Hotels need water to fulfill a wide range of needs, and therefore it is extremely important to ensure the uninterrupted operation of the water supply system. Each of the elements of this system performs a specific function: the intake is carried out through special structures and devices, the water is purified and processed using separate equipment, the network of external and internal water supply is a channel for delivering water to certain points. It should be noted that hotels can be “powered” from city/village centralized water supply systems, or they can function using water thanks to autonomous system water supply, personal well. In both cases, it is extremely important to monitor the normal operation of each system node, since operation in such conditions is extremely intensive. In case of emergency situations It is better to provide a separate, independently operating water supply system. As a rule, modern hotels have a similar “double” system, be it the respectable Raddison in Moscow, or the small Chelyabinsk Amrita Express Hotel, reviews of which are always only positive, since guests never experience inconvenience due to the lack of water in the tap or heating in cold weather time.
Since in modern hotels each room has its own bathroom, it is very important to monitor the condition of the plumbing and pipes suitable for it. For this purpose, testing chambers can be used, which are placed between two adjacent bathrooms. Often problems arise due to too low pressure in the system, which is unacceptable due to the high percentage of risk of fire situations in public places. For this reason, it is recommended that each establishment acquire a separate tank that can be used for critical moments. The system itself must necessarily include such elements as a water metering unit, one or several additional filters, water tanks and pressure-increasing pumps, risers, distribution lines, connections, fire extinguishing devices, and water intake devices. With such thoughtful equipment, the establishment will function smoothly. And reviews and prices of hotels in Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities will be only positive and acceptable. Comfort in establishments of this type is always paramount.
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The road is one of those types of supporting activities on which a person spends a huge amount of time. Those whose work involves constant travel from city to city “invest” it especially a lot; and in Russia these are the main clients hotel business. In the minds of such people, flights evolve from the category of a mystical ritual into the category of gray everyday life, and the hotel turns from an unusual structure into a place where only three components are important - a delicious breakfast, a soft bed and, of course, an invigorating shower. The opportunity to clean up after a long journey, and simply relax, is the first need of a guest. And it is the quality of the shower that will largely determine the client’s first impression, and therefore the likelihood of him returning to this hotel in the future.
What do we value in such a simple activity as taking a shower? First of all, two things come to mind: good water pressure and constant temperature. And, surprisingly, these are two interrelated phenomena. Inconsistency in the temperature in the shower, when the water suddenly becomes too hot, is directly related to a lack or excess of pressure in the pipes. The amount of pressure depends on the selected type of pumping station.
A classic relay-type pumping station is attractive in terms of price, but, unfortunately, is not capable of maintaining constant pressure. Modern solutions with a frequency converter, on the contrary, they guarantee constant pressure, and therefore guest comfort, but are often not suitable due to high cost or large dimensions.
The E.Sytwin station consists of two E.Sybox pumps united by a common manifold - one of the most intriguing solutions of our time. This is a low-noise pump with a built-in 2-liter hydraulic accumulator and a frequency converter powered by signals from built-in pressure and flow sensors
A pleasant exception to this rule is the E.Sytwin pumping station from the Italian manufacturer DAB.
The E.Sytwin pumping station consists of two E.Sybox pumps united by a common manifold - one of the most intriguing solutions of our time. This is a low-noise pump with a built-in 2-liter hydraulic accumulator and a frequency converter, powered by signals from built-in pressure and flow sensors.
Typically, combining into a station significantly increases the cost of the overall design, however, thanks to innovative technology for pairing pumps into a single unit using an encrypted wireless connection the manufacturer does not need to integrate into a station directly at the plant, which significantly reduces production costs, and hence the final purchase cost.
The pumps are mounted on a common base, which provides the possibility of supplying pipelines from both one and two sides, which greatly simplifies the search suitable premises. To install the pump into the base, you just need to put it on top and fix it with a special fastening element. Suddenly, such a design turns around interesting plus— if one of the pumps breaks down, it will be very easy to replace it, because dismantling and installing a new E.Sybox will take up to 10 minutes.
Hydraulic capabilities will ideally meet the needs of a standard mini-hotel with a fund of 20 rooms. For such a number of bathrooms, a station is required that can provide a flow rate of about 120 l/min. E.Sytwin can provide this flow rate while maintaining a constant pressure of 3.2 bar, with about 30 l/min remaining. under peak load. At the same time, the noise level of the operating installation is only 45 dB(A), which means that the peace of guests will not be disturbed.
