Scandinavian houses. Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian projects

According to historical data, classic wooden Finnish houses They began to build more than five centuries ago. Since then, Suomi has zealously adhered to long-standing traditions. Currently, Finnish house projects occupy more than 70% of the private construction market in this northern country. Moreover, this technology has long gone beyond its borders and is popular in more than thirty countries around the world, including Russia.

Advantages of wooden Finnish houses:

Energy efficiency. Finnish houses correspond to the most high standards thermal insulation. Only natural wood is used for their construction. Most often these are timber or logs made from northern pine or spruce. The high resin content of coniferous wood makes Finnish wooden houses resistant to dampness and increases their ability to retain heat, which makes them relevant even in the harsh conditions of polar winters.
Durability. Thanks to the use of a special “lock” during the construction of a log house, Finnish houses made of logs or timber practically do not shrink and have a service life of more than 100 years. High-quality northern wood is practically indeformable, does not rot, and, thanks to special treatment, resists fire. Traditionally, Finnish houses are built exclusively using wood felled during the cold season. It is believed to have unique performance properties.
Comfort. All Finnish house construction projects fully reflect the practical mentality of Suomi residents. They do not contain any architectural excesses or design delights. The construction of Finnish houses is carried out with one goal - to ensure maximum comfort. This is facilitated by huge windows that flood the interior spaces with sunlight, spacious balconies and terraces, as well as an almost obligatory element - a sauna. However, Finns do not like to overpay for an indoor garage, so the car is most often parked on the street.
Affordable price. Most of these house projects are one and a half stories high. Instead of full second floor, an attic with a sloping roof without walls is used. Therefore, construction Finnish cottages this type is much cheaper while maintaining the overall usable area. Also, such buildings do not require facing works and can be built on almost any soil.
Minimum terms. Finnish wooden houses are built on a turnkey basis in just a few weeks. They do not require heavy equipment, and construction can be carried out at any time of the year.

Finnish houses, turnkey construction in Moscow

North Forest is a leader in the capital's market wood construction. If you are interested in Finnish houses, projects for every taste, developed using this technology, are presented on our website. The use of high-quality northern wood allows us to as soon as possible build buildings that can last for centuries.

For all houses, the projects provide for the use of two types of building materials - logs and timber (dry, glued, profiled). Design features projects and prices are discussed privately.

Finnish House: video

Finland is known for its skillful, practical and detailed approach to organizing comfortable and aesthetic living spaces. In addition, Scandinavian frame houses designed for harsh climate, therefore their construction technologies are often borrowed by domestic builders. Let's figure out what the features of popular buildings are, what are the main principles and nuances of the construction of Finnish frames.

Features of Finnish technology

The variety of approaches to frame house construction can be divided into two categories: American and Finnish. The first technology involves preparing, cutting and installing wall panels at the construction site.

According to the Scandinavian method, the main part structural elements manufactured at the factory. The workshop carries out cutting, fitting of parts, and sometimes complete assembly. The finished house is installed on a foundation or assembled from individual modules on site.

In addition, Finnish technology has other features:

Effective thermal insulation. Special attention They pay attention to the issue of insulation - the thickness of the wall pie reaches 25 cm. The role of a heat insulator is performed by natural materials.
Self-supporting roof. The roof structure is truss-truss, which gives freedom in the internal layout.
House siding. Fiberboards are mainly used for lining walls, moisture resistant drywall for facade work.
Frame with crossbars. To relieve the load from window openings install vertical jumpers. The insertion of the crossbar allows you to do without window headers and double top trim, inherent in American technology.

The layout of a house in Finnish is based on two main principles: rationality and comfort. Scandinavian projects are thought out to the smallest detail - space is used as efficiently as possible.

