Garden plot around the house can be flat or sloping. Regardless of the terrain, the process will definitely require a vertical site planning project.
Vertical planning means carrying out engineering work on artificial change, transformation and improvement of the terrain. Vertical layout area is one of the most important procedures in the process of improvement and engineering training territories.
When organizing the relief of a site, it is necessary to try to minimize the amount of work carried out, while preserving the plant soil and fulfilling some requirements:
- When creating sites, it is necessary to take into account their division into functional zones, as well as the organization of drainage of storm and flood waters from the land plot.
- Decrease in groundwater level.
- Stormwater drainage should not be carried out through the area of a residential building.
- Complete isolation from other storm water drains from the yard.
On a land plot that has differences in the level of location of individual territories relative to the surface of the earth, careful vertical planning of the site is required. One of the simplest elements of vertical planning are slopes, which represent a transition from one area to another when their levels differ.
In this video you can look at an example of a vertical layout from professional architects.
As a rule, the vertical planning project of a site is carried out in the following order:
- Layout of alleys, park paths, platforms for various purposes– that is, planning elements of the territory that require careful adherence possible slopes surfaces.
- Production of projects for green spaces - planning elements that allow various surface slopes.
- Creation of a detailed layout diagram of the territory, as well as the construction of its high-rise frame with further determination of the general high-rise solution of the site in accordance with the design elevations and surface slopes, ensuring the organization of the runoff of melted and surface waters.
- Creation detailed project vertical solution of the site by establishing new contours and designing a new terrain.
- The working stage, which includes the development of a detailed cartogram earthworks, With by exact calculation volumes of soil.
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A well-executed plan can significantly improve the appearance of the land, as well as its hygienic condition, ridding the area of accumulations of dirt and water.
According to landscape designers, the optimal topography of a plot of land is considered to be one that is flat or inclined to the south or east. Other directions, especially to the north, should be avoided.
Example of vertical site layout
Vertical planning methods
Very often, owners of uneven and sloping areas are faced with the fact that on such terrain it is simply impossible to implement many landscape design ideas. For this reason, it is necessary to seek help from specialists, for whom calculating the vertical layout to extract benefit from the scarcest areas is not difficult at all.
If the garden landscape is fairly flat, then a residential building, garden buildings, and various green spaces can be located here. As a rule, small slopes are erected next to the walls, designed to drain groundwater to the boundaries of the site or main paths. The slope is created by pouring soil in the required places on the site, and the paths themselves are made of hard materials. In addition, high-quality drainage is provided on both sides storm water to the road ditch. These works can also be carried out with many other types of site planning.
Small slopes made when planning a garden plot The project of vertical planning of the territory with a slope to the south makes it possible to obtain quite rich vegetation, since trees and shrubs grow just fine on such a slope. In this case, it is recommended to locate the residential building at the highest point of the plot, as close as possible to the eastern border. Outbuildings, in turn, should be located at the bottom of the site.
Since any site has its own relief - it can be either flat or sloping - and you want to equip it, therefore, in any case, a vertical layout of the site is needed here.
By this we mean the engineering work of altering the terrain to improve it. And just vertical planning is one of the most important works in the design of territories.
When carrying out excavation work to transform the relief, one must strive to preserve vegetation as much as possible, and therefore the soil, and fulfill the following requirements:
- When creating a site, you need to take into account that it will be divided into certain zones, which will perform different functions. We also need to organize the drainage of rainwater and floods from our site.
- Reduce groundwater levels.
- Rainwater must not be drained through a residential building.
- Completely isolate rain flows in the yard from other drains.
If there are many differences in your territory, then a particularly careful vertical planning of the land plot is required. One of the options for solving this problem is slopes that will connect your site to different levels.
Drainage system The procedure for completing a vertical planning project
- First, the alleys are planned, park paths, sites that perform different functions, or in other words, components of the territory that require strict adherence to slopes.
- Design of land plantings - components of the territory that allow different plane slopes.