Besides low price and ease of installation, the E.Sytwin pumping station also impresses with its ease of setup. All pump parameters are displayed on the display - adjustments are made using the buttons on the pump display. If the installer made a mistake and, for example, set the pressure too high, technical service it will be very easy to reconfigure. And thanks to the autodiagnostic system, in the event of a problem, an error code is displayed on the display, which can be viewed in the instructions - approximately 30% of failures can be resolved independently. Although the probability of pump failure is small, E.Sytwin has seven types of protection built into it: protection against freezing, against dry running, against leaks, against voltage surges, amperometric engine protection, overheating protection and against water hammer.
Of course, one cannot ignore frequency converter, which, in addition to maintaining constant pressure, also provides significant energy savings. In practice, it looks like this: when a shower is used in one room, E.Sytwin consumes 0.387 kW, and when the shower is used in five rooms - 1 kW. Due to this variability, compared to classic solutions that always consume maximum energy, savings of up to 50% are possible.
Based on the above, it is easy to draw the obvious conclusion: if you want to guarantee the comfort of the guest and have complete confidence that the pump itself will consume a minimum of energy, and you also need an affordable solution, your choice is the E.Sytwin pumping station.
In hotels, water is used for household and drinking needs - for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs - for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing work clothes, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example, in a hairdressing salon, sports and fitness center, and also for fire-fighting purposes.
The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with structures and devices for collecting, purifying and treating water, external water supply networks and internal water supply located in the building.
Hotels located in cities and towns are usually supplied cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in rural areas, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system.
The city water supply uses water from open (rivers, lakes) or closed ( groundwater) sources.
Water in the city water supply must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. Before being supplied to the city water supply network, water from open water supply sources always undergoes pre-treatment to bring its quality indicators into compliance with the requirements of the standard. Water from closed water supplies usually does not need treatment. Water treatment is carried out at waterworks. When supplying water from rivers, stations are located along the river flow above populated areas.
The waterworks includes the following structures:
Water intake devices;
First lift pumps;
Septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants;
Water storage tanks;
Second lift pumps.
Second lift pumps maintain the required pressure in the main pipelines and the city water supply piping system. In some cases, water towers are connected to the main pipeline system, which contain a supply of water and can create pressure in the water supply system by raising water tanks to a certain height.
From the waterworks through the city water supply network, water reaches consumers.
The internal water supply of a building is a set of equipment, devices and pipelines that supply water from central external water supply systems or from local water supply sources to water distribution points in the building. Internal water supply in hotel buildings must be separate to meet economic, industrial and fire safety needs. The domestic and industrial water supply systems are combined, since clean drinking water is used in hotels for economic and production needs.
The internal plumbing of a cold water supply system includes the following elements:
One or more inputs;
Water metering unit;
Filters for additional water purification;
Boost pumps and water tanks;
Pipeline system with control valves (distribution lines, risers, connections);
Water dispensing devices;
Fire extinguishing devices.
A building can be served by one or more pumps installed in parallel or in series. If the building is served by one pump, then the second pump must be connected to the network as a backup. Pumps are selected taking into account their performance and the pressure generated.
For the internal water supply system, steel (galvanized) or plastic pipes are used. Pipelines are laid openly and closed in building structures. To ensure water drainage, horizontal sections are laid with a slope towards the input. The water supply system, depending on the design, can have upper or lower water distribution.
The diameter of the pipeline is determined using special tables depending on the number of water distribution (water consumption) points and their sizes.
The diameter of the main lines of the economic, industrial and fire-fighting water supply systems is assumed to be at least 50 mm.
Internal water supply systems are equipped with pipeline and water fittings.
Pipeline fittings are designed to shut off sections of pipelines for the period of repair, regulate pressure and flow in the system. There are shut-off, control, safety and control pipeline valves.
Valves and valves are used as shut-off and control valves. Gate valves are made of cast iron and steel, and valves are also made of brass. Shut-off valves are installed on the inlet, risers and branches.
Safety fittings include safety and check valves, to the control room - level indicators, control taps, taps for pressure gauges.
Water taps include various taps at the points where water is collected: wall taps, toilet taps, taps cisterns, watering, urinal, flush, as well as mixer taps for sinks, bathtubs, showers, washbasins, swimming pools, washing machines, etc.
Fire water supply
Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. Possessing a large heat capacity, it cools flammable substances to a temperature lower than their self-ignition temperature, and blocks the access of air to the combustion zone with the help of the resulting vapors. A jet of water directed under high pressure affects the fire and mechanical impact, knocking down the flame and penetrating deep into the burning object. Spreading over a burning object, water wets parts of building structures that have not yet been engulfed in fire and protects them from burning.
To extinguish the fire, water is supplied from the existing water supply. In some cases, it can be supplied using pumps from natural or artificial reservoirs.
