Anyone who is sure that frame houses are a technological tribute to modern economy and environmental protection, and that our distant ancestors built exclusively from wood or stone, is mistaken. In Europe, the construction of frame dwellings was widely practiced 500 years ago, and before that it was perfected for several more centuries. The technology was called “half-timbered”, which is translated from German as a frame structure.

Externally, a half-timbered house is very easy to recognize. The hallmark of this technology is beams protruding from the walls, which form a pattern of straight and inclined lines. This solution is beneficial at least due to ease of installation and ease of use.

Ancient house built using half-timbered technology, Germany

Evolution of technology

The wooden frame is one of the oldest inventions. It was known to the builders of Ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, the Roman Empire and their colleagues in Ancient China. Being one of the oldest methods of construction, half-timbering was common in those places where it was necessary to take care of saving wood. Simple at first, the technology underwent changes over time, developing and becoming more complex. The basis of the first buildings were beams (logs or poles) dug into the ground or clay, which served as the floor. The filling of the walls was most often also made of clay, and the roof was topped with a thatched roof.

Such a structure could not last long - the dug-in support pillars gradually became saturated with moisture, rotted and collapsed. Later, they figured out how to install the frame supports on a stone cushion sunk into the ground, and reinforce the clay for the walls with straw, branches or reeds. Over time, the development of crafts (especially shipbuilding) made it possible to produce new structural parts, beams and posts of progressive rectangular cross-section. The experience of generations of builders has shown that inclined frame parts - struts and struts - significantly improve the stability of the structure.

The construction of half-timbered houses is very popular in Scandinavia, for example in Sweden

Half-timbered houses spread throughout Europe, including the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Holland, Switzerland and France. In each country, the technology was modified, adapting to local conditions (in England, for example, walls were additionally insulated with sheep's wool). The stone foundation and logs appeared only in the 15th century.

Half-timbered houses were a common feature of the urban landscape of the 15th and 16th centuries, especially in Northern Europe - Britain, Germany and Poland. In the 18th century, the half-timbered style began to be replaced by other architectural finds and construction methods. It was remembered in the 70s of the last century, in the wake of interest in the environmental friendliness and practicality of medieval technology.

The hallmark of half-timbered wood remains its decorativeness. The frame of beams, which darken over time, remains visible, the walls are covered with light plaster, and the house takes on an elegant, festive look. IN different countries the frame beams were installed in their own way (in England and France vertically, in Switzerland and Germany - at angles), which made it possible to create an infinitely diverse variety of picturesque facades.

Modern house in half-timbered style

Modern technology

Half-timbered buildings are still a common type of building in Europe with a recognizable load-bearing base of beams, prominently protruding beyond the plane of the facade. Modern construction techniques have preserved the classic half-timbered structure, while expanding the list of materials used. Houses using half-timbered technology are still a combination of a supporting structure and wall panels.

As a basis, a rigid spatial frame is made of timber elements (often made of wood coniferous species). The frame forms cells, which are then filled with materials chosen for the walls - from traditional natural to innovative.

Use of frame- frame construction solves several problems:

Allows you to build a durable structure with stable parameters.

Reduce housing construction time.

Minimize wood consumption (and, therefore, budget).

The construction of a modern house is fast and technologically advanced

Features of building a house using half-timbered technology

With the advent of new materials and tools, the construction of houses using half-timbered technology has undergone many changes over the past few decades, while maintaining the main principle of the style - the frame. The changes affected almost all design elements:

Foundation. Since the frame of the house is light and rigid, in most cases a shallow foundation is installed, the parameters of which are calculated taking into account the properties of the soil and the features of the project. Then the base is waterproofed and insulated with expanded polystyrene or mineral wool. The foundation and the lower part of the frame are connected with anchor bolts.

Frame. Traditional materials (logs and poles) have been replaced by technologically advanced glued or polished timber. The structural parts (fragments of walls, roofs, terraces) are securely joined with wooden elements (dowels, tenons, dowels). Connections are being made in special ways(poluman, mann, wilderman, “St. Andrew’s cross”), which must be correctly designed and positioned. Many projects use metal fasteners. Wooden elements are protected from damage with complex preparations (antiseptic, fire retardant) and varnished.

Load-bearing walls. A feature of the technology - the filling between the beams - is not a load-bearing basis, the walls only divide the space. This opens up almost unlimited redevelopment possibilities.

Filling wall cells. Any material is suitable for filling the cells. Internal partitions are filled with slabs with high heat and vapor barrier properties. The surface of the walls is puttied and decorated without any special restrictions.

On our website you can get acquainted with the most popular projects of houses using half-timbered technology from construction companies presented at the exhibition of houses “Low-Rise Country”.

Half-timbered house: wall material

The filler can be brick, stone and cellular concrete blocks (foam and aerated concrete), but in the last decade there has been a tendency to use slab materials (OSB, cement-bonded particle boards, plasterboard). It is preferable to use materials with the following characteristics:

lightness and strength;

moisture resistance;

high heat-saving properties;

environmental friendliness.

Sectional fragment of the structure (features of wall filling)

A traditional feature of the style is the method of filling - the frame is not hidden from the facade, but serves as an effective architectural detail. Internal surfaces are designed in accordance with the chosen style. For finishing choose facing materials(for example, with imitation brickwork) or plastering, which is still popular (often with decorative compounds).

A half-timbered house refers to wooden housing construction, but the trend in modern design is becoming entirely glass walls, when the glazing area of ​​the house occupies at least 60% of the surface of the walls. This option is not designed for mass construction, since it is difficult to implement, expensive and controversial in regions with long, harsh winters (even if energy-saving double-glazed windows are installed). The design will be advantageous next to a pond or slope, when there is an illusion of merging the landscape and the interior.

A modern interpretation of the style - an elite half-timbered house with a flat roof

Roof for half-timbered

Classic European half-timbered buildings were often built with a storey overhang (where the top story protrudes above the bottom). The purpose of this architectural technique was to protect the house from precipitation - when it rained, water flowed not onto the foundation, but onto the ground. In modern half-timbered houses protective function is performed by a roof with wide overhangs, borrowed from the chalet style.

Fits perfectly into the architectural style of the house gable roof, in which, in addition to overhangs, there is another characteristic feature - the absence of an attic and attic. Traditionally, natural tiles can serve as a roof; although metal tiles, ondulin and soft roofing are more common.

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of constructing half-timbered houses. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the “Low-Rise Country” exhibition of houses.

Advantages and disadvantages of houses

Advantages of a half-timbered structure:

Durability. It is difficult to blame the Germans for the lack of a rational approach and practicality. German builders know a lot about durability, and you don’t have to look far for evidence - many houses in Germany last 200-300 years. Of course, this also plays a role correct operation buildings, but this does not detract from the builders’ skills in choosing and using high-quality materials and methods of processing them.

Aesthetic appeal. If you want to highlight your home, a half-timbered house is one of the most suitable options.

House designed on a slope

Multivariate. The house adapts to any climatic conditions. The technology allows you to design large rooms (60-70 m²) without supports.

Construction time. Approximately 3 months.

Saving. Consists of reducing foundation costs.

Minimum shrinkage. The frame made of chamber-dried laminated veneer lumber practically does not shrink, which allows you to avoid delays in finishing the interior.

Openness of the design. Allows you to make maximum use of sunlight, which is so lacking in autumn and winter. At the same time, design features do not cause difficulties with placement engineering communications(technological niches in the walls and floor are provided for them).

Video description

About the pros and cons of half-timbered houses in the following video:

The disadvantages of half-timbered structures are:

Price. The development and implementation of such a project using half-timbered technology will cost more than a similar one frame house, equal in area. The budget is affected by the price of energy-saving double-glazed windows and laminated veneer lumber.

Processing. Wooden parts require regular treatment to extend their service life.

