The main difficulty of this task is to understand how much glass you need to buy to make bookshelves.
Problem B4. To make bookshelves, you need to order 44 identical glasses from one of three companies. The area of each glass is 0.25 m2. The table shows prices for glass, as well as for glass cutting and edge grinding. How many rubles will the cheapest order cost?
Typical mistakes when solving such problems:
- Students completely forget that we are not buying one large glass with an area of 44 · 0.25 = 11 m^2, but rather 44 small glasses. As a result, the third column remains unaccounted for;
- For some reason, some people believe that glass is sold in pieces of 1 m^(1), since the price in the table is given exactly for 1 meter. In this case, the answer may also turn out to be incorrect.
I would like to discuss the second point in more detail. Of course, in today's problem the area of each small glass is 0.25 m2, i.e. glass with an area of 1 m2 is cut into a whole number of pieces. But sometimes the numbers are chosen in such a way that this number turns out to be non-integer. And then what to do with the “bits”? Throw them away? Then the answer will be wrong.
Therefore, the most the right approach will consider that in the problem we are given one huge glass, from which we cut as many pieces of 0.25 m 2 as we need. In this case, no extra bits will appear, and the answer will always be correct.
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The age of electronics is inexorably pushing books out of our lives. Indeed, an electronic gadget can accommodate an entire collection of popular reading material in a small tablet. But you must admit how pleasant it is to leaf through a real volume, admire the embossed cover, and enjoy the comfort of your home library. The editors of the site have prepared tips for you on how to choose the right shelves for books. We'll talk about how to mount a shelving unit on the wall and look at original design ideas.
Books in the house are a sign of the education of its owners
Not everyone can afford to allocate a separate room for their home library. Most often, favorite books are placed in the bedroom, children's literature - in the child's room.
Modern designers offer many original and practical ideas. Lately, modular shelving has become especially popular. They can change their appearance and design, move, assemble into podiums. Such models will appeal to those who like to make rearrangements.
Classic wall shelves never go out of style. They are reliable, static and can be decorated in the style of your interior. And there are plenty here interesting ideas for implementation. Let's consider several options that can be used in a house or apartment.
Classics of the genre: wall-mounted bookshelves
Hanging shelves for books can be bought at any furniture store. Their range is quite wide, and you can easily select models that match the main headset.
Conventionally, wall shelves can be divided into several types:
| View | Description |
|---|---|
| Classic | Simple and lightweight shelves different shapes attached to load-bearing walls and can be assembled in rows or complex compositions. They can be in the form of a simple board, placed flat or at an angle. |
| Corner | For maximum use of room space, corner bookshelves - great option. They fill a usually empty corner and are attached to both adjacent walls. Shelves can be mounted on internal and external corners. |
| Hanging | If you want something unusual, hang the shelf on a beam or from the ceiling against the wall. Hanging structure It must be reliable and firmly fixed, because books weigh a lot. |
Wall-mounted book shelves are great because they save space.
Built-in bookshelves made of plasterboard
If your walls have suitable niches, you can install plasterboard shelves in them. With the help of drywall you get unusual shelves for books on the walls near windows and doors. It is easy to integrate lighting into such racks.
The only disadvantage of this solution is the fragility of the material. Such structures require additional frame reinforcement; heavy volumes should not be installed on them.
Related article:
Methods for attaching shelves to the wall
Neat and durable fastening – important point in installing shelves. There are several types of fasteners:
- Hidden– bolts or nails are invisible on such fasteners. The shelf seems to hang in the air, and the main load is distributed on a metal console hidden behind the back wall.
- bracket– the metal holder is attached to the wall separately, and then the shelf is placed on it and fixed in special grooves.
- Corner or loop– this type of fastener does not look as neat as others, but it is characterized by increased strength. Corners add strength to the structure, and built-in hinges allow you to raise or lower the shelf as needed.
- Glass fasteners– this is a special type of canopy that allows you to accurately and firmly fix glass panel on the wall.
Important! When choosing a shelf mount, pay attention to the permissible load indicator.