Vertical planning can be divided into three stages
- A detailed planning scheme for the territory is created and its high-rise frame is built with a height solution, which must be consistent with other marks on the surface of the site. This is necessary for high-quality organization of water flow.
- New horizontal lines are being drawn and a new terrain is being designed.
- A detailed cartogram of earthworks is developed and the exact volume of soil is calculated.
Layout of the site taking into account the difference in ground level Land plot, its appearance and cleanliness will be much better if the work is planned responsibly.
As landscape designers advise, the terrain is good if it is flat or inclined to the south or east. A tilt to the north should not be allowed.
Vertical planning methods
Often, those who own uneven or sloping areas problems arise due to which planned landscape management projects cannot be implemented in their area. For this There are specialists you should turn to for help. It is not difficult for them to calculate the vertical layout in order to extract maximum benefit from any area, even the most complex, and realize your plans.
A building can be erected on a flat landscape. Often, a slight slope is made behind the walls to drain groundwater to the boundaries of the site. To do this, make an embankment of soil in the right place, and then make paths from solid material. Rainwater drainage is provided on both sides.
If the site is inclined to the south, then you should not have problems with landscaping, because vegetation behaves very well in such conditions. Designers recommend placing the house at the highest point and on the eastern side of the site. It is better to place outbuildings at the lowest point of the site.
In case if your site is inclined to the west and east, it is better to place buildings in the north. This arrangement will not interfere with the plants. If you want to have trees, they need to be placed so that the shadow of buildings does not fall on them and does not interfere with growth. If the slope on the site is quite large - 20 degrees or more, this can create difficulties - the water will drain quite quickly and wash out the soil in its path. To do this, you need to qualitatively calculate drainage system. The formation of terraces with walls and the construction of paths with steps and ramps will also help here. Drainage is designed taking into account the features of the relief. Water drains are placed at the bottom of the site.
Plot with a slope If the site is horizontal, then it would be best to add more soil, decorating the sides with tiles, natural stone or brick. If the slopes are high, they need to be strengthened with wooden pegs and concrete mortar.
House construction and vertical layout
If you want to build on your site private house, then you need to find out what the vertical position of the house will be - find out what the height of the floor or plinth will be and what the soil layout will be on the construction plane.
All this is needed in order to:
- it was possible to determine how pits, trenches, pillows and foundations would be located.
- rainwater could be properly drained.
- above-foundation structures were above the snow level.
To solve these problems you need:
- Call a specialist to conduct a geodetic survey of the area to find out changes in elevations on the site, as well as determine the situation with regard to groundwater and the level of soil freezing.
- Make a mound of earth to raise the level of the construction site.
- Determine what the foundation design will be so that it is located higher than the groundwater level.
- Find out what the height of the base will be - the part of the foundation that is above the ground.
- Properly build a blind area, water grooves, and design the terrain well in order to drain rain and melt water.
- To groundwater After washing the foundation, you need to do the drainage correctly.
After the surveyor carries out geodetic surveys and surveys, it will be possible to determine and evaluate the deviation of the site surface itself from the horizontal level.
Location of objects on the site Types of sites:
- Almost flat and horizontal;
- A site with a slight slope, and as a result, a difference of a maximum of 0.4 m;
- A site where the height difference is large - from 0.4m to 1m;
- A site located on a slope with differences of more than 1 m.
In all of the above cases, it is necessary to raise the soil level by adding soil.
The embankment has the following advantages:
- Can be increased bearing capacity soil under the foundation.
- The soil does not freeze so much, that is, soil heaving is reduced, which is therefore beneficial for the foundation.
- It is easier to design the drainage of rain and melt water.
- The dry zone increases.
- Since it was noticed that after the construction of a house, the soil level on the site increases when it is landscaped by bringing in the soil itself, as a result of this the house may end up in a lowland.
- Since in most cases soil remains from the dug pit, it can be placed in an embankment.
If the area is without slope
Usually, if the area is very flat and there is a lot of groundwater, then it is located in a wetland or some kind of lowland. Usually in such cases there is no need for careful planning of rainwater and flood drainage.
