Type of heating devices of the heating system. Types of radiators

The types of heating devices are determined by their design, which determines the method of heat transfer (convective or radiation heat transfer may predominate) from the external surface of the devices to the room.

There are six main types of heating devices, radiators, panels, convectors, finned tubes, smooth tube devices and air heaters.

According to the nature of the external surface, heating devices can have a smooth surface (radiators, panels, smooth-tube devices) and a ribbed surface (convectors, finned pipes, air heaters).

Based on the material from which heating appliances are made, a distinction is made between metal, combined and non-metallic appliances.

Heating device diagrams

a - radiator, b - panels, c - convector, e - finned pipe, d - smooth-tube device.

Metal devices are made of cast iron (from gray cast iron) and steel (from sheet steel and steel pipes).

In combined appliances, a concrete or ceramic mass is used, in which steel or cast iron heating elements (heating panels) are embedded, or finned steel pipes placed in a non-metallic (for example, asbestos-cement) casing (convectors).

Non-metallic appliances are concrete panels with embedded glass or plastic pipes or with voids without pipes at all, as well as porcelain and ceramic radiators.

By height, all heating devices can be divided into high (over 600 mm in height), medium (400-600 mm) and low (<400 мм). Низкие приборы высотой менее 200 мм называются плинтусными.

Diagrams of five types of heating devices are shown in the figure. A heater used primarily for heating air in ventilation systems.

A radiator is usually called a convective-radiation type device, consisting of individual columnar elements - sections with round or ellipse-shaped channels. The radiator releases about 25% of the total amount of heat transferred from the coolant into the room by radiation, and is called a radiator only by tradition.

The panel is a convection-radiation type device of relatively shallow depth, without any gaps along the front. The panel transmits by radiation a slightly larger part of the heat flux than the radiator, but only the ceiling panel can be classified as a radiation-type device (emitting more than 50% of the total amount of heat by radiation).

The heating panel may have a smooth, slightly ribbed or wavy surface, columnar or serpentine channels for the coolant.

A convector is a convective type device consisting of two elements - a finned heater and a casing. The convector transfers at least 75% of the total heat into the room by convection. The casing decorates the heater and helps increase the speed of natural air convection near the outer surface of the heater. Convectors also include baseboard heating devices without a casing.

A finned tube is an openly installed convective type heating device, in which the area of ​​the external heat-transmitting surface is at least 9 times greater than the area of ​​the internal heat-receiving surface.

Double column radiator section

hп - total height, hм - installation (construction) height, l - depth; b - width.

A smooth-tube device is called a device consisting of several steel pipes connected together, forming columnar (register) or coil-shaped (coil) channels for the coolant.

Let's consider how the requirements for heating devices are met.

1. Ceramic and porcelain radiators are usually made in the form of blocks, they have a pleasant appearance, and have a smooth, easily cleaned surface from dust. They have fairly high thermal performance indicators: kp p = 9.5-10.5 W/(m 2 K); f e /f f >1 and lower surface temperature compared to metal appliances. When using them, metal consumption in the heating system is reduced.

Ceramic and porcelain radiators are not widely used due to insufficient strength, unreliable connections with pipes, difficulties in manufacturing and installation, and the possibility of water vapor penetrating through ceramic walls. They are used in low-rise construction and are used as non-pressure heating devices.

2. Cast iron radiators - widely used heating devices - are cast from gray cast iron in the form of separate sections and can be assembled into devices of various sizes by connecting the sections on nipples with heat-resistant rubber gaskets. Various designs of single-, double- and multi-column radiators of various heights are known, but the most common are double-column medium and low radiators.

Radiators are designed for a maximum operating (the term is usually used) coolant pressure of 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/cm 2) and have relatively high thermal performance indicators: k pr = 9.1-10.6 W/(m 2 K) and f e / f f ≤1.35.

However, the significant metal consumption of radiators [(M=0.29-0.36 W/(kg K) or 0.25-0.31 kcal/(h kg °C)] and other disadvantages cause their replacement with lighter and less metal-intensive devices It should be noted their unattractive appearance when installed openly in modern buildings. In sanitary and hygienic terms, radiators, except for single-column ones, cannot be considered to meet the requirements, since cleaning the intersectional space from dust is quite difficult.

The production of radiators is labor-intensive, installation is difficult due to the bulkiness and significant mass of the assembled devices.

Corrosion resistance, durability, layout advantages with good thermal performance, well-organized production contribute to a high level of radiator production in our country. Currently, a two-column cast iron radiator of type M-140-AO with a section depth of 140 mm and intercolumn inclined fins, as well as type S-90 with a section depth of 90 mm are produced.

3. Steel panels are different from cast iron radiators less weight and cost. Steel panels are designed for operating pressure up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/cm2) and have high thermal performance indicators: k pr = 10.5-11.5 W/(m 2 K) and f e /f f ≤1.7 .

The panels are made in two designs: with horizontal collectors connected by vertical columns (columnar) and with horizontal channels connected in series (coil-shaped). The coil is sometimes made of steel pipe and welded to the panel; The device in this case is called a sheet-tube device.

The panels satisfy architectural and construction requirements, especially in buildings made of large building elements, are easily cleaned of dust, and allow their production to be mechanized using automation. On the same production areas It is possible to produce per year instead of 1.5 million m 2 ENP cast iron radiators up to 5 million m 2 ENP steel. Finally, when using steel panels, labor costs during installation are reduced due to a reduction in metal mass to 10 kg/m2 enp. Reducing mass increases the thermal stress of the metal to 0.55-0.8 W/(kg K). The spread of steel panels is limited by the need to use cold-rolled sheet steel High Quality 1.2-1.5 mm thick, resistant to corrosion. When manufactured from ordinary sheet steel, the service life of the panels is reduced due to intense internal corrosion. Steel panels, except sheet-tube ones, are used in heating systems with deoxygenated water.

Stamped steel panels and radiators of various designs are widely used abroad (in Finland, the USA, Germany, etc.). In our country, medium and low steel panels with columnar and coil-shaped channels are produced for single and paired (in depth) installation.

4. Concrete heating panels are manufactured:

1. with concrete-coated coil or column-shaped heating elements made of steel pipes with a diameter of 15 and 20 mm;
2. with concrete, glass or plastic channels various configurations(metal-free panels).

These devices are placed in the enclosing structures of premises (combined panels) or attached to them (attached panels).

When using steel heating elements, concrete heating panels can be used at a coolant operating pressure of up to 1 MPa (10 kgf/cm2).

Concrete panels have thermal performance indicators close to those of other smooth devices: k pr = 7.5-11.5 W/(m 2 K) and f e / f f ≈1, as well as high thermal stress of the metal. The panels, especially combined ones, meet strict architectural, construction, sanitary, hygienic and other requirements.

However, concrete panels, despite their compliance with most of the requirements for heating devices, are not widely used due to operational shortcomings (combined panels) and installation difficulties (attached panels).

5. Convectors have relatively low thermal performance indicators k pr = 4.7-6.5 W/(m 2 K) and f e / f f<1, для отдельных типов конвекторов до 0,6. Тем не менее их производство во многих странах растет (при сокращении производства чугунных отопительных приборов) из-за простоты изготовления, возможности механизации и автоматизации производства, удобства монтажа (масса всего 5-8 кг/м 2 энп). Малая металлоемкость способствует повышению теплового напряжения металла прибора. M=0,8-1,3 Вт/(кг К) . Приборы рассчитаны на рабочее давление теплоносителя до 1 МПа (10 кгс/см 2).

Convectors can have steel or cast iron heating elements. Currently, convectors with steel heaters are produced:

• plinth convectors without casing (type 15 KP and 20 KP);
• low convectors without casing (such as “Progress”, “Accord”);
• low convectors with casing ("Comfort" type).

Plinth convector type 20 KP (15 KP) consists of a steel pipe with a diameter d y = 20 mm (15 mm) and closed fins 90 (80) mm high with a pitch of 20 mm, made of sheet steel 0.5 mm thick, tightly fitted on the pipe . Convectors 20 KP and 15 KP are produced in various lengths (every 0.25 m) and are assembled at the factory into units consisting of several convectors (in length and height), pipes connecting them and control valves.

It should be noted that the advantage of using baseboard convectors is the improvement of the thermal conditions of rooms when they are placed in the lower zone along the length of windows and external walls; in addition, they take up little space in the depth of the premises (building depth is only 70 and 60 mm). Their disadvantages are: the consumption of sheet steel, which is not used effectively for heat transfer, and the difficulty of cleaning the fins from dust. Although their dust-collecting surface is small (less than that of radiators), they are still not recommended for heating rooms with increased sanitary and hygienic requirements (in medical buildings and children's institutions).

The low convector of the “Progress” type is a modification of the 20 KP convector, based on two pipes connected by common fins of the same configuration, but of greater height.

A low convector of the “Accord” type also consists of two parallel steel pipes d y = 20 mm, through which coolant flows sequentially, and vertical fin elements (height 300 mm) made of sheet steel 1 mm thick, mounted on pipes with gaps of 20 mm. The finning elements that form the so-called front surface of the device are U-shaped in plan (rib 60 mm) and open to the wall.

