole.

From the outside of the house along the entire perimeter, to protect the foundation, it is necessary to make a sufficiently wide blind area of concrete mixture. To avoid destruction of the foundation and basement masonry buried in the soil, they must be protected from the outside using a special roll waterproofing material, preheated and melted to the building structure material.

In this process, waterproofing is now widely used - a practical and easy-to-use material that can be bought everywhere. In addition, the cost of building a basement using it will pleasantly surprise you. Perform waterproofing under the foundation as follows: first lay a layer bitumen mastic, then place the waterproofing and after that place another layer of mastic.

To reliably protect a residential building from moisture, it is not enough to do just internal waterproofing. Qualified experts advise not to neglect external waterproofing. About half a meter from the wall of the basement, dig a deep hole and fill it with pre-prepared materials: a layer of clay, then a layer of crushed stone, then a layer concrete mortar with the addition of crushed stone and sand.

Foundation

The construction of the basement foundation involves the use of large-sized foundation blocks. It is impossible to manually place such blocks in their places; this process requires the use of special equipment for the work. When building a basement yourself, most often you choose a strip or prefabricated foundation.

When calculating its parameters great importance has the depth of its location. If you have calculated that the foundation should have a height of at least 2 meters, then this means that you need to make the depth of the foundation 2 meters 15 centimeters. But not level with the soil. When the foundation has become 80 percent strong, that is, ten days after pouring, you can begin to build the base.

Foundation blocks

The best way to build a basement for the price is to use foundation blocks. Blocks are usually placed around the entire perimeter of the house. The foundation blocks should lie as level as possible, this allows the plastering process to be carried out faster in the future.

Attach the blocks to each other using cement. In the spaces between the foundation blocks, you need to arrange special holes for water and wiring. Make sure that the windows in the ground floor are quite large, otherwise there will not be enough light in the basement.

Don't forget about the holes that are required to ventilate the space. They must be done at a distance of at least 15 centimeters and at the same level with the ground. Cover the holes themselves with a mesh to prevent debris from collecting in them, and in winter, cover them with thick cloth. The final row of blocks should eventually rise to a height of about one meter above the ground.

Next, it is necessary to lay the floor of the first floor on these blocks, but it is recommended to make a belt on top of the blocks. It performs two functions: aligning the entire tier horizontally and connecting the blocks to each other. Bricks are often placed between slabs and blocks, but it is best to build a reinforced concrete belt - lay reinforcement in board formwork and pour concrete.

Bricklaying

The lower basement rows will act as the basis of future walls, take on the entire load from the house and the objects in it and transfer it to foundation blocks, which are located below, they are presented with highest demands. Therefore, bricklaying patterns should satisfy these requirements as much as possible.

The number of rows of bricks that are necessary to achieve a certain height of the ceiling of the basement should be determined in advance. When building a basement yourself, you need to know and adhere to some simple rules. The basis of all further work is the construction of the first row.

Before installing bricks on cement mortar, it is recommended to lay the first row “dry”, without using a binder. The procedure for laying the first row of bricks is carried out on a layer of waterproofing, which is previously laid on the upper surface of a monolithic or block foundation.

Do not forget to comply with the necessary geometric parameters of the future structure. When laying out corner bricks, you need to periodically measure the diagonals and achieve the ideal rectangularity of the walls. You cannot carry out work without checking the straightness and flatness of the rows, as well as without checking the horizontal and vertical surfaces of the row.

The above described is especially relevant if there are various complex elements in the walls of the house, for example, multifaceted bay windows, the use of which in the design gives the entire product an attractive, interesting look, but significantly complicates the process of constructing a base with your own hands.

Overlap

The construction process of the basement floor is completed with the installation of reinforced concrete slab floors on its upper rows. Instead, you can use wooden beam floors, making rough and finishing floor coverings and always laying roll or slab insulation.

