Recently I was faced with an unexpected task: to develop a design for the territory of an educational institution and to fit a chapel into it. There are many difficulties, the most important of which is to defend the idea of an open chapel and, in fact, to design it.
Now is the time for innovation, even in the church. You can create something very practical and beautiful, while being in full accordance with the canons.
1. Idea
It occurred to you personally or your customers idea about the need to build a chapel. Its construction must be justified. In the name of what and why? Think carefully about this question.
Please note that access there should be in your chapel open to everyone. If you cannot guarantee this, then this is selfishness, which the church does not approve of.
2. Choosing a location for the chapel
Firstly, the place should be quiet and calm, so that nothing distracts from prayer.
Secondly, very the orientation of the chapel to the cardinal points is important. In Orthodoxy, the altar is always located in the East, and the plane of the cross is oriented in the North-South direction.
For a more complete overview of the issue, please refer to the “Orthodox Temples and Complexes manual on design and construction” in 3 volumes.
Thirdly, make sure that there are no underground communications at the site of the future building. If the selected location is on a public or someone else's property private territory, - obtain the appropriate permissions.
If the first two points are not feasible for some reason or condition, there is no point in continuing.
3. Sketching the chapel
If you still have little idea what a chapel is, then let’s turn to the document:
Once you choose the type of chapel, find and study as many photographs and designs of existing chapels as you can. Perhaps you will find more good option than you imagined.
Carefully consider the materials and design of the building, financial issue(you buy everything you need yourself or with the help of donations), with whose strength you will build (yourself, the builders, the community).
4. Permission and blessing by the church
This brief instructions cannot consider all the subtleties of creating and implementing a chapel, so the first thing you need to do is contact the priest of the nearest church. He will advise and guide.
To receive blessings and permission to create a chapel from the church authorities, clearly and convincingly justify the construction in this particular place and of this particular chapel.
5. Creation of the project and its protection from secular authorities
If you are creating an open chapel on your own site, then this point is a formality.
If you started something more grandiose, you will have to go through many authorities, from architects to the SES. The main thing is to start, and then they will give you advice and guidance.
6. Construction and interior design
7. Consecration and opening of the chapel for parishioners
Finally, a few pictures water chapels and monument chapels.
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Where to begin?
It is important to start the construction of a temple with a blessing ruling bishop diocese. Since the temple is not built on its own, but for a church community, if there is no such community in a city or village, it must be created and registered. To register a community, it must include at least ten people - the so-called “ten”. Community is entity, and it is registered with the federal registration service.
A holy place should not be empty
When the community is registered and has received the blessing of the bishop for the construction of the temple, it is necessary to contact the local authorities with a request to provide for this land plot. If this is, for example, a district city, then to the city or district administration, it is best to go straight to the head of the administration. Better yet, make official letter from the bishop and contact the authorities with this letter. The community must understand in advance what kind of temple it would like to build, for how many people, in what style, and in whose honor the main altar will be consecrated.
IN different places The allocation of land by the authorities can occur in different ways. Somewhere, the administration is inspired by the idea of building a temple in its area, takes into account the opinion of the rector of the community, allocates a beautiful site in the city center; somewhere they give what they give, often this is an area where construction is difficult - for example, there is a ravine nearby, and then before you start building, it will be necessary to strengthen the soil.
As Svetlana Pokrovskaya, executive director of the legal company “Business Consultations”, which deals with real estate, explained to us, if next to the proposed land plot there is a forested area or a river, or there are important communications underground, and in the future it is planned to build a road nearby, all this can be very complicate the approval process.
To obtain a construction permit, you need to collect a package of documents, among which the cadastral passport is very important. The passport must indicate the type of permitted use of the land plot - specifically for the construction of a temple.
On the advice of Priest Daniil Sysoev, rector of the community of the Prophet Daniel on Kantemirovskaya, which has been building a temple on the outskirts of Moscow for five years, it is better to ask for land with a small reserve, because if you ask back to back, the plot may be given a little less, and there will not be enough land.
