The basis of the sewer system is quality pipe. The higher the load on it, the stronger it should be. A good underground drainage pipe will last for more than 25 years without the risk of clogging, breakage, or depressurization of the collector. At the same time, temperature indicators do not have a significant effect on it.

How to choose a pipe for underground sewerage

Choosing items for external sewerage, it is important to consider two important parameters:

• The volume of wastewater that will flow through the collector. The larger it is, the larger the cross-section of the external system will be.
• Level of static and dynamic load on the ground. They mean the intensity of traffic in the area and the pressure of the soil on the collector.

It is good to use a pipe with the smoothest inner surface for underground sewerage. This will avoid silting of the system and its blockages.

Material of manufacture and technical characteristics

For the production of external sewerage pipes, four types of materials are used - polymer, cast iron, ceramics and asbestos cement. Each of them has specific specifications and is good when used in certain conditions.

Ceramics

Ceramic sewer pipes

Ceramic “sleeves” have the following positive characteristics:

• high resistance to medium and higher loads;
• big throughput with increasing diameter (up to 600 mm);
• Possibility of installation using the joint/groove system without the use of additional couplings;
• inertness to aggressive waste media.

Ceramic pipes have two significant disadvantages - heavy weight, which is inconvenient when installing the collector yourself, and the relative fragility of the material. If installed carelessly, the wall may crack. More often, such elements are used to install public sewer systems.

Polymer (PPP and HDPE)

Socketed polypropylene pipes

Polypropylene (PPP) and polyethylene are used as polymer materials low pressure(PND). In the first case, the positive characteristics of the pipes are as follows:

• high ductility, which reduces the risk of damage to the system during installation;
• good linear stretchability;
• resistance to temperature changes;
• long service life;
• light weight of elements and ease of installation.

However, polypropylene “sleeves” are unsuitable for installing a city sewer, since, according to the maximum cross-section of the sleeve, the system can withstand only average volumes of wastewater.

PVC pipes

HDPE pipes have the following characteristics:

• resistance to temperature changes in the range from -50 to +130 degrees;
• rigidity of the elements due to the corrugated outer structure (the rings act as stiffeners);
• resistance to mechanical loads;
• tensile strength;
• smoothness of the inner walls;
• little weight;
• long service life.

Just like PPP pipes, HDPE elements are not suitable for sewer installations with a large volume of wastewater. In addition, direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the polymer destroys it over time. But this does not apply to external sewerage.

Asbestos cement

Asbestos cement pipes

Such a sewer pipe can be laid in the ground for any volume of wastewater. It is important to choose the correct cross-section of the collector. Asbestos-cement elements have the following advantages:

• resistance to aggressive environments and dynamic/static loads;
• inertness to aggressive components in wastewater;
• smoothness of the inner walls;
• less weight than cast iron or ceramic “sleeves”.

When laying sewers, the weight of an asbestos-cement pipe is often its disadvantage, since such work may not be possible to cope with alone. In addition, the fragility of the material when subjected to a strong mechanical impact on it leads to splitting.

Cast iron

Cast iron sleeves

The main positive aspects of a cast iron pipe are:

• resistance to various types of loads;
• inertness to low/high temperatures;
• corrosion resistance;
• service life (up to 80 years).

But cast iron also has disadvantages:

• tendency to siltation due to the imperfectly smooth surface of the internal walls;
• weight that makes installation difficult;
• cost of elements.

Diameter of sewer pipes

All pipes for external sewerage, made of various materials, have a specific gradation of sizes/sections:

• Polymers. The diameter of the sewerage elements ranges from 40 to 200 mm. As a rule, elements with a cross section of 40, 50 and 110 mm are used inside the house. The external collector is mounted from pipes of larger cross-section.
• Cast iron. The internal section (DN) starts from 150 mm and reaches a maximum value of 600 mm in increments of 50 mm.
• Asbestos cement. Such elements have a diameter from 75 mm to 600 mm.

All pipes with a diameter of 110 mm or more are intended only for the installation of external sewer networks.

Basic requirements for pipes for sewerage in the ground

In order for the sewer system to operate without failures, it is important that the pipes for the external collector meet the following requirements:

• Durability and long term operation. For private sewer it is from 30 years.
• Inert to aggressive/chemical environments.
• Resistance to temperature changes.
• Maximum smoothness of the inner walls.

Provided the system is correctly installed with a slope towards the wastewater receiver, the sewage system will work properly without the need for expensive repairs. In this case, it is advisable to flush the collector at least once every 5 years. high pressure.

The sewage system of a private house consists of internal and external pipelines. Installation of the internal part of the drainage system is complex and requires professionalism and the use of special equipment. In areas where there are outbuildings, plantings or roadbed, special equipment is used and sewer pipes are laid using the horizontal puncture method.

When choosing pipes, you need to consider:

• ability to cope well main task– drainage, do not allow small debris to cling to the internal walls and accumulate, forming blockages;
• resistance to aggressive substances contained in Wastewater ah and soil;
• strength that does not allow the pipes to deform under the weight of the soil laid on top of the pipeline.

Sewage pipes have their advantages and disadvantages, which vary depending on the material from which they are made:

Pipe material	Advantages	Flaws
cast iron	durability,	heavy weight, difficulty in transportation and installation, roughness of the internal surface, high cost
steel	resistance to mechanical stress, smooth internal walls	instability to moisture, susceptibility to corrosion
asbestos cement	durability, lightness, low cost	instability to mechanical stress, roughness of the internal surface
polyethylene	low cost, ease of transportation and installation, durability, resistance to chemicals, smooth internal surface	withstandable temperature - up to 50 degrees, instability to ultraviolet radiation
polypropylene	withstandable temperature – up to 80 degrees	low rigidity, susceptibility to deformation under mechanical stress
polyvinyl chloride	variety of types and sizes, ease of transportation and installation, smooth inner surface, wear resistance	withstandable temperature - up to 40 degrees

Pipes made of polymers, in addition, can be smooth-walled or corrugated: the former are cheaper, the latter are more durable and elastic.

There are also insulated pipes and pipes with a built-in heating cable - they are used when installing shallow sewers.

How to lay sewer pipes in the ground

Installation of external sewerage into the ground occurs in three stages:

1. Preparation of trenches.
2. Pipeline installation.
3. Backfilling.

Digging a trench

Before digging trenches for laying sewers, calculate the network configuration and determine:

• The optimal geometric shape of the pipeline: the most efficient and easiest to maintain will be a pipeline with a minimum number of corners and branches; if possible, the pipeline is led in a straight line from the house to the place of wastewater discharge. To avoid obstacles, it is permissible to turn the pipeline at an angle of 30-45 degrees. Right angles in the sewer network are unacceptable due to the increased pressure of wastewater on the walls of the pipeline and the increased likelihood of blockages.
• The depth of the trenches, which allows maintaining the operability of the channels in winter: below the depth of soil freezing per pipe diameter plus 15-20 cm for the sand cushion. The minimum permissible trench depth is 0.5 m, the optimal depth varies from 2 m in the southern regions of Russia to 3.5 m in the northern regions.
• Angle of inclination ensuring free flow of wastewater: usually, a slope of 1-2 cm per meter of pipeline is sufficient;
• Trench width: 40 cm is added to the pipe diameter; for large depths and pipe diameters greater than 20 cm, the trench width is increased for ease of installation.

In this article we will talk about which pipes are best to choose for underground sewerage and understand their pros and cons.

So, which pipe is better to choose for underground sewerage?

This question always arises when seeing diversity on the market.

To avoid making a mistake in your choice, you must consider the following factors:

1. chemical composition of the discharged waste and its temperature;
2. maximum discharge volume;
3. the maximum possible decrease in temperature in winter;
4. type of soil;
5. how deep and at what angle the sewer will be laid.

Pipes in external sewers must be very strong and durable and can withstand negative temperatures well.

This is what guarantees their reliability and longevity of the entire sewerage system.

Materials for sewer pipes

There are several types of materials used in the manufacture of pipes:

• cast iron,
• polyethylene,
• polypropylene,
• ceramics,
• asbestos cement.