House with a lot of wooden elements that need protection

Additional costs. May be required if half-timbered housing is being built in a region with low winter temperatures. An effective layer of thermal insulation will increase the thickness of the walls and, consequently, the cross-section of the wall beams. Additional cash injections will require the installation of heated floors and a modern heating system.

Fragility. A large amount of glass calls for caution. Triplex and armored glass will help ensure a safe life.

When designing, attention is focused on the following aspects:

Deadlines. Construction company, for example "EcoComplete", is capable of erecting a half-timbered house as quickly as a frame-panel one. The house kit is manufactured at the factory according to the provided drawings. The speed of assembly is determined largely by the qualifications of the builders.

High-quality laminated veneer lumber is the basis of a durable structure

Construction materials. The service life of a half-timbered house depends on the quality of the supporting beams. For a durable frame, beams made of denser and more resinous wood (for example, larch) are needed. High-quality parts have a certificate, which guarantees good drying and the absence of defects (cracks and cracks) on the surface of the timber.

Design of ventilation and heating systems. A house with most of its walls occupied by glass needs a well-thought-out heating and ventilation system. For houses created according to an individual project, energy-saving triplex (tempered laminated glass) is selected, which does not increase heating bills and prevents the formation of moisture on the windows.

Subtleties of design

You can emphasize and enhance the originality of a home built using German technology in different ways. The following solutions will complement the recognizable architecture:

Usage decorative stone . A base finished with stone or brick (or modern finishing material) is important element exterior design half-timbered house.

The contrasting facade is noticeable in any weather

Using arched windows. Arched windows with wooden shutters will emphasize the originality of the architectural design.

Enhancing color contrast. It can be considered a traditional style sign. The role of a decorative element of a half-timbered house is played by the roof under red tiles and doors painted in a color contrasting to the facade.

Imitation of half-timbered style

Sometimes standard frame houses are stylized in the German style. To give the façade a spectacular, noble look, light and expensive materials are used. wooden beams, and decorative prototypes are made of polyurethane. Such parts are light in weight (even a child can lift them), are easy to install and are presented in a rich variety of materials. color palette. Artificial beams also look authentic in the interior, as a ceiling structure.

Classic style of a half-timbered house

Interior features of a half-timbered house

The interior appearance of a half-timbered house does not necessarily have to match the exterior. The peculiarity of the technology (the ability to control volume and zone space in different ways) provides unlimited possibilities for interior design. Using beams and rafters, you can create both traditional and modern styles:

Half-timbered style(German, Scandinavian, country). The emphasis is on the color of the walls and beams: light walls require a dark frame, and vice versa. The floor is made of wood or stone (intentionally aged tiles), the walls are covered with plaster or paint. A fireplace, forged and wicker elements, and natural fabrics fit perfectly into the style. It is convenient to fasten shelves on beams, mount lighting or home appliances.

Minimalism(or hi-tech). It is easier to play with modern style in spacious and bright rooms with large-scale glazing; just paint the walls white (cream) and decorate the space with laconic furniture. Metal (especially forged) parts will look easy and organic in such an environment.

Classic. No one will stop you from decorating the partitions with wallpaper and decorating the house with high-quality furniture, elegant lamps and expensive textiles, changing your home beyond recognition.

Video description

About the construction of a half-timbered chalet house and the technology itself, see the following video:

In what cases is it advisable to choose a half-timbered house?

Experts agree that the share of such houses in Russia, although increasing, remains small. Interest in the technology of constructing half-timbered houses manifests itself in different ways:

In the economy segment. When price and energy efficiency are of paramount importance, competition with laminated veneer lumber and frame-panel houses is strong. The main advantage turned out to be unclaimed - panoramic glazing, inappropriate on a small plot of land surrounded by curious neighbors.

In business class. The area of ​​the plot often does not allow the construction of housing with window openings all over the wall. The budget of representatives of this category allows them to pay attention not only to cost, but also to beauty, which unexpectedly results in the construction of an imitation half-timbered house with false beams.

Facade of a modern house in half-timbered style

Projects and prices

Stylish and respectable half-timbered houses, the construction of which is best entrusted to a construction organization with solid experience, takes about 3 months. In order for the house to be comfortable and durable, the connection of the project to the site is entrusted to a qualified specialist who is able to take into account the features of the relief. The price of the structure is affected by:

Architecture and design. The more intricate they are (layout, location of the fireplace), the harder and more expensive the house. Modern structures are often designed with balconies and terraces.

Glazing degree. building with large windows difficult to heat, and energy-efficient double-glazed windows are not an option for every budget.

The quality of the house kit elements. We are talking about wooden parts and the method of insulation.

Project of a half-timbered house with a large glazing area

Average price of a house using half-timbered technology in the Moscow region:

without finishing and utilities starts from 29-34 thousand rubles/m²;

in business class (turnkey) – 40-45 thousand rubles/m²;

luxury housing – from 65-70 thousand rubles/m².

Video description

In this video we will look at the features of half-timbered houses and the price of such a house:

Projects of classic and modern half-timbered houses cost:

In the economy segment. Up to 100 m² – 1,100-1,600 thousand rubles, up to 200 m² – 1,800-2,400 thousand rubles, up to 300 m² – 2,700-4,500 thousand rubles.

In the business segment (2 floors). Up to 100 m² – 4,300-5,900 thousand rubles, up to 200 m² – 6,400-8,900 thousand rubles, up to 300 m² – from 9 million rubles.

On our website you can get acquainted with the most popular projects half-timbered houses from construction companies represented at the exhibition of Low-Rise Country houses.

Video description

How not to build a half-timbered house in the following video:

Conclusion

Modern houses built in the half-timbered architectural style are an unusual detail in the Russian countryside landscape. Such buildings attract those who like to experiment with interior space; modern technologies make such buildings environmentally friendly, energy-saving and adapted to the continental climate. Among all the wooden houses, it is the half-timbered structures with panoramic windows that allow you to feel the presence of nature and harmony with it.

Topics related to the construction of houses using half-timbered technology traditionally receive increased attention from users. Developers are primarily attracted by the spectacular, “antique” appearance of such a building.

But in Russia you rarely see genuine half-timbered timber. There are reasons for this, the main one of which is that not everyone can build a house using half-timbered technology. The large volume affects manual labor and the complexity of all technological stages. In addition, there is an acute lack of practical information, because... Most of the manuals, instructions and examples are given in foreign languages ​​and collected on foreign websites.

Therefore, most developers are forced to imitate half-timbered timber, making a layout “under half-timbering” from boards, along the façade from CBPB slabs or OSB. All the more interesting is the topic of a user of our portal with the nickname asx_75, who is building a small, but “honest” half-timbered house “with one helmet”.

So, in this article:

• Features of half-timbered buildings.
• How to build a house using half-timbered technology.
• Tools and materials.

Features of half-timbered technology

A half-timbered structure (German: Fachwerk) is a frame built from wooden beams. The peculiarity of the technology is that the wooden, post-and-beam frame of the house is not covered with anything from the outside and remains visible. The space between the posts, jibs and beams is filled with brick, less often stone or, as an option, adobe - straw, reeds or reeds mixed with clay, which is then plastered.

This gives the house architectural expressiveness and recognition and at the same time imposes a significant limitation on the use of this technology in our harsh climate.

The fact is that a frame made of large-section timber (for example, 200x200 or 200x250 mm) is a significant cold bridge. In addition, gaps may appear between the filler and the wooden structural elements (“living” material). The wind will begin to blow through the wall. The open frame (wood) is subject to increased wear and tear due to the negative effects of atmospheric phenomena (sunlight, snow, rain, frequent crossings through “0”). This leads to the need for regular repairs and renovation of the facade.

In Europe, the climate is milder than in Russia, and half-timbered houses, with proper care, last for hundreds of years.