Schematic layout of the house, garden and outbuildings In these cases, a shallow or non-buried foundation and earth fill must be carefully planned. Its thickness should be from 0.2 to 0.5 m. For this, use different soils, but which do not contain peat or vegetation. Used in trenches and cushion sand mixtures with layer-by-layer compaction.
In any case, the embankment has only an advantage and is used not only in marshy areas.
If the site is located on a slope
If the slope at the corners of the site is up to one meter, it is most profitable to level it by filling the soil. The sole must be made at the same level, despite the fact that the foundation is located on a slope.
What to do with a site on a slope (video)
If the difference is 0.3-0.4 m
Soil is dumped horizontally. In this case, the height of the base will be the same throughout the entire plane.
You will save money if on the lower slope the base of the foundation is on the surface, and on the upper part of the site it is, on the contrary, buried.
After the foundation has been cast or built, you can begin filling the embankment.
Landscape formation If the slope is from 0.4-1 m
Horizontal filling is not done, but only reduces the magnitude of the difference. Here they do a strip pouring of the foundation on the embankment itself.
At the bottom of the site, the top soil is removed and sandy gravel is poured under the foundation cushion. At the top of the platform, a cushion is made in the trench at the same level. Thickness and width sand pillows made based on calculations strip foundation using methodological instructions.
It is undesirable to make the embankment under the foundation more than 0.6 m. Although it is compacted in layers, over time it will still shrink significantly, incompatible with the standards, which will lead to deformation of the building.
On a steep slope with a difference in angles of more than 1 m
IN in this case It is most profitable to design a basement. On the walls ground floor drainage needs to be done.
As you can see, if you approach the vertical planning project correctly, this will ensure the durability of the buildings; you can change the relief to suit you, as you need, so that everything looks aesthetically pleasing and is functional.
Lecture on the topic: Engineering organization of populated areas.
Part 1: Vertical planning of urban areas.
- Vertical layout.
- General information about the relief.
Vertical layout of urban areas
Vertical layout is an engineering measure to artificially change, transform and improve the existing terrain for use for urban planning purposes. It is mandatory and one of the most important activities for engineering preparation and landscaping.The main purpose of vertical planning is to create planned surfaces that meet the requirements of development and engineering improvement of the territory. The vertical layout of the territory is designed to create favorable conditions for the placement of buildings and structures, the laying of streets, driveways, underground engineering communications etc. All these activities are associated with cutting, filling and moving earth masses. Since earthworks occupy an important place in the construction complex, both in terms of volume and cost, with vertical planning they strive to make more efficient use of the existing terrain.
All land work on the territory is directly related to the organization of surface (storm and melt) water runoff, which is carried out using a territory-wide closed drainage system. It is designed in such a way as to collect all surface water runoff from the territory and divert it to places of possible discharge or to wastewater treatment plants without allowing flooding of streets, low areas and basements of buildings and structures.
Surface drainage is organized from all urban areas. For this purpose, open and closed drainage system cities that lead surface runoff outside the urban area or to wastewater treatment plants.
The main tasks of vertical planning include:
* engineering :
- organization of surface water flow (rain, storm and melt) from urban areas;
- ensuring acceptable slopes of streets, squares and intersections for safe and convenient movement of all types of urban transport and pedestrians;
- Creation favorable conditions for placement of buildings and laying underground utility networks;
- organization of relief in the presence of unfavorable physical and geological processes (flooding of the territory, flooding of it groundwater, gully formation, etc.);
- solving problems in the construction of large and unique planar structures (sports center, airfield, etc.).
- giving the relief the greatest architectural expressiveness;
- giving the ensemble (territory of a microdistrict, park, recreation area) a spatial composition by moving soil within the boundaries of the designed territory;
- creation, if necessary, of artificial relief.
General information about the terrain
The terrain is depicted on a site plan conditional lines- horizontal lines that connect points of equal heights in the drawing (Fig. 1). The pitch of the contours characterizes the difference in elevation between adjacent contours and is called the relief section.