Moreover, the last two materials are used extremely rarely. Pipes made of plastic or cast iron are most often used.

Cast iron pipes

Malleable cast iron has many advantages over gray cast iron. Nowadays, socketless pipes made of cast iron (sml) are most often used.

The advantages of such pipes:

Very durable

Will last up to 85 years,

They can easily tolerate negative temperatures.

But there are also disadvantages:

Absolutely not suitable for salty soils,

Very heavy, making installation and delivery difficult

Uneven, rough walls contribute to the gradual clogging of the pipe,

Expensive.

PVC pipes

PVC pipes used for external sewerage are orange.

Gray pipes have thin walls (2.7 mm) and therefore deform under soil pressure. They are used only for internal sewerage.

If the laying depth of the pipe is more than two meters and boxes are not used, then in this case it is better to use corrugated pipes.

Pros:

Cheapness,

Easily tolerate temperature changes,

Durability,

Smoothness of the inner walls, which prevents blockages from forming,

Light weight of the pipe, which makes installation easier,

They don't rust.

Minuses:

At a temperature drain water more than 40°C the pipes are deformed,

Used only for non-pressure sewerage,

Suitable for small houses.

There are some differences between pipes from different manufacturers. And this also needs to be taken into account.

In addition, there are three classes of pipe stiffness:

1) S - rigid (used at depths up to 8 m),

2) N - medium hardness (depth up to 6 m),

3) L - light (up to 2 m).

Polypropylene pipes

Pros:

Smooth inner walls

Service life is about 100 years,

Easily tolerate temperatures of 100° C,

Not affected by chemicals

Light pipe weight

Easy to install.

Minuses:

Soft, easily deformed when pressure increases,

Pipes with thick walls are very expensive,

They become unusable when exposed to sunlight.

Polyethylene pipes

There are smooth and corrugated. The latter, by the way, are more durable.

Pros:

Possibility of laying pipes to a depth of up to 15 m, since they do not deform under the weight of the soil,

Smooth inner walls

Small mass

Easy installation due to the presence of connectors and tees,

Service life more than 50 years.

Minuses:

Deforms at temperatures above 65° C,

They become unusable when exposed to sunlight,

Installs only in the ground.

Despite all their advantages, polyethylene pipes have little strength, so their rigidity is increased due to the outer corrugated layer.

Asbestos cement pipes

Such pipes are made from a water mixture of cement and asbestos.

Pros:

Resistant to any chemicals,

Service life up to 100 years,

Easy to install and simply connect to each other,

Small mass

They rarely get clogged.

Minuses:

Very fragile (this must be taken into account when purchasing and carefully inspect the pipes for chips and cracks),

Difficult transportation, again, due to fragility.

These two disadvantages overshadow all the advantages of such pipes, so they are now practically not used.

Ceramic pipes

Ceramic pipes were used even before our era, but even now they are also used in sewer construction.

Pros:

Easily tolerate temperature changes,

Resistant to any chemicals, even the most caustic ones,

Easy to install,

They practically do not clog due to the slight roughness of the internal walls.

Minuses:

Very fragile and this makes their installation and delivery difficult,

Small length, which leads to a large number of joints between them.

Due to their fragility, ceramic pipes have almost disappeared from the market as they are difficult to use.

Pipe diameter selection

When choosing the diameter of a sewer pipe, you need to pay attention to both the internal and external diameters.

For sewerage of a small private house, a pipe with a standard diameter of 110 mm is suitable. When combining several sewers into one network, the diameter of the pipe must increase. Pipes for polyurethane foam use the largest diameter size.

In most cases, pipes with round. But there are cases when pipes with a rectangular or elliptical cross-section are used.

Rectangular pipes can be installed if the sewage system is located at a depth of up to 1 meter, and ellipsoidal ones in the case where soil or drainage creates very strong pressure on the pipes.

It should also be remembered that if the sewer system is located shallow, then it must be insulated, otherwise you may experience pipe rupture at sub-zero temperatures.

Connection methods sewer pipes

There are three connection methods:

1) welding- the most difficult method, as it requires certain skills and special equipment. Used to connect plastic and metal pipes. In case of repair, such connections create some difficulties;

2) bell-shaped- a thin section of the pipe is inserted into the wide end of the second pipe (socket), rubber seals and sealants are used for tightness, and tow is added at the end;

3) coupling (flange, socketless)- the two pipes are pressed tightly against each other with their cuts, a rubber cuff is placed on top and tightened with a clamp. This is the most convenient method for sewer repair.

From all this we can conclude: before choosing a particular type of pipe, it is necessary to analyze all the factors for a specific situation in order to avoid problems in the future. For example, calculate the slope of a sewer pipe depending on the site.

Video: All about sewer installation

Underground sewerage includes a whole complex of engineering structures, equipment, as well as sanitary cleaning work that ensures their uninterrupted operation. Sewage is an integral part of water supply and drainage systems.

All wastewater is transported through the system to a settling tank. The system consists of two independent branches, for domestic drainage and for drainage of atmospheric water (storm drainage). It is customary for them to be transported through separate pipelines.

Laying underground sewerage is the most expensive, both in terms of time and material costs. When laying out the system, it is necessary to take into account many criteria that will ensure long-term and uninterrupted operation. One of the criteria is pipe insulation. If the insulation is not done well, the pipes may freeze in severe frost and the drainage will stop. The use of plastic pipes is less dangerous due to the fact that they are not afraid of deformation, since cast iron pipes will not burst.

The depth of laying the external sewer pipe in the ground depends on the depth of soil freezing in your area and is calculated 30 cm deeper than this depth. It is customary to lay underground sewerage to a depth of at least 70cm, and for areas with low winter temperatures, this depth is set to at least 1.2m. Today, the industry produces special polypropylene pipes that have good thermal insulation characteristics. The use of thermal insulation can significantly reduce the depth of sewerage in the ground, and, therefore, reduce the cost of installation and subsequent repair and maintenance work.

Light pipe weight

Easy to install.

Minuses:

Soft, easily deformed when pressure increases,

Pipes with thick walls are very expensive,

They become unusable when exposed to sunlight.

Polyethylene pipes

There are smooth and corrugated. The latter, by the way, are more durable.

Pros:

Possibility of laying pipes to a depth of up to 15 m, since they do not deform under the weight of the soil,

Smooth inner walls

Small mass

Easy installation due to the presence of connectors and tees,

Service life more than 50 years.

Minuses:

Deforms at temperatures above 65° C,

They become unusable when exposed to sunlight,

Installs only in the ground.

Despite all their advantages, polyethylene pipes have little strength, so their rigidity is increased due to the outer corrugated layer.

Asbestos cement pipes

Such pipes are made from a water mixture of cement and asbestos.

Pros:

Resistant to any chemicals,

Service life up to 100 years,

Easy to install and simply connect to each other,

Small mass

They rarely get clogged.

Minuses:

Very fragile (this must be taken into account when purchasing and carefully inspect the pipes for chips and cracks),

Difficult transportation, again, due to fragility.

These two disadvantages overshadow all the advantages of such pipes, so they are now practically not used.

Ceramic pipes

Ceramic pipes were used even before our era, but even now they are also used in sewer construction.

Pros:

Easily tolerate temperature changes,

Resistant to any chemicals, even the most caustic ones,

Easy to install,

They practically do not clog due to the slight roughness of the internal walls.

Minuses:

Very fragile and this makes their installation and delivery difficult,

Small length, which leads to a large number of joints between them.

Due to their fragility, ceramic pipes have almost disappeared from the market as they are difficult to use.

Pipe diameter selection

When choosing the diameter of a sewer pipe, you need to pay attention to both the internal and external diameters.

For sewerage of a small private house, a pipe with a standard diameter of 110 mm is suitable. When combining several sewers into one network, the diameter of the pipe must increase. Pipes for polyurethane foam use the largest diameter size.

In most cases, pipes with a round cross-section are used. But there are cases when pipes with a rectangular or elliptical cross-section are used.

Rectangular pipes can be installed if the sewage system is located at a depth of up to 1 meter, and ellipsoidal ones in the case where soil or drainage creates very strong pressure on the pipes.