In addition, the half-timbered frame itself is assembled using the tongue-and-groove technology on wooden dowels and using a variety of joints - notches, half-timber joints, half-pan joints, etc. This requires good carpentry skills and a strong hand.

But all these disadvantages fade into the background when you see a real half-timbered house. Moreover, “honest”, because An imitation of a half-timbered structure, even if skillfully executed, remains an imitation.

A real half-timbered building will not leave anyone indifferent.

The main mistake of developers trying to imitate half-timbered buildings- selection of narrow boards for their layout on the facade. As a result, the monumentality of the structure is lost, because the frame in the half-timbering bears the main load Accordingly, it requires powerful beams, jibs and racks. Boards with a section of 150/100x25 mm (often used to imitate half-timbering) look like ordinary decorative “splashes” on the facade.

Second mistake- pursuit of the ideal geometry of the layout and bringing the surface of the boards “to a shine.” At that time, if you look at a real half-timbered structure, you can see that the timber has unevenness, natural bends, defects, knots, cracks, etc. Those. the tree is “living”, and its natural beauty is not “killed” by excessive mechanical processing.

All this works for authenticity, and most importantly - layout during simulation should be carried out not as “it seems more beautiful” or “whatever you like”, but strictly in accordance with the canons of half-timbered- where each element of the frame is in its place for a reason.

If you do an imitation of half-timbered houses, then first you need to look at more than a dozen photographs of old European half-timbered houses. Capture the essence of the frame elements, understand how they work in a single system, are linked to each other, and then try to repeat them on the facade.

Beams, jibs, racks in half-timbered structures are made purely practical function- carry and redistribute loads.

The real beauty of a half-timbered structure lies in the functionality of the frame, where there is no place for unnecessary details and elaborate decorations.

How to build a real half-timbered house in Russia

The simplicity of half-timbered structures (forms), not to be confused with technology, can play a cruel joke on a person who decides to repeat it. At first glance, it seems that you can look at the pictures, buy a beam, pick up a chain saw and get to work. Such an approach will lead to disastrous results.

Half-timbered construction begins with acquiring in-depth knowledge of this type of construction and drawing up a project.

You will have to take the time to learn the key elements of a half-timbered house and how they are made. A case in point is the work of asx_75.

I've been to Germany. I saw “live” a real half-timbered structure that I liked so much. I studied it, took photographs, read recommendations, visited thematic sites. When I returned to Russia, I decided to reproduce the “corner of Europe” in the garden plot, because... there was a need to build a bathhouse. Let me say right away that I am not a professional builder. A lot of my work was done on a whim, some things were not according to the canons of half-timbered construction, some I came up with myself. He worked alone and with a minimal set of tools.

Looking ahead, we’ll show you a photo of what a member of our portal has already achieved (the house is currently in the process of erecting a roof).

Now we return to 2016 and move on to a description of the process of erecting a half-timbered structure.

To build the frame and then fill it with foam blocks (this is a departure from the classic half-timbered structure, and we will describe why asx_75 chose it a little later), we had to try hard.

The background to this project is interesting. According to the user, at first the idea arose to build a bathhouse on the site. For this, he chose a half-timbered frame, because he considered that he would not be able to build smooth walls from bricks or blocks. The initial idea was as follows - a frame is installed, and the space is covered with OSB boards, followed by insulation and installation of vapor and waterproofing.

But during the construction of the frame, everyone liked it so much that at the family council they decided to build a “gingerbread” house measuring 5x4 m, and convert the old brick house standing on the site into a bathhouse.

Next, the idea of ​​sewing up the space between the OSB crossbars was eliminated. If you make half-timbered buildings, then make them real! In Europe, the half-timbered space is often filled with brick, but this requires a certain skill and knowledge of certain secrets. Because the brick is laid for a reason, but after special preparation of either it or the timber. Without going into details, let's say that shaped grooves are made for this.

The foam block is quite easy to process, and asx_75 settled on it, especially since the internal partitions will be made from this material.

The foam block, so that it would fit in the frame, was used not as a wall block, but as a partition block.

Selection of tools and materials for building a half-timbered house

Having drawn up a construction plan, the user began to implement the plan. First you need to decide on the material, tools and foundation. It is believed that to build a half-timbered structure, you need to have a lot of specialized carpentry tools, with the help of which shaped grooves, tenons, etc. are cut into the timber. asx_75 got by with a much smaller set.

When choosing a tool for constructing a half-timbered structure, I would, of course, like to acquire a “cunning” imported saw and slowly, carefully cut out the grooves with it. But sawing wood along the grain, and even more so timber, is quite a task. After thinking about it, I went to get an electric chain saw. Having turned it on in the store, I decided that this was not my tool in terms of work safety, so I bought a reciprocating saw. I also needed a powerful hammer drill, which I used in drilling mode. Twist drills, hammer, chisel and mallet.

Although reciprocating saws are traditionally considered a tool of destruction - sawing wooden partitions, frames, pipes, branches, etc., V in capable hands this tool turns into an indispensable assistant.

Having tried to work with a sabre, I can say that it has proven itself to be excellent. A file with wide teeth perfectly cuts wood along the grain, adjusts planes, and cuts out grooves. Moreover, my tool is not professional, without a vibration damper, but it significantly simplified the assembly of the frame.

The frame was made from timber with a cross-section of 15x15 cm. The reason was the weight and size characteristics of the material. We have already said above that the beauty of a half-timbered structure largely depends on the massiveness of its frame. Large cross-section timber gives the structure monumentality and solidity.

This frame no longer looks like a cheap prop.

The user reasoned as follows: a beam with a cross-section of 10x10 cm looks frivolous; a beam of 20x20 cm is inconvenient to work with alone, to turn over, not to mention raising the beam to a height without using a crane or an electric hoist. The 15th beam is just right. It can be lifted alone, and at the same time it is massive enough for a half-timbered frame.

There is not a single nail connection in the half-timbered asx_75. All parts of the frame were fastened with ordinary commercial dowels with a diameter of 2 cm.

Moreover, the dowels are not just a connecting element, but play a large decorative role, giving the frame true authenticity.

When hammering in the dowels, I first hammered them flush, but then, studying my photo archives, I noticed that often the half-timber builders do not recess the dowels flush with the surface of the beam, but leave a small “tail” about 3 cm long outside. I really liked this element. Moreover, then you can hang a flowerpot with a flower on it.

The dowels were not left round, but slightly planed on all sides, giving them the appearance of a hexagon. It is believed that this makes the connection stronger. In addition, holes for dowels in two elements, during the classical construction of a half-timbered structure (for example, a post-beam), are not drilled symmetrically, but with a slight offset relative to each other. Those. First we drill the parts (separately from each other), and then we connect them and hammer in the dowel. This also increases the strength of the connection because when the dowel is clogged, due to asymmetrical holes, the unit becomes rigidly jammed.

Note that the user abandoned this due to the significant complication of the work, especially since the tongue-and-groove assembly + hammered dowel turned out to be very durable.

The holes for the dowels were drilled as follows: a spiral wood drill (2 cm in diameter), through a clamping chuck, was driven into the beam by a hammer drill operating in the “drill” mode. Important point: the user made the first holes “by eye”, as a result the dowels went crooked. The following holes were already drilled using an angle level, which ensured that the holes for the dowels were strictly horizontal.

Having dealt with the theoretical part a little, let's move on to practice. The construction of the half-timbered house began with pouring the foundation. Asx_75 chose a pile foundation as the foundation. To do this, a hole with a diameter of 300 mm was drilled in the ground to a depth of about 1 m; a “sleeve” made of roofing felt rolled into a pipe and tied with wire was placed in the hole. Next the concrete was poured.

The level of the pile heads was brought to the horizon using a hydraulic level.