On a terrain plan, the existing surface is indicated by existing (black) contours, and the design surface by design (red) contours.
Rice. 1. Site plan with existing contours
1 - horizontal; 2 - thalweg; 3 - saddle
Mutual position existing and designed horizontals determines surface slopes and features of landforms, watershed lines and the lowest places where surface runoff is concentrated.
Terrain slope - i - is expressed in ppm (10/00 = 0.001) or percentage (1% = 0.01). It is calculated between two fixed points, according to the expression:
i=Δh/l
where Δh is the difference in elevation between the points under consideration, m;
l is the distance between the points under consideration, m.
When determining the slope between two points that are not on the horizontal lines, their elevations are calculated by interpolation. The marks of two horizontal lines are taken as a basis, between which a point lies. Then the mark of the point HX (Fig. 2) will be equal to: HX = HA + h1.
Fig.2. Determination of relief marks
Table 1
The elevations of the planned surface are assigned in such a way as to preserve the existing relief, green spaces and soil cover as much as possible. Therefore, vertical planning is carried out mainly in areas occupied by city streets, roads and squares, as well as in areas intended for the construction of buildings and structures.
Depending on the category of streets and roads, they are given longitudinal slopes acceptable SNiP 2.07.01-89* “Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements.” In other areas, the vertical layout should be designed taking into account the need for surface drainage, i.e. mainly in drainless areas and areas with large slopes where soil erosion is possible.
Continuation of the lecture on the topic: Engineering organization of populated areas.
Part 1: Vertical planning of urban areas.
Part 2:Vertical layout design methods.
Part 3: Vertical layout of streets, roads, driveways and sidewalks.
Part 4:
One of the main parts master planproject of vertical layout of the built-up area. Its goal is to transform natural relief forms and create conditions for the operation of buildings and structures being constructed.
Natural relief during construction is usually transformed by performing earthworks according to a special vertical planning project.
The design relief can be specified in the form of profiles, design contours in combination with design elevations, or only design elevations. The profile method is labor-intensive and therefore rarely used. When performing this calculation and graphic work, the marking method is used. The construction site must be a horizontal surface.
The design of a horizontal site is usually carried out in compliance with the condition of zero balance of earthworks. This condition means reducing excavation work to a minimum and ensuring equal volumes of excavation and filling.
The basis for designing a vertical layout are topographic plans of scale 1:500-1:5000, drawn up based on the results of leveling the construction site by squares. The planned territory is divided into squares with sides of 10, 20, 40 or 50 m, depending on the complexity of the terrain. The actual heights of the tops of the squares are determined by horizontal lines or using geometric leveling. It is assumed that each square prism is bounded by vertical planes passing through the sides of the squares, a flat base and an inclined top plane. The height of the prism is taken equal to the arithmetic mean of the marks of the corner points of the surface. Then the volume of one prism is equal to (see Fig. 52):
V, (13.1)
Where 
- area of the base of the prism; 
And 
- marks of corner points.
The average elevation of the entire area with known grid corner elevations is calculated based on the following considerations. Corner marks 
squares lying inside the outer contour will be repeated four times during calculations, and their sum is equal to 
(Fig. 61).
Next, the marks are summed up 
vertices of squares located along the contour of the site, with the exception of marks 
-vertices of the corners of the site, and the resulting amount 
double, since these marks are included in two adjacent squares. Finally, the marks are summed up 
corner points of the site.
Average mark 
plot is calculated by the formula:
.
(13.2)
If the site includes an arbitrary, including odd, number of squares (Fig. 62), and the relief of the site should be planned with a horizontal platform, subject to a zero balance of earthworks, the design elevation of such a site is calculated by the formula
Where n-total number of squares; 
-sum of black marks of vertices included in only one square; 
-respectively, the sums of the marks of the vertices common to two, three and four squares.
With a horizontal platform 
is constant value for the entire area.
The working elevations of all the vertices of the squares are obtained as the difference of the design elevation 
and black marks of the vertices of the squares:
,
(13.4)
at the same time 
with a plus sign will determine the filling, minus-notch.