Project
The design of the temple is done by an architectural design studio. The problem may be that there are not many workshops that specialize specifically in the construction of temples. How do you know which one is best to contact? As Priest Daniel advises, the first thing you need to do is find out whether the workshop has a state license, and a new one, since the licensing form has recently changed.
The project is approved and agreed upon by various authorities: in the general plan, in the local committee for architecture, etc. - therefore, it makes life very easy if the architectural studio has access to organizations that will conduct various examinations for approval.
Father Daniel advises to beware of architects who, instead of taking into account the wishes of the parish when designing, begin to engage in self-expression and the embodiment of their creative ideas - the result may be something that does not look very much like a temple. It is best, of course, for the church to be designed by an architect who has experience in the construction of churches.
Construction
The question of where to find good workers in the regions is often one of the most difficult. Hieromonk Bartholomew (Kolomatsky), who was building a church in honor of St. Spyridon of Trimifuntsky in the city of Neya, Kostroma region, brought workers from Ukraine: even though they had to be registered as foreigners from afar, he knew them as experienced and conscientious builders.
Large design workshops often have a construction license, therefore both the project and construction works can be ordered from the same organization, on a turnkey basis.
Where can I get money?
The Temple of the Prophet Daniel on Kantemirovskaya is valued at half a billion rubles. "This is because we have very difficult place for construction: there is a river flowing nearby, a slope, a ravine,” says Father Daniil. “And in general, many things are more expensive in Moscow than in the regions, for example, just connecting a church to electricity costs one and a half million rubles.” According to Svetlana Pokrovskaya, in the regions everything may be different - and for three million rubles you can completely build a temple somewhere.
Where to get money? The temple in honor of the Cathedral of Moscow Saints in Moscow Bibirevo has been under construction since 2002, now the walls have already been built, and it is planned to finish the roof by the end of the year. The church currently has no major sponsors; construction is being carried out with donations from private individuals, plus the community has a publishing house and a subsidiary farm in the Moscow region - in this way money is earned for construction, and business is moving, albeit slowly. “Everything is done with the help of God, both money and people are found,” says Hieromonk Sergius (Rybko), rector of the temple. — One architect did the project for us free of charge, now we have a team of builders working for us. The company that allocated it to us has practically nothing from this, only the workers themselves receive wages - this is the decision of the head of the company (by the way, he immediately received a lot of good orders).”
The area in the Kostroma region where Father Bartholomew is building the temple is very poor, and the local funds raised, according to the priest, are the widow’s contribution. But the construction is being helped by one wealthy person who venerates St. Spyridon - thanks to him, the construction is moving forward. “What is associated with the construction of a temple is always a miracle. The miracle is how the money is found, how all sorts of approvals are resolved. It seems to me that it is not we who are building the temple, but Saint Spyridon himself,” says Father Bartholomew.
In the temple under construction on Kantemirovskaya, the issue of money is resolved as follows: “We call and send letters to various organizations, asking for help,” says Tatyana Predovskaya, assistant to the church elder. -- If you just send a newsletter and wait for a response, only one percent of organizations respond. If you call and communicate individually, they respond much more often.” Residents of the surrounding houses also help as best they can: many people want to be involved in the construction of a temple in their area.
Eat interesting way to raise funds for the temple - personalized bricks. A person pays a certain amount, and his name is written on a personalized brick, which is then built into the temple.
“The eyes are afraid, the hands are doing”
How long does it take to build a temple? In rural areas, this issue, as experience shows, is resolved faster: in the city of Neya, Kostroma region, the first bucket of the pit for the foundation was removed in June 2006, and today all that remains is to build a bell tower and conduct interior work. In Moscow, everything is not so fast: the community of the Temple of the Prophet Daniel on Kantemirovskaya was created in 2003, and the collection of documents and funds immediately began. By now, a large stage - pre-design work - has almost been completed. The construction itself has not yet begun; the service is being held in a small temporary church nearby, but although slowly, things are still moving.