Internal fire water supply is provided by the installation of risers with fire hydrants in the building. Fire hydrants are placed on landings, in corridors and in separate rooms of hotels at a height of 1.35 m from the floor in special lockers marked “PK”. In addition to the tap, the fire locker must contain a 10 or 20 m long canvas hose and a metal fire nozzle. The sleeve has quick-release nuts at the ends for connection to the barrel and valve of the tap. The sleeves are placed on a rotating shelf or wound on a reel. The distance between fire hydrants depends on the length of the hose and should be such that the entire area of the building is irrigated by at least one jet. It is allowed to use hoses of the same length and diameter in the building.
In hotels located in multi-storey buildings, the internal fire-fighting water supply system also includes automatic fire extinguishing means that localize the source of fire, block the path of spreading flames and flue gases, and eliminate the fire.
Sprinkler systems serve for local fire and fire extinguishing, cooling building structures and giving a fire signal.
The sprinkler system includes a system of pipelines laid under the ceiling and filled with water, and sprinklers, the holes of which are closed with fusible locks. When ready, the sprinkler system is pressurized. When the temperature in the room rises, the sprinkler lock melts and a stream of water from the sprinkler, hitting the socket, breaks over the fire. At the same time, the water approaches the alarm device, which signals a fire. The area protected by one sprinkler is about 10 m2. Sprinklers are installed in residential rooms, corridors, service and public areas of hotels.
Deluge systems are designed to extinguish fires over the entire design area, create water curtains in the openings of fire walls, above fire doors, dividing the hotel corridors into sections, and fire alarms. Deluge systems can be with automatic and manual (local and remote) activation. Deluge systems consist of a system of piping and sprinklers, but unlike a sprinkler system, water deluge sprinklers do not have locks and are constantly open. A water supply valve with a temperature-sensitive lock is installed in the pipeline supplying water to a group of sequential sprinklers. In the event of a fire, the lock opens the valve and water flows from all deluge heads to extinguish the fire or create a curtain. At the same time, the fire alarm goes off.
The performance of sprinkler and deluge installations depends on their maintenance, which consists of performing a number of activities provided for in the instructions for their operation.
Hot water system
Hot water in hotels is used for domestic, drinking and industrial needs. Therefore, it, like cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. To avoid burns, the temperature of hot water should not exceed 70 °C and should not be lower than 60 °C, which is necessary for production needs.
Hot water supply in hotels can be local, central or centralized.
With local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, hot water columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the point of consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use central system hot water supply. With central hot water preparation, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in individual heating point hotel building or central heating point, sometimes water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. With centralized heating, water is heated in water heaters by steam or hot water, coming from the city heating network.
The hot water supply network diagram can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through a system of circulation pipelines. Dead-end schemes are provided for constant water withdrawal. If water withdrawal is periodic, then with this scheme the water in the pipelines will cool down during the period of no withdrawal, and during water withdrawal it will flow to water supply points at a lower temperature. This leads to the need for unproductive discharge of a large amount of water through a water collection point when it is desired to obtain water with a temperature of 60 - 70 "C.
In a scheme with water circulation, this disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, this scheme is used in cases where water withdrawal is not constant, but it is necessary to maintain a constant water temperature during water withdrawal.
Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors and with a significant length of main pipelines. In one- and two-story buildings with a short length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange natural circulation of water through a system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water system.
heating with natural circulation. Just like in cold water supply systems, hot water lines can be with lower and upper wiring.
The hot water supply system of a building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water points.
High-speed water-water and steam-water heaters, as well as capacious water heaters, are used as hot water generators in central hot water supply systems.
In a high-speed steam-water water heater, hot steam supplied to the heater body heats the water passing through brass tubes located inside the body.
The design temperature of the coolant in the water-water heater is assumed to be 75 °C, the initial temperature of the heated water is 5 °C, the speed of movement of the heated water is 0.5 - 3 m/s. High-speed water heaters are used in systems with uniform water flow and high water consumption.
Capacitive water heaters are used in systems with variable and low water consumption. They allow you not only to heat, but also to accumulate hot water.
Three-, four- and five-star hotels must have a backup hot water supply system during emergencies or preventive work. Industrial hot water supply systems can be used for backup hot water supply systems. electric water heaters. In Fig. 2.19 shows the electric industrial water heater “OSO” (Norway). The tank capacity of such a water heater ranges from 600 to 10,000 liters, and the water temperature adjustment range is from 55 to 85 °C. The inner tank is made of stainless steel with copper coating. In a backup hot water supply system, there may be several water heaters operating in parallel.
The pipelines of the hot and cold water supply system represent a single complex of the hotel’s economic and industrial supply system and are laid in parallel.