Advice: having decided to repeat this type of “folk” foundation, we do not save on roofing felt and take a thicker one, because thin ones hold their shape less well, and the pile may end up barrel-shaped.

There were some mistakes at this stage. The distance between the piles turned out to be different, because the first piles were placed every 0.8 m. Then the user read that the distance could be increased to 2 m, but deciding to play it safe, he reduced it and chose an intermediate value.

The error led to the asymmetry of the frame struts, because the attachment points are located at the places where the piles are installed. But this added a “zest” to the whole structure, because... Often half-timbered houses do not have perfect symmetry, which makes them more “alive”.

After the foundation was erected, a frame made of timber with a cross-section of 15x15 cm was placed on it. In this case, such types of joints as half-wood and half-frying pan were used.

They were made as follows: a wedge-shaped tenon is formed, a contour is drawn on the strapping, the excess wood is drilled out with a twist drill, then a chisel comes into play, which forms a figured groove.

The harness is secured to the foundation with steel anchors, for which holes are drilled.

The user advises to place threaded studs into the piles in advance, when pouring concrete.

The timber was also waterproofed/separated from the “body” of the pile with roofing felt folded in three, the top of the pillars were coated with primer, and the entire frame was leveled out into the horizon.

Having laid the subfloor, asx_75 began the most important stage - the construction of the half-timbered frame. How this was done, what secrets were used, as well as a new portion of the theory on half-timbered construction are in the second part of the material. Stay tuned for updates!

You can learn more about the features of constructing a classic half-timbered structure now in the topic asx_75 Fachwerk from…. Our article tells you how to make a budget imitation of half-timbered timber. We also recommend articles on how to do beautiful facade made of wood and build a pile-grillage foundation. And the video shows the nuances of building a frame with a half-timbered facade.

The concept of a half-timbered house instantly brings to mind the beautiful “gingerbread” buildings from Germany. Indeed, this version of house building came from there and has already spread quite widely throughout the world. Practical and comfortable residential buildings captivate with their appearance, and if you remember how easy it is to build half-timbered houses with your own hands, the value of the technology increases many times over. Today, manufacturers offer a huge amount of suitable materials, and developers delight with a variety of half-timbered projects, but it’s worth understanding what exactly this construction option is, how it differs from the well-known ones and how easy it is to implement.

Features of half-timbered houses

The concept is translated as a lattice or cellular structure. That is why the half-timbered house technology differs from other methods. This is a structure that has a wooden frame consisting of vertically directed posts, horizontal beams and diagonal braces - this is the geometry.

Pre-treated lumber is the foundation of the building, usually durable laminated veneer lumber. The space between the racks is equipped with panels or masonry made of piece material - this method gives the technology some resemblance to our “frameworks”.

Important! The construction of a house can be carried out using cement bonded particle boards, a material whose quality characteristics show high standards for density, sound and thermal insulation. Moreover, the stabilizers included in the products and the pressing procedure with Portland cement allow us to speak about the unique strength of the slabs, which guarantees a long service life of private residential buildings.

Heat-saving ones have also proven themselves well. glass panels, which are laid out in place of wall structures. Adequate lighting, unusual appearance and high aesthetic qualities are guaranteed. But living in such an “aquarium”, without curtains or in a densely built area, is a little uncomfortable.

The roof in half-timbered houses is predominantly gable or hipped. The roof is located quite low, which is a tribute to historical tradition, as is the location of the wooden frame in plain sight. Therefore, very durable types of wood are most often used for the “box”: beech, oak, hornbeam or coniferous wood. It is these touches that make it easy to distinguish houses built using half-timbered technology from any others.

Advice! To make construction easier own home and speed up the process, you can use ready-made sandwich panels. At the same time, labor costs are reduced, which allows for significant savings on the entire volume of work.

Pros and cons of half-timbered houses

Imagining the structure to be light and elegant, the user will not be mistaken if he thinks about the many advantages of such a house. In particular, these are the speed of construction, minimal labor costs, small financial investments, strength and durability of the house. Facts can be cited to prove the latter: in Germany there is still a house built using half-timbered technology, and the house is almost 500 years old, which, you see, is quite a lot. Even taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region, the minimum period of use of the building is approximately 150 years. In addition, there are additional benefits:

1. The main load falls on the vertical wooden posts, which ensures the strength of the buildings, while making the entire structure light. This technology allows you to save on the type of foundation.
2. The houses do not shrink, which speeds up the final finishing process and reduces the cost of construction.
3. A large glazing area is an opportunity to save on lighting fixtures. However, the use of glass is associated with additional conditions - only special energy-saving glazing with sufficient thermal insulation properties is suitable.
4. Frame construction is one of the fastest and most inexpensive, which is also true for half-timbered houses.

The disadvantages of these buildings are few:

• The need to change insulation every 25-30 years.
• Mandatory impregnation of lumber with protective compounds.

Perhaps these are all the shortcomings that can be “blamed” on the house. There are many more advantages, so when thinking about building a house, you should pay attention to this technology.

DIY house

Before you start designing, think through all stages of construction:

1. Pre-impregnation of lumber.
2. Frame installation.
3. Filling the frame box with thermal insulation materials.
4. Installation of roofing.
5. Outdoor and interior decoration.

And now a little more about everything. In fact, building your own half-timbered house is not that difficult. But, despite the fact that professionals guarantee completion of the work in 2 weeks, taking on the construction yourself will require you to spend more time. The presence of ready-made elements will simplify the task, so it’s either worth ordering ready set, or buy all the materials in advance.

When purchasing a finished project, the developer receives all the details and structural elements in a numbered package. The connection in this case is made through connecting seams made in advance in each element. The process is reminiscent of assembling a wooden construction set; the result is an ideal half-timbered house. The stages of work differ little from the usual “framework”, however, they have some features:

1. A lightweight foundation is created, since construction technology does not involve the use of heavy materials. A shallow strip base up to 0.5 m wide is sufficient. The rigidity of the structure associated with the vertical method of installing the racks is especially important - the house is highly resistant to winds and storms.
2. The top of the foundation in front of the bottom trim beam must be covered with waterproofing. It is better to use a sheet of roofing material, laying it on bitumen lubricant.
3. The strapping beam is fastened with metal anchors for strength and then the frame is only erected.
4. Glued laminated timber is used, and the vertical and horizontal elements are connected quite simply and secured with braces.
5. Internal partitions are mounted from timber of a smaller cross-section, and are attached to the floor with frame dowels.
6. The frame frame at the top is connected to the rafter system.
7. The wall panels of a half-timbered house are fastened in such a way that the structural elements remain visible, that is, they fill the frame from the inside.
8. Internal partitions can be mounted from any material.
9. The insulation is used with high levels of strength, practicality, and resistance to deformation. For example, this is basalt wool or materials based on polystyrene foam raw materials.

Advice! If it is planned to build half-timbered houses with wide glazing, it is necessary to supplement the building with a heated floor system or provide convection heat transfer next to the double-glazed windows.

1. Utilities are distributed both inside the frame and under the floor.
2. The roof is usually made from ceramic tiles, but metal tiles or sheet iron are allowed.
3. After all the work, the finishing process begins. If you plaster and paint with light paint, you will get perfect home with half-timbered color.

Advice! Even for regions with cold winters, construction technology will not be superfluous. Thanks to the use of prefabricated panel elements, floor insulation, and energy-saving glass, half-timbered houses are available for construction in any temperature zone.