The formwork itself can be purchased at finished form or build it yourself. For formwork under the ceiling, take boards and boards. Plane the required planed boards on the side that you will attach to the concrete. After this, make shields from them, which will need to be secured properly.

Maintain millimeter gaps between boards and millimeter differences in height between two boards. Remember that the formwork should not be made vertical for the foundation, but horizontal.

And finally, I would like to add that the basement can also be built from natural stone, but this process requires high skill from the developer, because stones come in different sizes and shapes. Therefore, we advise you to give preference to the construction of a red brick plinth, which can be plastered to give an aesthetic appearance.

In a private house, you can add rooms not only by building on them, but also by using free space located closer to the ground. Ground floor built in a private house - extra bed, which will never become superfluous and will definitely find application for economic or other needs.

Tasks of basement premises

The basement floor is a semi-basement room that is partially buried in the ground. An area of this type is used for storage rooms, garages and other premises and must have excellent drainage, insulation and waterproofing.

Furnish the basement of your home

Without heating, of course, you can only stay in such a room in the summer, and vegetables stored for the winter may freeze. There is a high risk of mold growth. Without ventilation, the air in the semi-basement will be stale and musty, and you can’t do without electricity.

Therefore, the basement floor will become comfortable for life if, during its construction, the necessary generally accepted standards for heating, electricity and ventilation systems are adhered to.

Important! Depending on what you plan to do in the base, you need to determine engineering work.
When designing a gym, the issue of good ventilation must be addressed. When creating a sauna or shower, a pressure sewer is required, Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the ventilation of the basement.
Ventilation
In the basement natural ventilation, passing through the pipes is not enough. Therefore they use forced circulation air.
In this video we will look at why a basement is needed:
Waterproofing
When constructing a basement floor in a private house, it is necessary to pay attention to waterproofing, which is necessary to protect against flooding by groundwater. Moisture can destroy walls and foundations. To prevent destruction, vertical and horizontal waterproofing is carried out.
When applied vertically protective material outside the wall. With horizontal insulation from water, moisture-protective substances are applied between the base and the foundation.
Lighting
The basement, as you know, is an unlit space. The lack of light must be compensated by artificial lighting in the form of lamps located on the ceiling, floor and walls. Lamps are used for good and comfortable lighting different types: fluorescent, incandescent and others.
Descent (stairs)
A ladder is required. Depending on the height of the descent and the area, the staircase can be installed as a spiral or classic one. The main thing is that it is safe.
Types of socles
The basement erected in a private house comes in 3 types:
Recessed. Can be installed if it was not included in the house project. More convenient and preferable for construction. It is often used because it makes it easier to comply with the requirements for waterproofing the basement of a private house, since it will ensure unhindered water flow.
Speaker. The name speaks for itself. The boundaries of this type of base extend beyond the boundaries of the house. Most often used when additional strengthening is needed (thin walls of the house). Requires greater costs compared to the previous type. Less in demand.
Aligned with the wall of a private house. It is planned in the project during the construction of the house. The walls of such a basement are located flush with the house.

Important! It is not recommended to construct the basement floor yourself. It is better to invite professionals who know how to build semi-basements. Or at least for the plinth project.

Materials for the basement
Materials for building a semi-basement:
For walls - concrete block FBS (can be used as a foundation).
Burnt red brick (used for walls and foundations).
Rubble stone, which is a large stone that is placed on the mortar like a brick.
Small format wall blocks. Used when the foundation is ready.
To ensure the walls are sealed from groundwater, waterproofing is used. With a monolith - external tightness, with masonry - external and internal.
For external processing walls applied bitumen-polymer mastic, which can act as glue when roll waterproofing. When roll material with a self-adhesive base, it is placed on top of a surface treated with hot bitumen. Polymer compositions from the Penetron series are used as waterproofing coatings.
Sealing joints with PVC tape.

Waterproofing the basement of private houses is carried out in 2 layers. The choice of material depends on the walls and local climate conditions. This material covers all surfaces of the foundation and areas where the foundation comes into contact with the ground. Roofing felt and roofing felt can be used for waterproofing.