Water points are equipped with mixer taps that allow obtaining a wide range of water temperatures (from 20 to 70 °C) by mixing hot and cold water.
For the hot water supply system, galvanized steel or plastic pipes are used to avoid corrosion. Connections steel pipes and fittings for the same reason must be threaded. To reduce heat loss and prevent water cooling, main pipelines and risers are thermally insulated. Water and pipeline fittings in hot water supply systems, brass or bronze are used with seals that can withstand temperatures up to 100 °C.
Operation of water supply systems
After completing all installation work for the construction or major repairs of cold or hot water supply systems, they begin to accept them into operation. Acceptance begins with an inspection of all equipment and pipelines of water supply systems. Noticed deficiencies are included in the defect list. They must be eliminated within the specified time frame.
Then, after eliminating the identified deficiencies, the water supply system is tested for leaks. In this case, the fittings of all water points must be closed. The test consists of filling the pipelines with water using a hydraulic press, raising the pressure in the pipelines to the operating value. When leaks occur, minor installation defects are eliminated, pipeline connections between each other, with equipment and fittings are tightened, and seals are sealed. Upon completion of this work hydraulic press create a pressure in the pipelines higher than the operating pressure by 0.5 MPa and maintain the system under this pressure for 10 minutes. During this period, the pressure should not rise by more than 0.05 Pa. If this requirement is met, the system is considered to have passed the leak test. At the same time as the pipeline networks, water heaters of hot water supply systems are tested under pressure.
Upon completion of work to check the tightness of the water supply system, a test run is carried out. During the test run, the sufficiency of the supply of cold and hot water to all water points is checked, the compliance of the water temperature with the required value (65 - 70 ° C) is determined, the absence of noise during operation of the pump and its overheating is checked, and a report is drawn up.
Correct and reliable operation indoor plumbing system depends on the conditions of its operation, proper supervision and care.
Basic operating conditions: eliminating water leaks, preventing water from freezing in network pipes and sweating on the surface of pipelines, low water pressure, combating noise from water fittings when they are opened.
During the operation of cold and hot water supply systems, periodic inspections of the systems are carried out, establishing the following:
Serviceability of water meter valves and water meter, pumping equipment;
No water leaks in fittings and equipment connections;
Serviceability of water heating equipment;
Serviceability of main pipelines, risers, connections;
Serviceability of water fittings.
Water leakage through pipelines usually occurs when they are damaged due to corrosion. When pipelines are laid openly, damaged pipes are easy to detect and replace; when pipelines are laid hidden, leaks are very difficult to detect.
The main leakage of water occurs through water taps due to wear of sealing gaskets, damage or deterioration of individual parts of the units. Worn or damaged items must be replaced or repaired.
To avoid damage to the water supply due to freezing of pipes when the heating system is turned off and the temperature in the rooms drops to 3 °C, water must be drained from the pipelines.
During the operation of the water supply system, situations may arise in which water flows weakly or not at all to the water supply points. This may be caused by: insufficient pressure at the entrance to the building; clogging of the water meter grid or installation of a water meter of insufficient caliber; pump malfunction; a decrease in the flow area of pipelines due to fouling of the pipe walls with salt deposits or the ingress of foreign objects and rust. To eliminate the above reasons it is necessary:
Install a pump to increase pressure in the building's piping system;
Clean or replace the water meter;
Correct or replace the pump valve;
Clean water pipes and water fittings.
During operation of the water supply system, noise may also occur in the pipelines. Vibration and noise occur when the pump wears out and is installed incorrectly when pipes are tightly embedded in building structures.
1. Internal water supply
Internal water supply is a system of pipelines and devices that supply cold water from the external water supply network to sanitary fixtures and fire hydrants located inside the building.
The internal water supply system consists of an inlet (one or more), a water metering unit, main line risers, connections to water fittings and fittings. In some cases, it may also include pumping units, water tanks and other equipment located inside the building.
1.1 Selecting an internal water supply system
The choice of internal water supply system is made depending on the purpose of the building (hotel), water quality requirements, technical and economic feasibility.
In this project, in accordance with Appendix A /1/, a domestic and drinking water supply system is adopted with fire-fighting water supply, having 1 jet and minimum consumption water 2.5 l/s, because the number of floors is 5, and the construction volume is 7558.2 m3.
1.2 Selecting an internal water supply scheme
The choice of water supply scheme is an important and difficult design task designed to ensure reliable water supply to the consumer in required quantity and specified quality, ease of installation and operation.
There are water supply networks with upper and lower wiring. In this project, a water supply scheme with bottom wiring has been adopted, because There is a basement part of the building. The water supply network can be ring or dead-end. In this building, a dead-end water supply scheme has been adopted, because... a short-term interruption in water supply is possible. Shut-off valves (valves, valves) are installed at the points where the inlet is connected to the external water supply system, and a water metering unit is installed at the point of entry into the building.