The volume of excavation work is calculated based on working marks 
vertices of each square. If all four marks have the same sign, the volume of excavation work within a given square is calculated using the formula
V, (13.5)
Where A-side of the square.
If the work marks in a square have different signs, then a line of zero work runs through this square - a line with a work mark equal to zero. The zero work lines are the boundary between the areas of backfilling and excavation, i.e. determine the volume of excavation work within each square. To construct a line of zero work on the sides of the squares, find the position of the points of zero work using the formulas (Fig. 63)
;
,
(13.6)
Where 
And 
- distances from the vertices of the square to the point of zero work; A-side of the square; 
And 
-working marks at the ends of the side of the square. It's obvious that 
.
By finding the points of zero work on different sides of the square and connecting them with segments of straight dotted lines, they obtain a line of zero work (the boundary of the excavation and fill). The volume of excavation work is determined separately for excavation and backfill.
Used in various conditions various methods: with relatively calm terrain - using the square method; for more rugged terrain - using the triangular prism method; in very rough terrain, using the cross-section method. Calculation of the volume of excavation work using the square method is carried out for each square or part thereof as the volume of a prism
V
,
(13.7)
Where 
-average value of working marks; S-area of the square (its part).
The volume of soil in a complete square is found by the formula
V
,
(13.8)
Where 
-sum of working marks for the corners of the square; 
-area of the square.
When calculating the volume of excavation work for incomplete squares (squares through which the line of zero work passes), they are divided into triangles and each figure is numbered.
Find the area of each triangle 
and calculate the volume of soil within the triangular prisms using the formula
V
.
(13.9)
Calculate the total volumes of excavation and filling and check the balance of earthworks using the formula
.
(13.10)
This value should not exceed 3%.
If necessary, the solution is adjusted, i.e. the design elevation of the horizontal plane is specified.
Example 1. Develop a project for the vertical layout of the site under the following initial conditions (Fig. 64):
site marks were obtained by leveling by squares;
a horizontal site is designed with an approximate balance of earthworks (Fig. 65);
design ends with the compilation of a cartogram of earth masses.
The dimensions of the squares are taken to be 20 ´ 20 m (with a plan scale of 1:1000).
The sequence of work is as follows:
1. On a sheet of A4 drawing paper (20 x 30 cm), draw a stamp and draw a grid of squares twice (Fig. 64 and 65).
2. At the vertices of the squares (Fig. 64) write down marks according to your option. For example, at the top A 1 is 148.23, at the top A 2-147,64,A 3-147.23, etc.
3. Calculate the design elevation of the horizontal site with an approximate balance of earthworks using formula (13.3). This grid of squares does not have vertex marks that belong to three squares at once, so 
and the design elevation is calculated by the formula
.
4. Write down the resulting design mark in the upper left corner (Fig. 64), calculate the working marks 
and fix them at the vertices of the squares. Yes, at the top A 1 is -0.55, at the top A 2 +0.04, in A 3 +0.45, etc.
5. To develop a cartogram of earthworks (Fig. 65), rewrite the values of the working marks on this drawing, mark the contours of fills and excavations with lines of zero work. The line of zero work is determined by the points of zero work on those sides of the squares, the vertices of which have marks with opposite signs (lines IN 1-G 1,B 2-IN 2, etc.). The position of the point of zero work on the side of the square will be determined by the value 
or 
, calculated according to (13.6).
Lines of zero work are designated by straight segments, the values l written on the side of the square (Fig. 65, on the side IN 1-G 1m; on the side IN 2-G 2m, etc.)
6. Calculate separately for excavations and fills in each square the volume of excavation work (Fig. 65) using the formula
V
,
Where 
-average value of working marks (for incomplete squares, two working marks are equal to zero); 
-the area of a square or part of it, which can be calculated by knowing the lengths of the sides of these figures.
7. Sum up the volumes of embankments and excavations calculated on the cartogram vertically and calculate their total values for the entire site (Fig. 65). Check the balance of excavation work using formula (13.10).