It should also be remembered that if the sewer system is located shallow, then it must be insulated, otherwise you may experience pipe rupture at sub-zero temperatures.

Methods for connecting sewer pipes

There are three connection methods:

1) welding- the most difficult method, as it requires certain skills and special equipment. Used to connect plastic and metal pipes. In case of repair, such connections create some difficulties;

2) bell-shaped- a thin section of the pipe is inserted into the wide end of the second pipe (socket), rubber seals and sealants are used for tightness, and tow is added at the end;

3) coupling (flange, socketless)- the two pipes are pressed tightly against each other with their cuts, a rubber cuff is placed on top and tightened with a clamp. This is the most convenient method for sewer repair.

From all this we can conclude: before choosing a particular type of pipe, it is necessary to analyze all the factors for a specific situation in order to avoid problems in the future. For example, calculate the slope of a sewer pipe depending on the site.

Video: All about sewer installation

Basically, PVC products are used for the construction of modern sewers, which have many advantages and disadvantages. But pipes of other materials, which have their own characteristics, can be used. Due to the fact that the consumer is primarily interested in which pipe to use for underground sewerage in accordance with his budget, we will consider suitable and affordable varieties.

Characteristics of plastic products

Preparing trenches for laying sewer pipes

Pipelines with standard sizes are available for sale. Their diameter is determined by GOSTs, that is, pipes can have sizes of 10, 50, 90, 110, 300 and 160 mm. There are also products of large diameters, but they are not suitable for private construction.

Basically, the connection of plastic pipes is made using a similar technology by inserting into a fitting or other pipeline. Fittings include tees, angles, crosses, bends, revisions, plugs.

All plastic products are light weight, density 0.95-1.4 g/cm3, and differ in dielectric properties. Pipes have a slippery and smooth surface, which protects them from deposits.

PVC pipes are resistant to alkalis, acids and mineral oils. They are characterized by long-term operation, but at a temperature of 70 degrees their strength begins to lose. Therefore they are not suitable for equipment industrial sewerage. Also, PVC pipes are hard and slightly brittle and have low sound insulation.

Polyethylene pipes differ from PVC products in being more slippery and pliable. Polyethylene is characterized by better noise absorption, resistance to mechanical damage, and better chemical resistance to acids, biomass and alkalis. Polyethylene can be used to produce corrugated products intended for underground installation, resistant to pressure and soil displacement. But there is a risk of pipe deformation during loading hot water.

installation of inspection wells

A more durable material for the production of pressure pipes is polypropylene. Its softening temperature reaches 140 ºС, melting temperature – 175 degrees. Polypropylene sewerage is resistant to boiling water, but at temperatures below 5 ºС the material becomes brittle. Because of this, pipelines need to be laid underground or thermally insulated. Polypropylene is highly resistant to wear, so it can be used for draining wastewater with a high content of solid abrasive elements.

Characteristics of products made of cast iron and other materials

Cast iron pipes can often be found in old buildings, but they are no longer recommended for new buildings. The only advantage of cast iron pipes over plastic ones is their high noise absorption. Otherwise, they are characterized by large mass, high cost, and complex installation. They can be used for laying under roads due to their high strength. If you have chosen these pipes, then it is better to choose products treated with an anti-corrosion compound.

When constructing a sewer system in cities and enterprises, ceramic, reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipelines can be used. But they are not used in domestic conditions.

Which pipeline is better to choose for internal sewerage?

Mostly, home owners refuse cast iron products due to difficult installation and large mass, preferring their plastic counterparts. Plastic pipelines can be laid independently without specialists. In addition, plastic is characterized by resistance to aggressive environmental influences and durability.

For laying internal sewerage, it is better to choose polyvinyl chloride products that are resistant to wastewater at different temperatures. The pipes withstand freezing and soil pressure, do not form cracks and there is no loss of shape. In addition, plastic structures are sealed and corrosion resistant.

The rules for laying sewers have one condition that must be strictly adhered to - avoid sudden changes in levels and turns. When laying sewerage, you must comply regulatory documentation SNiP P-G.3-62.

security correct angle sewer pipe slope

Selecting the diameter of the sewer pipeline

If you study SNiP 2.04.01-85, it describes in detail the calculation for choosing the size of pipes for sewerage. It turns out that the suitable diameter of the sewer pipe in a private house is 50 mm, to which plumbing equipment for the kitchen and bath can be installed. For the riser and toilet, structures with a diameter of more than 10 cm are chosen, since in such places a large water flow is created.

The toilet should be mounted to the riser via a separate pipeline. There is no need to connect products with a smaller size to its drain, otherwise the flow may block the cross-section of the pipeline and create a vacuum in the connected pipe. Because of this, the siphons of other equipment may become dry.

As a result of this, the optimal choice would be pipes with a diameter of 50 mm for horizontal surfaces that go to the kitchen or bathroom, and for the riser and toilet - 110 mm.

For individual drain points (shower, bidet, sink) you can use smaller pipe diameters of 22-40 mm. Here rubber cuffs or couplings with a transitional size are used.

For apartment buildings (with 5 floors), pipes with a diameter of 100 mm are suitable, and in buildings with more floors, pipelines larger than 150 mm should be laid.

Pipes connecting several risers with access to a sewer well can be up to 20 cm in size.

Features of sewerage installation

In addition to choosing the appropriate pipe size, you should consider the details of laying the sewer system. The diameter of the horizontal pipeline cannot be larger than the riser for drainage. Installation of horizontal connections is carried out with oblique angles and tees. Right angles are allowed only when connecting the riser to a horizontal section.

At sewer bends, inspections are installed - openings with covers for cleaning pipes.

First, a system design is created, which takes into account the following factors:

• soil composition;
• mechanical loads on the sewer system;
• soil freezing depth;
• depth of groundwater.

The project reflects the placement of all drain points in the house, on the territory, the location of the water intake point, and the septic tank. The turning points, sewer pipe installation lines, and inspection installation are also indicated.

At this stage, the material used, the need for thermal insulation, drainage system and the number of adapters are determined. For bends and adapters, a slope of 45ºC must be created; from the pipe to the septic tank the slope must be at least 2 cm per linear meter. If the sewerage system is laid above the freezing point of the soil, it is insulated and the connections are sealed with sealant or silicone.

laying sewer pipes at the foundation stage

Carrying out installation work

Do-it-yourself installation of sewer pipes begins after marking the system on the territory, calculating the installation depth, and selecting pipes required diameter, cleaning facility.

Preparatory work involves digging a pit for a septic tank or cesspool, after which a trench is dug for pipe installation. They need to be dug 20 cm lower than the planned level of laying sewer elements.

Plastic is resistant to low temperatures, but to prevent water from freezing in such pipes, they are wrapped with thermal insulation and covered with a dry mixture of cement and sand in a ratio of 1/3.

laying a drain pipe to a sewer septic tank

In order for the sewer system to work properly, the slope of the pipes specified in the project must be observed. The depth of the trench on a flat surface near the house should be less than near the treatment plant. With a natural slope from the building to the septic tank, a trench is dug with a uniform depth along the entire length of the pipes.

On a steep slope, it is better to divide the sewage system into sections with different levels where drop-off or distribution wells are installed.

The bottom of the trench is compacted and covered with a crushed stone or sand layer. Pipes can be laid in a trench to any depth. When placed high groundwater and deep freezing of the soil, a buried trench is dug into which the pipeline is laid high. When the water level is low, it is placed near the bottom or in the center of the trench.

Before laying pipes in trenches, you should check the inside for cleanliness. Laying of the pipeline begins from the drain points in the house, after which the sewer is installed towards the treatment plant and connected to the remaining branches of the street drain.

Remember to install pipes using an O-ring or silicone grease, installation in areas of turns and branches of auditors. After carefully laying the pipes, they are carefully wrapped with thermal insulation. Inspection wells, auditors and a ventilation pipe are installed near the house. If the pipeline is long, it will be necessary to create 1 or 2 ventilation pipes.

Before backfilling the system, a control drain should be performed, which will reflect the quality of the pipe installation.