1.3 Design and hydraulic calculation of internal water supply
.3.1 Arrangement of risers
Internal plumbing is made from water and gas pipes.
The water supply line is laid under the basement ceiling along internal walls.
The pipeline is laid open method.
The pipeline is fastened with clamps, hooks, and hangers on the bracket.
The required and sufficient number of risers is established on the floor plan. In this project there are 6.
1.3.2 Trace water supply diagram
The locations of the risers are transferred from the floor plan to the basement plan, and they are combined into a single system that is connected to the external water supply.
1.3.3 Axonometric diagram
The axonometric diagram is carried out in M 1:200 along all three axes. The axonometric diagram shows: water supply inlet, water metering unit, main water supply, risers, connections to water fittings, watering taps, water supply and shut-off valves.
Connections to water fittings and water fittings are shown only for top floor, on the remaining floors only branches from the risers are shown.
Floor elevation of the first floor = 184.5 m.
The thickness of the ceiling is 0.3 m.
Basement ceiling elevation = 184.5-0.3 = 184.2 m.
Basement height hbasement = 2.5 m.
Basement floor elevation = 184.2-2.5 = 181.5 m.
The axonometric diagram of the internal water supply is the basis for
hydraulic calculation water supply network.
1.3.4 Determination of the dictating point
The dead-end circuit of the drinking water supply system is designed for the case of maximum water consumption. The main task of hydraulic calculation is to determine the diameters of pipelines and the pressure losses in them when the calculated flow rates are missed.
On the axonometric diagram, select the estimated main direction. The calculated direction is taken from the point of connection to the external water supply to the most distant and highest water supply point from the input, to which the total pressure loss will be the greatest. Such a water point is usually called dictating. When identifying a dictating water outlet, it is necessary to take into account the required pressure Hf in front of it.
In this project, Hf = 3 m, because The dictating point is the bathroom faucet. Hf = 2 m for all other devices.
The selected calculated direction of water movement is divided into sections. The area with constant flow and diameter. Numbering is carried out from the pouring hole of the dictating point from top to bottom. Each section of the water supply network is designated by numbers: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, etc. (there are only 12 plots in this project). For each section, its length is indicated, and after hydraulic calculation - its diameter.
1.3.5 Determination of maximum second water flow rates in design areas
In sections, the maximum second flow rate qc, l/s is determined by the formula
5·qc0·?, (1.1)
where qc0 is the consumption of cold water by the appliance, the value of which should be taken according to adj. B /1/, l/s according to the largest device;
In this project for a bathroom faucet: qc0=0.18 l/сtot=0.25 l/s
for washbasin mixer: qc0= 0.09 l/s tot= 0.12 l/s
for tap cistern: qc0=0.1 l/сtot=0.1 l/s.
a is a dimensionless coefficient determined according to app. In /1/, depending on the total number of devices N 0 in the design section of the networks and the probability of their action Pc.
The probability of operation of sanitary fixtures P(Рtot , Pc) in network sections serving groups of identical consumers in buildings is determined by the formulas
where qchr,u, qtothr,u is the rate of water consumption by the consumer at the hour of greatest water consumption, l, taken according to adj. G /1/; U- total number consumers in the building; N is the total number of sanitary fixtures in the building; tot - consumption of total water by the device, l/s, the value of which should be taken according to adj. B /1/.
In this project, qchr,u = 5.6 l/s, qtothr,u = 15.6 l/s, U =90, N = 120.= 5.6 90/3600 0.18 100=0.008= 15.6 90/3600 0.25 100 = 0.016
1.3.6 Determination of pipeline diameters
Knowing the maximum second flow rate in the section (qc) and focusing on the speed of movement of the liquid in the pipes (vek? 1 m/s, vadd? 3.5 m/s), using /2/ we determine the diameter, speed of movement and slope (d, v ,i).
Then the pressure loss along the length in sections is determined using the formula
Where l is the length of the design section, m.