Varieties of Scandinavian buildings

Construction order frame houses according to Finnish technology depends on the readiness of the factory house kit. There are three types of structures:

. A single block or several module-rooms with thermal insulation, facade finishing and windows are delivered to the construction site. All that remains is to install the house on the foundation, secure the roof and make cosmetic repairs inside. The disadvantage of this method is the complexity of transportation and installation.
high availability. At the plant, according to the project, they carry out cutting of walls, their insulation, façade and interior rough finishing. On the site, builders assemble a house from panel blocks and erect internal partitions, floors, install the roof and supply communications.
Pre-Cut Kit. Construction of a house from prefabricated parts - elements of the roof, frame, walls, ceilings are supplied disassembled. All parts are pre-fitted and numbered. Related building materials (heat and vapor insulation, facade cladding, etc.) are delivered uncut.

It is the latter method that is most popular among compatriots. Main advantages: affordable cost, opportunity self-assembly without special equipment.

Construction stages: requirements and nuances of building a house

All process can be roughly divided into several main stages. Let us describe the features of the choice of structural elements and present general scheme building a Finnish house.

Selecting and laying the foundation

Scandinavian frame houses are usually installed on two types of foundations:

floors on the ground or insulated Finnish foundation - UFF;
insulated Swedish stove - .

UVF. Made from 3-4 rows of expanded clay concrete blocks. Base dimensions: width – 20 cm, height – 60-80 cm.

UFF arrangement diagram:

Laying a shallow strip foundation. It is carried out around the perimeter of the house on top of a sand and gravel cushion. Tape width – 25-30 cm.
Waterproofing the base and constructing a plinth made of brick or foam blocks.
Backfilling the fenced area with gravel, insulating it with foam boards.
Installation of “warm floors”, laying water supply and sewerage pipes.
Pouring with concrete screed.

USHP. Complete system , consisting of a foundation body, a drainage layer, a heat-insulating blind area and engineering communications. The house is mounted on a slab surface prepared for the finishing floor. Disadvantages of angle grinders: high cost of installation on slopes, low base.

During construction compact construction, for example, bathhouses or country houses, use a block or strip foundation.

Nuances of frame construction

The optimal base for the supporting frame is a dry planed board. Alternative, more available material, – laminated veneer lumber. In Scandinavian technology, unlike Canadian technology, frame variability is allowed. Offers from different construction companies may differ in the implementation of individual elements and connecting points.

Large companies offer something like I-beams for racks - this solution reduces the likelihood of the formation of “cold bridges”. Interesting option– composite beams combined with low thermal conductivity material.

Usage racks with “thermal break” improves the thermal efficiency of the house, but increases the construction budget. A more economical method is to use conventional rectangular beams.

In Finnish buildings, double racks are not installed near window openings. You can refuse reinforcement, since a crossbar made of LVL timber is installed between the top trim and the window lintel. Ply veneer resists horizontal loads better than other lumber.

Exterior cladding materials

Slab finishing of the frame in American housing construction adds rigidity to the structure - continuous cladding is used OSB boards. In Finnish technology, this approach is used extremely rarely. Three cladding methods are popular among Scandinavians:

Fiberboards (Fiberboard). Sheet material inferior to OSB canvases in terms of strength, but superior to them in sound and heat insulation properties. Popular brands of fiberboard: Izoplat, Beltermo, Shteiko. Characteristics of the plates: thickness – 25 mm, thermal conductivity – 0.037 W/m*K.
Facade gypsum board. Gypsum fiber sheets differ from fiberboard in their more affordable cost, better strength and fire safety, but are inferior in thermal conductivity - 0.3 W/m*K. The material provides the required rigidity to the frame and at the same time acts as a wind barrier.
Jib and plywood. Plywood sheets with increased moisture resistance and a thickness of 10 mm are used, marked FSF. According to the technology, rigidity is achieved through slabs and jibs mounted in the corners of the house. The rest of the walls remain without sheathing - only a windproof membrane is installed.

The last option is the cheapest, but is not suitable for cold regions. With this solution, the thermal efficiency of the building deteriorates significantly.

Wall pie: insulation and insulation

In Scandinavian construction this issue is given special importance. Insulation width according to technological standards: 250 mm - walls, 300-500 mm - ceilings and attic.