At the end of all work, the sewer pipes are first filled with a mixture of sand and cement to a depth of 15 cm, and then with soil. Inspection wells and revisions are installed 20 cm above the ground level.

Additionally, you can familiarize yourself with video instructions on laying a sewer system, which you can do yourself if you follow the appropriate rules.

Any type of human activity has a colossal impact on the environment. Especially if this is an industrial production, the waste from which poses a huge danger.

Enterprise wastewater, which has a structure modified by physical or chemical methods and a number of impurities, can cause serious damage to the environment. That is why the problem of industrial waste disposal has been relevant since the advent of industrial enterprises. At the moment, the most effective solution to this problem is the installation of a sewer network. Two types of sewerage can be used as a local sewerage system at a production facility: external and underground.

External sewerage is a complex of structures and systems located outside the enterprise building. It is a network of sewer pipes located on overpasses (supports) and laid to cleaning devices. Underground sewerage includes a set of engineering systems and equipment, sewer pipes to which are laid in dug trenches or punctures.

Installation of external sewerage networks

Ground installation is carried out in most cases in areas with permafrost soils. The pipes are located on channels and trays that are above ground or partially grounded. The method of installing such a sewer network depends mainly on the conditions of the given facility.

Not very aesthetic appearance is the main disadvantage of external sewerage

For installation of pipes with small and medium diameters, steel or reinforced concrete masts and supports are used, for pipes with large diameters - reinforced concrete overpasses. Thermal extensions of the sewerage system are equipped with bent expansion joints. Maintenance is carried out from special sites. If necessary, it is possible to install special bridges for crossing.

In terms of cost, as well as the price of installation and maintenance, external sewerage is more profitable than underground sewerage, but it spoils the aesthetic impression and is not always appropriate.

Underground sewerage installation

Underground sewerage installation somewhat different. There are two types of laying a sewer network underground: channelless (installation of pipes directly in the ground) and channel (laying in special channels).

The first method has a lower cost and is completed much faster than the second. The safety of the pipes is ensured by special insulation and thickening of the shell. The second provides high degree protecting the pipe from mechanical damage and environmental influences. In addition, the channels used in this method are also divided into several types:

• Pass-through (large number of pipes)
• Semi-bore (numerous pipe intersections)
• Non-through (many pipes of small diameter)

Underground sewerage used much more often than aboveground. It provides good pipe protection, is more compact, and retains its appearance. environment. However, it also costs much more.

It is unlikely that you will be able to save money on installing an underground sewer system

Aboveground sewerage ideal when crossing difficult terrain or water obstacles. In addition, it is very popular in areas with frozen soil that does not allow underground installation.

Which method is better is a moot point. It all depends on the purpose of the sewer, environmental conditions, aesthetics, convenience and a number of other factors. However, each type has undoubted advantages, which, if used correctly, will serve uninterruptedly for many years.

The key to a favorable sanitary and hygienic situation in the apartment/house and the comfort of all residents. Guaranteeing long-term, uninterrupted operation of this utility network is correct. They will prevent the occurrence of blockages, noise, and eliminate leaks. What pipes are suitable for arranging internal sewerage?

Cast iron pipes are more reliable and durable

The communications that drain wastewater from the building bear less load than the external ones. Their installation is carried out in an open or hidden way. But for any installation scheme, there are criteria for choosing internal sewer lines, these are:

• strength;
• temperature resistance;
• resistance to biological and chemical influences;
• good maneuverability;
• possibility of connecting plumbing fixtures;
• compatibility with external sewerage;
• simple installation;
• Possibility of repair and replacement.

For laying sewer systems in private houses and apartments, products from:

• cast iron;
• polymers (plastic).

Cast iron communications: pros and cons

This material is made from iron ore, which has high performance characteristics. Before the appearance of analogues, it was used for decades for laying external and internal drains. Products are distinguished from:

• - resistant to compression, suitable for arranging a riser, but fragile;
• malleable cast iron (ductile iron) - high-strength, ductile.

Based on functionality, cast iron products are classified into 2 types:

1. SMU - with smooth ends;
2. SME - one pipe outlet is smooth, and the other with a funnel extension (socket).

A cast iron socketless pipe is used to drain recycled water inside a building. Line elements are connected using clamps. Bell-shaped pipes are joined hermetically, therefore they are suitable for forming external drainage.

The dimensions of cast iron sewer pipes include the wall thickness of the product, diameter, and weight. Communication throughput is determined by:

• nominal indicator. This is the internal diameter of a cast iron sewer pipe. It has the designation Dn;
• nominal diameter. It displays the rounded/conditional value of the internal hole of the product (DN);
• outer diameter - the distance between the outer walls of the communication (designation G).

The choice of pipes of a certain capacity is determined by the volume of waste. fluctuates between 50-150 mm. For laying 50-100 mm communications, for external - 100-200 mm. The standard length of the product is 2 m. Taking into account GOST for cast iron sewer pipes, the weight of the product depends on its nominal diameter:

• The 50mm communication weighs 11kg;
• 100mm=25kg;
• 150 mm = 40 kg.

Note: the weight of the product is also affected by the thickness of the communication walls. It varies between 6.7-27 mm.

Cast iron sewer pipe has a number of advantages:

• strength;
• long service life (up to 85 years);
• plasticity;

Plastic pipes are lighter and easier to repair and replace

Disadvantages of communication:

• large mass. The weight of the cast iron pipe complicates the transportation and installation of the product. This requires the use of special equipment;
• rough inner walls, which causes sediment accumulation;
• high cost due to the metal consumption of the product.

Plastic products: advantages and disadvantages

With the advent of polymers, which made it possible to produce lightweight and cheap products, the use of cast iron faded into the background. Communication data from complex plastics.

Plastic sewer pipe - advantages:

• high strength;
• corrosion resistance;
• long service life (up to 60 years);
• lightweight design, facilitating its transportation and installation;
• high throughput of the product;
• low cost. Average prices for sewerage plastic pipes 50 mm in diameter is 65 rub./m.p., 100 mm = 155 rub./m.p. (for cast iron, 550 and 900 rubles/m.p., respectively).

Please note: the disadvantage of plastic communications is low temperature resistance. They should not be installed with constant hot drains (65-70˚).

Pipe sizes can be standard or individual (custom). They are selected depending on the expected load on the product. When installing an autonomous sewer system, the following diameters of sewer plastic pipes are used:

• 100-110-150 mm for risers and central lines, connections;
• 40-50 mm - for distribution lines, connecting a sink/sink.

Tip: determined by the length of the line, the number of joints, turns, and water pressure. Common parameters specified in SNiP.

Plastic sewerage is laid from pipes:

• polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
• polypropylene (PP);
• polyethylene (PET).

PVC pipe

Communications made of unplasticized PVC are used to form external and internal drains (pressure/gravity). They are suitable for distributing sewerage throughout the house, when draining sewage by gravity.

The diameter of PVC sewer pipes is established by GOST 51613-2000. According to it, the length of communications should be 4-12 m, the size internal hole- 10-315 mm. In a private house, sewer pipes are used to form a riser and connect plumbing installations with a large volume of drainage. For laying distribution lines and connecting sinks, 40-50 mm communications are used, for drainage from a washing machine/dishwasher - 25 mm.

PVC pipe is durable and resistant to UV rays. The disadvantage of polyvinyl chloride communications is their susceptibility to temperature fluctuations. Constantly draining hot water softens and deforms the material.

Note: to avoid destruction of PVC communications, the temperature of the wastewater should not exceed 40˚.

Compared to cast iron, plastic polyvinyl chloride pipeline makes more noise and is prone to burning. This releases toxic gas.

Polypropylene pipes

These are products made from synthetic, thermoplastic polymers. They are characterized by increased strength, temperature resistance, acid and alkaline agents. - environmentally friendly, recyclable.

Polypropylene pipes for sewerage last up to 100 years. Smooth internal walls provide good passage capacity for communications. This is for laying internal sewerage. PP products are characterized by low noise/vibration levels and allow the creation of distribution lines of various configurations.

Please note: when exposed to high temperatures, PP products elongate. This is compensated by the use of special designs during installation.