The Accord type convector is manufactured in various lengths and installed in one or two rows in height.

In a convector with a casing, air mobility increases, which increases the heat transfer of the device. The heat transfer of convectors increases depending on the height of the casing.

Convectors with a casing are used mainly for heating public buildings.

A low convector with a “Comfort” type casing consists of a steel heating element, a collapsible casing made of steel panels, an air outlet grille and a valve for air regulation. In the heating element, rectangular fins are mounted on two pipes d y = 15 or 20 mm with a pitch of 5 to 10 mm. The total mass of the heater metal is 5.5-7 kg/m2 enp.

The convector has a depth of 60-160 mm, is installed on the floor or on the wall and can be through the movement of the coolant (for horizontal connection with another convector) and end (with a roller).

The presence of a valve for air regulation allows you to connect convectors in series with coolant without installing fittings to regulate its quantity. Convectors can also be equipped with artificial convection when installed in a fan casing of a special design.

6. Finned pipes are made of gray cast iron and are used at operating pressures up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/cm2). The most common are flanged cast iron pipes, on the outer surface of which thin cast-in round ribs are placed.

Due to the high finning ratio, the outer surface of a finned tube is many times larger than the surface of a smooth pipe of the same diameter (inner diameter of the finned tube is 70 mm) and length. The compactness of the device, the reduced surface temperature of the fins when using a high-temperature coolant, the comparative ease of manufacture and low cost determine the use of this thermally ineffective device: k pr = 4.7-5.8 W/(m 2 K); f e /f f =0.55-0.69. Its disadvantages also include unsatisfactory appearance, low mechanical strength of the ribs and difficulty in cleaning from dust. Finned tubes also have a very low thermal stress of the metal: M = 0.25 W/(kg K).

They are used in production premises, in which there is no significant dust emission, and in auxiliary rooms with temporary occupancy of people.

Currently, round finned pipes are produced in a limited range of lengths from 0.75 to 2 m for horizontal installation. Steel-iron finned tubes are being developed, which include finned tube type PK with rectangular fins 70 X 130 mm. This pipe is characterized by ease of manufacture and relatively low weight. The base is a steel pipe d y =20 mm, cast into cast iron fins 3-4 mm thick. Two longitudinal plates are cast on top of the ribs to protect the main fins from mechanical damage. The device is designed for operating pressure up to 1 MPa (10 kgf/cm2).

Diagram of a convector with a casing

1 - a heating element, 2 - casing, 3 - air valve.

For comparative thermal characteristics of the main heating devices, the table shows the heat transfer of devices 1 m long.

Heat transfer of heating devices 1 m long at Δt av = 64.5° and water flow 300 kg/h.

Heating devices	Device depth, mm	Heat transfer
		W/m	kcal/(h m)
Radiators:
- type M-140-AO	140	1942	1670
- type S-90	90	1448	1245
Steel panels type MZ-500:
- single	18	864	743
- paired	78	1465	1260
Convectors type 20 KP:
- single-row	70	331	285
- three-row	70	900	774
Convectors:
- type “Comfort” N-9	123	1087	935
- type “Comfort-20”	160	1467	1262
Finned tube	175	865	744

As can be seen from the table, deeper heating devices have high heat transfer per 1 m of length; A cast iron radiator has the greatest heat transfer, while a baseboard convector has the least.

7. Smooth-tube devices are made of steel pipes in the form of coils (pipes are connected in series according to the movement of the coolant, which increases its speed and the hydraulic resistance of the device) and columns or registers (parallel connection of pipes with reduced hydraulic resistance of the device).

The devices are welded from pipes d y = 32-100 mm, located at a distance from one another of no less than the selected pipe diameter to reduce mutual radiation and, accordingly, increase heat transfer into the room. Smooth tube devices are used at operating pressures up to 1 MPa (10 kgf/cm2). They have high thermal performance indicators: k pr = 10.5-14 W/(m 2 K) and f e / f f ≤1.8, and the highest values ​​apply to smooth steel pipes with a diameter of 32 mm.

Indicators of heating devices of various types

significant	pressure	Requirements for devices
		Technical				architecturally Construction		sanitary hygienic		production Assembly
											labor
Radiators:
Icical and	2-4		>1	-	++	+	-	+	++	-	-
- cast iron	6		Up to 1.35	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-
Panels:
- steel	6		Up to 1.7	++	+	+	-	-	++	++	+
- concrete	10		~ 1	+	++	+	±	++	+	-	±
- without casing
- with casing	10		<1	±	+	±	±	+	-	++	+
	6			+	-	-	++	+	-	-	-
	10		Up to 1.8	-	-	-	-	-	++	-	-
	8		>1	-	+	-	++	+	-	+	-

Note: The + sign indicates compliance, the sign indicates non-compliance with the requirements for the devices; The ++ sign indicates indicators that determine the main advantage of this type of heating device.

Smooth-tube devices meet sanitary and hygienic requirements - their dust-collecting surface is small and easy to clean.

The disadvantages of smooth-tube devices include their bulkiness due to the limited external surface area, inconvenience of placement under windows, and increased steel consumption in the heating system. Considering the indicated disadvantages and unfavorable appearance, these devices are used in production areas where significant dust emission occurs, as well as in cases where other types of devices cannot be used. In industrial premises they are often used to heat skylights.

8. Heaters - compact heating devices of a significant area (from 10 to 70 m2) of the outer surface, formed by several rows of finned pipes; they are used for air heating premises in local and central systems. Directly in premises, air heaters are used as part of air heating units of various types or for recirculating air heaters. The heaters are designed for a coolant operating pressure of up to 0.8 MPa (8 kgf/cm 2); their heat transfer coefficient depends on the speed of movement of water and air, and therefore can vary widely from 9 to 35 or more W/(m 2 K) [from 8 to 30 or more kcal/(h m 2 ˚C)].

The table shows the indicators of heating devices various types; fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the requirements for devices is conditionally noted.

The heating system uses heating devices that serve to transfer heat to the room. Manufactured heating devices must meet the following requirements:

1. Economic: low cost of the device and low material consumption.
2. Architectural and construction: the device must be compact and match the interior of the room.
3. Production and installation: mechanical strength products and mechanization in the manufacture of the device.
4. Sanitary and hygienic: low temperature surfaces, small horizontal surface area, ease of cleaning surfaces.
5. Thermal engineering: maximum heat transfer into the room and heat transfer control.

Classification of devices

The following indicators are distinguished when classifying heating devices:

• - the magnitude of thermal inertia (large and small inertia);
• - material used in manufacturing (metallic, non-metallic and combined);
• - method of heat transfer (convective, convective-radiative and radiation).

Radiation devices include:

• ceiling radiators;
• sectional cast iron radiators;
• tubular radiators.

Convective-radiation devices include:

• floor heating panels;
• sectional and panel radiators;
• smooth-tube devices.

Convective devices include:

• panel radiators;
• finned tubes;
• plate convectors;
• tubular convectors.

Let's consider the most applicable types of heating devices.

Aluminum sectional radiators

Advantages

1. high efficiency;
2. light weight;
3. ease of installation of radiators;
4. efficient operation of the heating element.

Flaws

1. 1. not suitable for use in old heating systems, since heavy metal salts destroy the protective polymer film of the aluminum surface.
2. 2. Long-term operation leads to the unsuitability of the cast structure and to rupture.

Mainly used in central heating systems. Operating pressure Radiator operation from 6 to 16 bar. Note that radiators that were cast under pressure can withstand the greatest loads.

Bimetallic models

Advantages

1. light weight;
2. high efficiency;
3. possibility of quick installation;
4. heat large areas;
5. withstand pressure up to 25 bar.

Flaws

1. have a complex structure.

These radiators will last longer than others. Radiators are made of steel, copper and aluminum. Aluminum material conducts heat well.

Cast iron heating devices

Advantages

1. not subject to corrosion;
2. transfer heat well;
3. withstand high pressure;
4. it is possible to add sections;
5. The quality of the coolant does not matter.

Flaws

1. significant weight (one section weighs 5 kg);
2. fragility of thin cast iron.

The operating temperature of the coolant (water) reaches 130°C. Cast iron heating devices last quite a long time, about 40 years. Heat transfer rates are not affected by mineral deposits inside the sections.

There is a wide variety of cast iron radiators: single-channel, two-channel, three-channel, embossed, classic, enlarged and standard.

In our country, the economical version of cast iron appliances has received the greatest use.

Steel panel radiators

Advantages

1. increased heat transfer;
2. low pressure;
3. easy cleaning;
4. simple installation of radiators;
5. light weight compared to cast iron.

Flaws

1. high pressure;
2. metal corrosion, in the case of using ordinary steel.

Today, a steel radiator heats up better than a cast iron one.

Steel heating appliances have built-in thermostats that provide constant temperature control. The design of the device has thin walls and responds fairly quickly to the thermostat. Discreet brackets allow you to mount the radiator on the floor or wall.

The low pressure of steel panels (9 bar) does not allow them to be connected to a central heating system with frequent and significant overloads.

Steel tubular radiators

Advantages

1. high heat transfer;
2. mechanical strength;
3. aesthetic appearance for interiors.

Flaws

1. high price.

Tubular radiators are quite often used in room design because they add beauty to the room.