They use fibrous thermal insulation materials - mineral wool put in wall panels, and ecowool is used to fill horizontal surfaces of floors and insulate roofs with a gentle slope. The role of vapor barrier is assigned to special membranes or ordinary polyethylene 200 microns.

Typical "wall pie" diagram:

facade finishing with wood;
ventilated space;
fibreboards or façade plasterboard;
frame with a layer of thermal insulation;
vapor barrier film;
additional insulation along the horizontal lathing;
rough - sheets of plasterboard or lining.

External and internal finishing

Scandinavians prefer different types of façade cladding wood materials. Particularly popular are linings and planks. Smart sideigs are used less frequently - composite material based on moisture-resistant oriented strand board. The outer side of the panel is an imitation of the relief texture of wood.

Plaster, vinyl siding, thermal panels and facade brick rarely seen in exterior decoration Finnish houses. These techniques are used in no more than 10% of cases.

Features of arranging a wooden facade:

A prerequisite is the presence of a ventilation gap.
The Finns attach the cladding not hidden, but by outside panels. This solution further enhances the structural rigidity of the building.
The cladding is usually painted in two stages. The first is priming the wood, the second is painting in 2-3 layers.

Interesting fact– before painting, the Scandinavians “fluff” the board a little. The presence of pile contributes to the formation of a thicker and more durable protective layer.

The interior design of Finnish frame houses is not much different from the American approach. Typically, walls are sheathed with gypsum board for wallpapering, painting, and wood finishing. Taking into account the characteristics of the foundation and the presence of a “warm floor” system, the first floor is tiled.

Roof technology

The floors and roof structure are based on factory-made trusses. The Finnish-built rafter system is designed in such a way that all loads are borne by external walls Houses. Load-bearing partitions in Scandinavian frames are rather an exception to the rule.

Attic and attic floors are also assembled from trusses of impressive size. Structurally they are made as a single element formed from the walls of the second floor, floors and rafter systems.

The dimensions and weight of the trusses do not allow installation to be carried out independently; lifting equipment is used for the work. Rafter system for compact country house can be assembled on site using factory blanks. The roof frame material is laminated veneer lumber.

Hard and soft materials are used for covering: tiles different types, seam roofing, etc. Under roofing covering equip ventilation gap, installing a counter-lattice made of slats or bars on top of the waterproofing film.

Roof and interfloor ceilings insulated with mineral wool thermal insulation materials, the minimum thickness of the layer is 30 cm.

Connection of communication systems

Features of arrangement of various engineering networks:

Heating. The first floor is heated through warm water floors in the foundation, the second and attic floors are heated through radiators. Coolant supply from any water heating boiler.
Water supply. As in traditional house, two solutions are possible: central water supply or water supply from your own source (well, well).
Sewerage. Sewage pipes are laid at the stage of laying the foundation, the depth is about 0.5-1 m, the slope is 2 cm per linear meter. The diameter of the sewer pipeline is 110 mm. Septic tanks are used to drain and collect wastewater.
Electrics. The power supply system consists of two networks: internal and external. Supply of current from the pole through the air with mandatory grounding of the input point into the house. The internal system is a complex of sockets, switches, current consumers and a panel. The development of a current distribution circuit should be entrusted to professionals.
Ventilation. The best option– supply and exhaust complex with recovery. Suitable for a country house for seasonal use budget solution– inlet wall valves and mechanical hoods in the kitchen and bathroom.

Finnish houses are better than frame houses built using Canadian or American technology suitable for countries with cold climates. The main principles of Scandinavian housing construction: maximum energy efficiency, practicality and rational use of space.

Video: modular housing construction technology

The structure of the walls of houses built using this technology includes quite a few layers of different materials.

The first step in construction using Finnish construction technology wooden houses- this, of course, is the installation of the frame, which is carried out according to a pre-developed plan or project.