If you are going to use original idea, first evaluate it according to several parameters:
Shelves made of wood or plywood are easy to cut yourself using a saw, but glass surfaces It’s better to order from a workshop. At home, it is difficult to properly process the edge or perform figure cutting. You might like the ideas of using scrap materials to make bookcases.
Master class: do-it-yourself small wooden bookshelf
A small shelf is suitable for this, which can be installed on a windowsill, table or even on the floor. To make it you will need a sheet of multi-layer plywood, a jigsaw, a ruler, sandpaper and wood glue. Step by step description process:
| Photo | Description |
|---|---|
 | On a sheet of plywood you need to draw the outline of a sheep, horse, dog or any other animal, if this is a shelf for a child. For an adult’s room, you can limit yourself to abstract contours. |
 | Using a jigsaw, cut out the main part along the drawn outline. |
 | Three grooves need to be drawn on the workpiece: two at the bottom and one at the top. |
 | The thickness of the groove should be equal to the thickness of the material from which you are making the shelf. |
 | This is what the workpiece looks like with finished lower grooves. |
 | The legs of the shelf are two semicircular parts with grooves cut out on top. |
 | The third vertical part is made with a groove at the bottom. IN assembled form it looks like this. |
 | For the surface on which the books will stand, you need to mark a perpendicular line on all inserts. Use a building level for this purpose. |
 | On the vertical inserts, guides for the shelf should be cut out with a jigsaw. |
 | The shelf itself is a long piece with three grooves. |
 | During final assembly, all grooves must be treated with wood glue. |
 | The shelf for children's books is ready. It can be painted, decorated with decoupage, or left as is. |
Master class: DIY book rack
The simplest shelving can be made from ordinary planed and sanded boards.
For completing the task correctly you can receive 1 primary point.
It takes approximately 12 minutes.
What you need to know when completing task 12 in basic level mathematics:
Task 12 in basic level mathematics in the Unified State Exam is divided into several types:
- creating a kit;
- choice the best option from two/three/four possible options.
Tasks for training
Task No. 1
To serve an international seminar, it is necessary to assemble a group of translators. Information about the candidates is presented in the table.
| Translators | Languages | Cost of services (rubles per day) |
| 1 | Chinese, English | 7000 |
| 2 | Japanese, Chinese | 6000 |
| 3 | Japanese | 3000 |
| 4 | Japanese, French | 6000 |
| 5 | French | 2000 |
| 6 | English | 4000 |
Using the table, assemble at least one group in which the translators together speak four foreign languages: English, French, Chinese and Japanese, and the total cost of their services does not exceed 12,000 rubles per day. In your answer, indicate exactly one set of translator numbers, in which there is a translator who knows only Japanese, without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Task No. 2
In order to knit a sweater, the housewife needs 1000 grams of wool yarn of blue color. You can buy blue yarn at a price of 120 rubles per 100 grams, or you can buy undyed yarn at a price of 80 rubles per 100 grams and dye it. One packet of dye costs 70 rubles and is designed to dye 500 grams of yarn. Which purchase option is cheaper? In your answer, write how many rubles this purchase will cost.
Task No. 3
To make bookshelves, you need to order 40 identical glasses from one of three companies. The area of each glass is 0.2 m2. The Table shows prices for glass, as well as glass cutting and edge polishing. How many rubles will the cheapest order cost?
Task No. 4
Some rating company determines the price-quality ratio rating of electric shavers. The rating can be calculated based on the average price P and functionality assessments F, quality Q and design D. Each individual indicator was rated by experts on a five-point scale with integers from 0 to 4. The formula for calculating the final rating:
R = 3(F + Q) + D - 0.01P
The table gives estimates of each indicator for several models of electric shavers. Determine which model has the lowest rating. In response, write down the value of this rating.
| Electric razor model | average price | Functionality | Quality | Design |
| A | 1500 rub. | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| B | 2100 rub. | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| C | 3200 rub. | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| D | 2800 rub. | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Almost everyone can make bookshelves with their own hands, since this is the simplest type of furniture. Their manufacture requires minimal skills, a small amount of material and fasteners. In this article you will find the answer to the question of how to make bookshelves with your own hands.