Due to corrosion, normal steel radiators not currently released. If you subject the steel to anti-corrosion treatment, this will significantly increase the cost of the device.

The radiator is made of galvanized steel and is not subject to corrosion. It has the ability to withstand pressure of 12 bar. This type of radiator is often installed in multi-storey buildings. residential buildings or organizations.

Heating devices of convector type

Convector type device

Advantages

1. low inertia;
2. small mass.

Flaws

1. low heat transfer;
2. high requirements for coolant.

Convector-type appliances heat the room quickly enough. They have several manufacturing options: in the form of a plinth, in the form wall block and in the form of a bench. There are also in-floor convectors.

This heating device uses a copper tube. The coolant moves along it. The tube is used as an air stimulator (hot air rises to the top, and cold air goes down). The air change process takes place in a metal box, which does not heat up.

Convector-type heating devices are suitable for rooms with low windows. Warm air from a convector installed near the window prevents the incoming cold.

Heating devices can be connected to a centralized system, as it is designed for a pressure of 10 bar.

Heated towel rails

Advantages

1. variety of shapes and colors;
2. high pressure levels (16 bar).

Flaws

1. may not perform its functions due to seasonal interruptions in water supply.

Steel, copper and brass are used as manufacturing materials.

Heated towel rails are available in electric, water and combined types. Electric ones are not as economical as water ones, but they allow buyers not to depend on the availability of water supply. Combined heated towel rails must not be used if there is no water in the system.

Radiator selection

When choosing a radiator, you need to pay attention to the practicality of the heating element. Next, you need to remember the following characteristics:

• overall dimensions of the device;
• power (per 10 m2 area 1 kW);
• operating pressure (from 6 bar - for closed systems, from 10 bar for central systems);
• acidic characteristics of water as a heat carrier (for aluminum radiators this thermal fluid is not suitable).

After clarifying the basic parameters, you can proceed to the selection of heating devices based on aesthetic indicators and the possibility of its modernization.

Types of heating devices in the heating system

Types of heating devices: aluminum, sectional, bimetallic, cast iron, steel panel and tubular radiators, convective type devices and heated towel rails.

Water heating devices. What to choose?

If ten years ago Russian consumers had access to practically nothing other than cast iron radiators, now we have a wide selection of different heating devices. However, starting only from appearance when choosing them, you can create considerable problems for yourself. You should know that the operating conditions of heating devices in Russia (single-pipe heating system, presence of water hammer) do not always meet the operating requirements of many imported radiators. Therefore, the main criterion when choosing a device should be its maximum adaptation to specific operating conditions. You should be aware of the restrictions that sales consultants will not always inform you about.

Cast iron sectional radiators.

This type of heating device is installed in most old Russian houses. A classic example of such a radiator is the domestic model MS-140, which has an operating pressure of 9 atm and a test pressure of 15 atm.

What are the advantages of cast iron radiators? They are resistant to corrosion and are not very picky about contaminated water, which is very important when used in city houses with central heating.

Corrosion resistance is very important in conditions when water is drained from the heating system in the summer, and it turns out that the radiator is left to rust during these “dry” months, which is typical for centralized heating in most Russian cities. The large bore diameter and low hydraulic resistance of most cast iron radiators allow them to be successfully used in systems with natural circulation.

The disadvantages of cast iron radiators are obvious. Firstly, cast iron is heavy, which complicates installation, transportation, etc. Secondly, cast iron radiators have high thermal inertia, which makes it difficult to regulate the temperature in the room. Thirdly, most of them are far from being works of art; they often do not fit into the interior (with the exception of some stylized imported models).

And the last significant drawback is the difficulty of removing dust that accumulates between sections.

Up to 70% of the heat from cast iron radiators is transferred into the room through radiation and only 30% through convection.

Aluminum sectional radiators.

In recent years, aluminum radiators have gained a significant share of Russian market in cast iron. Why did this happen? First of all, due to high heat transfer and lightness - the weight of one section without water is only about 1 kg, which significantly facilitates transportation and installation. Often the choice in favor of aluminum radiators (which, of course, are made not from pure aluminum, but from an alloy) is made due to their attractive design.

Aluminum radiators are less inertial than cast iron ones, and, therefore, quickly respond to changes in temperature control parameters.

The most common models are with center-to-center distances of 500 and 350 mm, but many companies also offer non-standard options - 400, 600, 700, 800 mm, etc. The length of the aluminum radiator determines its power. By “assembling” the device from separate sections, you can quite accurately select the parameters necessary for heating a particular room.

There are two options for aluminum radiators:

– cast (each section is cast as a single piece, to which the bottom parts are welded);

– produced by extrusion. In this case, each section consists of several elements mechanically connected to each other.

The operating pressure of aluminum radiators from different manufacturers differs quite significantly. We can roughly distinguish two types of aluminum sectional radiators:

– standard “European”, designed for a working pressure of approximately 6 atm, but it should be borne in mind that it is good for use only in cottages and other autonomous heating systems;

– “reinforced” - radiator with a working pressure of at least 12 atm.

The most significant drawback of aluminum radiators is their corrosion dependence, which increases with the presence of other metals in the heating system, which leads to the formation of galvanic couples. However, if you take into account all the requirements when designing and installing a heating system and follow the recommendations for the operation of these radiators, then they will serve you faithfully for many years.

Bimetallic sectional radiators.

Bimetallic radiators are structurally made of an aluminum body and a steel pipe through which the coolant moves. Their performance properties are better than those of aluminum. Due to the strength of steel, they can withstand greater pressure (the operating pressure for many of them is 20-30 or more atm) and allow them to somewhat reduce the requirements for the quality of the coolant, which are very significant for conventional aluminum ones. On the other hand, they took their main advantages from aluminum radiators - good heat transfer and modern design.

Roughly speaking, a bimetallic radiator is a steel frame filled with aluminum. The coolant in them has almost no contact with aluminum. It moves through steel tubes, which in turn transfer heat to aluminum panels, which heat the surrounding air. Externally, such radiators are very similar to aluminum ones.

Bimetallic devices are suitable for urban central heating systems, but like any other metal pipes, they are gradually overgrown with sludge deposits. In addition, as with all radiators in which the coolant comes into contact with steel, the “bimetal” is harmful to an increased oxygen content, which contributes to the development of corrosion.

Steel panel radiators.

Steel panel radiators are one of the most commonly used in individual heating systems (for example, in country houses). They are distinguished by low thermal inertia, which means that with their help it is easier to regulate the temperature in the room. The operating pressure of most models of steel panel radiators is 9 atm. Thanks to the widest model range You can choose the optimal panel radiator for almost any room. Standard height these heating devices are 300, 350, 400, 500, 600 and 900 mm (there are also lower ones - 250 mm), width - from 400 to 3000 mm, depth - from 46 to 165 mm. The range of panel radiators from each of the leading manufacturers consists of several hundred models of different depths, widths and heights.

The name of this type of heating devices gives a fairly accurate idea of ​​their appearance. This is a rectangular panel that is overwhelmingly white. Structurally, a panel radiator consists of two steel sheets welded together (usually 1.25 mm thick) with vertical channels in which the coolant circulates. To increase the heated surface, and, as a result, heat transfer, steel U-shaped ribs are welded to the back side of the panel.

If we talk about the disadvantages, then, like all steel products, they corrode when in contact with water, are sensitive to water hammer and are designed for low pressure. Steel radiators can be used in individual systems, but their installation in city houses is highly undesirable!

There are three types of panel radiators: with bottom, side and universal connections. Bottom-connected radiators can have a thermostatic valve built into them, on which a thermostat can be installed to maintain the set temperature in the room. As a rule, the cost of radiators with bottom connections is higher than their counterparts with side connections.

Typically, manufacturers of panel radiators include brackets (brackets) for mounting the radiator on the wall. But if placement on the wall is undesirable for some reason, then you can purchase special legs for installing the device on the floor.

Panel radiators are perhaps the most common type of heating appliance in most civilized countries.

Steel tubular radiators.

Radiators of this type are among the most beautiful. Due to the relatively small volume of coolant, they quickly respond to all commands from thermostats. The operating pressure of tubular radiators is quite high (usually 6-15 atm). Their advantages include the fact that, unlike most other heating devices, they are very easy to wipe and wash.

Disadvantages - in the absence of an internal protective coating, they are susceptible to corrosion and high price, limiting the spread of this type of heating devices in Russia.

Convectors (plate heating devices).

Steel convectors quickly became popular in modern Russian city houses. This is not surprising - thanks to their simple design, they are easy to manufacture and quite cheap. Structurally, it is one or several pipes with metal “ribs-plates” put on them. Convectors are considered highly reliable devices, since there is practically nothing to break. There are no joints in them, therefore they will not leak. Convectors can be either with or without a protective decorative casing. The first option is more aesthetic. In devices of this type, almost all heat is transferred by convection. By placing a convector under a window, you can effectively cut off cold air entering the room. The thermal inertia of such heating devices is low, which ensures fast regulation. Usually they are designed for a fairly high operating pressure (about 15 atm).

It seems that such a mass of advantages should allow the simplest convectors to push all other heating devices out of the market. Why isn't this happening?