The frame structure is assembled from boards. From the outside, the finished frame structure is covered with plywood with an antiseptic and anti-rot coating, or with OSB boards.

Next on frame structure stretch the film (membrane) - it prevents vaporization. This material prevents water from entering a wooden house and protects against blowing. The membrane can also allow vapors emanating from interior space, into the surrounding atmosphere.

For the frame, the most technologically advanced would be to use a thermal profile.

After the frame has been covered with film in accordance with Finnish house building technology, finishing with material for further decoration of the house takes place. In this case, you can choose any finishing materials- fortunately, they are presented in a wide range on the market.

So, usually for buildings built according to Finnish technology, the finishing is made of brick, siding, or special plaster. It is worth noting that glass-magnesium sheets - sml - can be used as the main material for finishing the inside of a wooden house.

Naturally, the frame inside a wooden house is empty - so, it needs to be filled with insulation. In this case, basalt wool or expanded polystyrene are used. Or it could be mineral wool.

Next, a film is stretched over the frame structure, which serves as a vapor barrier. Then to the frame with inside Drywall is nailed down and plaster is applied to it.

Both ecowool and foam glass can be used as insulation materials.

So, if you turn to foreign experience, then Finnish house building technology is used to build houses up to 5 floors high. IN Russian Federation based on fire safety, the construction of relatively high-rise buildings is prohibited.

Therefore, wooden houses, cottages, as well as buildings built in Russia using Finnish technology, have a maximum height of 2 floors.

The main pros and cons of Finnish houses

Step-by-step construction of a Finnish house.

The Finnish house is a one-story building that has a symmetrical gable roof. Currently, a Finnish house is a fairly widespread type of cottage.

Instructions

1 A Finnish house is most often built from laminated veneer lumber. This building material made from selected wood. High-quality timber will for a long time preserve all the properties of solid wood. It is highly resistant to changes in humidity and biological damage.

It is worth noting his wonderful thermal insulation properties. Walls made of such material will retain heat well even in severe frosts. In summer, the house will be cool.

2 Almost all materials for the construction of a Finnish wooden house can be purchased on the construction market. At the moment, all of them are manufactured using proven technologies.

The necessary sets of parts are produced in the factory. Glued laminated timber parts have a special profile and connecting cups, and on surfaces.

3 When assembling parts, it is best to use a synthetic sealant. As a result, the timber can be laid perfectly straight. The wall will be practically windproof. This design reduces the possibility of rain moisture getting inside.

It should be noted that adjustment of parts when assembling the log house is not required. A structure made of laminated veneer lumber is practically resistant to natural shrinkage. The walls of such a house are not subject to cracking or deformation.

4 It is best to use as a foundation for construction concrete slab, which has a minimum level difference. You can build a house on a finished foundation in about 3-4 weeks. Materials for building a Finnish house are relatively inexpensive.

To create a home design, it is best to contact architects. They will be the ones who can do a special project. Reliable and warm, a Finnish house will delight its residents for several decades, and besides, it looks very beautiful.

Finnish double tongue technology

We bring to your attention a unique Finnish technology - “Double tongue and groove”. The uniqueness lies in the fact that “Double tongue and groove” has absorbed only the best of the two most common technologies for constructing wooden houses in Russia. This is the original Russian construction of a house made of timber, with its clarity, environmental friendliness, and Canadian frame house construction with its unique thermal and non-shrink properties.

These properties are achieved thanks to the so-called two-row laying of tongue-and-groove dry planed boards in a cut, the thickness of the board is 43 mm and its width is 130 mm. This design is very strong, since all connections are made with high accuracy at the factory.

The board fits into the board very tightly into the locking connection and into the longitudinal profile (tenon into groove) and does not require nailing or inter-crown seals. In this way, overall spatial rigidity is formed and we get a rigid hollow structure with fairly thick and massive wooden side walls, which no longer require finishing, do not crack, and the minimum shrinkage is 0.5-1%.