The entire calculation of the internal water supply is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 - Hydraulic calculation of internal water supply
Number of the calculated area Number of devices in the area, N Probability of the devices’ operation, Pc or Ptot N? Pc or N? Ptot Water consumption by the device q0c or q0tot Estimated flow rate, qc or qtot, l/s Pipe diameter in the area, d, mm Length of the section l m Speed of water movement v, m /slope iLoss of pressure along the length of the section, m Нl = il a 1-210,00650,00650,20,180,18150,71,060,29610,207272-320,00650,0130,20,180,18151,21,060,29610,355323-440,00650,0260,2280,180,2052202,40,620,07350,17644-580,00650,0520,2760,180,2484202,950,780,11060,326275-6120,00650,0780,3150,180,2835202,950,940,15490,4569556-7160,00650,1040,3490,180,3141252,950,650,05750,1696257-8200,00650,130,3780,180,3402254,10,650,05750,235758-9400,00650,260,5020,180,443725110,840,09131,00439-10600,00650,390,6020,180,5418250,61,030,13250,079510-11800,00650,520,6920,180,622832110,680,04220,464211-121200,0131,561,260,251,3625503,90,660,02380,09282?3,56841
1.3.7 Determining the required head
The required pressure Hcd for the dictating water point is determined using the formula
Hdc=Hgeom+Htot+Hf+Hz, (1.4)
where Hgeom is the geometric height of water supply (from the surface of the earth at the city water well to the dictating water intake device), m;
Zd.t - zpzgk, (1.5)
where zd.t - geodetic mark dictating water point, determined by the formula
d.t = zp.w.e. + hizl, (1.6)
where zp.v.e - floor elevation of the upper floor, m. (zp.v.e = 184.3+4?3=196.3 m), hizl - height of the spout of each device (for a bathroom faucet 2.2 m) ;pzgk - geodetic mark of the ground surface at the city well (zpzgk = 202.5 m), d.t. = 196.3+2.2 = 198.5 m; = 198.5-184 = 14.5 m;
Htot is the total pressure loss in the design direction, m, determined by the formula
= å Hl ?(1+kl), (1.7)
where?Hl is the total loss along the length in the calculated direction (Table 1), m; - coefficient taking into account local losses pressure and accepted kl= 0.2 (since the system is integrated);= 3.56841(1+0.3)=4.639 m;
Hf is the free pressure at the dictating water tap, taken according to adj. B /1/, m;
Нz- pressure loss at the water meter, m,
Нz = S?(3.6? qtot)2, (1.8)
where S is the hydraulic resistance of the water meter (m/m6)/h2 (according to appendix D/1/, a vane water meter with d = 32 mm and resistance S = 0.1 (m/m6)/h2 was selected); qtot - maximum second flow rate at the entrance to the building, l/s (qtot = 2.396 l/s);
Нz = 0.1?(3.6?1.3625)2 = 2.4 m.=14.5+4.639+3+2.4 = 24.539 m
1.3.8 Comparison of required pressures
According to the calculation results, the required pressure is compared with the guaranteed one = 24.539 m, and Hg = 18 m.
Since Hdc > Hg, it is necessary to design a booster pumping unit.
1.3.9 Selection of booster pumps
Booster pumps are selected according to the required pressure and performance. The required pump pressure is determined by the formula
Hdc - Hg, (1.9)
24.539-18=6.539 m.
The pump performance is assumed to be equal to qtot - the maximum second flow rate at the entrance to the building qtot = 1.3625 l/s.
According to Appendix E /1/, a pump was selected for Hp = 6.539 m and qtot = 1.3625 l/s
KM 8/18b, with the following characteristics:
flow 1.2…3.6 l/s;
total head 12.8...8.8 m;
nominal flow 2.5 l/s;
total head at nominal flow 11.4 m;
rotation speed 2900 rpm;
Pump efficiency 35…45%;
electric motor power 1.1 kW.
There are 2 pumps for installation (one working, the other backup).
The location of the pumps is taken in a separate building adjacent to the designed residential 5 storey building.
2. Internal and intra-quarter sewerage
Systems internal sewerage are designed to drain wastewater from buildings into external sewerage.
.1 Selecting a domestic sewage system
To drain wastewater from a five-story hotel, a domestic sewerage system was adopted due to the absence of aggressive components in its drainage.
hydraulic water supply sewer riser
2.2 Design and hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage
For the device internal sewer networks Cast iron and plastic pipelines are used. Connection method cast iron pipes bell-shaped, plastic - thermal.
All internal sewer networks are provided in a non-pressure mode of fluid movement.
In this course work For the internal sewerage equipment of the building, cast iron pipes are used, the fluid movement mode is non-pressure.
2.2.1 Arrangement of risers
The necessary and sufficient number of sewer risers are installed on the floor plan and basement plan.
In this course work, 6 sewer risers are accepted for installation.
2.2.2 Sewer routing
On the basement plan, sewer risers are combined into separate groups, and the issue of discharging wastewater outside the building is resolved. Design areas are outlined.