One of the reasons is uneven heating of rooms, especially with high ceilings. As you know, convectors practically do not radiate heat into the room. They help move warm air up to the ceiling. In addition, when using convectors, some of the dust is carried away from the floor by air currents. Also, it is worth keeping in mind that the heat transfer of convectors is low, and accordingly their efficiency in systems with low coolant temperatures is low.

In addition to the simplest, cheapest and not very efficient convectors, there are also options with good design and high heat transfer. These devices are made not only of steel, but also of copper, or copper in combination with aluminum. Models of convectors built into the floor are available.

Water heating devices

Water heating devices. What to choose? If ten years ago Russian consumers had access to practically nothing except cast iron radiators, now we have

Instruments and equipment for water heating systems

Equipment for a water heating system includes a heat generator, heating devices and heat pipes. Modern devices Water heating systems effectively heat the room and at the same time save energy. True, water heating systems require longer and more complex installation, and pipes and radiators “steal” part of the room, but for now they are the most preferable.

Recently, wall-mounted gas boilers have begun to be installed in homes. They contain a pump, safety valve, expansion membrane tank, control panel. Such boilers are either single- or double-circuit. The former only heat the house, the latter also supply hot water.

Types of water heating devices: heat generator and boilers

A heat generator (water boiler) is one of the devices in a water heating system, which is a unit that heats the coolant during fuel combustion. The design of modern hot water boilers is the same: inside metal case a heat exchanger is placed, the differences are only in the design of the housing.

The material for the heat generator housing is steel or cast iron. A cast iron boiler is not subject to rust, but it weighs quite a lot, which makes it difficult to transport and install. In addition, such a device is afraid of sharp temperature contrasts, unlike a steel boiler, which does not suffer from temperature changes. The service life of a cast iron boiler is 50-60 years, a steel boiler is no more than 15 years, after which it will require repairs and replacement of worn parts.

The heat exchanger for water heating equipment is also made of steel or cast iron, sometimes of copper (the latter material is the best), but more important is whether there is a protective coating on its inner walls. If so, then soot will not settle on it, which will increase heat transfer and save fuel.

Gas and liquid fuel boilers are united by the fact that they operate automatically throughout the heating season, do not require special care and have a high efficiency of 96%.

An oil-fuel boiler can operate exclusively on high-quality fuel. According to Russian standards, the market sells summer (labeled “L”), winter (labeled “3”) and arctic (labeled “A”) diesel fuel. The air temperature during operation should not be lower than -5; not lower than -30 and not lower than 50 °C, respectively.

Liquid fuel (diesel) is the most expensive. However, it will have to be stored, for which it will be necessary to arrange a room or area for containers immersed in the ground (in this case, you will have to put up with unpleasant smell). When diesel fuel is burned, sulfur compounds are formed, which settle on the walls of the boiler (steel boilers are more susceptible to this, therefore, as a rule, cast iron is used to make the boiler, but the weight of the unit increases significantly).

Currently, gas is a relatively cheap fuel. It produces more useful heat than other fuels. In addition, it is more environmentally friendly; burns almost completely, leaving no soot in the firebox; does not require storage; easily metered using a gas meter. For a metal boiler body, gas is more practical because it does not suffer from corrosion and is therefore more durable.

Solid fuel boilers (operating on coal, wood) will require time and effort for maintenance, since you will have to load fuel into them (it will still need to be prepared and stored somewhere), remove ash, clean out soot, and the efficiency of a heat generator of this type does not exceed 65 %. There are, however, considerable advantages, in particular, the solid fuel boiler is multifunctional (it can be combined with a stove); durable (up to 20 years); easy to repair, since it often involves replacing a burnt-out part; cheap.

Operating an electric water heating boiler is expensive, although there is an opportunity to save money, since the equipment is equipped with a convenient temperature control system, allows the use of an economical mode, etc. However, you need to be sure that there will be no interruptions in the power supply (although this can also be overcome - you can install an emergency power supply unit). To heat a house with an area of ​​up to 150 m2, the boiler must have a power of up to 16 kW, for a house of 200-300 m2 - 24-32 kW.

Combination boilers for water heating

It is clear that a heat generator operating on one type of fuel, for example gas, is preferable. But different situations are possible, the solution to which would be to purchase a combination boiler, in which a replaceable burner is installed that can operate on both gas and diesel fuel.

However, this type of water heating devices has its own nuances, in particular:

• such a heat generator will cost a little more than a boiler designed for one type of fuel;
• its efficiency is approximately 10-20% lower than that of a gas or liquid fuel boiler;
• since the boiler is a large-sized unit, a separate room will have to be allocated for it;
• some of its components (fuel pump, blower fan, etc.) operate from the electrical network. Long power outages in winter can result in a pipeline rupture. For such situations, you need to buy a powerful electric generator.

The heating boiler must have a certain power, and it must exceed the heat loss of the house by about 15-20%, which still needs to be calculated. To be on the safe side, you can buy a more powerful unit (the price of the equipment depends on this parameter), but then it is possible that part of its heating capacity will not be used, i.e., in fact, the money will be wasted. If you buy a less powerful boiler, you can freeze all winter, even if it works at full capacity. Thus, it is better to seek advice from a specialist.

In boiler models of previous generations, a decrease in power entailed a decrease in efficiency. Modern equipment is equipped with several power stages, thanks to which it is possible to reduce the heating output of the unit and the amount of fuel, and this will not result in heat loss. The newest invention - hot water boilers with modeling heads, in which stepless power reduction does not affect the efficiency of the equipment in any way.

Heating can be combined with a hot water supply system, for which it is enough to install a double-circuit hot water boiler. They come in various types - flow-through, storage or in combination with a boiler.

Heating devices are used to transfer heat from the coolant to the air, without which the efficiency of the water heating system would be extremely low. Thanks to the special design of heating devices, the maximum amount of heat can be extracted from the coolant.

Parameters of water heating equipment

Heating devices for water heating systems are classified according to the following parameters:

• heat transfer method. According to this criterion, a distinction is made between convective (convectors and finned tubes), radiation (ceiling radiators) and convective-radiation (sectional, panel, smooth-tube) heating devices. Convectors in a casing and sectional radiators have the maximum heat transfer, the minimum - smooth-tube devices and convectors without a casing (it is appropriate to note here that it is 100; the heat transfer of a sectional radiator with a depth of 140 mm, made of cast iron is taken);
• type of heating surface, which can be smooth or ribbed;
• the magnitude of thermal inertia. There are heating devices with high inertia (sectional radiators) and with low inertia (convectors); S the material from which the device is made. It can be metal, ceramics, plastic, a combination of different materials;
• height of the device. Based on this characteristic, high heating devices (more than 65 cm), medium (from 40 to 65 cm), low (from 20 to 40 cm) and baseboard (up to 20 cm) are made.

Elements of a water heating system: fittings and expansion tank

To be able to regulate the operation of a water heating system, various shut-off and control valves are used, which include:

• heat generator piping fittings, which include a pressure gauge, air vent, safety valve, pressure and flow sensors, hydraulic separator, make-up installations and air removers;
• radiator fittings, the function of which is to regulate the flow of coolant entering the heating device and its heat transfer.

For this purpose, control, shut-off and drain valves, thermostats, air vents, bottom reinforcement, side injection unit: pipeline fittings.

Another important element of a water heating system is the expansion tank. The need to include it in the system is dictated by the property of water to increase in volume when heated and return to its original volume when cooled. The part that balances this expansion is the expansion tank, or damper.

Its functions include the following:

• accommodate excess coolant formed when its temperature rises;
• compensate for water shortages during cooling or small leaks;
• collect the air that is released from hot water and which enters the heating system with cold water.

The following are known disadvantages of the damper: the likelihood of loss of useful heat, which can be given off through the walls of the tank when installed outdoors; bulkiness. The damper can be open or closed. The first is rectangular or cylindrical. A place for it is allocated in the attic, i.e. at the highest point of the heating system. A closed damper is installed in the boiler room, leading to the return line in front of the circulation pump.

Heating devices for water heating systems and their types

Types of water heating devices: heat generator, heating devices and heat pipes | Online magazine about construction “Build a House!” - only reliable information.

Brief overview of modern heating systems for residential buildings and public buildings

The right choice, competent design and high-quality installation heating systems are the key to warmth and comfort in the house throughout the entire heating season. Heating must be of high quality, reliable, safe, and economical. To choose the right heating system, you need to familiarize yourself with their types, installation features and operation of heating devices. It is also important to consider the availability and cost of fuel.

Types of modern heating systems

A heating system is a complex of elements used to heat a room: a heat source, pipelines, heating devices. Heat is transferred using a coolant - a liquid or gaseous medium: water, air, steam, fuel combustion products, antifreeze.

Heating systems for buildings must be selected in such a way as to achieve the highest quality heating while maintaining air humidity that is comfortable for humans. Depending on the type of coolant, the following systems are distinguished:

Heating devices for heating systems are:

The following can be used as a heat source:

• coal;
• firewood;
• electricity;
• briquettes – peat or wood;
• energy from the sun or other alternative sources.