Now all that remains is to lay it down effective insulation into the inner cavity of the wall, but with the condition that no film is used. Such insulation, in addition to low thermal conductivity, must have vapor permeability and is not afraid of moisture. Only in this case will we end up with a warm and breathable wall. Unfortunately, all these requirements can be met by a small range of insulation materials, one of which is Ecowool insulation.

Ecowool, this is cellulose impregnated with borax, is an absolutely harmless insulation similar to wood, but in turn is not flammable, does not have a subsidence effect, in which various living creatures do not grow as it is good antiseptic. This is the material we use in our walls. Using a blowing machine, high-quality blowing into the walls is carried out, which guarantees non-shrinking properties. Fig 5, Fig 6.

It is also possible to use slab insulation which is manually laid into the walls is Shetrok insulation. Shetrok is a synthetic insulation like padding polyester, its properties are more modest, but it also does not support combustion, does not generate dust, and does not emit harmful substances, is not afraid of moisture, does not sag, all this also provides warmth and a high degree of environmental friendliness to the wall of our home.

And of course, it is important to say that this house is being built quite quickly; if we are talking about a turnkey house, as a rule, this is no more than 2 months. The cost is also less compared to others quality technologies, which will allow you to compare the cost of a finished house, finished to all standards, since this is where the catch in prices is hidden.

Of course, I would like to talk about the disadvantages of this technology. This is specific to projects where you basically need to follow the wall-over-wall principle. Long walls over 3.5 m must be tied by cutting. All this of course affects appearance, you must admit, it is specific, and it is economically unreasonable to decorate it differently, unlike frame houses, which can be decorated in any way you like.

Finland is the northern edge of Europe with a measured and extremely prosperous life. Evgeniy Tikhonovich talks about how the life of the Finns works.

I was born and raised in the Republic of Karelia, a region bordering Finland. It is not surprising that the first European country where I, young and inexperienced, went, turned out to be this northern state of the European Union, which was once part of the Russian Empire. I went there by car - I still remember my first impressions of crossing the border, the very culture shock that compatriots experience when they first set foot on European soil. Here I am still in Russia, in the border village of Vyartsilya - all around me is a harsh, dull reality, potholes and poor architecture. And after 50 meters, a completely different reality - the ideal asphalt surface of a Finnish road, neat cozy houses on the sides and even the trees seem to be the same, but seem to be more well-groomed and straighter.

I was going to visit my friend, who, like many people born in Karelia, immigrated to Finland in search of a well-fed and carefree life. A friend and her older sister rent a three-room apartment from the Finnish state on the outskirts of Helsinki. This is what they call social housing here. And don’t let your mind paint gloomy pictures of New York’s Harlem with its dysfunctional contingent warming their hands over burning barrels. Finland is a socialist country, and social housing here is not designed for the poor. In principle, anyone can use it. For quite reasonable money you live in a very decent looking place apartment building in a very decent apartment, the condition of which would be the envy of many private Russian two-room apartments and three-room apartments. In Finnish, such a house is called a kerrostalo - a neat, low box, most often on four floors. At the same time, it is clear that very wealthy Finns can afford something more serious - they either live in own homes- omakotitalo, or in what are called townhouses - rivitalo.

Usually apartments are rented unfurnished - you will be offered a space with bare walls. As a rule, white - Finns, like true Nordic people, prefer laconicism, purity and minimalism. It is clear that you don’t have to buy kitchen and plumbing fixtures - it’s all already there in advance. By the way, bathrooms (not a room, but a piece of plumbing) are not a common occurrence in Finnish apartments; showers are mainly used. And if suddenly during water procedures you are overcome by thirst, you can safely, without hesitation, pour yourself some water from the tap and drink a glass. The water in Finland is excellent - here it is considered almost a healing drink. My Finnish friends told a story about how a doctor advised parents to treat their children with tap water. I can’t vouch for the reliability of the information, but there are reasons to believe it.

A Finnish house must have a loggia. Without it, an apartment is not an apartment. And if we are talking about the ground floor, then the owners (tenants) arrange something like a personal covered courtyard. You can organize gatherings there during the warm season.