2.2.3 Determination of estimated costs
We determine the maximum second consumption using the formula:
where qtot is the maximum second flow rate in the water supply system, l/s, determined by the formula
Where? - dimensionless coefficient accepted according to adj. In /1/ and depends on the number of devices N (in this project N=120) and the probability of their action Ptot, accepted in accordance with clause 1.3.5 of this work, Ptot=0.016;tot - maximum second consumption of the device, determined by adj. B /1/;s - wastewater flow rate from the device, taken according to adj. B /1/:s=1.6 l/s for a toilet with a flush tank.=5·0.25·0.692 = 0.865 l/s=0.865+1.6=2.465 l/s
2.2.4 Hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage
Knowing the maximum second flow rate of wastewater qs and focusing on the speed of movement of wastewater 4...8??st?0.7 m/s and the degree of filling 0.6?h/d?0.3 according to /3/, the pipe diameter and movement speed are finally selected drains, degree of pipe filling and slope (d, v, h/d, i).
In this case, the condition must be met in each section
where k is the coefficient assumed to be 0.6 for cast iron pipes.
If this condition cannot be met, then this section of the pipeline is considered to be undesigned and the following are structurally accepted for it:
with d=50 mm slope 0.03=100 mm slope 0.02=150 mm slope 0.01.
The hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage is summarized in table. 3.
Table 2 - Hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage
No. of settlement areaNPtotNPtot ?qtot, l/sq0s, l/sqs, l/sd, mmi ?, m/s Section StK1-1-2400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 bezr.StK1-2-B400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 bezr.StK1- 3-B200,0130,260,5020,62751,62,22751000,020,740,360,44 bezr.B-SK No. 1600,0130,780,8491,061251,62,661251000,050,80,420,52 bezr.StK1-6- 5400, 0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 bezr.StK1-5-A400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 bezr.StK1-4-A200,0130, 260.5020.62751.62.22751000.020.740.360.44 without rub.
2.2.5 Checking the capacity of sewer risers
Checking the capacity of sewer risers is carried out using Appendix M /1/. To do this, on one of the risers, qs (l/s) is determined using formula (2.1) and this flow rate is compared with the tabulated value qstable.
The throughput capacity of the riser, which ensures stable operation of hydraulic valves, will be if
< qsтабл. (2.4)
Checking risers:
StK1-1: d = 50 mm, qs = 1.36 l/s, qstable = 1.4 l/s - condition (2.4) is satisfied
StK1-2: d = 50 mm, qs = 1.57 l/s, qstable = 1.4 l/s - condition (2.4) is not satisfied, therefore, it is necessary to increase the diameter and take it equal to d = 100 mm.
For risers StK1-1, StK1-2, StK1-3, StK1-6, similarly to StK1-2, we accept diameter d = 100 mm.
Maximum throughput ventilated sewer riser at d=100 mm qstable = 7.4 l/s, and according to calculations for risers StK1-7,...StK1-13 qs = 2.37...4.23 l/s, therefore condition (2.4) is satisfied for these risers.
2.3 Design and hydraulic calculation of intra-quarter sewerage
The intra-block sewer network is designed from ceramic pipes with a minimum diameter of 150 mm. The distance between inspection wells is assumed to be 26.479 m. The connection method is socket, the depth of installation depends on the depth of seasonal freezing and is calculated using the formula:
hall = hpr - e (2.5)
where hpr is the depth of seasonal soil freezing, accepted as specified; e - the size of the talik, taken equal to 0.3 m for pipes with a diameter of 200 m. hall = 2.7-0.3 = 2.4 m
The calculation results are summarized in Table 8.
Table 3 - Hydraulic calculation of intra-quarter sewerage
Plot numberNPtotNPtot ?qtot, l/sq0s, l/sqs, l/sd, mmiv, m/sl, m Following marking, Mnukunukunukuska No. 1 - SK No. 2600,0130,780,8491.061,62,661500,010,698,20,29183,3183,180.9180.82.48.48SK 2 - KGK 1200,0131.561,, 2611.581.63.181500.010.717.40.3183.1183180.8180.62,482.65 Based on the results of the hydraulic calculation, a longitudinal profile of the yard sewerage system is constructed.
3. Equipment specification
sink - 30 pcs.
sink - 30 pcs
bath - 30 pcs
toilet - 30 pcs.
water meter unit - 1 piece
booster unit: valve - 4 pcs.
valve - 4 pcs.
pump - 2 pcs.
pipes for water supply - galvanized steel according to GOST 3264 - 75 = 15 mm l = 19.8 m = 20 mm l = 49.8 m = 25 mm l = 32.7 m = 32 mm l = 11 m = 50 mm l = 19 m
sewer pipes - cast iron according to GOST 9583 - 75 = 100 mm l = 274 m = 150 mm l = 28.6 m
References
1.Postnikov P.M. Design and calculation of internal water supply and sewerage systems of buildings: Method. decree. - Novosibirsk: SGUPS Publishing House, 2004. - 40 p.