Decorating a house in half-timbered style

It is not always possible to carry out the technology's precision, but even a simple frame house will look like a “gingerbread house” if it is properly decorated. So, to get a half-timbered house, the following tips will come in handy:

• The use of board material, for example, DSP, is a durable and practical product that has a long service life. At the same time, when decorating his house, the owner will not have to think long about sawing - the slabs are perfectly cut with a grinder and fixed to wall structures with screws.
• Plastering walls. This is a long process, but it is worth using to increase the heat-saving properties of the building - thick plaster will perfectly protect against wind and freezing.
• Construction of half-timbered houses in especially harsh winters required replacement of double-glazed windows with other materials. For example, this could be a decorative polyurethane panel and timber with a section of 150*150. The imitation of the style is perfect; no one will say that the house was not built using half-timbered technology. The panels are glued to the facade with ordinary construction adhesive or attached with liquid nails.

There are many options for making a “gingerbread house” out of your own ordinary house. Another advantage of imitation is the fact that you can build a structure from brick, stone, sip panels or blocks, and the final finishing can be done in the style of a half-timbered house.

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What is “half-timbered timber” and how to build using this technology and in this style

Rice. 1. The wooden frame of a half-timbered house consists of posts, beams, crossbars, struts, struts, upper and lower frames.

After erecting the frame of the house, at the next stage the walls are filled with panels made of fascine (in Europe, fascines are woven or knitted from willow twigs, and in East Asia - bamboo), coated with clay, adobe raw brick or, as well as natural stone.

Brick inserts are attached to the frame on pins inserted at one end into beams or posts. Another ancient way of attaching brick inserts to the frame is to use triangular slats, which are attached along the perimeter of the opening to internal surfaces frame. At the same time, a triangular groove is cut out in the outer bricks for these slats.

Rice. 2. The strength and rigidity of the frame is given by the use various types tenon joints and notches secured with wooden dowels to increase strength.

In the old days, the cracks that inevitably formed between the inserts and the frame parts of the house were caulked with wool mixed with lime, and then plastered with lime mortar.

IN modern conditions sealing cracks is carried out in approximately the same way, but more technologically advanced industrially produced sealing and finishing materials are used.

In addition, in order to turn a half-timbered building into a house that meets modern requirements for comfortable living, the walls must be insulated and additional sound insulation must be provided.

However, additional heat and sound insulation is installed, as a rule, on the inside of the walls, trying not to disturb the traditional, historically established architectural style of the half-timbered building.

According to established tradition, the wooden beams of the frame are painted dark red, brown or even black. When plastering, a wooden frame is also traditionally outlined with a “thick” black line so that the frame parts appear thicker, more massive and durable. Moreover, this technique is used both in Germany and in China. Very often, plastered panels are decorated with various floral ornaments, coats of arms, inscriptions or other images. If the filling is brick, then various geometrically correct, repeating patterns are laid out of brick.

Most often, the source material for the main element of the half-timbered structure - the filling - is clay, since it is not in short supply, is distributed almost everywhere and can be extracted without causing any damage to the natural environment. Clay is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that is pulverized when dry and plastic when wet. The diameter of its particles does not exceed 0.005 mm, but if the traditional technology for constructing half-timbered buildings is followed, dust does not form during their subsequent operation.

Another common filling material is ceramic brick. The main raw material for its production is the clay described above, and therefore at the operational stage the brick is safe for human health. However, when assessing the environmental impact of ceramic materials, the high energy consumption and industrial emissions during their production should be taken into account.

Occasionally used as a filler natural stone. In most cases, natural stone is human-friendly, and in its natural state it already has the necessary construction properties, the main one of which is durability. IN half-timbered construction natural stone is used without any additional processing, so there is no waste, and by using local stone materials, the environmental burden associated with its extraction and transportation is reduced.

The roof of half-timbered houses is usually made from traditional materials: tiles, reeds and plates of natural or industrially produced slate. In humid climatic conditions, they also cover the walls of buildings. Currently, slate has ceased to be made using asbestos, replacing it with other fibrous materials that are safe for human health.

However, when choosing modern building materials and technologies, a certain amount of caution and caution should be exercised, since not all of them are compatible with the historically established and unique architectural style of half-timbered buildings.

So, for external window sills and external floor slats, you should not use coniferous wood. Even if it is treated with modern protective agents, it has a limited service life.

For these purposes, it is better to use traditional oak, although it is more difficult to process and costs much more.

You should also not get carried away with wide openings for entrance doors and entrance gates, since heavy hinged doors will inevitably lead to deformation of the wooden posts and frame beams over time. The distance between adjacent wooden posts should not exceed 120 cm, or, if this distance still needs to be increased, steel structures should be used.

Fig.3. Project of a modern house in half-timbered style with all the elements of this traditional architecture and technology.

You should also be careful when using modern insulating and sealing materials when filling a half-timbered frame. The fact is that historically the walls of half-timbered houses always had gaps. This made it possible for many decades to avoid rotting of the wooden frame parts due to effective natural ventilation. When using modern sealing materials, it is necessary to provide special ventilation gaps and channels, which is not always possible to do without disturbing traditional style half-timbered house.

Among the details that do not fit well with traditional trends in half-timbered architecture, one can highlight metal doors with a large glazing area, especially if they have many decorative elements of a round shape. Modern plastic windows with wide openings devoid of small frame parts are completely unsuitable for a half-timbered house. Such windows can completely destroy the architectural style and character of the building. A similar effect is achieved when window openings are placed “stepwise” in relation to adjacent horizontal beams or trim beams. We should not forget that intersecting beams and posts should divide the wall space into even rectangles of the correct shape. Skewed rectangles and squares are completely out of place on the facade of a house.

In contrast to the structural elements of the house, when choosing the method of finishing it, decorative details and color shades the possibilities are much wider. The frame and its filling can be either contrasting colors, or painted in two close shades of the same color, and even in the same color.

According to the old German tradition, upon completion of construction work, the half-timbered house is decorated with branches of deciduous trees and a housewarming party is held.

Half-timbered timber is not only a construction technology, but also an architectural style

Despite its centuries-old history and more than respectable age, half-timbered wood remains popular in modern housing construction.

A half-timbered structure is a frame structure made of wooden beams, consisting of a system of posts, beams, crossbars, braces and strapping. It is the presence of braces, as well as a wide variety of connections, secured with wooden dowels and giving rigidity to the frame, that distinguishes half-timbered timber from other types of frame house construction. Another difference is that the frame elements are not hidden under the cladding, but protrude outward from the flat surface of the walls, visually dividing the walls into geometric sections and giving the building textural clarity and expressiveness. The space between the wooden beams of the frame is filled with a variety of building materials, and the walls themselves are covered with plaster.

Note

In the old days, almost any available material was used as wall filler in half-timbered houses: clay, wood chips, adobe (a mixture of clay with reeds or straw), broken stone and even construction waste. Rich townspeople filled the inter-frame space with carved wooden panels.

So that it doesn't drip from above

Very often, floor projections are used in half-timbered structures: upper floors hang over the lower ones, forming a kind of stepped ledges. You might think that the goal is to increase the area of ​​each subsequent floor. This is partly true. But this is only a consequence, and the main thing was something else. In this ingenious way, medieval architects protected unburnt adobe walls with a wooden frame from destructive moisture, which primarily affected the facades of buildings with high gables and a large number of windows.

Modern version

Today, for the frame, instead of ordinary timber, glued timber is most often used, which is more durable and minimally susceptible to deformation and cracking. Glulam beams and beams, manufactured in a factory, can have different sections and non-standard lengths (up to 18 m), which allows you to realize any architectural ideas. In addition to laminated veneer lumber, modern half-timbered houses can use a load-bearing frame made of a metal thermoprofile. You can put modern fiber insulation into a half-timbered frame, although due to the presence of braces this procedure becomes noticeably more complicated, because in no case should there be empty “pockets” left in the thickness of the insulation.