Simple bookshelf is a box assembled from four slabs - two vertical elements (racks) and two horizontal elements (shelves). DIY bookshelves are easy!
Manufacturing stages
Sizing
Making a bookshelf should start with determining overall dimensions. The length of horizontal elements from rack to rack should not exceed 80 cm to avoid the shelves bending under load. Therefore, if the total length of the shelf exceeds the specified size, it is necessary to increase the number vertical elements on a shelf or increase the number of shelves.
It is possible to make a bookshelf with your own hands from wood. If the books are planned to be installed in one row, then the optimal shelf depth is 23 cm; if books are installed in two rows, it is 40 cm.
The height of the racks is determined by the distance between the horizontal elements, at least 33 cm if you plan to place books of non-standard format or folders for files). It is advisable that the height of the racks exceed the distance between the shelves by 10 - 12 cm. This will allow you to use the top shelf for placing books or decorative elements interior
Make yourself a drawing, this will make it easier to make bookshelves. To secure a shelf to the wall with dowel nails without using metal canopies, disturbing the appearance, they add one more detail - the drawer.
Its length is equal to the length of the shelf, since it is located under the top shelf or above it, depending on the overall design of the product, its width is no more than 10 cm. It is connected by one long end to the top shelf and two short ends to the racks behind the shelf, flat to the wall. A couple of holes are drilled in it for dowel nails.
The dimensions of the parts are determined:
- 80 x 23 cm – 2 pieces (shelves), edged on one long side;
- 45 x 23 cm – 2 pieces (stands), edged on one long and two short sides;
- 80 x 10 cm – 1 piece (tsar), edged on one long side.
It is customary to edge only the visible ends, but if you are making a bookshelf with your own hands, you can cover all the ends with an edge, since they are one of the sources of environmental damage in the room.
Cutting out the parts
To make a wall-mounted bookshelf with your own hands carefully, you need to order the cutting of parts of the required color from laminated chipboard and edging from a company that provides these services. If you have problems finding a company (usually there are several of them in each not only city, but also village), please contact furniture store, but you will overpay for mediation.
Laminated board different sizes can be found in building materials markets, as well as in large stores specializing in the sale of repair goods.
You will have to purchase an edge as well. The edge should be melamine with glue applied to it. The straight end is simply glued with an iron at home and processed using sharp knife(for cutting wallpaper) and a fine file (a block with fine sandpaper). We'll talk about this in more detail in another article.
Assembling a bookshelf
To make bookshelves more conveniently, we fasten all five parts together at right angles using Euro screws (large self-tapping screws with a diameter of 6 mm and a length of 50 mm). 
It is necessary to prepare the parts for assembly:
- mark and drill in the planes of the racks (the ends of the shelves are adjacent to the planes of the racks) holes with a diameter of 7-7.5 mm (the holes are larger than the diameter of the euro screw, so that when tightening there is the possibility of a slight displacement of the fastened parts relative to each other to compensate for inaccurate markings and drill drift when drilling);
- mark and drill holes with a diameter of 5 - 5.2 mm at the ends of the shelves and drawers, into which the Euroscrew will be screwed.
To make a bookshelf yourself - we mark it using a tape measure, a pencil and a core (awl). The coordinates of the holes on the racks, shelf and frame are shown in the figures below. Inaccuracies in marking and drilling of 1 - 2 mm are quite acceptable.
Calculate the coordinates of holes on planes with a diameter of 7 -7.5 mm slowly and carefully. Wrong drilled hole as a result of incorrect calculation, it spoils the appearance of the product, since it cannot be hidden or repaired (only stick on a plug for the Euro screw).
All calculations are simple and based on the fact that the Euroscrew is screwed into the middle chipboard end 16 mm thick. Therefore, 8 mm is added to all distances between parts when marking for a Euroscrew on a plane.