| How the temple works How is a temple different from just a building with four walls and a roof? The elevation - continues from the iconostasis into the temple, towards the worshipers - is called salty(Greek: “elevation”). Opposite the Royal Doors in the middle of the sole there is a semicircular ledge - pulpit(Greek: “ascent”). It marks the places from which Christ preached (mountain, ship), and also announces the Resurrection of Christ, meaning the stone rolled away by an angel from the doors of the Holy Sepulcher. During the Liturgy, the Gospel is read from the pulpit, litanies are pronounced by the deacon, and sermons are pronounced by the priest. The Sacrament of Communion is performed on the pulpit. The very name “narthex” is due to the fact that they began to “close” to two-part ancient temples, that is, to additionally add a third part. This attached part is often called refectory, since in ancient times treats were held there for parishioners on the occasion of a holiday or commemoration of the dead. In Byzantium, this part was also called the narthex - a place for those punished. The porch had a liturgical purpose - in it, according to the Charter, litias should be performed - prayers performed outside the church (from the Greek Λιτή - fervent prayer) at Great Vespers, as well as memorial services for the departed. Now they call it the porch small room right outside the entrance to the temple. The entrance to the narthex from the street is usually arranged in the form porch-- areas in front entrance doors, which is reached by several steps. The porch has a dogmatic meaning as an image of the spiritual elevation on which the Church is located among the world around it. The cathedral may be small, but the chapel may be large A church without an altar (and, accordingly, without a throne) is called chapel. There is no service in the chapel Divine Liturgy. In ancient times, chapels were placed above underground temples built on the tombs of martyrs - to mark the locations of thrones, or in places marked by some kind of God's mercy. Usually chapels are small in size, but not necessarily - for example, the chapel of the great martyr and healer Panteleimon in Moscow near Lubyanka Square (destroyed in the 30s) was very large (it was considered the largest chapel in Russia). |
Association of Restorers. Workshops of Andrey Anisimov. Design and construction of chapels.
Wooden chapels - distinguishing feature Orthodox people. In our spacious forest lands they knew how and loved to create beauty from wood; many craftsmen were good at the construction craft.
Wooden chapels were built in different places and for different reasons. They could be built in the village, outside the outskirts, at healing springs. Chapels were built according to some kind of vow, in memory of good luck and salvation, in honor of great events, as a tribute to ancestors. Chapels appeared at crossroads, forks in roads, somewhere along long passages, usually in attractive and beautiful places. Each person, if desired, could have a hand in the construction of the chapel.
We are pleased to continue this holy work, and accept orders for the construction of wooden chapels, temples and churches, both from organizations and from private patrons.
Wooden chapel projects
We offer you the construction of a wooden chapel according to designs made by our architects and artists. We are also ready to implement your individual project, close to your soul.
Chapel of St. St. George the Victorious
The total area of the chapel is 29.5 square meters, the area inside the chapel is 25.5 square meters.
The chapel is made on the basis of the traditions of Russian wooden architecture using modern architectural and constructive solutions.
Represents square log house with a log house on the first level of the building and an octagonal log house on the second level, with a hip-type roof.
- 1. Chopped walls made of solid logs of natural shape (cedar), diameter 30-32 cm per bowl.
5. Remote triangular lanterns - four windows along the perimeter of the lower part of the tent.
7. Entrance porch With gable roof and an icon.
8. Windows with a semicircular ending.
9. Glass doors (room lighting).
Main construction materials:
- 1. Strip foundation (stone cladding).
2. Walls chopped into a bowl (cedar log)
3. Floor coverings on wooden beams.
4. The structure of the tent is an insulated frame covered with cedar boards.
5. Double glazed windows.
Chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker
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The total area of the chapel is 12 square meters, the area inside the chapel is 9 square meters.
The chapel is made on the basis of the traditions of Russian wooden architecture using modern architectural and constructive solutions. Provides the opportunity to create an individual spiritual space. It is a tent type with a hexagonal plan.