Use different materials to create the base of your home
Ground floor in a private house, step-by-step instructions
Instructions on how to build a basement:
It is necessary to draw up a plan of the premises, indicating what they will be intended for.
Carry out calculation bearing capacity foundation and walls.
Mark the foundation.
Draw the contours of future walls and partitions.
Determine the type of foundation.
Determine the width of the base.
Waterproof the basement floor.
Conduct electricity, carefully insulating the wiring from moisture.
Provide heating.
Ventilation – natural (connection with pipes to the street), forced.
To prevent mold and mildew, the walls are primed several times, then plastered or covered with panels.
If the living space is insulated mineral wool, then plaster.

Depending on the soil, the type of foundation is determined:
In areas where groundwater is high, the pile type is used. This foundation consists of piles. Their lower part is located below the freezing point of the soil, so you can use the base without any problems in the cold season.
In swampy areas and when the soil is weak, a foundation is built from a monolithic slab, which prevents the soil from subsiding. This condition is achieved due to the uniform distribution of the weight of the house over the entire base area.
If there are no problems with the soil, a strip type foundation is used.

Advantages of the basement
Advantages of the ground floor:
The construction of a basement increases the area of the house. There is no need for additional buildings. The necessary premises can be placed in the basement.
Additional rooms appear: games room, sauna, swimming pool, garage, storage room, laundry room, Gym or workshop. What the ground floor will be built under depends on the imagination and capabilities of the home owners.
When selling a house with a basement, its value increases up to 30%, and if there is also a living space, it will become much more expensive than the original price.
If there is a basement, there is no need to insulate the floor on the ground floor, since the underground floor prevents the penetration of cold air.

Disadvantages of the basement
Along with the advantages, there are also disadvantages:
High construction costs.
Expensive engineering work: heating, thermal insulation and others.
Lack of natural light (therefore rarely used as a living room).
Difficulty in construction with high groundwater levels.

For your information! Before building a basement, you need to determine its necessity, determine the estimate and decide whether such expenses are necessary, since building a basement in a private house will not be cheap. It is not recommended to save on waterproofing, concrete and insulation.

Construction, during which you need to build a basement floor with your own hands, requires certain skills and knowledge. This is a labor-intensive process that cannot be carried out without an accurate plan and the correct design, distinguished by its features and completely compatible with the foundation of the house.

A foundation with a basement floor has a number of advantages, but a high-quality and reliable foundation can only be created if all the work carried out strictly corresponds to the project and construction plan. Construction of a house with a basement floor is carried out on loose and rocky heaving soils, which differ high level occurrence of groundwater.

Design Features

The base must be protected with a layer of waterproofing and insulation

The foundation for a house with a basement is a structure that differs high degree strength and reliability, long term operation and increased load-bearing strength.

The foundation plinth is a continuation of the supporting structure, it provides reliable protection from the penetration of moisture and cold air into the room, helps create extra heat and reduce energy costs.

For a structure to be truly high-quality and functional, it must meet the following requirements:

In many buildings, the main function of the ground floor is the arrangement of the basement in which the technical room is located.

A deep base will allow you to build a basement or basement

You can avoid destruction of the foundation of the house with the help of a high-quality vapor barrier. Liquid formulations are used for this purpose.

Do-it-yourself construction of the basement floor begins with choosing the most suitable shape and study various types designs. This could be a structure:

Elevated level with load-bearing structure, characterized by the need to improve the quality of hydro- and thermal insulation.
The sinker is especially popular and is characterized by increased reliability and resistance to negative factors. It is less susceptible to the destructive effects of moisture than others and can withstand increased loads.
The protruding one is distinguished by its increased thickness, exceeding the thickness of the walls of the building itself. Needs improvement additional protection and a specially created water drainage system.

