A fiberglass window in a hut. Window - definitions and history

A fiberglass window is a small viewing window, which is cut into two logs stacked one above the other. wooden log house.

Initially, the windows in the huts were fiberglass. The windows looked like small horizontal slits, sometimes decorated with carvings. From the inside, the fiberglass window is covered, i.e. closed using a plank valve made from a board. Sometimes the valve was made from a fish bladder. In the center of the valve there was a small hole - a “peeper”.

Later, red or slanted windows appeared - windows with a frame that was framed by jambs (posts located on the sides of a door or window opening). The slanted windows were no less than three times the diameter of the logs in the frame. These windows were much more complex than the fiber ones, and they were also more carefully decorated.

The windows may also have been covered with leather. In the poorer huts, to retain heat, the holes were small. In more prosperous houses, the windows were closed from the outside with iron shutters, and instead of glass, pieces of mica were inserted into the windows themselves (using laces). A variety of designs could be created using pieces of mica. So, if quadrangular pieces were inserted, the windows were shaped, but if burrs were inserted, then they were burdocked. Burdocks were metal rosettes with a star-shaped edge or rounded petals, which were fixed at the intersection of lattice strips. Often mica was painted with paints, grass, birds, animals, flowers, etc. were painted.

Until glass factories appeared in Russia, it was imported from abroad. In this regard, glass began to be used in Novgorod earlier than in Moscow. In this case, they mainly used colored glass, as was fashionable in Europe at that time.

Windows and openings in those days could be called differently:
- The top window is a horizontal narrow opening designed to allow smoke to escape. This opening was made in the upper section of the hut wall.
- The roof is a hole made in the ceiling of the hut. It was also intended to remove smoke from the smoking hut, which first went into the attic, and then from under the roof to the street.
- The blowhole is a fiberglass window.
- A smoke window is a small, horizontally located window designed to remove smoke from the stove.
- Smoke vent is a hole located at the top of the wall of the hut, intended for the exit of smoke. Wooden chimney.
- A hog is a recumbent smoke duct located in the attic.
- A chimney is a hole located in the wall or ceiling of a chicken hut, intended for the exit of smoke from the stove.

A fiberglass window is a compact viewing window in a log house, which is placed between two logs located one above the other. The structure is closed from the inside using a plank valve made of boards. In traditional Russian huts, the windows were wolf-shaped and represented a horizontal gap between the logs. Sometimes the structure was decorated with carvings. A small hole was made in the center of the valve, like a modern peephole.

The wolf designs were replaced by mowing ones. These are openings with a frame and frame made of jambs. They differed in height at least three logs or more complex design. The oblique structures were carefully decorated with carvings or ornaments. From the outside they could be closed with iron or wooden shutters.

Modern windows in a country house

Today in wooden cottages or country houses install classic ones in modern understanding windows. In addition, there is great demand panoramic glazing. Floor-to-ceiling glazing looks stylish and elegant, making the building luxurious and providing a magnificent view of the surrounding nature.

It visually increases the space and height of the ceilings in the room, making the room bright, light and airy. But for a bathhouse and steam room, it is recommended to choose small windows so that the heat stays inside longer.

Regardless of the type of structure, it is important to choose the right materials and perform installation. Experts advise choosing modern wooden double glazed windows. Natural wood will preserve the environmental friendliness and microclimate of a log or beam structure, will organically fit into the interior and complement the appearance of the facade.

Wood is distinguished by high wear resistance and good thermal insulation properties, aesthetics and environmental safety. In addition, it does not heat up. While plastic gets very hot and releases when heated bad smell, toxic elements. Which windows to choose for wooden house, will tell.

Installation of windows in a wooden house

Installation of windows in a log house is complicated by the fact that the log or timber structure gradually shrinks. As a result window design may become warped or deformed. To prevent this from happening, before installing double-glazed windows, it is important to make a window frame or install casing. The edging is done after the main shrinkage, 6-12 months from the date of installation of the log house. Read more about installing windows in wooden house read .

“MariSrub” craftsmen will efficiently and quickly handle the installation of windows in a wooden house. We select reliable materials, install high-quality casing, window structures and double-glazed windows, and insulate the jambs. We offer construction wooden houses from timber or logs on a turnkey basis and we produce lumber ourselves.

A house from the manufacturer - a reliable and durable residential cottage or country house at a favorable price. Own production allows you to carefully control the selection of wood and each stage of lumber production. And work without intermediaries - offer low prices on timber and logs. We carry out complex construction, which includes the development and installation of a log house, installation of the foundation and roof, supplying and connecting communications. We install windows and doors, insulate the house, and finish the interior and exterior.