Architectural and planning solution:
- 1. Chopped walls made of solid natural-shaped logs (cedar), diameter 26-30 cm per bowl.
2. The remains of the walls are formed in the upper part of the frame console.
3. Open inner space tent with overhead light (cedar trim).
4. Tent covering - flexible roofing. Color according to the manufacturer's catalog.
5. Remote triangular lanterns-windows along the perimeter of the lower part of the tent.
6. Completing the tent is a dome made of aspen ploughshare, painted silver and varnished.
7. Entrance porch with a gable roof.
8. Windows and double doors with a semicircular end.
Basic construction materials.
Where to begin?.
3D project of a temple-chapel. According to this project, a temple was built in Zvenigorod and consecrated in honor of the Kazan Icon Mother of God. Contributed by Sofia and Dmitry B.
It is important to begin the construction of a temple or chapel with the blessing of the ruling bishop of the diocese.
To do this, you need to contact the priest who is assigned to your locality, then the dean, and then submit a petition addressed to the ruling bishop.
Because the temple is not built on its own, but for a church community, then if there is no such community in a city or village, it must be created and registered. To begin with It will be time to write a petition addressed to the ruling bishop (in the Ryazan region - Metropolitan Mark) to create a parish and bring it to your dean. After agreement with the dean, the petition is submitted to the ruling bishop.
To register a community, it must include at least ten people - the so-called “ten”. It is important that the top ten includes local residents. A community is a legal entity and is registered with the federal registration service as a local non-profit religious organization of the Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate.
Temple or chapel?
Temple– “Heaven on Earth” is a special building, different from other buildings, dedicated to God and intended for performing divine services and sacraments.
Inside, the temple is divided into three parts: the altar, the central part (the temple itself) and the vestibule.
Chapel- This is a small building for religious purposes. The very name “chapel” apparently comes from the word “hours” - this is the name given to the short services performed in the Orthodox Church. The chapel, as it does not have an altar, is intended specifically for such prayers. Liturgy is not allowed to be served in the chapel, but prayers and memorial services can be served. The sacraments are not performed in the chapel due to the lack of an altar.
Construction site.
When the community is registered and receives the bishop’s blessing for construction temple, you need to contact local authorities with a request to provide a plot of land for this. If this is, for example, a district city, then go to the city or district administration, preferably directly to the head of the administration. Better yet, draw up an official letter from the bishop and contact the authorities with this letter. This issue needs to be resolved within the diocese.
Project.
The design of the temple is done by an architectural design studio. It is best, of course, for the church to be designed by an architect who has experience in the construction of churches. The project is approved and agreed upon by various authorities: in the general plan, in the local committee for architecture, etc. - therefore, it makes life very easy if the architectural studio has access to organizations that will conduct various examinations for approval. Can buy finished project or, if possible, receive it as a gift.
Orders at the founding of the temple.
Ceremony for founding a church
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The foundation and construction of a temple can only be carried out by the ruling bishop of the church region or a priest sent from him. Guilty of the construction of the church without the blessing of the ruling bishop is subject to certain punishment, as one who despises the episcopal authority.
After laying the foundation for the temple, the “Ordinary for the foundation of the temple” is performed - all together called the laying of the church. At the site of the future Throne, according to the instructions of the Trebnik, a wooden cross prepared in advance is placed and a prayer service is served.
Construction of the temple.
The eyes are afraid, the hands are doing.
The most important thing is that prayer begins in this place as soon as possible.
What is associated with the construction of a temple is always a miracle.
The miracle is how the money is found, how all sorts of approvals are resolved. It's not us who are building the temple,
and the Lord Himself.
The great consecration of the temple by the bishop.
A newly built temple is an “ordinary” building until the rite of consecration is performed on it. After the perfect rite, the temple acquires new qualities and becomes the receptacle of the greatest shrine.