It's funny that the utility workers who service municipal buildings have keys to all the apartments - if you need, say, to insulate the windows, people will come, open the door and do everything in your absence. For a Russian person it sounds a little crazy, but in reality everything is not so scary - they will definitely coordinate the visit with you. At all, renovation work and improvement work in Finnish houses is always carried out in an extremely centralized manner. Do you need to change the tiles in the bathrooms? The budget and design project are discussed with all residents, the tiles are approved and then changed. For this reason, twin apartments are very common in Finland - here you can’t help but remember the “Irony of Fate”.

In Finnish houses, everything is done for people - I remember how surprised I was by the ubiquitous presence of all kinds of storage rooms in the common area. That is, you can store things not only in the apartment, but also outside it. There are also common laundry rooms that residents use even if they have their own washing machine.

And, of course, NOT ONE FINNISH HOUSE - I write in capslock to make it clearer - NOT ONE - can do without a sauna. For Finns, the sauna is not just a way of relaxation and cleansing of toxins, it is a temple, it is a sacred place where families feel a special unity of souls and bodies. Not every Finnish apartment has a sauna, but a communal sauna in the house is a must. Each family is assigned a day and time to visit it. And, believe me, no one misses these days - they go to the sauna as if they were going to work. When leaving Finland, by the way, I was not thinking about ideal roads, nor about clean entrances and exemplary apartments. I was thinking about saunas - why houses in Russia are built without them... What do you think about when you return from travel? What would you like to change in your home?

When wooden houses first “came into fashion,” people built them up to the size of princely mansions. But over time, the hype passed, and houses of this type faded into the background. People began to increasingly build residential buildings from bricks and other similar materials. Finnish buildings were used exclusively as country houses or guest houses.

Now Finnish construction technology is again in demand. And the reason lies in the fact that only natural materials are used to build the house. At the same time, in terms of its comfort ready house is in no way inferior to a brick building, for example. As a rule, Finnish house It's hard to imagine without a fireplace. By the way, psychologists say that if a person falls asleep by the fireplace, then his tired body recovers faster and gains strength. But that’s not about that now. Real home Finnish type symbolizes durability, reliability and, of course, quality.

Many companies have mastered the technology of manufacturing laminated veneer lumber, which is used to build a Finnish house. This material has excellent characteristics and has a beautiful appearance. Therefore, the finished house does not need any additional finishing, which is significant savings funds. Moreover, this significantly reduces construction time.

Today, Finnish wooden houses are the most popular position on the Russian construction market. In most cases, companies offer their customers to build houses based on ready-made standard projects. But if desired, the customer can also draw up individual project with the help of an experienced architect.

About the types of Finnish houses and their advantages

Finnish wooden houses come in a wide variety. This and:

One-story buildings.
Attic houses.
Two-story dwellings.
Buildings with a terrace, a pointed roof, a garage, a bedroom, a kitchen, a sauna and so on.

All these types have one common feature, and it lies in high degree comfort and style finished house. Thanks to this, a home built using technology invented by the Finns can compete with the most comfortable and modern apartment in a high-rise building.

Finnish houses don't just look beautiful. They are also very practical. Finnish-type technology belongs to the category of prefabricated ones. It is worth considering that the housing ultimately turns out to be highly environmentally friendly. If we consider the technology from a financial point of view, it is also economical, since it combines both thermal insulation and sound insulation. At the same time, technology is constantly improving.

There are several main and obvious advantages that Finnish house construction technology has:

About the stages of construction

The construction technology of a residential building according to the Finnish method is divided into the following stages:

You need to understand that Finnish technology involves the use of sandwich panels. As a rule, they are filled inside mineral insulation. Due to this, the service life of the finished structure is significantly increased. As already written above, all the main elements of the house are made of laminated veneer lumber, and this material has the highest performance in terms of durability and thermal insulation. And that is why Finnish houses are now popular among customers, as well as their trust.