If the end is adjacent to the edge of the plane (the connection of the bottom shelf with the stand), we set aside not 8 mm, but 9 mm from the edge of the stand to compensate for marking and drilling errors (it is better to recess the end relative to the plane than for it to protrude outward).
In the figure we see the estimated size is 342 mm. The distance from the top end of the rack to the shelf is determined by the width of the drawer side, 100 mm. Therefore, the middle of the top shelf relative to the bottom of the rack is calculated as follows: 450 – 100 – 8 = 342 mm
What is the most convenient way to make bookshelves? At this distance from the bottom of the rack, draw a line with a pencil and mark 60 mm on it from each edge (60 mm is the most optimal size from the point of view of the possibility of chipboard delamination when screwing a Euro screw into it).
The holes for attaching the drawer on the top shelf are drilled along the long end adjacent to the wall. At a distance of 800 mm, three holes are sufficient: one in the center and two at the edges. Holes for connecting the shelf with the racks are drilled in the middle of the thickness of the chipboard at two opposite short ends at a distance of 60 mm (coinciding with the distance on the racks). There are no holes for the drawer on the bottom shelf.
In the drawer frame, we drill holes only at the ends at the distances previously specified on the top shelf and on the stand.
We twist the prepared parts together with Euro screws using a 4mm hexagon. The rigidity of the shelf is ensured by the drawer, so you can do without a back wall made of fiberboard or plywood. We close the heads of the Euro screws with special plugs to match the color of the material, drill two holes in the frame for dowel-nails and fix the shelf on the wall.
The process of making a bookshelf with your own hands is complete. I hope you got the answer to the question of how to make bookshelves with your own hands, see photo design of bookshelves:
There is nothing better than shelves for organizing space in rooms, as well as for decorating the interior. Comfortable, functional, original form, they help to conveniently arrange a lot of things and give the rooms a more comfortable look. Making shelves on the wall with your own hands is not at all difficult, and you can use a wide variety of materials - wood, fiberboard, glass, pieces of tin, plywood.
| Types of Wall Shelves | Description |
|---|---|
| Classic | This type of shelves is the most common due to its simplicity, aesthetic appearance and ease of installation. They represent a huge flight of fancy: from simple square to creative asymmetrical shapes |
| Corner | This type of wall shelves differs in the method of fastening - it is carried out on adjacent adjacent walls. Most often they are installed in utility rooms and bathrooms. |
| Hanging | This original way creating a shelf involves attaching a simple structure to the ceiling using cables or vertical posts |
| Floor-standing | This wall shelf is a floor support design. This type of product is especially relevant in hallways, as well as large rooms, where you don’t have to think about wasting space |
| Open and closed shelves on the wall | Wall shelves can be designed, for example, with or without glass |
Making a simple wooden shelf
Wood is the most convenient material to work with. Wooden shelves are simple, complex shape, open and closed, vertical, horizontal and angular. Taking as a basis basic version, you can assemble a shelf from several modules and give it the most incredible look. In order for the product to serve for a long time, you should choose the right wood: the boards must be perfectly flat, completely dry, without cracks, voids or traces of mold.
During the assembly process you will need:
- hacksaw;
- drill;
- building level;
- pencil and ruler;
- boards 16 mm thick;
- stain;
- wood varnish;
- sander;
- screws, brackets, dowels.
The example used is a simple rectangular shelf 250mm wide, 300mm high and 1100mm long.
Step 1. Marking
The boards are laid flat on the table and the measurements are transferred from the drawing. The height of the side walls should be 268 mm, since they will be located between the top and bottom: wall height + board thickness x 2 = 300 mm.
Step 2. Cutting the boards
If the markings exactly match the diagram, you can start cutting. It is best to use a jigsaw for this, then the cuts will be perfectly smooth and neat. You should end up with 2 long pieces and 2 short ones.
Step 3. Processing of blanks
Before starting assembly, each workpiece must be sanded, stained and varnished. If you plan to simply paint a shelf, the blanks are processed - this increases their service life and makes the paint apply more evenly.