Making sewer lines from plastic pipes is much easier and cheaper than from cast iron pipes

Communications made of polyethylene

They are made from polymer that has undergone extrusion (high pressure processing). As a result, it acquires super strength. The properties of the line are affected by the density of the polyethylene pipe. There are PET communications:

• low density (high pressure lines) 0.910-0.925 g/cm 3 - used for laying external sewerage because they are resistant to mechanical damage;
• medium density - up to 0.940 g/cm 3 ;
• high density (low pressure) up to 0.965 g/cm 3 - products primarily for use inside the home.

Note: externally, products made from LDPE and HDPE are similar, but communications made from low-density material are harder.

Compared to PVC structures, polyethylene products are more flexible and do not create noise. These communications are not afraid of acids, alkalis, are not subject to corrosion, have good elongation, and last up to 50 years. The disadvantage of these pipes is softening and deformation at a temperature of 80˚. GOST provides for an operating temperature of PET pipes of 40˚. The performance characteristics of polyethylene communications are reduced when exposed to UV rays.

Docking of sewer pipes

The laying of internal drainage networks involves the use of fittings. These are devices for joining line elements. Fittings are distinguished:

• threaded - used for joining cast iron products. The part is screwed onto the threads of the incoming and outgoing pipes, connecting them to each other. Provide a strong mechanical connection;
• flanged - paired steel disks connected with bolts are inserted at the junction of communications. One-piece flange connection of pipes is made by welding their ends. A special coupling is applied to the joint, connected to the electric heating elements;
• compression - the pipes are tightened with a nut having a silicone/rubber seal;
• self-locking - complex devices consisting of internal rings with teeth. They are installed at the joints of elements and secured with a special key. When pressed, the teeth penetrate deeply into the communications material, ensuring a strong connection. These fittings are reusable;
• welding - the ends of the pipes are degreased, fixed with clamps and processed by welding with a heated disk. The melted sections are joined to form a thin, strong edge;
• adhesive - a liquid polymer composition is applied to the joint, which quickly hardens. This method is also called “cold” welding.

It is important to choose the right sewer pipes and fittings for them. Communication joints are the weak point of the system, the cause of leaks, blockages, and cracks. The cast iron pipeline is installed using caulking. The end of the communication with a chamfer is inserted into the fitting funnel. The connection is sealed with oil-impregnated fibers and additionally coated with cement mortar and fused sulfur. To ensure tightness of joints, pipes are equipped with rubber gaskets. Cast iron products are also connected using clamps. A coupling is placed over the joint, which is tightened with bolts.

The ends of PET and PVC pipes are equipped with rubber seals. To connect the parts, cut off a pipe of the required size, remove the outer chamfer from it, coat it with sealant and insert it into the communication funnel. Docking of polymer products is also done using the flange method.

Sometimes it is necessary to connect communications from different materials. How is the transition from a cast iron pipe to a plastic one carried out? First, clear the socket of the metal communication (if it is old). The funnel expansion is treated with sealant and a transition from cast iron to plastic 110 mm (for a riser), or another suitable diameter (50 mm for a distribution line) is inserted. This cuff is made of rubber or polymer. The gaps between the elements are sealed. The joining of funnelless communications is carried out in the same way.

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A strong and tight connection between cast iron pipes and polyethylene pipes will be ensured by the use of a self-unscrewing press fitting. It will allow you to avoid leaks that occur due to water hammer and temperature changes in the system. The end of the cast iron product is trimmed and cleaned, lubricated with grease and a thread is applied to it. Tow () is wound around this place, silicone sealant is applied and the press fitting is screwed on manually. This connecting element can be tightened at any time, preventing the formation of a leak.

Tip: plastic and cast iron sewer pipes have different expansion coefficients, so it is better to use high-quality fittings.

Owners of private housing have to think through not only internal communications, but also a system for discharging wastewater outside the house. For this purpose, sewer pipes for external sewerage are intended, for the manufacture of which different materials are used.

External sewer networks have to function in difficult conditions. Pipes covered with earth are forced to bear the weight of the soil, on which people, and often cars, can move. They are also affected by soil water, which can provoke a displacement of the connecting points, which can lead to depressurization of the sewer network.

Systems must constantly withstand the static/dynamic effects of wastewater transported through pipes.

External sewer pipes used for the installation of wastewater removal systems have to be underground in difficult conditions

That is why the elements of external sewer networks are subject to special requirements. Pipes must have the following qualities:

• strength and rigidity;
• the ability to withstand temperature fluctuations without losing performance;
• frost resistance;
• wear resistance, long service life;
• resistance to aggressive chemical environments.

For the manufacture of external sewer systems, various materials can be used (polymers, steel, cast iron), but they all must comply with the above factors. It should also be taken into account that the quality of the pipeline is influenced not only by the specific properties of the pipes, but also by the quality of installation and laying of the system.

Differences between external and internal sewage systems

Pipes used for laying external systems, differ significantly from analogues used for intra-house communications.

External sewer systems differ from internal pipes in a bright orange color, as well as increased density and wall thickness dimensions

Characteristic features include:

• Orange (red) color, which makes the pipe easy to locate, therefore avoiding unintentional damage to the network during excavation work.
• The wall thickness of the part for external sewerage is always higher than for internal sewerage (when using PVC systems, these figures are 3.2-3.4 mm versus 2 mm), since the pipeline laid underground has to withstand heavy loads.
• Red pipes are usually made from materials of increased resistance (for example, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, which is particularly durable).
• Thanks to the increased thickness and reliability of the walls, as well as the addition of specially selected components, the heat resistance of external systems is higher than that of internal ones.
• Orange products tend to last longer than gray ones.
• The cost of elements for external sewerage is approximately 20% higher than for internal sewerage.

Experts warn against using gray pipes for laying external sewerage systems. It is difficult for them to withstand increased load (especially for a long time), which can lead to breakthroughs and accidents.

Let's take a closer look at what materials can be used for the manufacture of external sewer systems.

Types of plastic products

Polymer sewer pipes appeared not too long ago, but have become widespread, displacing traditional analogues in the specialized market. Such components have a number of undeniable advantages:

• light weight, facilitating transportation, storage, laying;
• smooth internal surface, facilitating the unhindered passage of waste water and preventing the deposition of salts and other deposits. Thanks to this feature, with proper installation and operation, plastic pipes almost never develop blockages;
• plastic pipes do not rot or corrode;
• Such products have a sufficient service life, although shorter than their cast iron counterparts (maximum 50 years).

Most often, components made from the following materials are used for the manufacture of external sewer systems.

Option #1: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an affordable, popular plastic that is widely used for the production of various products, including pipes for internal/external networks. Such components are especially recommended for sewer systems that require a large flow area (collector, culvert, storm).

PVC pipes are widely used for laying external sewer networks, but they are sensitive to aggressive chemicals and liquids with temperatures above 60 degrees

PVC pipes have the following positive properties:

• good resistance to mechanical stress;
• high strength;
• UV resistant, making these products suitable for open areas.

Among the most significant disadvantages of PVC pipes are:

• Sensitivity to aggressive materials. If you plan to remove acids and oils through such components, it is better to purchase special uPVC pipes with special properties.
• Temperature elongation of the material. Because of this property, it is not advisable to install such parts for transporting hot liquids (over 60 degrees C).

There are two types of PVC pipes:

1. Pressure, high pressure resistant (
2. Non-pressure. Recommended for systems with unexpectedly high pressure (the liquid in the pipe moves by gravity at a moderate speed).

Most often, the second version of products is used in external pipelines.

PVC pipes can consist of one or two layers. In the latter case, unplasticized material is used for the outer layer, and recycled foam polymer is used for the inner layer.

PVC pipes are usually connected using sockets. In some cases, cold welding and adhesive method are used

According to their hardness class, PVC components are divided into the following categories:

• Rigid pipes (class S) with maximum wall thickness, designed for installation at a depth of up to 8 meters. This type can be used for any work, but is most often used in industry.
• Medium-hard products (class N) are used at a depth of 2-6 meters. They are suitable for installing pipelines under not too busy roads.
• Lightweight components (class L), sufficient to create systems that are installed at shallow depths (0.8-2 m). Not suitable for laying under the roadway.