Tradition and innovation

A more expensive, but very effective option for “insulation” is energy-saving double-glazed windows. The facades can be almost 100% glazed, while a unique spirit is created in the house, which could be called a kingdom of space and light. The use of a large amount of glass does not in any way affect the strength of the building. Custom-made double-glazed windows with low-emissivity glass (i-glass, K-glass) make it possible to achieve a low level of heat loss that meets modern standards for heat retention of residential buildings. What's in combination with modern systems heating provides warmth and comfort with very modest energy consumption. Well, to isolate yourself from indiscreet gazes, you just need to close the curtains.

Half-timbered buildings in a “simplified” way

There is a simplified option - exterior and interior decoration of the house in the half-timbered style. It consists of gluing wooden decorative elements onto plastered walls to imitate posts, beams and braces of a half-timbered frame. These wooden parts are usually painted in a dark contrasting color. This solution applies to houses built in different styles from different materials. Under the elegant half-timbered “skin” any structural “skeleton” can be hidden: a frame, unplaned timber, brick or foam blocks.

Do-it-yourself half-timbered frame house - an example of design and construction

The reputation of frame-type houses, including half-timbered ones, in our country has been undermined.

Maybe not hopeless, but quite serious. There are many reasons for this. After all, we all dreamed of the cheapest and affordable houses. And when, at the end of the last century, relatively inexpensive and energy-efficient frame structures(for some reason they immediately began to be called Canadian, although they often had nothing to do with Canada), everyone was happy.

Here it is! It happened! A simple and warm home! But instead of adopting Western experience in the construction and operation of such houses and creatively reworking it in order to adapt to Russian conditions, customers and builders rushed to save on everything.

The customer’s ideology, however, is quite clear: pay less, but get more. As a result, “Canadian” houses first lost their air heating and cooling systems. Then forced supply and exhaust ventilation systems also sank into oblivion.

Builders also contributed both to “saving” building materials and to simplifying structures, which was often fraught with very unpleasant consequences. “United efforts” in a matter of years have led to the fact that most customers still do not want to hear about frame houses.

As a result, builders who know how to build good frame structures have been trying for 15 years to restore their reputation and prove that a frame house was, is, and, perhaps, still for a long time will remain the most inexpensive, technologically advanced, energy efficient and economical type of building to operate.

They have to prove that they are right in practice to almost every customer by demonstrating the completed objects. And advanced builders are even developing new technologies for constructing frames that are beneficial... (don't be surprised!) for the customer.

However, unfortunately, mistrust is deeply rooted somewhere, and this is probably why the volume of frame construction is growing extremely slowly. But, fortunately, they are still growing.

How to restore prestige to the frame?

It was this question that the designers and builders of the Zaoksky Open Spaces and Landscapes company thought about back in 2007. They developed a fairly simple and understandable modular system for the design and construction of half-timbered houses, the essence of which boils down to the following. The frame of the house is assembled from glued posts and beams with a section of 200 x 180 mm.

In this case, the racks are mounted with a strictly defined pitch - approximately 2.5 m (from which it follows that the system is modular), which corresponds to twice the width of the plasterboard sheets, CSP and OSB boards used for cladding the frame, and, therefore, reduces minimize the amount of waste.

In addition, such a powerful frame, which remains visible from the outside and inside, as is customary in half-timbering, ensures strength and reliability assembled structure. It is curious that at the same time it lacks all kinds of struts and similar elements characteristic of classic half-timbering.

Instead, the rigidity of the structure is given by sheets of OSB or DSP, mounted side by side in the openings of the frame (the technology of filling the openings is know-how).

To connect the wooden frame elements together, original unified units (about ten of them in total) were developed, which is convenient for designers - now they immediately create not only a house project, but also a special file that allows them to control an automated line that produces the necessary racks and beams.

The new system is no less convenient for builders. After all, ready-made parts with connecting cups and tenons and even with grooves for installing metal connecting elements (they are also used in the design) arrive at the construction site.

In this case, nothing needs to be customized - select the desired fragment from the delivered packs (assembly is carried out in a strictly defined order, which must not be violated), mount it in place and fix the connection with the metal part specified in the accompanying documentation (screws, perforated metal elements, etc. are used). - the need to use each of them is determined by the designer).

If some part does not fit, the assembler (it would be more correct to call him that way), without trying to fit something on his own, as is usually customary at a construction site, stops and calls the foreman.

However, the advantages of the new system do not end there. Since the created structure is not subject to shrinkage, it is possible to install large double-glazed windows directly into the openings formed by the frame, thus saving on their expensive frame framing. But that's not all.

The created structure can be insulated to the degree of energy efficiency required by the customer. The client wants to build a passive house - no problem.

Timber-timbered house on a slope

The construction of a half-timbered house with a total area of ​​302 m2 by the company “Zaokskie Prostori i Landscapes” using its own technology is described in sufficient detail in a photo report from the construction site. We will add only some comments.

The development site is located near the Polenovo museum-reserve. The terrain there is quite hilly; the height difference from one end of the site purchased by the customers to the other was about 6 m.

The height difference in the “building spot” is 1.5 m, which forced the builders to make a stepped pile-grillage foundation and basement floor. The steps that appeared inside the house helped not only to conditionally, but actually to divide interior space ground floor into residential and public areas with ceilings of different heights. The living quarters of the second floor are located on the same level.

Let's add a few words about saving money... for the customer.

If you build a similar house using modern, but, let’s say, standard half-timbered technology, then due to the increase in material consumption and lengthening the construction time, it will cost about 500 thousand rubles. more expensive. And if wide window openings are filled with double-glazed windows inserted into the frame, say from warm aluminum, then the cost of construction will increase by about 800 thousand rubles. And, as it seems to us, the customer, moving to new home, will be happy to spend the money saved, for example, on furniture.

Half-timbered house - design and construction: photo

Half-timbered houses are a kind of symbol of the Middle Ages, which found their rebirth in the 20th century. Their architecture invariably amazes with its unique image, efficiency and thoughtfulness. design diagram. A characteristic feature of the facades is that the wooden frame is not hidden behind the cladding, but, on the contrary, exposed. Such ancient streets are very romantic, and modern buildings are a reflection elite style life, the desire for freedom and originality.

The current trend in luxury housing today is a combination openwork wooden elements And large glass surfaces:

History of half-timbered construction

Thousands of years ago, ancient architects noticed that the most effective and economical use of wood is to use it not for the construction of solid walls, but for the construction spatial frame made of vertical, horizontal and inclined elements, which will serve as a support for the roof. This scheme has gained particular popularity in areas characterized by a shortage of wood. It was known in ancient times to the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and Chinese. In particular, a large part of the population of Pakistan and India currently lives in such houses.

Interesting! The oldest timber frame building that has survived to this day is a temple in Japan, built from cedar more than 1,300 years ago.

Half-timbered buildings in European countries

The improvement of carpentry skills, the accumulation of construction experience, and the desire for cheap housing led in the 15th century to the emergence of half-timbered building construction technology in Germany. Such houses have become widespread throughout Europe, in particular in its northern regions, from Poland to Brittany. The name of the design scheme fully reflects its essence and comes from the German “Fach” (panel) and “Werk” (structure).

Medieval buildings on Römberg square in Frankfurt am Main, Germany:

In Europe in the Middle Ages, structures were made of solid wood, and the free space of the wall planes was filled with a mixture of clay with straw, branches and other debris. The combination of posts, beams and braces, left in their original form, and plastered surfaces gave the narrow facades a special uniqueness. Wealthy citizens could afford to use expensive wooden panels decorated with carvings. At the moment, such houses are preserved, the age of which exceeds 500 years.

Since 1995, the historical part of the German city of Quedlinburg, where more than 1,300 objects of colorful architecture have been preserved, has been protected by UNESCO:

Interesting! A characteristic feature of old buildings is the overhang of the upper floors over the lower ones. This is due to the abundance of rainfall in Germany and strong winds, as well as the narrowness of the streets at the birth of half-timbered buildings. As a result, the upper floors protect the lower tiers from getting wet, thereby extending the life of the buildings.