Step 4. Assembling the product
The bottom board is laid flat on flat surface. From the ends of the workpiece, retreat 8 mm and draw 2 straight lines parallel to the cuts. Now on these lines you need to mark two points at a distance of 5 cm from the edge, and drill holes there for the screws. The same is done with the top blank. When all the holes are ready, install the side blanks on the bottom board and tighten the screws. Place a second board on top and also fix the side walls with self-tapping screws.
Brackets are attached to the ends of the side walls, holes are drilled in the wall for dowels, self-tapping screws are inserted and tightened so that they protrude by about 5 mm. The dowels must be positioned strictly horizontally, so before drilling, mark a line using a level. Now all that remains is to attach the brackets to the fasteners and hang the shelf. If desired, the back wall of the product can be filled with a piece of plywood, and glass can be inserted in front.
To make such a simple shelf more original, you can replace one side wall with a stump of a thick branch. To do this, choose an even branch with a diameter of about 7-8 cm with smooth, clean bark, saw off a piece 28 cm long, and cut off all the side shoots. The chock is treated with a primer, dried and varnished. There is no need to remove the bark. After the varnish has dried, the workpiece is inserted between the upper and lower boards and screwed tightly with self-tapping screws.
Based on this drawing you can make various variations wall shelves. For example, reduce the length to 400 mm and make 3-4 blocks at once. Then install them on top of each other in a checkerboard pattern and secure them together using metal plates. Or simply mount them on the wall separately, placing them at a short distance from each other.
Often, to save space, shelves are made corner, and they can be mounted both in the inner and outer corners.
The blanks are made according to the scheme described above, only the upper and lower boards consist of two elements, with the ends cut at an angle. The process of making such a shelf is quite simple:
- the halves of the top board are coated at the ends with glue and clamped with clamps;
- repeat the same actions with the bottom board;
- when the glue dries, all workpieces are covered with stain or primed;
- Attachment lines are marked on the upper and lower workpieces and holes are drilled;
- insert the side walls and secure them with self-tapping screws.
| Wall shelf materials | Advantages and disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Wood: plywood, chipboard, MDF and others | This material is relatively easy to work with, it looks beautiful, natural and impressive, its service life is quite long, especially if pre-processed |
| Plastic | This material is the most versatile; it can imitate both wood and stone, while eliminating their shortcomings |
| Metal | Such wall shelves will be very strong, reliable and durable, but classic interior They will fit in with difficulty. In addition, corrosion can also be a problem, so metal products Requires special processing and conditions |
| Glass | Transparent wall shelves will create an atmosphere of lightness and comfort in your home. Of course, it will be quite difficult to make a glass structure with your own hands, but if you nevertheless decide to do all the work yourself, then you will have to work with glass for quite a long time and very carefully, especially if various cutouts are planned in the shelf design |
Original shelves for books
Shelves non-standard shape are in increasing demand, so if you wish, you can try to collect something original. For example, a bookshelf in the form of a simplified labyrinth is used.
To make it you will need:
- edged board 20 mm thick;
- wood glue;
- clamps;
- roulette;
- hacksaw;
- miter box;
- Sander;
- stain;
- furniture screws, self-tapping screws;
- decorative shelf holders.
If you have everything you need, you can start making the shelf.
Step 1. Marking
On the prepared boards, mark the cut lines with a pencil under a ruler. Measurements should be taken very carefully, since all horizontal parts have different lengths.
Step 2. Trimming the blanks
The ends of each workpiece are cut at an angle of 45 or 90 degrees. The diagram shows the first option, so you will need a miter box for sawing. It is very important to correctly install the miter box on the board so that the cuts are symmetrical. If the ends are cut off incorrectly, you will not be able to fold the shelf.
Step 3. Assembling the structure
The ends of the parts are smeared with glue, pressed tightly and additionally secured with slotted furniture screws. Ordinary self-tapping screws are not suitable here. Each joint will require at least 2 screws. Both parts of the shelf are applied to the wall, leveled and the attachment points are marked with a pencil. After this, holes are drilled for the dowels, brackets are screwed to the shelf with self-tapping screws and the structure is hung on the wall. Instead of brackets, decorative pelican shelf holders are often used.