2.Shevelev F.A., Shevelev A.F. Tables for hydraulic calculations water pipes: Reference allowance. - 6th ed., add. And reworked. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1984. - 116 p.
.Lukinykh A.A., Lukinykh N.A. Tables for hydraulic calculation of sewer networks and siphons according to the formula of Acad. N.N. Pavlovsky. Ed. 4th, add. M., Stroyizdat, 1974. - 156 p.
.SNiP 2.04.01 - 85*. Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings / Gosstroy of the USSR. M., 1986.
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Good afternoon. We need a boiler to supply the hotel hot water like reserve water consumption 0.5 cubic meters per hour. Vladimir Vasilievich
Hello, Vladimir Vasilievich!
If you want to buy a boiler from us, nothing will work out: unfortunately or fortunately, we do not sell heating equipment from the pages of the site.
Perhaps you did not mean to buy a boiler and did not even intend to share your needs with us. There is a chance that you wanted to ask our experts some question about the hot water supply system, but you just forgot to formulate it. Since we don’t know what exactly interests you, let us simply speculate on the topic of “DHW for a hotel”:
We recommend that you first decide what task the water heating device should perform: serve only hot water supply or serve as an additional (backup) source of heating. These are different functions that require different approaches, equipment, wiring diagrams and process control. You do not write anything about the heating equipment of the boiler room in your hotel. So as not to guess and not go through everything possible options, let us assume that natural gas available, but the main heating boiler has not yet been selected and purchased.
DHW only
If we are talking specifically about heating boiler, specially allocated only for the needs of hot water supply, then to obtain a constant flow of water at a stable temperature, one boiler will not be enough. You will need a boiler + boiler combination indirect heating+ appropriate harness. A single-circuit boiler with a power of 10 kW or more of any type and brand is suitable (German equipment is better and more expensive, Chinese equipment is worse and cheaper). Boiler capacity is from 250 liters, better 500, and even better and, accordingly, even more expensive - 1000 liters. But we do not consider such a decision justified either functionally or economically.
More economical and simple option there will be installation of a storage water heater with built-in gas burner is a “2 in 1” water heating device intended exclusively for domestic hot water. Of the decent equipment of a strong mid-level on the domestic market, we can name budget option- Ariston SGA 200, higher quality and more expensive - Vaillant atmoSTOR VGH 130-220. However, the nominal productivity of the listed models is slightly lower than the one you cited - 0.43 and 0.44 instead of 0.5 m3/hour. True, this is provided that the temperature of the entire volume of outgoing water is 40 C; in practice, most people prefer to use less hot water.
This boiler room has two gas water heaters. One, the hot water boiler (on the right) serves only heating. The second, storage water heater with a built-in burner (on the left) is intended exclusively for hot water supply
DHW + heating
Your idea of using an additional boiler as a backup boiler for heating is completely justified, you just need to implement it rationally. In our opinion, simple parallel connection boilers - no best solution. It would be optimal to install a cascade of boilers. The peculiarity of such a system is that in a cascade all boilers (their number ranges from two to several dozen) operate as a single unit heating installation. Heat generators combined unified system management, hydraulic diagram connection provides for pressure equalization and correct temperature distribution across individual heating circuits.
The most economical would be a cascade that uses heating single-circuit boilers with modulating (infinitely variable) burners. Depending on the heat needs, the required number of cascade elements are automatically switched on, and a smooth change in the power of the burners makes it possible to receive exactly as much thermal energy as is needed at the moment. In this case, the cascade simultaneously serves the needs of both heating and domestic hot water. Heat tap water comes from the heating system in storage water heater indirect heating. Automation itself determines when and how much to direct thermal energy to the needs of hot water supply. If you use modern condensing units in the cascade gas boilers and low temperature conditions throughout the heating system, fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 15% compared to traditional systems.
Heating equipment installed in a cascade will last longer, because most of the time only a part of the heat generators work, the entire cascade starts only at peak loads. In your case, these are severe frosts and, perhaps, in the evening, when all the guests simultaneously decided to take a warm bath. The cascade is also good because if one of the water heaters breaks down, the operation of the system does not stop. While the failed equipment is being repaired, other boilers will ensure uninterrupted operation of both the heating system and hot water supply. The advantages of a cascade of boilers are obvious, but you will have to pay for them; such a boiler room will cost about a third more than a regular one.
In a cascade system, water heaters of the same power are used. The piping of heat generators ensures their hydraulic coordination, important element is a hydraulic separator low pressure. The coolant passes only through those boilers that are involved in the operation of the system at a given time