Orthodox chapel
The first simple chapels appeared among the Slavs with the spread of Christianity, and they were placed in the sacred groves of the pagans or in places where idols had previously been located. In addition, chapels were built above the early Christian catacomb (underground) church to mark the place of the altar, over the grave of a martyr, or to mark the entrance to an underground cemetery. Hermits built chapels in the wilds (“deserts”), from which churches and even monasteries later grew. Thus, a wretched chapel, cut down by St. Sergius in the thicket of the Radonezh forests, marked the beginning of the famous national history Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
In ancient times, chapels were most often located in natural surroundings: in forests, fields, and at road intersections. The roadside chapels were a square-shaped gazebo, the four pillars of which carried a gable or hipped roof. These simplest forms of chapel plan, made in wood, were later preserved in stone chapels.
A chapel with a square plan is a structure that provides the lowest construction costs (for a small room, a tetrahedral frame is simpler and more natural than a multifaceted one). Wooden architecture researcher V.P. Orfinsky draws attention to the evolution of chapels. At first, if it was necessary to enlarge the room, its plan was made up of two or three squares, but overall it was a simple rectangular shape. The next stage of evolution can be called some complication of the square shape: cut corners turn the square plan into an octagonal one. Subsequently, the arrangement of the square on both sides with a covered gallery develops the square plan along the axis from its center, and sometimes a covered bypass is built on three sides of the square with a wide porch and a staircase opposite the entrance to the chapel (Fig. 1). Later, when the construction of chapels becomes almost widespread, their plans remain unchanged, that is, square or complicated.
Designing a chapel is much more difficult than designing a temple. This is due to the fact that the chapel differs significantly from the temple in certain categories, both of a theological nature and architectural and functional. Before you begin designing an Orthodox chapel, you need to understand what the main differences between a chapel and a temple are. Let's start with theological categories.
The definition in the liturgical books reads: “Chapels are houses of worship without an altar.” Liturgy is not celebrated in the chapel. The first significant difference between a chapel and a temple is the absence altar, separated from the rest of the internal space nostas.
It follows from this that there is no iconostasis in the interior of the chapel. But the apse as an architectural component of the structure can be present in the volumetric-spatial composition.
Also, the chapel sometimes has a vestibule. Thus, a chapel, like a temple, can have a three-part structure of a volumetric-spatial composition: an apse, the temple space itself, and a vestibule. But, since there is no altar function in the apse of the chapel, the apse quite often has very modest dimensions or does not exist at all. The same applies to the narthex: since the liturgy is not celebrated in the chapel, there is often no need for a narthex, or it (the narthex) is small in size. It follows that in the vast majority of chapels there is a centric scheme for constructing a volumetric-spatial composition, which is quite often found in churches.
Concerning architectural categories, Thatin volumetric spatial composition and stylistic design of the front The Dovish chapel is distinguished from the temple by its extreme brevity, even if non-ascetic construction of architectural forms, construction of buildings architectural image .
For example, a very common image of a chapel is in the form of a cubic volume, covered with a hipped roof with an onion top.
The second difference between a chapel and a temple is that cha The sovnya is relatively smaller in size compared to the temple.
If speak about functional categories chapels, then chapels initially arose as memorial church buildings, and therefore, to this day, the predominant function of chapels is to perform funeral services. Prayer services and akathists are also performed in the chapels, but liturgies, the sacraments of baptism and weddings are never performed, since there is no altar.
Volume-spatial composition of chapels
Features of the planning structure. Orthodox chapel plans show many variations on the "square" theme. 6 options for square plans have been identified:
simple square;
square with a terrace or veranda;
square developed to rectangle;
square with developed corners;
square as the core of the composition;
polygon;
a square complemented on one side by a semicircle
Let's look at each plan option in detail.
1. A chapel, square in plan, is the most common option. Its dimensions along the outer walls do not exceed 6.4 x 6.4 m (three fathoms), and the smallest dimensions are 3 * 3 m. Such chapels have one or two entrances with steps and a porch protruding outward. Window openings are usually placed along all walls, including the one in which the entrance is located. If the windows occupy two walls, then the wall remains blank
opposite the entrance. This technique is more often used in wooden chapels. In this case, the plasticity of the walls is solved only by door or window openings, as well as the porch (Fig. 2, 3).