An opening specially created in the building envelope during the construction process. Light enters the rooms through the windows; they can also serve for ventilation of rooms. Windows are the main (up to 50%) source of heat loss in buildings.

Historical information

At the early stage of the development of civilization, there were no windows as such. Ancient dwellings in all regions did not have windows. Until the Middle Ages, openings in the walls were simple openings that were covered with animal skins or fabric. Also for these purposes, a bull's bladder was used, a film removed from the animal's peritoneum, which let light into the home.

IN Ancient Rome Windows without glass were used. At the same time, their shape remained rectangular, but special decorations were created inside the window, including those made of stone. The first glass windows appeared during the era of the Roman Empire, but only very wealthy citizens could afford such luxury.

In Rus' in the 11th - 13th centuries, glassblowers mastered the technique of making thick-walled round windows with a diameter of 20-30 cm, for which molten glass was cast onto a metal plate. Mica windows, composed of processed pieces of mica, were also used. Such windows let in more light than windows made of thick, cloudy glass.

In Russia

In Russia, since the 14th century, there have been fiberglass and red (oblique) windows.

In the XIV centuries. In the above-ground log dwellings, small rectangular windows appeared, the height of the diameter of the log logs, cut into two logs located one above the other. They are usually called portage windows, since in the old days they were moved from the inside with wooden planks - portages. However, in the XIII-XV centuries. in poor houses with a smoke stove, people even managed without fiberglass windows, saving heat.

In the XIV-XVII centuries. windows in residential buildings peasants and townspeople were located, as in later times, on the facade and side. If all three windows of the facade were fiberglass, then one of them was placed in the middle of the wall, the other two were much closer to the corners of the hut, but always at the same level. The side window was located on the wall forming a red corner with the front wall. The upper window served for smoke exit and lighting internal space a house that had no ceiling. One lower window illuminated the mouth of the furnace, the other lower and side the red corner. If the house had one slanted window, then it was cut in the middle of the front wall, fiberglass windows on its sides at some distance and slightly lower than the oblique one. Three slanted windows, even in the 18th century, were considered a great luxury in the Russian village. The slanted window took on the function of general illumination of the hut. More light came through it. sun rays, despite the low-transparent ends, illuminated not only the stove and the red corner, but also the space near the door. Such windows, remarkable from the point of view of the people of that time, were called red windows, that is, beautiful, sunny. The fiberglass window, which provided overhead light, ceased to be necessary in huts with a slanted window and disappeared from the gables of medieval houses. It appeared again, but as an attic or dormer window, when ceilings began to be made in houses.

The frames of the red windows were painted. A pressed bag of fish (from which the pressed caviar comes from) was pulled onto the frames - such a window was called a pais window. Bull bladder, mica (such windows were called mica endings), and oiled cloth were also used. Until the 18th century, glass windows (glass windows) were rarely used. Red windows are lifting and hinged, fiberglass windows are hinged and sliding.

The frame of the mica ends consisted of four metal rods. The largest piece of mica in the form of a circle was placed in the center of the lead-bound window; small pieces of mica were placed around it different shapes and small trimmings. In the 17th century, mica windows began to be painted. Glass windows were made in the same way as mica ones: in metal frame and lead binding. Colored glass with paint painting was also used.

Inserts or shutters were used to protect against cold and wind. The inserts were covered with cloth; they could be blind or with mica windows. At night and in cold weather, the windows were closed from the inside with bushings. The bushing is a shield that is the same size as the window. Upholstered in felt and cloth. The shields were simply plugged in or hung on hinges and closed.

Svetlitsa is a room with red windows. There were more windows in the little room than in the upper room. The light room is the brightest, most illuminated room in the home. Windows in the small room were cut in three or all four walls. In the upper room, windows were cut into one or two walls.

Svetlitsa were most often located in the women's half of the house. They were used for handicrafts or other work.

Types of windows

• Berlin window- a wide three-leaf window, usually located in inner corner and serving to illuminate the rooms formed by the intersection of two wings of the house.
• Biforium- a window with two openings, separated by a column or column. Existed in Romanesque culture.
• "Bull's Eye"- an oval-shaped window located above the doorway.
• fan window- a window, the upper part of which consists of sectors arranged in a fan. Also came from Romanesque culture.
• Venetian (Palladian) window- wide, three-part arched window.
• Volokovy window- a small rectangular window, the height of a log log, up to 3 meters wide. They moved from the inside with wooden planks - portages, which is where the name came from.
• Red (oblique) window- a window with a frame framed by jambs. The name “red” window was given not only because these windows were usually decorated with wooden carvings, but also because a lot of light entered the house through such windows.
• Mezzanine window- a window located above the main row of windows for better lighting.
• Second light window- a window in a dark room through which light falls from a lit room.
• Envelopment window- corner window.
• Rose- a large round window above the entrance with openwork interlacing in the form of rays radiating from the center.
• "Fish Bubble"- a window opening of a complex curvilinear shape (in late Gothic).
• Blind window- a niche in the wall imitating a window opening.
• Dormer window - window on the roof slope, attic window.
• Florentine window- a window consisting of several arches united by one large arch.