Revival of the popularity of half-timbered wood

Traditional half-timbered structures made from modern materials look no less impressive than medieval ones.

The era of mass individual construction in the 1970s gave a new birth to technology, but in a rethought, futuristic form, in which the famous German Bauhaus school played a significant role. At this time, architects began to use reinforced concrete and steel instead of wood. Large glass planes have gained popularity, replacing blank walls. The invention of laminated wood several decades later made it possible to implement ancient construction technology in a new way. This material is more durable and advanced compared to traditional timber. At the moment, such houses in their updated form are very prestigious and popular in Sweden, Switzerland, Germany and many other countries, with the USA and Canada being no exception.

Thanks to the development of technology and changing architectural tastes, the style has now acquired new variations:

• frame without diagonal elements;
• large panoramic windows, providing excellent lighting and having good thermal insulation qualities;
• imitation of half-timbering, performed using overhead wooden elements attached to pre-plastered walls - this option is purely decorative.

Advice! Cottage owners recommend installing panoramic glazing on facades facing the courtyard and garden, or in cases where the building is significantly recessed relative to the street - this way you will get a magnificent view outside the window, a feeling of unity with nature and good lighting. Otherwise, there may be some discomfort caused by the need to constantly keep the curtains down to protect yourself from prying eyes.

From the Kager house with display windows opens beautiful view to the surrounding area.

Features of the design of the house

The main characteristic of a half-timbered structure is that the frame performs load-bearing functions, while the walls serve solely to enclose the premises. The use of frame-frame technology allows you to simultaneously save building materials and reduce the weight of the building, which makes it possible to build a lightweight structure, ensure the stability and rigidity of the structure, and minimize construction time.

Frame design

The load-bearing elements of the walls and roof are made of, mainly pine. Racks and horizontal purlins form the frame of the walls. Diagonal braces ensure frame rigidity and earthquake resistance of the structure. The bottom trim beam is attached to the foundation, covered with a layer of waterproofing, using anchor bolts. The floor side is insulated with polystyrene foam.

Internal partitions have a frame structure and are made of timber, attached to the load-bearing elements using frame dowels and filled with soundproofing material.

Installation of load-bearing parts is traditionally carried out using rather complex and precise connections - notches, on “ dovetail", secret thorn and the like. At the moment, it is allowed to use metal corners, plates, and staples in especially critical fastenings. It is advisable to arrange them in places out of sight.

Important! All wooden elements must be impregnated with special oils to increase strength and protect against rot and insects. Treatment with fire retardants significantly reduces the flammability of the material.

External cladding

Filling the frame cells is carried out after installing window and door blocks. Almost any slab materials are used for this purpose:

• antiseptic pine wood;
• polymer panels are the most common and budget option;
• cement particle boards (CSB);
• lining;
• gypsum fiber boards (GVL);
• waterproof plywood.

A variety of finishing options allows you to create both strict and elegant facades, for which the blanks are pre-painted with moisture-resistant compounds or choose colored cladding. Then the material is attached to the frame of the structure with screws. Insulate the house with mineral wool from basalt or quartz fiber.

Exterior finishing options:

A currently popular solution is stained glass glazing made from heat-saving low-emission double-glazed windows based on argon fillers. They reduce heat loss and, accordingly, heating costs. Most of the glazing is solid; packages with opening transoms are mounted in separate cells. Windows are inserted directly into the frame with a pre-selected quarter.

Interesting! Since ancient times, the facades of half-timbered houses were decorated with amulets:

• imitation of the letter “S” on the corners - lightning protection;
• rosettes symbolizing the sun attract abundance and prosperity;
• creepy masks on corners ward off evil spirits;
• a symbol resembling “F” protects against fire.

Facade decorated with rosettes

Engineering communications

Wiring electrical cables and water supply is carried out inside the floor pie. All communications are laid in corrugated hoses. Used for water supply polyethylene pipelines. In houses, especially stained glass type, practical solution- installation of heated floors. Wiring to sockets, switches, and lighting fixtures is carried out inside the partitions. Often arranged complex system forced ventilation.

Roof structure and covering

The roof of the house is traditionally trussed with two or four slopes, but there are also modern architectural solutions with a flat roof. A characteristic feature is the absence of an attic and attic, the presence of wide overhangs that protect the walls from precipitation.

Metal tiles, ondulin, various types can be used as roof coverings. soft roof. The use of natural tiles or slate with significant weight is undesirable - they increase the load on the supporting structures. The concept of stained glass glazing can be continued on part of the roof. Modern technologies offer electrochromic translucent fillings for this purpose, providing automatic shading and high coating strength.

At the moment, the roof can have quite bizarre configurations while maintaining the traditional overhang of levels and large overhangs.

Features of interior design

The most common styles of forming the interior space of a house correspond to its external appearance - these are country, Provence, eco-style, Scandinavian, minimalism, which are characterized by an abundance of light, open layouts, some asceticism and light shades. Less often you can find classics or postmodernism. A high-tech interior with its minimalism and abundance of metal looks ideal.

Advice! When decorating a room, you should not consider frame elements solely as decoration - beams can be used for mounting lighting fixtures, arranging hanging shelves and cabinets, and implementing other original ideas.

Structural elements in the interior:

The minimalist bedroom interior is formed by dark ceiling beams, contrasting with light shades finishes:

Ultra-modern interior in high-tech style, built on contrast:

With a view of the forest:

Living room option with river panorama:

Wood in the interior sets its style:

Pros and cons of half-timbered technology

The buildings please the eye with their neatness and airiness, and from a practical point of view, they are characterized by the convenience of the construction process - it is similar to the assembly of a construction set and is completed in a short time with minimal labor costs. However, the buildings are different long term operation and durability - three-hundred-year-old buildings are still preserved in excellent condition.

The advantages of the houses include:

• the ability to design premises of any size without building internal load-bearing walls;
• aesthetic appeal;
• high speed of construction relative to brick, stone and timber houses;
• environmental friendliness;
• absence of shrinkage and lightness of construction, allowing the use of lightweight foundations;
• ample opportunities for implementing design ideas;
• resistance to deformation and seismic activity;
• possibility of application panoramic glazing due to the fact that there is practically no shrinkage;
• ease of masking utility lines;
• possibility of covering large spans with beams.

The style allows you to implement the most daring architectural ideas, creating spectacular exteriors - light external stairs are perfectly combined on facades with structural elements and a roof of an unusual configuration:

Unfortunately, humanity has not invented an ideal construction style, but most of the problems have been solved over several centuries of building half-timbered houses. Walls made of adobe were significantly inferior to brick buildings in their ability to retain heat, but at the moment the situation has been changed by the emergence of new innovative insulation materials.

Attention! Majority thermal insulation materials needs to be replaced approximately every 25-30 years.

The disadvantages of the technology include:

• high construction costs:
• low fire safety, which is typical for all wooden houses;
• need for regular treatment by special means to protect wood from damage by insects, fungi, and mold.

Impressions of people living in half-timbered houses

From cozy country house The stained glass windows on the first floor offer views of the lawn and the surrounding forest, which makes it possible to feel unity with nature.

Reviews from cottage owners are varied, but they are mostly positive or neutral. The owners emphasize that it is advisable to build them, especially projects involving panoramic glazing, outside the city. Such houses are distinguished by increased comfort, excellent natural light, sound insulation and heat-saving qualities. But when choosing an option with large glazed planes, even in middle lane In Russia, heating costs are 30% higher than for the operation of ordinary buildings.

The reviews specifically emphasize the spaciousness of the rooms and the fact that all communications are hidden in the floor and do not spoil the appearance of the interior. The versatility of the architecture is noted - the interior space can be decorated in any current modern style. The most popular styles at the moment are country, minimalism, and hi-tech.