The second option can be considered a variation of the first - an open terrace or covered veranda is attached to the square of the chapel. It surrounds the volume of the building on three sides (side and main facade) and expands the space for worshipers. The terrace, raised by several steps, gives the chapel harmony and completeness. As a result of this technique, the entrance portal turns out to be the center of the composition of the main facade (Fig. 4).
The option with a rectangular plan develops from a square by adding additional rooms to it on one or, symmetrically, on both sides of the square. The developed entrance part creates a vestibule; symmetrical extensions emphasize the main volume, square in plan; side extensions make it possible to create a complex completion with many drums and small heads (Fig. 5).
The square plan with profiled four corners differs from previous options in that it is this technique that gives the chapel the image of a monument. Chapels made in this way are dedicated to memorable events. Otherwise, the plan repeats the technique in which there is one doorway and two window or three doorways with stairs in the square. It should be noted that in all cases the wall opposite the main entrance remains blank (Fig. 6).
The main room of the entire structure remains the chapel. It is square in plan and stands out on the façade. A group of built-in rooms develops in different ways: on one of the sides, on both sides or diagonally. The chapel, as a rule, has two entrances, but there are also three (Fig. 7, 8).
The square plan with cut corners represents a polygon, sometimes turning into a circle. Beveled corners transform a square into an octagon. The octagonal plan defines the outer tent and inner dome of this type of structure (Fig. 9).
A square with an apse resembling an altar creates the image of a church. In this structure, the main facade is complemented by a square high porch located on the same axis with the apse (Fig. 10).
The considered plan options speak not so much about their evolution as about the stability of the plan form. All the introduced elements of novelty relate more to the decor of the facades of the chapels. It is safe to say that the square is the shape that, regardless of size, ensures the monumentality of the structure.
Open or closed chapels . A closed chapel has enclosing walls and an entrance area, one or more.
The open chapel has at least three or four pillars that support the completion. An open chapel can also be designed in the form of a structure in which there is only one enclosing wall - the eastern one. Naturally, open chapels can only be unheated (Fig. 11).
Stylistics. The number of styles used in Orthodox chapel construction is limited. These are mainly Byzantine, Baroque, classicism, Russian and neo-Russian styles (Fig. 12-15).
3. Chapels in an urban environment
There are several types of chapel placement in a modern city:
on the territory of a monastery or temple;
in the memorial complex;
on the square;
on the highway (street);
at institutions and hospitals;
in a residential neighborhood;
in a green area.
Each of these urban planning situations leaves a certain imprint on the appearance, architectural design of the chapel, and sometimes on its purpose. Thus, chapels located on the territory of a monastery or temple, as a rule, have an auxiliary role. Among the temple buildings of the monastery, the chapel most often has a subordinate compositional significance. Chapels located in the memorial complex very often serve as a monument. In a cemetery, chapels usually do not have their own separate territory, but are located among the graves, at the entrance or adjacent to the temple. Chapels located in squares are mainly located in the central part of the city, where more and more modern buildings are appearing. Since the chapel in this case indicates the historical significance of a certain place, in architectural terms the chapel is always made dominant. Chapels in squares should have great architectural expressiveness, regardless of the size of the square.
Chapels are erected along the streets and highways in honor of famous religious and secular figures. Methods for placing a chapel in relation to streets and highways can be varied. Basically, chapels are built either on busy streets or in the most prominent areas. Chapels are also built on the territory of industrial and administrative institutions - both public and commercial (by private order). The chapels located in residential buildings were mostly built recently - in the 90s of the last century. They were erected in already established areas, sometimes located in difficult conditions of very cramped territory.
Green areas of the city are the best environment for a chapel, but this is not always achievable in a real situation.
With all the variety of architectural techniques and urban planning situations considered during the construction of chapels, it should be considered that the chapel should be one of the most expressive components of the urban environment. When carrying out a chapel educational project, it is necessary to balance the construction with the local natural conditions and the scale of the surrounding buildings and structures.