Air heating

The air is heated directly from the heat source without the use of an intermediate liquid or gaseous coolant. The systems are used for heating small private houses (up to 100 sq. m.). Installation of heating of this type is possible both during the construction of a building and during the reconstruction of an existing one. The heat source is a boiler, heating element or gas burner. The peculiarity of the system is that it is not only heating, but also ventilation, since the internal air in the room and fresh air coming from outside are heated. Air flows enter through a special intake grille, are filtered, heated in a heat exchanger, after which they pass through air ducts and are distributed in the room.

Temperature and ventilation levels are controlled using thermostats. Modern thermostats allow you to pre-set a program of temperature changes depending on the time of day. The systems also operate in air conditioning mode. In this case air currents are sent through coolers. If there is no need to heat or cool the room, the system operates as a ventilation system.

Installing air heating is relatively expensive, but its advantage is that there is no need to warm up the intermediate coolant and radiators, resulting in fuel savings of at least 15%.

The system does not freeze, quickly responds to changes temperature regime and warms up the rooms. Thanks to filters, air enters the premises already purified, which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria and helps create optimal conditions for maintaining the health of people living in the house.

The disadvantage of air heating is drying out the air and burning out oxygen. The problem can be easily solved by installing a special humidifier. The system can be improved to save money and create a more comfortable microclimate. Thus, the recuperator heats the incoming air at the expense of the air exhausted outside. This allows you to reduce energy costs for heating it.

Additional air cleaning and disinfection is possible. To do this, in addition to the mechanical filter included in the package, electrostatic fine filters and ultraviolet lamps are installed.

Water heating

This is a closed heating system; it uses water or antifreeze as a coolant. Water is supplied through pipes from the heat source to the heating radiators. In centralized systems, the temperature is regulated at the heating point, and in individual systems - automatically (using thermostats) or manually (with taps).

Types of water systems

Depending on the type of connection of heating devices, systems are divided into:

According to the wiring method, they are distinguished:

In single-pipe systems, the heating devices are connected in series. To compensate for the heat loss that occurs when water sequentially passes from one radiator to another, heating devices with different surface heat transfer. For example, cast iron batteries with a large number of sections can be used. In two-pipe systems, a parallel connection scheme is used, which allows the installation of identical radiators.

The hydraulic mode can be constant or variable. In bifilar systems, heating devices are connected in series, as in single-pipe ones, but the conditions for heat transfer of radiators are the same as in two-pipe ones. Convectors, steel or cast iron radiators are used as heating devices.

Advantages and disadvantages

Water heating is widespread due to the availability of coolant. Another advantage is the ability to install a heating system with your own hands, which is important for our compatriots who are accustomed to relying only on their own strength. However, if the budget does not allow saving, it is better to entrust the design and installation of heating to specialists.

This will save you from many problems in the future - leaks, breakthroughs, etc. Disadvantages: the system freezes when turned off, long time warming up the premises. Special requirements are placed on the coolant. The water in the systems must be free of foreign impurities, with a minimum content of salts.

To heat the coolant, any type of boiler can be used: solid, liquid fuel, gas or electricity. Most often, gas boilers are used, which requires connection to the main line. If this is not possible, then solid fuel boilers are usually installed. They are more economical than designs that run on electricity or liquid fuel.

Note! Experts recommend selecting a boiler based on a power of 1 kW per 10 square meters. These figures are indicative. If the ceiling height is more than 3 m, the house has large windows, there are additional consumers, or the rooms are not well insulated, all these nuances must be taken into account in the calculations.

Steam heating

In accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”, the use of steam systems is prohibited in residential and public buildings. The reason is the unsafety of this type of space heating. Heating appliances reach temperatures of almost 100°C, which can cause burns.

Installation is complex, requires skills and special knowledge; during operation, difficulties arise with regulating heat transfer; when filling the system with steam, noise is possible. For today steam heating used limitedly: in industrial and non-residential premises, in pedestrian crossings, heating points. Its advantages are relative low cost, low inertia, compact heating elements, high heat transfer, and no heat loss. All this led to the popularity of steam heating until the mid-twentieth century; later it was replaced by water heating. However, in enterprises where steam is used for production needs, it is still widely used for heating premises.

Electric heating

This is the most reliable and easiest-to-use type of heating. If the house area is no more than 100 m2, electricity is a good option, but heating a larger area is not economically viable.

Electric heating can be used as additional heating in case of shutdown or repair of the main system. Also this good decision For country houses, in which the owners live only periodically. Electric fan heaters, infrared and oil heaters are used as additional heat sources.

Convectors, electric fireplaces, electric boilers are used as heating devices, power cables warm floor. Each type has its own limitations. Thus, convectors heat rooms unevenly. Electric fireplaces are more suitable as decorative element, and the operation of electric boilers requires significant energy consumption. Warm floors are installed taking into account the furniture arrangement plan in advance, because moving it may damage the power cable.

Innovative heating systems

Separate mention should be made of innovative heating systems, which are becoming increasingly popular. The most common:

Infrared floors

These heating systems have only recently appeared on the market, but have already become quite popular due to their efficiency and greater cost-effectiveness than conventional heating systems. electric heating. Heated floors are powered by electricity and are installed in screed or tile adhesive. Heating elements (carbon, graphite) emit waves of the infrared spectrum, which pass through the floor covering, heat people’s bodies and objects, and from them, in turn, the air is heated.

Self-regulating carbon mats and film can be installed under furniture legs without fear of damage. “Smart” floors regulate temperature thanks to a special property of the heating elements: when overheated, the distance between particles increases, resistance increases, and the temperature decreases. Energy consumption is relatively low. When the infrared floors are turned on, the power consumption is about 116 watts per linear meter, after warming up it decreases to 87 watts. Temperature control is ensured by thermostats, which reduces energy costs by 15-30%.

Heat pumps

These are devices for transferring thermal energy from a source to a coolant. The idea of ​​a heat pump system itself is not new; it was proposed by Lord Kelvin back in 1852.

How it works: A geothermal heat pump takes heat from the environment and transfers it to the heating system. The systems can also work to cool buildings.

There are open and closed cycle pumps. In the first case, the installations take water from an underground stream, transfer it to the heating system, and select thermal energy and return to the collection point. In the second, a coolant is pumped through special pipes in the reservoir, which transfers/takes heat from the water. The pump can use the thermal energy of water, earth, air.

The advantage of the systems is that they can be installed in houses not connected to gas supply. Heat pumps are complex and expensive to install, but they allow you to save on energy costs during operation.

Solar collectors

Solar installations are systems for collecting thermal energy from the Sun and transferring it to a coolant

Water, oil or antifreeze can be used as a coolant. The design provides additional electric heaters, which turn on if the efficiency of the solar installation decreases. There are two main types of collectors - flat and vacuum. The flat ones have an absorber with a transparent coating and thermal insulation. In vacuum systems, this coating is multi-layered; a vacuum is created in hermetically sealed collectors. This allows you to heat the coolant up to 250-300 degrees, while flat installations can only heat it up to 200 degrees. The advantages of the installations include ease of installation, low weight, and potentially high efficiency.

However, there is one “but”: the efficiency of the solar collector depends too much on the temperature difference.

Our compatriots still most often prefer water heating. Usually, doubts arise only about which specific heat source to choose, how best to connect the boiler to the heating system, etc. And yet there are no ready-made recipes that suit absolutely everyone. It is necessary to carefully weigh the pros and cons and take into account the characteristics of the building for which the system is selected. If in doubt, you should consult a specialist.

Types of heating systems: overview of traditional and innovative heating methods

Modern heating systems for buildings. Which heating systems are better: traditional or innovative. What to consider when choosing a heating system and

In order for the long-awaited warmth to come to your home, it is not enough to simply burn fuel in the firebox and load the coolant with the resulting calories. It is necessary to transfer precious cargo to the premises that need it without undue loss. This is exactly the kind of work that heating appliances do.

The most important place among them is occupied by water heating devices. Water as a coolant has many advantages: it has high fluidity, is environmentally flawless, and is accessible.

Heating devices hydraulic systems heating systems are radiators, convectors and water (not to be confused with electric!) heated floors. There are also smooth and cast iron finned pipes, but they are used primarily for heating industrial buildings.

Radiator translated from Latin as “radiating”, it gives off up to 30% of the heat flux in the form of radiation, the rest in the form of convection. In a convector, the phenomenon of convection that gives it its name (from the Latin convectio - bringing, delivery) accounts for over 90% of the heat flow. In city apartments and modern suburban housing, heating devices are the main “acting heroes” of heating systems. In city apartments and modern suburban housing, heating devices are the main elements of heating systems. With rare exceptions, heating devices are always visible, and design is important for them. According to marketers, it is given priority by up to 50% of buyers. However, beauty that is difficult to standardize is an important, but not the only characteristic that the buyer pays attention to.