Modern windows

Window- is an element of a wall or roof structure designed to communicate interior spaces with the surrounding space, natural lighting of the premises, their ventilation, protection from atmospheric and noise influences and consisting of window opening with slopes, window block, sealing system assembly seams, window sill boards, drainage parts and cladding; window unit- translucent structure designed for natural lighting of the room, its ventilation and protection from atmospheric and noise influences;

GOST 23166-99 “Window blocks. General technical conditions"

In modern windows, double-glazed windows are mainly used, less often (when thermal insulation is not needed) - single panes.

Windows vary in the materials from which they are made, designs and purpose. Window frames can be made from:

• tree.
• aluminum
• polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
• fiberglass (fiberglass composite).
• steel.
• combinations of materials (wood-aluminum, wood-polyvinyl chloride, etc.).

Modern window frames have special seals that minimize heat loss through cracks in the windows, but they are most effective if there is a system in the house supply ventilation. In the absence of such systems, it is advisable to equip windows with ventilation systems that allow you to regulate the air flow.

Material	Thermal resistance	Strength	Service	Price	Recycling	Comment
Tree	very high	large range	labor-intensive	high	-	changes size with changes in humidity
PVC	very high	high	does not require	low	-
Aluminum	low	good	does not require	low	usually >95%	used when large sizes
Steel	average	high	does not require	high	> 98%	usually used in corner joints
Fiberglass	very high	very high	does not require	high	50%

Story

Window frames in which polyvinyl chloride was used were patented in 1952 by German designer Heinz Pasche. They were used metal structures, lined with soft and semi-soft plastic. A profile made of hard PVC, reinforced with wooden and metal liners, appeared a little later.

The use of titanium oxide, stabilizers and various additives increases the service life of modern plastic windows up to 40 years old.

Characteristics and design

Window structures protect the home from dampness, dust, noise, and other negative factors. Depending on the material from which the window structure is made, the window has different characteristics By thermal insulation properties, sound insulation, durability, environmental friendliness and weather resistance.

Modern windows are a rather complex structure consisting of the following elements:

• Window profile (window frame and sash)
• Internal filling(glass unit or PVC plate)
• Sealing system (sash, frame, double-glazed window seal)
• Fittings (locking elements, window handles, decorative overlays on hinges)

Window measurement

There are two options window openings:

1. Window opening with outer quarter
2. Window opening without internal quarter

Depending on the type of window opening, removal occurs correct sizes windows.

For an opening without an outer quarter:

• The width of a window opening is defined as the distance from one vertical window slope to another and minus the installation gap (it is 15 to 60 mm per side, depending on the curvature of the walls, deviation from the vertical), the measurement is made from outside the window.
• The height of the window opening is the distance from the upper slope to the external drainage, which is measured from the street side and minus the installation gap (if the window is equipped with a stand profile, then minus the height of this profile).
• The length of the ebb is measured as the distance between the side slopes of the window on the street side, plus 60~80 mm.

For an opening with an outer quarter:

• The width of the window opening is defined as the distance from one vertical slope of the window to the other and plus the installation gap for the quarter entry (it ranges from 25 to 40 mm per side, depending on the depth of the inner quarter), the measurement is made from the outside of the window.
• The height of the window opening is the distance from the upper slope to the external drainage, which is measured from the street side plus the entry into the upper quarter (if the window is equipped with a stand profile, then the measurement from the slope to the ebb is the height of the window, sometimes there is cement screed, its height also affects the size of the window).
• The length of the window sill is measured along the length of the old window sill; if the window sill is not installed, then according to the size from one vertical slope to another plus 50 to 100 mm per side.
• The width of the window sill is the distance from its inner edge to the window frame; usually the window sill is measured taking into account the projection from the wall by 30~70 mm, that is, the window sill should not overlap the heating radiator.
• The length of the drainage is measured as the distance between the side slopes of the window from the street side, plus 60~80 mm; in an opening with an outer quarter, the width of the window is essentially the length of the external drainage.
• The width of the flashing is determined from its outer edge to the window frame; the flashing should extend beyond outer wall by 30~50 mm.