When choosing one or another form of plinth, it is necessary to take into account the thickness of the walls of the building, the presence in the project drainage system, soil characteristics.

Variety of materials for construction

The most durable structure is a monolithic base

When thinking about how to make a basement floor, you need to correctly select the most suitable materials for the given structure. Among the most popular and in demand is monolithic reinforced concrete.

It is able to withstand varying degrees of load, has a high degree of stability, and is in demand when constructing a seamless structure. The monolithic base has high strength characteristics and is used in the construction of heavy structures.

For monolithic base high formwork required

The foundation for the basement floor can be built from reinforced concrete blocks in as soon as possible even when doing the work yourself. This is one of the most durable and reliable foundations. The blocks make it possible to evenly distribute the load and are resistant to any kind of negative influences.

Existing types of reinforced concrete blocks have various sizes, which facilitates the selection of the most suitable material for carrying out construction work when constructing the foundation in a private house yourself.

Construction brick foundation the basement floor is done with your own hands without using a special construction equipment and does not require special knowledge. Correct calculation and skill in working with this material are important. Natural natural stone often used to build foundations with a basement with your own hands. True, special skills are required to perform the work.

The strip foundation is reinforced with metal rods

Step-by-step instructions will tell you which material is better to choose, how to properly carry out all the upcoming work, what and how to make the foundation itself correctly, and how to build a basement floor.

In most cases the most suitable option To create a foundation from scratch is the construction of a strip foundation for the basement floor. The tape has its own distinctive features and many positive qualities:

long service life;
high strength characteristics;
ultimate load-bearing capacity;
possibility of construction on a wide variety of soils. For more information about the basement floor of the house, watch this video:

Projects that use these types of foundations require precise mathematical calculations. This is done by qualified specialists.

Work order

Place crushed stone at the bottom of the pit and lay geotextiles

For the ground floor of a house to be a reliable and high-quality structure, it is not enough to choose the right construction material, geological surveys are required to find out all the features of the soil and develop a step-by-step plan for the work.

Needed and detailed project buildings with a basement. The next step is the construction of a drainage system, without which melted or melted water may accumulate in the basement. rainwater. Flooding and accumulation of water in the basement itself will lead to rapid destruction of the building.

Now you can start marking the site, digging trenches and creating a cushion for the foundation of the house. In accordance with the calculations, the depth and width of the trenches are determined and the formwork is installed. Crushed stone and sand are poured into the bottom and compacted thoroughly.

After the frame is connected from reinforcement rods, it is lowered to the bottom of the trench and filled with concrete, not forgetting to tamp or remove air from the solution by bayoneting.

Concrete gains strength for at least 3 weeks, only after which you can continue work and begin building the basement floor itself.

The durability of the constructed walls will be ensured by high-quality waterproofing, for which they use liquid materials type of bitumen-based mastic. The base is built from a pre-selected material. The best option According to most experts, it is a brick.

But today, more and more often, a home base is built from concrete blocks that have good resistance to any kind of negative impacts and significantly reducing work completion time. For more information about the construction, watch this video:

The blocks must be installed along the entire perimeter of the future building, using cement mortar for adhesion. It is important not to forget about the need for ventilation.

When constructing private houses, to obtain additional area, resorted to the construction of an additional ground floor. The basement is a floor of a building that is completely or partially below ground level. Judging by the description, it can be called a basement, but this is not so. The ground floor has a large area and is significantly higher than standard ones basements. This is something between a basement and the first floor. This room can be used different ways– it can be either a garage, or a bathhouse, or a gym with a swimming pool. The construction of the basement floor will significantly increase the volume usable area, while avoiding any costs for expanding the development boundaries.

To learn how to build a basement with your own hands, you should consider the following questions.

Do-it-yourself construction of a basement floor from various materials

There are three types of material used: different technologies to build a basement:

The ground floor is made from a foundation block.
The ground floor is made of brick.