4. Functional types of chapels
In modern architectural and construction rules it is accepted that, according to functional features modern Orthodox chapels are divided into liturgical, water-blessing, memorial, and funeral chapels.
/. Liturgical chapels are most often built in the absence of a temple or to house revered icons. The capacity of liturgical chapels ranges from 5 to 50 people (i.e., area from 2.5 to 25 m2). The area of the room when designing any temple structure is taken at the rate of 1 m2 per 2 people.
Liturgical chapels are divided into parish, monastery, baptismal and chapels at institutions (embassies, hospitals, hospices, educational institutions, shelters and nursing homes, prisons and correctional institutions, military units, industrial enterprises, etc.).
Water Saints (over-garden) chapels are arranged over wells, reservoirs, boreholes and other sources of water in the form of canopies, that is, in the form of open chapels or in the form of closed structures with an area of 4 to 30 m 2.
Memorial chapels mark significant for church places, can also be open or closed. Memorial, or commemorative, chapels are built on memorable historical sites, in honor of any personalities or events. Due to their memorial significance, monument chapels, as a rule, have a highly developed basement (monuments always have a developed podium), which can even house auxiliary rooms.
Memorial chapels are divided into chapels guarding icons, chapels in memory of saints, chapels in memory of O significant date, a chapel in memory of the lost church.
4. Funeral chapels are located in cemeteries, over burial chambers and graves, also in the form of open or closed structures with an area of 2 to 10 m 2. Cemetery chapels may have a characteristic, developed vestibule, which serves as a place for the funeral of the dead and the performance of memorial services, including the most massive ones, performed several times a year, on days of special commemoration of the dead. On the porch
there must be enough space to accommodate several coffin lids, and the dimensions of the vestibule must allow for the simultaneous installation of several coffins. The minimum dimensions of one place with a coffin are 5.4 by 2.4 m.
Structural solution and material of load-bearing elements
When choosing a design solution and load-bearing material
The following elements of the chapel can be recommended: I carry the main onestionsdesigns chapels must be durable and made from appropriate materials. The walls of the chapel (closed) must be made of solid brick; their thickness for central Russia can be limited to 640 mm. Requirementsenergy efficiency does not apply to VVI chapel buildingsdu non-stationary mode of their use.
For internal carryingdesigns chapels - pillars, arches and domes - monolithic concrete can be used. The use of plywood in formwork allows you to obtain ideal surfaces that do not require plastering. Such a surface only needs to be puttied, and modern silicate paints They also allow painting on concrete surfaces. A mixed technology for constructing arches can also be used, when a brick box is laid out around the circles, serving as formwork, and its core is filled with reinforced concrete, which absorbs the thrust of the brick arches and vaults. You can avoid the difficulties of bricklaying sails by using the method of concreting on a metal welded frame, curved along the design radii.
6. System design engineering support
■ When choosing options for installing the chapel's utility systems, keep in mind that:
For ventilation closed chapel provides for the use of the system natural ventilation through openable light openings;
For heating chapels possible use water systems, air, electric, stove heating depending on local conditions. Today, quite often they use a heating system using low-temperature floor panels - the so-called warm floor. Its advantage is the uniform distribution of heat in space lower zone chapels where worshipers are located, quick drying of the surface in bad weather. To reduce heating costs, we can recommend installing local heating for the permanent stay of an employee selling candles.
There are also rules color decisions of chapels and temples. Black color is never used, but can be replaced by brown. Silver color is white, gold color is yellow.
Program-assignment for a course project
"Orthodox Chapel"
Objective of the project- create an expressive image of an Orthodox chapel, which is an accent in the urban environment, in compliance with the canonical tradition while searching for a modern image of an Orthodox chapel.
Capacity of the chapel (one-time visitor stay) with one emergency exit- up to 50 people. Chapels can be one-story or with a basement, heated or unheated, open or closed, and can be made of stone, brick, wood, metal or concrete.