Hanging shelf with straps
If you need a decorative shelf for small items, the following option is perfect - a board suspended on straps.
To make a shelf you will need:
- 2 edged boards 300x750 mm, thickness 30 mm;
- 4 leather belts, 75 cm long;
- 4 long screws with plastic dowels;
- 4 short screws;
- building level;
- ruler;
- sharp knife;
- drill.
Step 1: Preparing the belts
The cuts of the belts must be perfectly even, so if necessary they are trimmed with a knife. Fold each belt in half, press the ends to the table, step back 2 cm from the edge and drill a neat through hole with a drill. The same is done with the remaining three.
Step 2. Attaching the straps to the wall
Using a level, determine two points on the wall at a distance of 60 cm. Drill holes and insert plastic dowels. The belt folded in half is applied to one of the holes and secured with a long screw - you get a large loop on the wall. Another such loop is attached nearby.
Step 3. Installing the shelf
A sanded board is inserted into the loops and aligned horizontally. To prevent the shelf from moving, the parts of the belts adjacent to the wall near the board itself are screwed with short self-tapping screws. Now another shelf is hung under this shelf, exactly repeating the steps described above. The result is a light and neat two-tier shelf. If desired, you can add another 1-2 tiers.
To make the shelves described above, you can use not only wood, but also plywood, as well as laminated chipboard sheets. The last option is used most often, since laminated chipboard is lightweight, high strength, practicality and durability. When assembling shelves from this material, all sections must be covered with a melamine edge to match the color of the sheet.
Making a glass shelf
Glass shelves fit harmoniously into any interior, and the installation process does not take much time. To work you will need:
- strained glass;
- hammer;
- electric drill;
- building level;
- aluminum profile;
- dowels;
- adhesive tape;
- ruler;
- pencil.
Not everyone knows how to cut glass correctly, and therefore it is better to order the cutting of blanks in a workshop. There they will also grind and polish the edges so that when installing the shelf you will not cut yourself on sharp edges. You can do everything else yourself.
Step 1. Marking for fasteners
The section of the wall where the shelf will hang should be as large as possible. By using building level draw a horizontal line on the wall with a pencil. The locations of the fasteners are marked on the line and holes are drilled.
Step 2. Installing profiles
An aluminum profile is applied to the wall surface and the alignment of the fastening marks is checked. Then insert dowels into the holes, attach the profile with one screw and level it horizontally. After this, tighten the remaining screws.
Instead of a drill, insert a bracket screw 
Screw in the bracket screw 
Leave the bracket screw protruding from the wall 
Checking the position 
Arranging the shelves Step 3. Attaching the shelf
The rear edge of the glass shelf is covered with adhesive tape. You can use separate spacers made of tape, placing them where the glass will touch the screw heads. The shelf is inserted into the profile, the edges of the profile are covered with protective caps. If two shelves touch on the sides, their edges are fastened with metal fittings.
If there free time and a desire to experiment, you can create very unusual shelves on the wall from scrap materials. For example, it looks original corner shelf from plastic pipes. To make it you will need pieces sewer pipes and corner cuts. The shelf is attached to the wall with screws and dowels.
Old suitcases and briefcases can also make great items wall shelves. To do this, they are cut to half their height, covered with plywood at the back and secured to the wall with screws or on brackets.
Drawers from unnecessary bedside tables are quite suitable for making shelves. To give them an elegant look, the boxes should be thoroughly sanded, primed and painted. bright colors. Then they are leaned against the surface with the back wall, the attachment points are marked and holes are drilled for them. Even one such shelf looks very original, and a composition of 2-3 drawers will become a real decoration.
Video - DIY wall shelves
Interesting wooden shelf. Master Class
You will need:
- Rope;
- Board at least 2 cm thick;
- 2 corners (mounts) for shelves;
- Steel washers;
- Lighter;
- Drill;
- Saw.