Some people who want to become the owner of a half-timbered cottage are put off by the high cost of its construction. Then people resort to a trick - they build an imitation of the style, which is much cheaper.

The reviews also note the inconveniences of buildings that are inherent in all wooden houses. This is a need for strict adherence fire safety and regular treatment of structures to protect them from mold and insects.

Project options

Buildings can be erected according to ready-made drawings or individual projects. The main difficulty in their development is the required maximum detail of all structural elements. For example, if 1000 of them are needed for construction, then each of them must be separately calculated and drawn. The same applies to all nodes, connections, and so on.

The house project “Davinci-haus” with an area of ​​579 m2 on a slope and river bank from Leadwood House LLC is distinguished by its originality and harmoniously fits into the surrounding landscape:

Building interior:

Pool interior overlooking the river:

Layout of the lower tier with pool, bar and gym:

Second tier with a spacious living room:

Upper tier:

“Copenhagen” with an area of ​​381 m2 with panoramic glazing from the company “freeDomHaus” in the Liikola Club village, located in the Leningrad region:

1st floor plan with office and SPA area:

2nd floor plan with 4 bedrooms and spacious dressing room:
Project “Accord 162” with an area of ​​241 m2, developed by the Finnish company “Lumi Polar”:

1st level with two terraces, a veranda and a flowing space of the common area:

2nd level with second light living room and internal balcony:

A mansion with an area of ​​224 m2 with partial panoramic filling of the planes with double-glazed windows from the ASPDOM studio:

Level 1 Plan:

Four bedroom attic floor plan:

Project of the company “Good Wood” with an area of ​​184 m2

Layout of the 1st floor:

Layout of the attic floor:

Option for an unusual cottage with an area of ​​244 m2 with a flat roof from the Fachwerk studio:

Living room - wooden beams create coziness in the room:

1st floor plan with spacious terraces and free connection of zones:

Plan of the 2nd floor with a second light living room and gallery:

The Euro-House project with an area of ​​259.47 m2 is the development of the Drevgrad studio. Dark wood and panoramic glazing blend harmoniously into the forest landscape:

Layout of the 1st floor with a garage, two terraces, a common area and an office:

Layout of the 2nd floor with two bedrooms and a second light above the living room:

One-story cottage from the company "Modern Wooden Houses" - painted in white wood is combined with large glass planes:

Plan of a cottage with a free-flowing common area, 4 bedrooms and a sauna:

Mansion “Hannover” with an area of ​​234 m2 from the company “INTEK” with a roof made of cement-sand tiles:

1st floor plan with common area, garage and guest room:

3 bedroom attic floor plan:

Project of a cottage with an area of ​​118 m2 with wall filling ceramic blocks And tiled roof from the Z500 company:

1st level with common areas, office and terrace:

Attic level with 3 bedrooms:

Modern half-timbered houses

Historically, such houses in different countries differed depending on what was relevant at the time of construction architectural style and according to national characteristics. Currently, the most elite option is the presence of panoramic glazing that fills the frame. A comfortable microclimate in the premises is created through the use of modern technical equipment of the home. Traditional bricks, concrete blocks, and sandwich panels can also be used to fill the walls.

Fachwerk architecture - non-standard approach:

The originality of “village romance” in a modern version:

Cottage-castle from a childhood fairy tale:

Terraced half-timbered structure - optimal solution for southern regions:

Examples of German half-timbered houses

In modern Germany there are approximately 2 million buildings of this type. There are several styles of German buildings, but their common tendency is the desire for original facade decoration.

Modern application of structures for a bridge in Berlin:

Another interpretation of half-timbering in high-rise architecture in Germany:

Option for preserving historical buildings in Kramerburg:

Half-timbered buildings with stained glass windows

Glazing can reach 60% of the area of ​​external walls, which today is a sign of luxury construction. This solution “blurs” the boundaries of the house, promoting the unity of people and the surrounding landscape.

Panoramic glazing in a modern variation of a house is, first of all, an opportunity to merge the interior and the surrounding landscape, an opportunity for a person to feel one with the world, without distinguishing yourself from it:

For example, while in the house, stay on the shore:

The forest is also not bad, despite the radically modern approach to architecture:

Notice! Outside, the landscape may also be reflected, but your personal life remains hidden from prying eyes:
And this is an office - a half-timbered structure filled with innovative double-glazed windows:

One-story half-timbered houses

This is the most affordable option cottage of this type, despite the use of modern materials and technologies. The height of one floor, without an attic, ensures extreme lightness of the structure, which allows saving on the construction of the foundation and the entire building. The area of ​​such houses, not exceeding 100 m2, makes it easy to place them in small areas and provide comfortable living conditions for a family of 3 people.

Cottage "Kova Fahverk" designed in a traditional style with the addition of a spacious terrace and large windows on the facade illuminating the living room:

A compact house with an unusual shape and sun-shading details is ideal for privacy:

The cottage with an area of ​​122 m2 provides comfortable conditions for a family:

An unusual implementation of technology from “wild” logs:

Price and terms of turnkey construction

Due to the specifics of design solutions, the cost of designing and constructing a half-timbered building is significantly higher than that of a conventional frame house. The total amount depends on the complexity of the architectural, structural, engineering parts of the project, and the materials used. Construction load-bearing frame houses cost on average close to $300. The remaining means are filling wall structures, erecting partitions, installing a roof, finishing work, laying utilities.

Important! Construction price square meter a turnkey cottage of domestic production is about 500-1000 dollars, imported - 1400-2000 dollars.

The choice of project depends only on your needs, taste preferences and financial capabilities:

The complete construction period, which can be carried out at any time of the year, ranges from 3 to 6 months. When the project is completely ready, manufacturing the frame in production takes up to 2 weeks, and the same amount of time to assemble it on site. The remaining work can be completed in 2 months.

Important points of DIY construction

Fachwerk is one of the most complex frame technologies, therefore, it is most reliable to trust the construction of such a building to specialists. Self-construction cottage requires serious skills and experience in working with wooden structures, thorough knowledge of calculating the rigidity of spatial patterns. A negative example now exists near St. Petersburg - a large number of half-timbered buildings soon collapsed due to a violation of technology, although in Europe they have stood for centuries.

Not the most technologically difficult option for DIY construction:

Important! If you have certain construction skills, it is still possible to build such a structure yourself - in this case, it is advisable to use a factory-made kit made according to a project, where all the elements are carefully calculated and made in strict accordance with the drawings. As a result, installation work resembles assembling a construction set according to instructions.

The manufacturer delivers ready-made wooden structures to the construction site, pre-treated with insect and rot repellents and having grooves for connecting parts. When assembling a house with your own hands, you need to take into account technological sequence works:

• the first stage is the construction of a foundation, usually of a lightweight type, up to 0.5 m wide;
• installation of waterproofing and laying of strapping with securing the timber with anchors;
• assembly of a frame made of laminated veneer lumber exactly according to the diagrams provided by the manufacturer;
• construction of internal partitions from timber of a smaller cross-section, securing them to the floor with frame dowels;
• installation of roof rafters;
• installation of wall panels in such a way that the frame elements remain outside;
• performing thermal insulation;
• laying utility lines in the floor and frame;
• when using panoramic glazing - installation of heated floor systems;
• roof covering decking;
• external and internal finishing.

Even this, at first glance, complex project You can implement it yourself:

Choosing a half-timbered style is an excellent option for demonstrating your own originality and at the same time a certain commitment to the classics. It is especially relevant now, when people, thanks to modern technologies, are practically independent of climatic conditions. Today, wide opportunities are opening up to replace simply copying a style by introducing new extraordinary elements into it.

The process of assembling a half-timbered house

The video below simulates the dynamics of assembling a half-timbered house, which allows you to understand the essence and features of the construction of the building in a few minutes.