Example 2. Develop a project for the vertical layout of the site in the case of an odd number of squares (Fig. 66).
The composition of the task and the sequence of its implementation are similar to example 1.
Vertex B 4 with mark 
refers to only one square, vertex IN 3 with mark 
-to two squares, B 3 with mark 
-by three, B 2 to four squares.
The design elevation of such a site is calculated using formula (13.3). The sums of vertex marks included in the numerator of this formula are equal to:
Substituting these values into formula (13.3), we obtain the design elevation of the site
To simplify calculations, it is convenient to select the smallest of the four marks of the vertices of the squares, rounded to the nearest decimeter, and perform arithmetic operations with the remaining additions to the corresponding black mark. In this case 
(A 3), and then
m.
Next, the working marks of each vertex are found according to formula (13.4) and written down on the site plan and the excavation cartogram (Fig. 66 and 67). Yes, for the top A 1 working mark is +0.32, for B 1 it is negative and equal to -0.35, etc.
,
.
After calculating the working marks, the contours of fills and excavations are identified by constructing lines of zero work; the line of zero work is determined by the points of zero work on those sides of the squares, the vertices of which have working marks with opposite signs (line IN 2-IN 3;A 1-B 1, etc.). The position of the zero work points is found using formula (13.6). So, for example, along the line A 2-B 2 at 
m and working marks +0.47 m and -0.25 m (Fig. 68)
m; 
m.Having determined the location of the points of zero work, straight segments of the dotted line indicate the line of zero work on the cartogram (Fig. 68).
The volume of excavation work is calculated using formulas (13.7) - (13.9) separately for excavation and backfill.
So, for a complete square B 1 - IN 1 - IN 2 - B 2 (Fig. 68) using formula (13.8) we obtain
For a transition square B 1 - B 2 - A 2 - A 1 recess volume (Fig. 67, 68)
Volume of bedding:
The resulting volumes of earthworks are written out on the earthworks cartogram (Fig. 67) in the central part of the corresponding sections (full squares or parts thereof). Below the cartogram are the partial values of the volumes of fill and excavations, summed vertically. The total values of the volumes of fills and excavations throughout the entire area are calculated separately; formula (13.10) is used to check the balance of earthworks.
Example 3. Develop a project for the vertical layout of the site in the case of an odd number of squares (Fig. 69).
The composition of the task and the sequence of its implementation are similar to example 1. The difference from example 2 is that incomplete squares are divided into triangles, which makes it easier to calculate the volume of excavation work.
Peaks IN 1,IN 4,B 4,A 3,A 1 refer to only one square; peaks IN 2,IN 3,A 2,B 1-common for two adjacent squares; B 3-common for three squares, B 2-for four, then
Using the formula for the design height of the horizontal area, we obtain
Using formula (13.4) we find the working marks of each vertex (Fig. 69). Thus we obtain the working elevation of the vertex A 1, equal. Similarly, working marks are obtained for all other vertices.
Using formulas (13.6), the position of the points of zero work is found. For example, for the side of a square IN 2-IN 3 at 
m
m; 
m.
The control is the equality of the sum 
And 
distance 
:
m.
Laying down the drawing from the top IN 2 distance equal to 4.2 m, or from IN 3, a distance equal to 15.8 m (see Fig. 70) gives the point of zero work. Similarly, the points of zero work are found on the remaining sides of the squares. By connecting them with a dash-dotted broken line, the boundary of the excavation and fill is obtained.
Soil volumes in full squares are found using formula (13.8). For example, for square 1 ( IN 1,IN 2,B 2,B 1)
m 
(notch).
When calculating the volume of excavation work for incomplete squares, they are divided into triangles, as shown in Fig. 70, and number each figure.
Find the area of each triangle and calculate the volume of soil within the triangular prisms using formula (13.9). For example, for a figure 2 can be written down
m 
;
m 
(notch).
All calculations are carried out in the statement (Table 7), where the excavation volume is finally obtained V IN and bedding V P .