The most common pipe for external sewerage is a product with a diameter of 10-11 cm. In this case, sewage from a country house is easily transported through the network.

Option #2: polypropylene products

Pipes of this type are not very often used for laying external sewer networks due to insufficient rigidity polypropylene parts. However, they can be used for laying non-pressure storm sewer or for installing systems in sandy soils.

Among the advantages of this type of product:

• High heat resistance. The installed systems can withstand the transportation of hot liquids (up to 80, and occasionally up to 95 degrees Celsius).
• Chemical inertness. Plastic is not subject to corrosion and does not emit harmful substances.

In addition to the already mentioned lack of density, the disadvantages of polypropylene include its sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. When storing and laying pipes made from such material, it is important to avoid direct sunlight.

Option #3: polyethylene pipes

This material is widely used for the construction of external pressure pipelines. The advantages of PE pipes include:

• ability to withstand water hammer;
• resistance to active substances;
• long service life (50 years or more).

Among the disadvantages of such products are:

• insufficient heat resistance (polyethylene pipes can be used in the temperature range from -40 to +40 degrees C);
• sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.

Option #4: corrugated products

A common disadvantage of plastic sewerage elements is their lack of strength. To correct this flaw, a special design was invented - a corrugated pipe with greater mechanical rigidity.

Thanks to the folded outer surface of such products, their area increases. This allows the pressure exerted by the soil to be redistributed, as a result of which the pipelines can withstand increased loads.

Corrugated structures are very popular. They improve the rigidity and density of plastic pipes while maintaining the light weight of the products.

There are two types of corrugated pipes:

1. Single-layer, with a peculiar ribbed surface inside and outside. Such material is relatively cheap, but wastewater removal is much worse.
2. Double-layer pipes with a folded outer surface and a smooth inner surface. Thanks to this, the flow passes freely through the pipe without forming deposits or blockages.

Such products can be made from various types of polymers. The most commonly used is low-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride.

The diagram shows the structure of a two-layer corrugated pipe used in the installation of external sewers. The part consists of an outer folded layer and a smooth inner surface

Pipes with a corrugated surface are connected using the socket method using special rubber cuffs. When installing pipelines, it is also possible to use the cold welding method.

Sewer products made from other materials

In addition to plastic, external pipes for sewerage wiring can be made from other materials.

To produce such products, a mixture of Portland cement with mineral asbestos fiber is used. Such systems have a number of important advantages:

• Durability: service life can reach half a century or even a hundred years.
• Relatively lightweight, greatly facilitating installation.
• Resistance to aggressive environments. Asbestos cement pipes can withstand almost all chemicals.
• Reluctance to overgrow the bell.

The disadvantage of this material is fragility and sensitivity to mechanical damage.

When purchasing asbestos-cement products, you need to carefully inspect them to identify chips and cracks - an already fragile material with defects will not bear the required load

When making a purchase, it is important to carefully examine the ends of the pipes, where various damages are most often observed. When transporting and storing asbestos cement products, it is important to take special care.

Ceramic products

Even in ancient times, ceramics were used to make parts of the sewer system. This material is still popular today, thanks to such advantages as:

• Chemical inertness. Ceramic systems allow the transportation of almost any liquid media.
• A special structure of the inner surface that prevents the formation of plaque and deposits of salts and other substances.
• Resistance to ambient temperatures and liquids passing through the pipe.
• Easy installation.

Disadvantages include:

• Fragility. Ceramic pipes are easily destroyed when mechanical influences Therefore, special precautions must be taken when transporting, storing and installing them.
• The pipes are short, which means that when laying the system it is necessary to increase the number of joints.

On sale there are ceramic elements with a diameter of 100-600 mm, which can have two connection options: with a socket and with a thread.

Before installing pipes, you should check the quality by examining the appearance of the parts and tapping them. A rattling sound that appears upon impact indicates the presence of a hidden crack.

Cast iron systems

For a long time, socket pipes made of cast iron were considered the most popular solution for arranging external sewerage. As a rule, for private construction, elements with a diameter of 16 cm are sufficient.

The main disadvantage of traditional cast iron pipes is their heavy weight, which is why the installation of communication networks requires the use of special equipment

Systems made from this material have many positive qualities:

• High strength, allowing the pipeline to withstand heavy loads.
• Durability. The service life of cast iron systems is at least several decades.
• Resistant to temperature changes.
• Quite simple installation, involving the use of the socket method.

At the same time, one cannot fail to mention some of the disadvantages of such products:

• Heavy weight. Due to the heaviness of the elements, it is impossible to lay a cast iron pipeline without the use of special equipment.
• Tendency to form deposits on the surface: Over time, this can lead to blockages.
• Impossibility of use on a number of soils, especially in saline soils.
• The price of traditional cast iron products is quite high.

Currently, cast iron pipes are used for laying industrial communications, while in individual construction they have been replaced almost everywhere by cheaper and lighter plastic analogues.

Manufacturers of sewer pipes

Many foreign and domestic companies produce pipes made of various materials used for laying external sewers.

Companies specializing in plastic products

Among the companies producing plastic products, the following can be noted.

Wavin. The company, founded in Holland in 1955, specializes in the production of sewer and water plastic pipes. The company's products are in great demand throughout Europe.

The Dutch company Wavin is well known in European countries. The company offers a large assortment pipes and fittings for external sewerage

For outdoor use, the manufacturer produces Pragma corrugated polypropylene pipes, which have double walls, as well as other product options.

The Pragma components are 6 meters long; they are easily connected into a system, since they have a socket at one end and a rubber seal at the other. The manufacturer recommends using these products to create a network of external gravity sewerage.

POLYPLASTIC. international company, whose divisions are located in the CIS countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus).

Among the assortment of branded products, a large place is occupied by all kinds of sewer elements, including external pipes made of various types of polymers (polyethylene, PAC, polypropylene, fiberglass).

The products manufactured by the company are characterized by optimal combination light weight with increased ring rigidity, thanks to which plastic pipes successfully resist even significant loads.

Reinforced products "Corsis Arm", included in the range of the POLIPLASTIC company, have a steel layer that enhances the rigidity of external sewer pipes

The signature line of this manufacturer is the Korsis series, which includes:

• two-layer corrugated products;
• spiral parts;
• multilayer reinforced pipes.

All these elements are perfect for laying external sewer networks and other drainage systems. The company produces products with a length of 600 or 1200 mm, a diameter of 110-600 mm. Unlike products from other companies, Corsys components have a corrugated black outer layer and an inner surface of light blue, yellow or orange.

Ostendorf. Famous German company Ostendorf Kunststoffe, which specializes in plastic pipes and other parts, was founded by the Ostendorf brothers in 1973. Now the company is considered a leading manufacturer of elements of such systems in the specialized market. Products are supplied to many countries around the world, but the main consumer is Germany.

KG pipes (manufactured by the German company Ostendorf) have high consumer qualities. Such systems are durable, reliable, durable, and easy to operate.

In 2011, the Ostendorf plant began operating in Russia. The enterprise, where the latest technological equipment manufactured in Germany is installed, uses imported raw materials and components. Strict quality control is organized in production, which is carried out in accordance with German and Russian standards.

Due to the highest quality of products, they are in high demand among consumers, despite their relative high cost.

The KG line, intended for external sewerage, is made of solid polyvinyl chloride without impurities, which has increased strength, water resistance, durability, and thermal conductivity. The convenient shape of the ends allows for quick and easy installation various systems.

POLITEK. Russian company Politek, founded in 1999, is a leader in the production of polymer products used for drainage, water supply, and sewerage.

The products of the domestic company Politek have gained popularity due to the optimal ratio of quality and price. Even budget products have decent characteristics

The company's factories have installed the latest foreign special equipment, which allows them to produce European-class products.

Companies producing cast iron pipes

Although hardware Nowadays they are less common than plastic ones, the demand for cast iron pipes can be called stable. Such products are produced by several European companies, among which the following can be noted.