Decorative windows

Since ancient times, windows have been decorative element building, no less important than its doors. Sometimes (this approach is still found today, for example, in baths), they used special colored or translucent glass with a pattern applied to them.

The shape of the windows is also very different. For medieval churches, arched windows are typical, for the classical tradition, coming from Palladio, three-part windows: thermal or Italian.

In Russia, ordinary rectangular windows are most often found.

Window profile

A molded product made of wood, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), fiberglass, steel or aluminum, or combinations thereof, from which window elements - frames and sashes - are made.

Cutting blanks are connected mechanically or welding into window elements. As a rule, the manufacture of windows requires many window profiles, making up the “profile system”.

Fiberglass window profiles

Fiberglass - hygienic, lightweight, heat-stable, resistant to humidity, chemicals and mechanical stress material.

Fiberglass has found wide application in aircraft construction, shipbuilding, and the rocket industry. Attempts to use fiberglass for the production of window frames have been made since the late 50s. - in the USSR and much later in Canada. The northern part of the USSR is similar to climatic conditions Canada and problems with thermal insulation and other consumer properties of windows turned out to be equally relevant for these countries. Metal-plastic PVC windows, common in Europe, do not provide the necessary thermal insulation in the northern climate due to design flaws and material properties. Therefore, scientists have seriously begun to develop technologies that ensure the production of fiberglass windows meets necessary requirements. The paths to technology development in the USSR and Canada turned out to be different.

In the late 50s and early 60s, a housing construction boom began in the USSR. Typical residential buildings made of reinforced concrete panels had a unified set of standards for window openings. The gigantic volume of the same type of “Khrushchev” required huge expenditures of material resources, in particular wood (to some treeless regions, timber had to be delivered from afar) for the manufacture of windows, and the labor costs for the production of these windows turned out to be enormous. Under these conditions, an initiative group of architects, engineers, and chemists from various institutes of the USSR (TsNIIEPzhilishche, GIPROplast, Giprostrommashina, etc.) was created in short term has developed a technology for the production of fiberglass window frames and equipment for their production. According to the calculations of the developers, a single window sash made of fiberglass should have the heat-insulating properties of a double sash made of wood. Materials for the production of fiberglass bindings should be as cheap as possible.

In the early 60s, fiberglass windows were produced at the Saratov plant technical glass, two residential buildings under construction were completed panel houses in Saratov.

The initiative of scientists was not supported in central authorities authorities and after a change of leaders interested in this technology in ministries and localities, it was quickly forgotten.

The technology for the production of fiberglass window frames is based on the press-molding principle. In aluminum molds, in accordance with the size and shape of the window frame, rectangular pieces of expanded polyurethane foam (foam) are placed, they are wrapped in fiberglass, the mold is hermetically closed and heated, polyester resin is injected into it. After hardening, the mold opens, the removed product is covered with a decorative layer of gelcoat, providing a smooth, glossy binding surface, then the fittings are screwed to the frame, glass or a double-glazed unit is installed, and the product is ready. The main difference from all other “chemical” window frames is inner part the binding profile is not hollow, but filled with a heat insulator, foam plastic, which is a serious advantage when taking into account the heat-insulating properties of the window.

In the early 90s, corresponding member Russian Academy architecture and construction, professional architecture Evgeniy Vasilievich Kavin - head of the department of the Central Research Institute of Electrical Housing, author of the design of fiberglass window frames, Ph.D. n. Yuzef Kivovich Podolsky, employee of the Giprostrommashina design institute (Kyiv, Ukraine) - head of the creation production equipment and other specialists, tried to recreate the production of fiberglass window frames on the basis of the specialized enterprise Tverstekloplastik OJSC (general director N.I. Lyutov).

Unfortunately, these attempts were unsuccessful.

The philosophy of domestic technology for the production of fiberglass windows is based on the same set of several standard sizes of window openings, that is, the mass construction of residential buildings with the same standard sizes windows, and modern market windows requires window frames of different configurations, shapes and sizes. And despite the quite decent consumer qualities of the developed domestic fiberglass windows (excellent thermal insulation, universal glazing - ordinary glass or double-glazed windows, the ability to drive nails or screws, painting different colors, brilliant glossy surface frames), they were never able to become worthy competitors to windows made of other materials with much worse properties. But the shortcomings were not in the window itself, but in the production technology, based on the old Soviet “shaft” principle, the production of a mass of identical products.

Perhaps time and people will someday demand the innovative ideas of Soviet architects and designers, embodied in fiberglass windows.

Materials provided by the information encyclopedia www.wikipedia.org

Start of activity (date): 06/17/2015

A small window carved into two logs of a wooden frame located one above the other. The inside is closed (covered) with a plank valve made of boards.

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