The height of the chapels from floor to ceiling must be at least 3 m. Shape roofing can be different: pitched, domed, hipped, in the form of a hill of kokoshniks or other, but not flat.
In modern building regulations It is accepted that chapels with an area of up to 10 m2 and a capacity of up to 5 people can consist of one room, and of a larger area and capacity can have one or more auxiliary rooms.
The development of the architectural composition of the bell tower requires special attention, if it is provided for during the design. A bell tower or belfry, which can be built-in or attached, must, in its appearance and parameters, correspond to the appearance and dimensions of the chapel.
Composition of the graphic part of the project “Orthodox Chapel”
master plan M 1: 250;
plan M 1: 50;
facades, at least two M 1: 25, M 1: 50;
section M 1: 50;
layout M 1:50.
The project is carried out on a tablet measuring 50 x 100 cm. The layout is separately on the base.
Requirements for the architectural composition of an Orthodox chapel.
Laconic volumetric composition of the chapel. Crowning the building with an Orthodox cross.
The elevation of the chapel level above the ground. The orientation of the apse (if present) and the cross is to the east.
The chapel area should be fenced and landscaped with trees planted.
The plan shape is possible: cross-shaped, square, rectangular, round, octagonal.
The ceiling is domed, vaulted and hipped.
The chapel is single-domed.
The head is bulbous or helmet-shaped.
Entrance to the chapel is through a perspective portal.
Design schedule
3rd semester 2nd year topic “Orthodox Chapel”
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Lesson topic |
Independent work |
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Introductory lecture |
Selecting a design location |
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Clause |
Choosing a chapel type |
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Determination of the volumetric-spatial characteristics of the chapel |
Scheme master plan |
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Determination of the spatial layout of load-bearing structures |
Determining the proportions of the chapel, variant design of facades, plan, section |
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Preliminary sketch in rough layout |
Clarification of the proportions of the chapel and solution of facades, plans, sections |
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Variant design |
Clarification of the proportions of the chapel and solution of the facades, plan, sections. Color solution chapels |
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Variant design |
Clarification of solutions for facades, plans, sections |
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Variant design | |||
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Sketch. |
Clarification of solutions for facades, plans, sections, general plan |
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Facade detailing |
Elaboration of facades |
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Making a layout of the chapel. Layout of work on a tablet. |
Making a chapel layout |
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Making a layout of the chapel. Drawing the project. |
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Making a layout of the chapel. Drawing the project. |
Making a layout of the chapel. Drawing the project. |
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Project submission. | |||
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Project submission. |
Project submission. Layout. |
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Shutdown. Delivery of the project. Cathedral viewing. |
Bibliography
Blagovidova N. G. Chapels in the architectural and planning environment of the city: textbook. allowance / N. G. Blagovidova. M.: Architecture-S, 2006. 136 p.
Kesler M. Yu. Splendor and economics in modern temple publishing / M. Yu. Kesler // Parish. Orthodox economic bulletin. 2007. No. 5. pp. 14-22.
Kradin N.P. Orthodox Church: textbook. allowance / N. P. Kradin. Khabarovsk: KhSTU Publishing House, 1992. 84 p.
Kudryavtsev M. P. Russian Orthodox Church. Symbolic language architectural forms/ M. P. Kudryavtsev, T. N. Kudryavtseva // Towards the Light. Symbols of Russian temple publishing. 1994. Vol. 17. pp. 65 - 87.
Luchkova V. I. Introduction to architectural semiotics: textbook. allowance / V. I. Luchkova. Khabarovsk: KhSTU Publishing House, 1997. 98 p.
Orthodox Church: Eternity Through the Eyes of the Young / ed. V. I. Luchkova. Khabarovsk: KhSTU Publishing House, 2000. 112 p.
Chapel: guidelines to complete a course project in the specialties “Architecture” and “Design of the Architectural Environment” / comp. N. M. Eroshenko, N. P. Kradin. Khabarovsk: KhSTU Publishing House, 1997. 35 p.