Duker. Founded in 1913 in Karlstadt (Franconia, Germany), the company initially produced products with socket systems. In 1968, innovative socketless pipes were developed, allowing parts to be shortened and the remaining trim to be installed using a combination method.

Now the company is the only manufacturer of cast iron sewer systems in Germany, and the plant carries out a completely completed production cycle: from casting to applying external coating.

The company offers a wide range of different systems with different lengths, diameters and connections. All of them have excellent consumer qualities: wear resistance, resistance to aggressive substances, strength.

Pam Global. The large concern Saint-Gobain (France) specializes in the production of modern cast iron products. For their manufacture, De Lavo technology (centrifugal casting) is used, followed by deep cooling of the structures.

Pam Global cast iron pipes are produced at the factories of a large French concern. During the production of products, the metal is coated with epoxy resin, zinc powder and acrylic varnish

Pam Global C systems are specifically designed for ground work, as well as the installation of high-quality, durable drainage systems. External sewer pipes have a diameter of 100-200 mm.

It is impossible to say unequivocally which type of pipe is the best. When considering product options, it is important to know for what purpose they are intended and under what conditions they will be used. Only taking into account all the individual characteristics of the site, the owner can make a choice which option is best for him for arranging a sewer system.

In order to install pipes for external sewerage, you need to decide on the type of pipes, which are made from different types of materials. Today pipes are produced from reinforced concrete, cast iron, polyethylene, PVC, ceramics and polypropylene. Pipes that are laid underground must be purchased depending on the depth of the trench, its slope, as well as the properties of the pipes; first of all, the cross-section of the pipe is considered. Today in our article, we will look at the features different types pipes for external sewerage.

Orange PVC pipe

The orange sewer pipe has a number of significant advantages, because... the quality of plastic pipes is in many ways inferior to it in its qualities.

Pipes fromnon-retrofitted polyvinyl chloride

These pipes are produced for the construction of underground sewers, specifically under buildings and under major roads, such as highways and highways. They are often used for storm drainage, industrial wastewater drainage and wastewater drainage. Pipes from of this material able to withstand any impact, incl. chemical class. They have a number of significant advantages:

• produced in yellow and brown colors;
• very light in weight, made of a special, three-layer material in different diameters;
• resistant to chemicals;
• have a long service life, more than 50 years.

In addition, these pipes have some disadvantages, such as the release of harmful substances during combustion, they can be exposed to rodents, and they function only at certain temperatures.

Cast iron pipes

Cast iron pipes are used for outdoor use because... they have significant advantages.

• have very high strength;
• have a significant service life of up to 90-10 years;
• withstand loads;
• do not rust or corrode;
• The two most popular types of pipes are smu without detachable connections, and sme, which has a detachable connection on one side.

Cast iron pipes also have disadvantages such as heavy weight, have roughness on the inner surface, which is why they often become clogged. When exposed to low temperatures, a cast iron pipe freezes and bursts.

Plastic pipes

The next popular type of pipes are plastic pipes, which are not all used for outdoor use, but only a certain type. This double layer corrugated pipes with connecting elements, in the form of adapters and couplings. Concerning, polypropylene pipes, which are the most common and most often produced, gray in color, they are used in private construction, and for external work pipes made of rigid polypropylene are used.
Also produced polyethylene pipes, which have a high density, with increased wall thickness.

Thus, we see which pipe to choose for sewerage and understand that not all types of pipes are used for external sewerage, but only those capable of withstanding loads and exposure to chemicals. As well as temperature differences from high to very low.

Installation of external pipes

Installation of water supply and sewerage pipes, first of all, requires the preparation of a project, which is carried out in several stages to ensure the removal of waste water from a residential building of any type. The stages of work include selecting and installing a septic tank, a filter well, as well as insulating the sewer system and laying pipes. After the work has been completed, the pipes are connected to the septic tank and final work is carried out.

Advice! Remember that septic tanks are located at a distance of at least 9 meters from the house, and at a distance of at least 30 m from the water intake.

Advice! The filter well should be dug at a depth of 1.5 m from the soil freezing level. A well is required in order to settle the water, which then enters the ground.

Advice! To lay pipes, trenches are dug at a depth of 1 m, sloping towards the septic tank.

Advice! The pipes are not rigidly fastened when connecting to a cesspool, because... When the seasons change, they may burst; in this regard, the connection must be movable!

Do not forget to carry out operational checks when starting the system, incl. under pressure. Use foam to connect the pipes and complete all work by thoroughly backfilling the soil.

Photo gallery (6 photos):

installation of external pipes

For laying a sewer system, there is a large selection of different pipes available from various manufacturers. Which sewer pipes are better?

How to combine price and quality? How to make the right choice? Let's try together to understand the variety of modern sewer pipes.

All sewer pipes, with all the wealth of choice on the modern building materials market, are divided into two groups:

• metal pipes;
• plastic pipes.

When choosing sewer pipes, we consider several determining parameters:

• durability;
• corrosion resistance;
• ease of assembly;
• resistance to hot water discharge;
• chemical resistance;
• resistance to biological effects.

Metal and plastic pipes have a very wide range of characteristics for each of these parameters. In the Soviet Union, metal pipes were used for the sewage system for decades.

And only relatively recently in our assortment construction stores Plastic pipes have appeared, although metal pipes are still used in some cases.

What metal pipes are used for the sewerage system?

• Steel;
• Cast iron.

In turn, steel pipes are divided into:

1. welded;
2. seamless.

When building a modern private house, metal sewer pipes are rarely used.

But, if you still want to use steel pipes, then it is better to buy seamless ones coated with an anti-corrosion coating.

These pipes will last longer than welded ones, although they will require somewhat higher financial costs.

Anti-corrosion coating will protect metal pipes from rust.

Please note that when cutting threads, the anti-corrosion coating is removed, so it is necessary to additionally treat the joints against corrosion.

In general, steel pipes are more expensive than plastic ones, although they are not superior in quality.

Cast iron pipes are also still occasionally used in the construction of internal and external sewer networks.

But these pipes have serious disadvantages:

1. Large weight, as a result - inconvenience in installation;
2. Cast iron is a brittle metal, so it is easily destroyed under shock loads, especially at low temperatures;
3. Cast iron and all metal pipes become overgrown over time.
   First, plaque forms inside the pipe, and then build-up forms, which makes it difficult for sewage to pass through the pipeline.

Sewage pipelines made of polyethylene pipes have become very popular in construction.

With comparatively low price on these pipes, they have a number of advantages over metal pipes:

1. Longer service life (durable).
2. Plastic pipes are lightweight.
3. Convenient and easy to install. A man far from plumbing work, will be able to assemble a simple sewer system on his own.
4. Resistant to biological corrosion.
5. More resistant to chemical corrosion.
6. No deposits form on polyethylene pipes inside, these pipes do not overgrow, as happens with metal ones.
7. Operated at different temperatures. Range from -30ºС to +95ºС.

Polyethylene pipes have one feature - they are characterized by linear expansion. This must be taken into account when under the floor, leaving a gap to increase the diameter of the pipe.

When installing risers, special compensator couplings are used, which solve this problem of linear expansion.

Which pipes are best for sewerage? There are a huge number of types of plastic pipes on the modern market.

They are made from various materials and different ways: high strength polyethylene, polypropylene, cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum reinforced polypropylene, etc.

When purchasing sewer pipes, find out what material they are made of. And be sure to take into account the conditions and installation location when choosing pipe material.

IN general case it is impossible to say which sewer pipes are better. Always the best the best option These are pipes that are selected for a specific case.

For example:

• If the installation takes place in the cold with negative temperature, polyethylene pipes should be used, as they are frost-resistant.
  But these pipes cannot be exposed to sunlight; this ultraviolet irradiation leads to their destruction and shortening their service life.
• If you are installing a sewerage system for a multi-story building, you cannot use pipes designed for the construction of small sewerage systems.
• For external installation, you cannot use pipes made for the internal sewerage system.
  Pipes for external and internal installation even differ in color - external ones are usually orange, and internal ones are gray.
• Do not narrow the diameter of sewer pipes, this will lead to blockages and plugs.
  It is better to install a pipe with a larger diameter than necessary than to make a mistake in the opposite direction.

Pipes made from cross-linked polyethylene can be recommended for installation of a sewer system that requires high strength and reliability.

There is another type of pipe - made of metal-polymers, these pipes are of increased strength, since they have an aluminum layer.

These pipes are more resistant to oxidation and at the same time retain their shape during installation.

In practice, they are used extremely rarely due to their high cost compared to others.

Another advantage of plastic pipes is their more aesthetic appearance. When installing a plastic system, you may not think about how to hide sewer pipes. A smooth white or gray pipe has a very neat appearance.

The wastewater disposal system is not limited to internal communications. And if for the owner of an apartment in multi-storey building the only concern is internal pipelines, then the owner of individual housing has to take care of external communications. Their reliability and durability directly depend on which sewer pipes are chosen for external sewerage. There may be several options. Let's look at each of them in more detail.

What should the pipes for the external system be like?

External pipelines have to work in difficult conditions, which is why increased demands are placed on them. The material from which they are made must be:

• durable;
• resistant to a wide variety of aggressive environments;
• able to withstand seasonal temperature changes without compromising its properties;
• wear-resistant.

These requirements are satisfied Various types plastic, steel, cast iron, asbestos cement and ceramics. Pipes for external systems are most often made from these materials. When choosing such parts, you should remember that they should:

• withstand the weight of the backfill and the load from possible movements of people and vehicles over them;
• resist static and dynamic effects;
• resist the effects of groundwater, which provokes displacements inside the docking units and, as a result, depressurization of the system.

When choosing pipes, you should also remember that the reliability of the system is affected not only by the quality of the material of the parts, but also by the correctness of their installation. If it is too complex or fraught with difficulties, it may be worth considering a different type of pipe.

What can you choose from?

There are quite a lot of pipes suitable for arranging external sewer pipelines. If desired, you can even make it from glass parts. However, this is rather exotic. Let's look at the most popular options among developers.

Option #1 - asbestos cement parts

A mixture of asbestos fiber and Portland cement is used to produce products. The advantages of such pipes are:

• Durability. An asbestos cement system can last from 50 to 100 years.
• Resistance to aggressive environments. Almost any liquid can be drained through such pipes.
• Light weight, which greatly facilitates their installation.
• Resistance of the pipe to “overgrowing” of the internal lumen.
• Easy to install. You can trim and join elements without using a special tool.

The disadvantages include the fragility of the material, which is very unstable to mechanical damage. When purchasing such products, you should carefully inspect the ends of the pipes. This is where chips and cracks most often appear. In addition, they must be transported very carefully.

Asbestos cement pipes are very fragile. They must be carefully inspected before installation. Most often, cracks and chips form near the end of parts

Option #2 - ceramic products

Ceramics have been used as a material for the production of sewerage pipes since antiquity. And such products are still quite popular. The reason lies in the large number of advantages of ceramic parts:

• Chemical inertness, which makes it possible to transport almost any liquid through such pipes.
• A slight roughness of the inner surface, which prevents the appearance of build-up and clogging of parts.
• Resistance to temperatures of the transported liquid and the external environment.
• Easy installation.

The disadvantage of ceramics is its fragility, as a result of which special care must be taken when transporting and installing it. In addition, the length of such products is short, which significantly increases the number of joints in the system. On sale you can find ceramic pipes with a diameter of 100 and up to 600 mm in two connection options: threaded and socketed.

Before installing ceramic pipes, their quality must be checked. To do this, every detail is inspected and tapped. The appearance of a rattling sound is considered evidence of the presence of cracks.

Option #3 - cast iron sewer pipes

Bell-shaped cast iron pipes are a traditional solution for sewerage installations. For private construction, a part with a diameter of 160 mm is most often used. Cast iron pipes have many advantages:

• High strength, allowing products to withstand significant loads.
• Durability. Cast iron pipelines can be used for decades.
• High corrosion resistance and insensitivity to most aggressive environments.
• Resistance to temperature changes.
• Quite simple installation, carried out using the socket method.

A serious “disadvantage” of this material is its heavy weight. In this regard, installation of a cast iron pipeline without special equipment is impossible. The internal surfaces of cast iron products are rough; deposits easily form on them, which over time leads to blockages and “overgrowing” of the pipe. In addition, the material has restrictions on use. It is very sensitive to saline solutions, so cast iron cannot be used in saline soil.

Cast iron is a traditional material for sewer pipes. Its main disadvantage is its heavy weight, which requires the use of special equipment when installing the system.

Option #4 - polyvinyl chloride pipeline

PVC is an affordable and therefore very common polymer. Pipes made from it for external sewerage have multiple “advantages”:

• Smooth walls that prevent the formation of internal growths.
• Quite high strength.
• Frost resistance. Pipes do not crack even if completely frozen.
• Light weight, which allows installation without the use of special equipment.
• Easy to install.
• Resistance to corrosion and some aggressive environments.
• Low cost.
• High wear resistance. Pipes do not lose their properties even when transporting liquid with a large amount of sand.

The main drawback limiting the use of PVC products is the significant thermal elongation of the material. Therefore, such pipes are not installed in areas where transportation of liquid whose temperature exceeds 60C is required.

The characteristics of such products may vary significantly depending on the design. Today, two types of PVC pipes are produced: single and three-layer. In the latter option, the inner layers are made of recycled foam plastic, and the outer layers are made of non-plasticized material. The parts also differ according to their stiffness class. Available:

• Rigid pipes, class S. Designed for installation to a depth of up to 8 m, characterized by a maximum wall thickness.
• Medium-hard products, class N. Can be laid to a depth of 2 to 6 m.
• Lightweight elements, class L. Used for the construction of pipelines laid to a depth of 0.8 to 2 m.

As a rule, when installing PVC pipes, a socket connection is used. This is an extremely simple operation that does not require special equipment or skills. In some cases, the adhesive method or so-called cold welding is used.

PVC pipes have restrictions on their use. They cannot be installed in systems where the temperature of the transported liquid exceeds 60C

Option #5 - polypropylene products

Polypropylene pipes are optimally suited for arranging external sewer pipelines of residential buildings and non-pressure storm sewer systems. Among their many advantages are:

• Temperature resistance. Upper limit permissible temperatures is located at 95C. The material tolerates cold just as well as heat and does not lose its qualities.
• Chemical inertness. Polypropylene is not subject to corrosion and does not emit toxic substances.
• A smooth surface inside the parts on which sediment particles do not settle. Blockages in such sewers only occur if the system is not installed correctly.
• Long service life. The manufacturer guarantees that polypropylene pipes will last at least 50 years with proper use.
• Light weight, which gives advantages during installation and transportation.
• Easy to install. Light weight, elasticity and special connecting sockets allow installation very quickly and without the use of special equipment.

The range of polypropylene pipes is very wide, which allows you to find parts for a system of any complexity and configuration.

Polyethylene sewer pipes are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation. They must be laid so that the surface of the pipeline is protected from direct sunlight

Option #6 - polyethylene pipes

Another variety plastic products, widely used for the construction of external sewer systems. The advantages of such pipes are:

• Durability. The service life of such products is tens of years.
• Resistance to temperature changes. The operating range of the material is from -20C to +60C. For a short time, polyethylene can withstand exposure to liquids heated to 100C.
• Simple installation without using special tools and technology.
• Smooth inner surface that prevents sediment from settling and blocking the pipe lumen.

The disadvantage of polyethylene is its sensitivity to UV radiation. Such pipes can only be used if they are not exposed to sunlight.

Corrugated sewer pipes are produced in two layers. The outer corrugated layer gives the product rigidity. Internal smooth - allows you to transport waste without interference

Despite all their advantages, plastic pipes are not strong enough. To level out this drawback, they are made corrugated. Such products are made from low-density polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride. They have two layers. The outer one is corrugated, providing the parts with increased rigidity. The inner layer is smooth, making it possible to easily transport wastewater. The connection of corrugated pipes is made into a socket using special rubber cuffs or using “cold welding”.