Selection of heating equipment

First of all, the buyer pays attention to the thermal power of the device. . IN last years has improved noticeably thermal insulation of premises. The result is that significantly less thermal energy is spent on heating them than a decade ago. But during this same time, in our apartments the number of household appliances(computers, microwaves, audio systems, etc.), whose overall impact on the room temperature cannot be ignored.

nota bene SINGLE-PIPE AND DOUBLE-PIPE SYSTEMS

In a one-pipe system, heating devices are connected in series. As a result, each subsequent coolant arrives colder than the previous one. That is, the temperature depends on the distance of the radiator from the heat source. Such a system is difficult to regulate, and the heating devices used in it must have low hydraulic resistance. With a two-pipe heating system, the coolant is supplied through one pipe and discharged through the other, which allows parallel, independent connection of heating devices. Another advantage of the “two-pipe” is that it allows you to maintain low operating pressures in the system, thereby increasing the service life of communications and making it possible to use cheaper thin-walled radiators. Such schemes are most common in Western European countries. In Russia, especially in houses built in the 1950s–80s, single-pipe systems predominate.

Therefore, today the problem of maintaining optimal temperature, the possibility of its correction is relevant. The consumer needs controlled heat. Heat that can lead to a reasonable compromise between two opposing desires - not to feel discomfort and to pay less for thermal energy, which is becoming more expensive every year. This heat is brought into the house by easily controlled heating devices that adequately respond to changes in air temperature (it’s very good if they operate in automatic mode).

It is also an axiom that the consumer should receive absolutely safe heat. That is, completely eliminating even the minimal possibility of mechanical and thermal injuries. A modern heating device should be pleasant not only in appearance, but also to the touch. Despite the fact that the temperature of the water circulating in it may approach 90–95 °C, the temperature of the casing should not exceed an absolutely safe 40–45 °C. This is important both for furniture and for electrical appliances, which are undesirable to be placed next to heating systems. Modern radiators and convectors reduced the previously rather extensive “exclusion zone” to zero. And now in the immediate vicinity of them you can place televisions, refrigerators and even expensive leather furniture without any fear.

For a modern city dweller, who spends almost twenty-four hours a day within four walls, it is very important that he is also warmed by healthy warmth. A lower external surface temperature than that of old conventional batteries and an increase in the proportion of convection are two main factors that ensure a more uniform distribution of air temperature in the room, eliminating the causes of drafts, and also contributing to the natural normalization of humidity, preventing the formation of mold and fungi in the room and, as a result, improving the well-being of people who live in these premises.

Water heating systems tend to reduce their size, which, in principle, does not affect the heat supply.

The design of heating devices is not only expressive shapes or pleasing colors, but also small sizes. The evolution of heating devices towards reducing their mass and volume does not occur for aesthetic reasons alone. Small size is also economical. The smaller the heating device (that is, its own mass and the amount of coolant contained in it at a time), which means its thermal inertia is smaller, it reacts faster to temperature changes, adjusting to the desired mode. For example, a heating system with JAGA copper-aluminum radiators reaches full power in just 10 minutes.

The desire to minimize the volume occupied by a heating device, taken to the absolute, is expressed in the production of mini series, presented in the assortment of many manufacturers. These devices are so small (their height is only 8–10 cm) that they can simply be hidden under the floor, which, however, is not at all necessary - a radiator or convector can serve as an interior decoration no less than a stylish interior door, original lamp or a panel on the wall. But hiding communications (valves and connections) under the casing is quite reasonable for any size.

What are they made of?

Radiators and convectors made from various materials– steel, cast iron, aluminum, combinations of several metals (bimetallic radiators).

When choosing a radiator for your home, you need to pay attention to the following characteristics:

• working and test (or pressure testing) pressure; usually their ratio is in the range of 1.3–1.5;
• nominal heat flow (flow determined under standardized conditions: temperature difference – 70 °C, coolant flow rate – 0.1 kg/s when it moves in the device according to the “top to bottom” scheme, atmospheric pressure – 1013.3 GPa);
• dimensions (length, height, depth, center-to-center distance);
• mass and its derivative value - specific material consumption (measured in kg/kW);
• price.

Radiators

Cast iron radiators. Cast iron has high thermal conductivity. For these reasons, heating devices made from it can be used in systems with large pressure drops and poor water treatment (increased aggressiveness, contamination, pieces of scale). The single-pipe systems that predominate in multi-story construction have all these qualities.

Cast iron radiators have been produced for over 100 years. This is a kind of classic on which more than one generation of our fellow citizens was “raised”, who usually called this heating device a battery. Until the 1960s, almost the entire range of heating devices in our country was formed from batteries. And today, this heating device, which was prematurely written off by many, still holds up to 70% of the Russian market.

Modern heating radiators have a good design and high heat output.

In our country, cast iron radiators are most often used, consisting of two-channel sections connected to each other. The number of sections is determined by the calculated heating surface. Single-channel, and abroad multi-channel (up to 9 channels in one section) cast iron radiators are also used.

Their disadvantages include heavy weight, a significant percentage of manufacturing defects - cracks and cavities formed as a result of poor-quality casting and shortening a potentially very long service life. According to the regulations, the warranty period for radiators is 2.5 years from the date of commissioning or sale within the warranty storage period, and manufacturers and sellers promise at least several decades of impeccable service for these devices. Sometimes cast iron radiators are reproached for the lack of an attractive appearance (remember: “accordion battery”). However, the use modern design and powder paints can add charm to these veterans too.

Systems that use cast iron radiators are difficult to regulate due to their high thermal inertia. Although there is a way out of this situation, and in some models, by reducing the capacity of the sections, it is possible to effectively use thermostatic elements (such as, for example, thermostats RTD-G, RTD-N from Danfoss).

IN this class heating appliances are predominantly domestic products. Among the foreign ones, we can highlight cast iron sectional radiators from companies Roca(Spain), Viadrus(Czech Republic), Biasi(Italy), "Santekhlit"(Belarus), Turkish radiators Ridem.

Steel panel radiators are formed from two stamped sheets. In our country, their production began in the 1960s. They are distinguished from sectional cast iron ones by their lower weight (specific gravity per 1 kW is approximately three times lower) and thermal inertia. They are considered “sissies” because they are more sensitive to hydraulic shocks that occur when stopping or starting the system and are afraid of corrosion provoked by frequent drains or high oxygen content in the coolant. In systems where multiple pressure surges “above ordinary” occur, one cannot count on a long service life of steel panel radiators. Typically, the operating pressure of devices of this type does not exceed 9 atm.

expert opinion V.V. Kotkov
Commercial Director of the HitLine Group of Companies

It can be argued that the share of progressive (in relation to the still prevailing classic cast iron) radiator designs is increasing. Today in Europe up to 5 million sections of aluminum radiators are produced annually. To a large extent, the development of this production is stimulated by the Russian market, where demand for them increases annually by 5–10%. Therefore, leading Western companies are trying to adapt their products as much as possible to Russian conditions (the existing problems with water treatment in our country, high unstable pressure in central heating systems, etc.). Although, by tradition, many Russian construction companies give priority to cast iron radiators, the number of companies working with aluminum ones is steadily increasing. After all, an aluminum radiator is not just a private technical solution, but a solution to a whole range of problems related to efficiency, safety and design. It can fit into a modern interior; it does not need to be disguised, spending a lot of money on it.

Steel panel radiators are widely used in low-rise construction. They are especially appropriate for a two-pipe heating system, which is preferred in cottage construction. IN multi-storey buildings It is reasonable to install them if there is an individual heating point, i.e., a boiler room. Three quarters of steel panel radiator sales are to private developers, luxury housing and civil buildings. The most famous company models in our country are: VSZ(Slovakia), Dia Norm, Preussag, Kermi(Germany), Korado(Czech Republic), DeLonghi(Italy), Stelrad(Holland), Purmo(Poland), Roca(Spain), DemirDokum(Türkiye), Impulse West(England, but assembled in Italy), Dunaferr(Hungary).

Tubular and sectional The radiators are similar in appearance, although structurally different - in tubular sections there are no sections as such, and the tubes are connected by two monolithic collectors. Both have an attractive appearance and fit organically into almost any interior. The streamlined shape of the radiator eliminates the possibility of injury to a person. The small capacity of the sections contributes to effective thermoregulation. And if some of its elements are made of finned tubes, then it is possible, without changing the linear dimensions, to significantly increase the power of the radiator.

The working pressure of tubular steel radiators is higher than that of panel radiators - 10 atm or more.

In our market, this type of radiator is represented mainly by German brands Bemm, Arbonia, Kermi.

Aluminum are called radiators made from an alloy of aluminum and silicon (the content of aluminum itself is from 80 to 98%). Aluminum is a material with high thermal conductivity, but has increased requirements for chemical composition coolant. The disadvantage of radiators made of aluminum-silicon alloy with a high silicon content is the generation of hydrogen upon contact with water. The excellent design of most radiators is somewhat spoiled by the automatic air bleed valve installed on each device, since during operation there is an active release of hydrogen.

A significant part of the Russian market of aluminum radiators is occupied by products of Italian companies: Rovall, Industrie Pasotti, Global, Alugas, Aural, Fondital, Giacomini, Nova Florida. Also presented are Spanish radiators Roca, Czech Radus, English Wester, etc.

Bimetallic radiators. Externally similar to aluminum. The sections consist of two thin-walled steel pipes (channels for the passage of coolant), pressed under pressure with high quality aluminum alloy. The logic of this symbiosis is based on the fact that aluminum has high thermal conductivity, and steel has strength, guaranteeing operation of the device at excess pressure. Actual monopolists in production bimetallic radiators are Italian companies. The most famous brand is Sira.

Bimetallic radiators are both durable and efficient.

Convectors. The basis of the convector design is a heating element enclosed in a casing. Flowing into it from below, cooled room air heats up and rises. Thanks to this, more than 90% of the heat is transferred by convection.

Most widespread convectors received in autonomous systems. They are especially effective at low coolant temperatures. So, they are able to warm up a room at a water temperature of only 40 °C. For user convenience, the convector is equipped with air valve and drain pipe. The built-in thermostat and water pressure regulator make its operation economical.

The convector fits particularly harmoniously into the modern architectural environment, which actively uses large windows, bay windows, winter gardens, etc.

Structurally, it can have four solutions. Radiator convectors are a combination of two devices, reflected in the name itself. They are installed near windows, on the floor or on small stands. Skirting convectors are located in the floor under large windows. The low height (90–100 mm) does not require niches, and weak convective flow can be enhanced by a slowly rotating fan. Convectors recessed into the floor - best option for residential premises on the first floors. The device is placed in a kind of shaft, cold air passing along the window freely enters the convector, and the flow of warm air ensures natural circulation in the room. And finally, convectors covered with a decorative screen. Unlike radiators, a closed convector does not lose any heat transfer; on the contrary, the screen helps to increase traction.

Pipes for water heating

The operation of heating devices in hydraulic systems is impossible without pipes. The first polymer (polyvinyl chloride) pipes were manufactured in 1936 in Germany. The first pipeline of them was built there in 1939. But the active introduction of polymer pipes into water supply and heating systems began in the mid-1950s, and in our country since the early 1970s.

Both for systems using classic radiators and for heated floors, cross-linked polyethylene pipes are best suited. They are not afraid of a short-term increase in temperature up to +110 °C (their normal operating temperature is usually +95 °C). Despite all their advantages, they have one drawback - the high price.

Used in heating systems and propylene pipes. But the high coefficient of thermal expansion of the material should be taken into account. The service life of polymer pipes can reach 30 years or more. The gasket must be hidden: they are hidden in baseboards, shafts, channels or in the floor structure. If polymer pipes are used in heating systems, then in order to protect them from exceeding the coolant parameters, provision should be made for the installation of automatic control devices.

Metal-plastic pipes combine the advantages of plastic and metal pipes. They are combined with other materials, do not allow oxygen to pass through, and due to the smooth inner surface, they have less leakage resistance than steel, which in conditions of mass use allows saving a lot of energy. The guaranteed service life is at least 20 years, but, as a rule, in reality it reaches 30–50 years. For comparison, according to the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation, galvanized steel pipes in internal systems last an average of 12–16 years, and “black” pipes last half as long.

Competing water heating systems

Heating device type Stamps Price per conventional unit of equipment with a capacity of 1 kW (in euros) Steel tubular radiator Arbonia Kermi "TERMO-RS", "BITERMO-RS" 100–160 80 Copper-aluminum radiator (Belgium, Russia) JAGA, "Isotherm" 100 Bimetallic radiator (Russia, Czech Republic) SIRA, Style, Bimex 85–95 Cast aluminum radiator (Italy) Elegance, Nova Florida, Calidor Super, Sahara Plus, Global MIX, Global VOX 64–75 Aluminum extrusion radiator (Italy, Russia) Opera RN (“Stupino radiator”) 63 50 Steel panel radiator Kermi, Korado, DeLongi, Stelrad 50 Convector (Russia) "TB Universal" 25 Cast iron radiator MS-140 Demir Dokum, Roca 25 65

Warm floors

From pipes it is logical to make a smooth transition to water heated floors. This heating system has many advantages. Firstly, low (40–55 °C) coolant temperature helps save energy. Secondly, due to the participation of the entire floor surface in heat emission, almost ideal horizontal and close to ideal vertical temperature distribution is ensured. So, if the floor surface temperature is 22–25 °C, then the air temperature at head level is 19-22 °C. People, according to research by hygienists, feel most comfortable if their head is a little colder than their feet. In the hot season, running water at a temperature of 10–12 °C through pipelines can effectively cool the room. Thirdly, water warm floor make it possible to rationally use the living space.

In new buildings with self-leveling concrete floors, the underfloor heating system consists of several layers: a concrete slab, hydro-, sound- and thermal insulation, film, pipes, concrete screed (the most common concrete of a grade not lower than M-300 is used), a cement layer for leveling the floor and coating. In old buildings, the dry installation method is used, when heating pipes are installed in the insulation of the load-bearing layer in special metal plates that ensure uniform heat distribution.

A water heated floor can also be installed under a wooden floor mounted on floor beams. To do this, from boards, chipboard, moisture-resistant plywood or DSP ( cement bonded particle board thickness of at least 20 mm) a subfloor is made.

The pipes are fastened in the circuits using reinforcing mesh and wire, fastening tape and mounting brackets.

In accordance with Russian standards, the average temperature of a heated floor should not exceed 26 °C. Therefore, before entrusting a water-heated floor with the role of the main heating system, it is necessary to carefully calculate whether the heat “removed” from it is enough for the room or whether a backup system is still needed.

Radiators. Properties and types of heating devices.

Radiator- This device is designed to release thermal energy. In a heating system, a radiator is needed to release heat into the room to warm it. And in cars, in order to release excessive engine temperature, that is, to cool the engine.
In this article, I will help you choose a radiator, you will learn how to use the radiator correctly.
Methods for connecting radiators. Properties and parameters.

This is what aluminum and bimetallic radiators look like.

This radiator consists of a certain number of sections, which are connected to each other by an intersection nipple and a special sealing gasket.
The height may vary depending on the design solution and design.
Center distance (from the center of the upper to the lower thread) Typically: 350mm, 500mm. But there are more, but they are difficult to find and they are not in great demand.
At 350 mm, power up to 140 W/section. At 500mm, up to 200 W/section.
What about the heat generated by the radiator?
I will only say that with low temperature heating, the amount of heat generated is greatly reduced. For example, if the passport indicates a power of 190 W/section, this means that this power will be valid at a coolant temperature of 90 degrees and an air temperature of 20 degrees. Read more about heat generation here: Calculation of heat loss through a radiator
What is the difference between bimetallic radiators and aluminum radiators?
Bimetallic radiators are actually steel radiators coated with aluminum for better heat transfer. That is, bimetallic radiators use two metals - steel (iron) and aluminum.
The bimetallic radiator can withstand high pressure and is specially designed for central heating. Therefore, in apartments with central heating, only bimetallic radiators are installed.
Why is it not necessary to install an aluminum radiator for central heating?
The fact is that special additives are added to central heating water to reduce scale. Makes it more alkaline. And alkali eats aluminum. Therefore, no matter what they say about metals that are resistant to corrosion, there is still something that can destroy any metal. Even copper and copper pipes are not immune to corrosion. I heard that iron powder or steel crumbs when in contact with copper destroys the copper.
An aluminum radiator is suitable for autonomous heating systems. In private homes, where they have their own heating and coolant without any tricky additives. Keep in mind about antifreeze, when you fill in more antifreeze, find out how it will affect your pipes made of various metals. Unfortunately, an aluminum radiator emits hydrogen, but in what proportions it is difficult to say. Because of this hydrogen, air often forms, which must be constantly vented.
A bimetallic radiator is also no good. It is highly corroded, and all because there is always a certain amount of oxygen in the water, which destroys iron (steel). A bimetallic radiator, like iron pipes, will be subject to corrosion.
Aluminum is less susceptible to corrosion, but there are still all sorts of chemicals that will eat aluminum.
Very often, even water from a well has some chemical properties. For example, it can be highly acidic, which can also only increase pipe corrosion. Metal-plastic pipes and pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene are not subject to corrosion, but are afraid of high temperatures above 85 degrees. (If the temperature is higher, then the period plastic pipes falls sharply). Polypropylene pipes allow oxygen to pass through. We’ll talk about pipes in other articles, but I’ll just say what was discovered empirically that oxygen penetrates the plastic. IN metal-plastic pipes There is an aluminum layer that prevents the passage of oxygen into the heating system.
In order for your iron pipes and steel radiators to last longer, you need to make the water or coolant more alkaline. There are special additives.

Radiator pressure.
As for the working pressure, for aluminum radiators it is from 6 to 16 atmospheres.
For bimetallic radiators this is from 20 to 40 atmospheres.
As for the pressure in central heating systems, it can reach 7 Bar. In private houses with about a three-story building, the pressure is approximately 1 - 2 bar.
Corrosion and hydrogen generation can be reduced due to any chemical treatments radiators at the production stage. What can be written in the passport. And this still needs to be proven. Who will benefit from this? Even the cheapest radiator will last at least 10 years. And with all sorts of protective layers, 20-50 years. The results will be available in 15 years. And when 15 years have passed, they will simply forget about some kind of protective layer. And after 5 years you will no longer be able to present the consequences of the destruction of radiators to the manufacturer.
Convectors for heating.
Convector- this heating device is made using this technology. Just a regular pipe passes through many plates that transfer heat to the air.

For beauty, this device is closed decorative panel.
As for power, they are indicated in the passport for each individual model.
Cast iron radiator.
This is a cheap heating device, but terribly heavy.

You can’t hang it on a weak wall; you need to hang such radiators on reinforced brackets.
Their power is up to 120 W/section
They are also susceptible to corrosion and can withstand high pressure up to 40 atmospheres. Due to the fact that their wall thickness is large, such cast iron radiators last a very long time. It will take several decades for such a radiator to be destroyed by corrosion.
I don’t remember any old cast iron radiator starting to leak due to corrosion.
Steel panel radiators.

It is better not to install steel panel radiators in an apartment for central heating; firstly, their wall thickness reaches 2.5 mm. There are also wall thicknesses of 1.25 mm. And then corrosion will quickly eat them up. They withstand less pressure than bimetallic sectional ones.
Working pressure up to 10 Bar.
Each individual panel has its own thermal power, indicated in the passport.
Such radiators are cheap and are usually suitable for a private home as the most cheap option. Compared to heat transfer and space occupied, they bypass sectional radiators. That is, such a radiator will take up less space and at the same time generate more heat.
Why is steel bad for a heating system?
In a heating system where steel or iron is present, the entire heating system becomes very cluttered with sludge and the consequences of steel corrosion. Crumbs of rusty steel begin to accumulate in the strainers and impair the circulation of the heating system. Therefore, if you have steel pipes or steel radiators, then filters should be used with a good margin. Or you will have to clean the filters every month. If the filters are not cleaned, the heating system stops working and does not circulate heat through the pipes.
Why is aluminum bad for a heating system?
Aluminum releases hydrogen. With aluminum radiators, it is very often necessary to bleed air from the heating system. By the way, aluminum radiators last much longer than steel ones. But with sectional radiators, the first thing that leaks is the connection points due to poor-quality gaskets or connections. Or if you use antifreeze, which also increases leakage at the joints. By the way, copper pipes where the coolant circulates through aluminum radiators do not last long. Therefore, there is a rumor that copper and aluminum are incompatible. I also heard that copper and steel are incompatible. And modern gas boilers have copper tubes inside. But this is not scary, the difference may not be big and can reduce the life of copper pipes by one and a half to two times. According to my forecasts, the pipe can serve quietly for 10 years. Although this may just be a horror story. Since, while working at the company, how many cottages have we set up with copper pipes and aluminum radiators. And we still continue in the same spirit. For me, more destructibility occurs due to the non-freezing liquid and water biased towards an acidic environment. And aluminum radiators are afraid of water hammer and electrochemical corrosion.
There is not much difference between steel and aluminum, air can be generated 30% more with aluminum. And destructive corrosion can differ by 10-30%. And then it all depends on the coolant. A bad coolant can ruin your heating system faster than any combination of metals. It’s a fact that your heating system will last much longer with water than with non-freezing liquid. But it can also be the other way around, if the water is strongly biased towards acidity. I advise you to find out about additional additives in the heating system. Scientists in the housing and communal services laboratory know this better, since special treated water circulates in the central heating system. Store consultants may not know about this.
I heard that zinc is not compatible with antifreeze. Therefore, it is better not to pour antifreeze liquid into galvanized pipes.
As for sectional radiators.
Very often people and installers are faced with the following question:
How many sections can be installed on one radiator?
Some experts point out that no more than 10 sections are needed per radiator. The main reason why they do not exceed the number of sections is the coolant consumption!
I'll explain!
If the flow rate is not sufficient for a powerful radiator, then cooler coolant will come out of it! Accordingly, the difference will be large. As a result, no matter how many sections you hang, if the consumption is small, then the benefit becomes ineffective. Since the main heat transfer comes from the coolant, and the number of sections increases the receipt of this heat from the coolant. With a large number of sections, the temperature pressure of the radiator increases. That is, on the serve heat, and on the return line it is low.
I answer that you can install a radiator with 20 sections! You just need to have sufficient coolant flow! If you want to understand the hydraulics and thermal engineering of a heating system, I recommend taking a look at my course:
Hydraulic calculation 2.0
Keep in mind about the thermostatic valve, it reduces the flow through the radiator.

The heating system uses heating devices that serve to transfer heat to the room. Manufactured heating devices must meet the following requirements:

1. Economic: low cost of the device and low material consumption.
2. Architectural and construction: the device must be compact and match the interior of the room.
3. Production and installation: mechanical strength of the product and mechanization in the manufacture of the device.
4. Sanitary and hygienic: low surface temperature, small horizontal surface area, easy to clean surfaces.
5. Thermal engineering: maximum heat transfer into the room and heat transfer control.

Classification of devices

The following indicators are distinguished when classifying heating devices:

• — the magnitude of thermal inertia (large and small inertia);
• - material used in manufacturing (metallic, non-metallic and combined);
• — method of heat transfer (convective, convective-radiative and radiation).

Radiation devices include:

• ceiling radiators;
• sectional cast iron radiators;
• tubular radiators.

Convective-radiation devices include:

• floor heating panels;
• sectional and panel radiators;
• smooth-tube devices.

Convective devices include:

• panel radiators;
• finned tubes;
• plate convectors;
• tubular convectors.

Let's consider the most applicable types of heating devices.

Aluminum sectional radiators

Advantages

1. high efficiency;
2. light weight;
3. ease of installation of radiators;
4. efficient operation of the heating element.

Flaws

1. 1. not suitable for use in old heating systems, since heavy metal salts destroy the protective polymer film of the aluminum surface.
2. 2. Long-term operation leads to the unsuitability of the cast structure and to rupture.

Mainly used in central heating systems. Operating pressure of radiators from 6 to 16 bar. Note that radiators that were cast under pressure can withstand the greatest loads.

Bimetallic models

Advantages

1. light weight;
2. high efficiency;
3. possibility of quick installation;
4. heat large areas;
5. withstand pressure up to 25 bar.

Flaws

1. have a complex structure.

These radiators will last longer than others. Radiators are made of steel, copper and aluminum. Aluminum material conducts heat well.

Cast iron heating devices

Advantages

1. not subject to corrosion;
2. transfer heat well;
3. withstand high pressure;
4. it is possible to add sections;
5. The quality of the coolant does not matter.

Flaws

1. significant weight (one section weighs 5 kg);
2. fragility of thin cast iron.

The operating temperature of the coolant (water) reaches 130°C. Cast iron heating devices last quite a long time, about 40 years. Heat transfer rates are not affected by mineral deposits inside the sections.

There is a wide variety of cast iron radiators: single-channel, two-channel, three-channel, embossed, classic, enlarged and standard.

In our country, the economical version of cast iron appliances has received the greatest use.

Steel panel radiators

Advantages

1. increased heat transfer;
2. low pressure;
3. easy cleaning;
4. simple installation of radiators;
5. light weight compared to cast iron.

Flaws

1. high pressure;
2. metal corrosion, in the case of using ordinary steel.

Today, a steel radiator heats up better than a cast iron one.

Steel heating appliances have built-in thermostats that provide constant temperature control. The design of the device has thin walls and responds fairly quickly to the thermostat. Discreet brackets allow you to mount the radiator on the floor or wall.

The low pressure of steel panels (9 bar) does not allow them to be connected to a central heating system with frequent and significant overloads.

Steel tubular radiators

Advantages

1. high heat transfer;
2. mechanical strength;
3. aesthetic appearance for interiors.

Flaws

1. high price.

Tubular radiators are quite often used in room design because they add beauty to the room.

Due to corrosion, ordinary steel radiators are not currently produced. If you subject the steel to anti-corrosion treatment, this will significantly increase the cost of the device.

The radiator is made of galvanized steel and is not subject to corrosion. It has the ability to withstand pressure of 12 bar. This type of radiator is often installed in multi-storey residential buildings or organizations.

Heating devices of convector type

Advantages

1. low inertia;
2. small mass.

Flaws

1. low heat transfer;
2. high requirements for coolant.

Convector-type appliances heat the room quickly enough. They have several manufacturing options: in the form of a plinth, in the form of a wall block and in the form of a bench. There are also in-floor convectors.

This heating device uses a copper tube. The coolant moves along it. The tube is used as an air stimulator (hot air rises to the top, and cold air goes down). The air change process takes place in a metal box, which does not heat up.

Convector-type heating devices are suitable for rooms with low windows. Warm air from a convector installed near a window prevents cold air from entering.

Heating devices can be connected to a centralized system, as it is designed for a pressure of 10 bar.

Heated towel rails

Advantages

1. variety of shapes and colors;
2. high pressure levels (16 bar).

Flaws

1. may not perform its functions due to seasonal interruptions in water supply.

Steel, copper and brass are used as manufacturing materials.

Heated towel rails are available in electric, water and combined types. Electric ones are not as economical as water ones, but they allow buyers not to depend on the availability of water supply. Combined heated towel rails must not be used if there is no water in the system.

Radiator selection

When choosing a radiator, you need to pay attention to the practicality of the heating element. Next, you need to remember the following characteristics:

• overall dimensions of the device;
• power (per 10 m2 area 1 kW);
• operating pressure (from 6 bar - for closed systems, from 10 bar for central systems);
• acidic characteristics of water as a coolant (this coolant is not suitable for aluminum radiators).

After clarifying the basic parameters, you can proceed to the selection of heating devices based on aesthetic indicators and the possibility of its modernization.