This is the most economical construction option. The blocks are laid around the entire perimeter of the house, as evenly as possible, to simplify their further plastering. Next, the blocks are fastened together with cement mortar. When laying the block, you should take into account the holes for conducting electricity and water. Also, if the floor is only partially underground, maximum space should be allocated for windows so that the room receives enough sunlight. To ventilate the space, it is necessary to make holes in the blocks at a distance of 15 cm from the ground level. Ventilation holes should be covered with a net, and in winter they should be covered with thick fabric.

Ultimately, the brick wall should rise above the ground at a level of one meter. Then the ceiling is installed on the blocks.

When building a basement using brickwork Particular attention should be paid to the brick laying patterns, since the lower rows of masonry will take on the entire load of the house. Therefore, the masonry must be as reliable and stable as possible.

Depending on the height of the ceiling, you should calculate the number of rows of bricks required to achieve required height. The most important part of the construction work is the construction of the first brick row.

For independent work the following rules should be adhered to:

The first row is laid without using a binder, that is, “dry”. It should also be taken into account that the brick is laid on the waterproofing layer, and not directly on the upper part of the foundation.
You should regularly measure the diagonals and, if necessary, correct errors that prevent the walls from being perfectly square. Brick courses should be constantly checked for straightness and flatness. The surface of each row must be checked for verticality and horizontality. Only constant monitoring will help you achieve the desired result.
Using various complex structures will help give the room additional attractiveness and uniqueness, but at the same time, such designs often require high professional skills, which significantly complicates the construction process.

This is the most popular and effective method construction of the basement floor. It combines a number of advantages such as: high strength and reliability of the structure, low construction time, best protection from moisture. The basement made of monolithic concrete can be used for any purpose - from game room to the pool. When building with monolithic concrete, you don’t have to worry about the ratio of underground and above-ground area; soil moisture also does not affect the quality of construction.

The construction of a basement floor from monolithic concrete is the main construction method, so this method will be discussed in more detail, but a little later.

First, about the materials needed for DIY construction.

Necessary materials for building a basement floor with your own hands

So, for the construction of the basement floor you will need the following materials:

Construction sand. Price – from 400 rub./m3.
Cement, at least grade M 300, M50, M100. Price – from 120 rubles, per bag 40 kg.
Crushed stone. Price – from 1700 rub./m3.
Foundation block. Price – from 500 rubles, per piece.
Cement-lime mortar. Price – from 350 rubles, per bag 30 kg.
Metal grid. Price – from 60 rub./sq.m.
Red solid brick. Price – from 15 rubles, per piece.
Formwork, roofing felt - from 250 rubles, per roll.
Fittings. Price – from 14 rub./m.

Regarding quantity necessary materials, then it depends on the area that needs to be built. Calculate required quantity materials, each person must independently, depending on specific situation. To make this task easier, there are special construction calculators on the Internet.

Necessary tools for building a basement floor with your own hands

Shovel.
Hammer.
Master OK.
Roulette.
Plumb.
Equipment for pumping water (if required).

As you can see, the construction of the base does not require any special or expensive tools. All necessary tools Almost everyone has a home.

Building a basement floor with your own hands

So, the main method of building a basement floor is pouring monolithic concrete. This process includes several stages, which will be discussed in detail below:

First, the area for construction is marked out. Then a pit is dug across the entire marked area. It should be noted that the depth of the pit should not exceed the depth of the underground part of the foundation, that is, the average depth of the pit is 0.5 meters. This measure is due to the purpose of the gravel cushion, which prevents soil deformation and drains groundwater. When working with an excavator, it is very important to avoid excessive uneven depths in the pit, since filling such depressions by backfilling is strictly prohibited - this can lead to deformation of the floor. For this reason, the last half meter of the pit depth is removed manually.
If the pit is filled with water, drainage should be arranged and water should be pumped out to the maximum distance from the pit. You should also take into account the presence of quicksand in the soil - soil saturated with water, which should also be pumped out. After pumping out the water, the pit should be backfilled with layers of crushed stone or gravel and sand. Each layer is 10 cm. Then the layers must be compacted.
A 5-centimeter layer of cement grade M50 or M100 is poured on top of a compacted cushion of crushed stone and sand. This will serve as a platform for laying the waterproofing layer - more on that later.
A base for the floor is applied on top of the waterproofing layer. First, a slab is poured, which serves as the base for the foundation walls and floor. Then formwork is performed using permanent boards, which are connected with screws and bars.
Special attention should be paid to foundation reinforcement. The reinforcement used must be corrugated longitudinally and transversely. The diameter of the rod should not be less than 10 cm.
Next comes the process of pouring the foundation. The foundation slab is poured with M300 concrete. The thickness of such a slab is more than 20 cm. It is advisable that the concrete slab be poured at once. Pouring the slab in separate pieces will reduce its strength and increase the likelihood of deformation. Then the concrete is punched with a deep vibrator, leveled and left to dry for at least 28 days. In order to speed up the construction process, a few days after pouring the concrete, the construction of formwork for the basement walls begins.
Wall formwork is erected in the same way. Polypropylene panels are used to insulate walls. The reinforcement is installed longitudinally to the walls. Thus, the reinforcement bars from the foundation and formwork are connected. The more strapping belts there are, the better. On average, two belts are used per 3-meter wall. In situations with unstable soil, additional strapping belts should be used.
When constructing formwork, you should remember about door and window openings, as well as the need for laying metal pipes through which communications will pass.
Pouring concrete is carried out in the same way as in the case of a foundation; the area should be completely poured as soon as possible. The concrete should then be left to harden, which takes an average of 28 days.
Then the walls are waterproofed. This process will be described in detail below.
The underground part of the foundation is covered with soil or coarse sand. The mixture should not contain large particles that could damage the thermal insulation layer.
At the end, finishing and insulation work is carried out.

DIY basement waterproofing

Waterproofing the basement floor includes two stages:

Waterproofing the foundation - after pouring on top of the gravel bed thin layer concrete, a layer of rolled waterproofing material is laid on its base. Another layer of the same material is installed on top of it. The layers should be glued using bitumen-based mastic or by floating method. Next comes the formwork process.
Waterproofing walls - the process is similar to the previous one. External waterproofing is carried out by gluing waterproofing material on top of the concrete layer. Internal waterproofing is carried out using special concrete additives. This method is also called penetrating waterproofing.

Do-it-yourself basement floor ventilation

Ventilation is carried out through special holes, which were mentioned earlier. Such holes act as a source for natural air exchange. At the design stage, it should be taken into account that the number of such vents should be 1 per 2-3 meters of wall. If the house is low, the number of holes should be increased.

If there are not enough vents for normal air exchange, you should use supply and exhaust equipment. It will remove exhaust air from the room and supply fresh air. Such a system consists of two pipes - supply and exhaust. They should be placed at different ends of the room and at different heights - the exhaust pipe should be located above the supply pipe, since warm air lighter than cold. Air regulation is carried out by slide dampers.

The economic effect of building a basement with your own hands

It is impossible to calculate the exact or at least approximate cost of the basement floor, since for this you need to have specific numbers and know all the details of the area and location. But you can give an approximate cost of building a basement certain area with your own hands and compare it with the prices of construction companies for the same area.

For a room of 8x10, that is, 80 sq./m., you will need approximately 23-25 thousand rubles worth of material.

The price of construction companies for building the same area can reach 100,000 rubles!

The difference in costs is more than 50 thousand. Of course, it should be taken into account that professional construction companies are able to fulfill your order almost perfectly.

As can be seen from this article, the construction of a basement floor is quite possible with my own hands without high costs for equipment or materials. But to build it yourself or resort to the help of professionals is everyone’s personal choice.

Video: “Construction of the foundation of a house on the ground floor”

More details about the construction process of the ground floor can be found in the following video: