Glowing paint in the dark it looks simply incredible, giving a huge scope for imagination when using it. In this article we will consider the principle of operation of such paint, its characteristics and give advice on choosing. Let's talk about the technology for making luminous paint at home.
Composition and principle of action of luminous paint
Luminescence - the ability of materials to glow after dark or when turned off artificial source Sveta. This effect can be given to any object by treating it with a special luminous paint, which is also called phosphor, luminescent, fluorescent or self-luminous.
Enamel accumulates light energy during the day, and then continuously releases it in the dark. The duration of “work” of such paint without external lighting is about 8-12 hours. The cumulative glow process is a continuous cycle and can be used for several years.
The glow of the paint occurs due to the presence of a special component - phosphor (luminescent pigment). Glow powder adapts well to environment, frost- and heat-resistant, has stable chemical, physical properties and long term operation - more than 30 years. It is used for both external and internal work.
The phosphor is combined with a transparent carrier, usually an acrylic, alkyd or polyurethane-based varnish. The standard proportion of components is 1:3. The type of varnish does not affect the brightness of the glow, but this criterion largely determines the scope of the paint and the durability of the coating.
Scope of application of reflective paints
Glowing paints have a wide range of applications.
1. The material is in demand when creating a glowing effect in the interior, for decorative finishing ceilings, walls, artistic painting, interior design of cafes and night clubs.
2. Original design furniture, paintings, interior items.
3. For body art and creating glowing makeup and manicure.
4. Decoration of artificial or live flower arrangements.
6. For wooden fencing, gazebos and window frames.
7. Applications in silk screen printing - advertising stickers, posters, notepads, etc.
8. Bicycle and car tuning: luminous wheels, hubcaps, calipers, bicycle spokes and frames, protective helmets, spectacular designs on the car body.
9. Creation of warning signs and protective clothing.
Types of luminous paints and features of their use
Glowing paints can be roughly classified according to basic parameters.
Type of active substance (luminescent pigment)
Fluorescent paint, glowing in ultraviolet rays: such paint will not glow on its own, the fluorescent effect disappears after turning off the UV lamp. This type of paint is very often used when decorating exteriors, club rooms and car tuning.
Acrylic varnish is most often used as a base, which makes the coating safe for health. The pigment can have different colors; red, green, pink and yellow look the most impressive.
Glowing (luminescent) paint based on a phosphor: the painted product glows in the dark, releasing the accumulated energy of the sun. To “recharge” this paint, 10-15 minutes of bright daylight or artificial lighting is enough.
Reflective paint begins to glow when light rays hit it. Mainly used for territory markings, road markings, reflective elements and signs. This enamel significantly increases the level of safety on industrial enterprises and roads.
Phosphorescent paint contains an active pigment - phosphorus, which is dangerous to human health. Phosphorus paint is used for car decoration and interior decoration. They try not to use it in the interior, and replace it with paint with a phosphor.
Degree of transparency
Colorless (translucent) in normal light they are practically invisible and have a slight whitish tint. In the dark, the paint glows blue or yellow-green.
Colored paints visible in daylight and emit light in the dark. Often colored enamel contains a phosphor and fluorescent pigment, which allows it to manifest its properties under UV rays and in complete darkness.
The composition of the paints and the presence of special components is determined by the intended purpose of the enamel:
- paint for PVC surfaces and plastics - contains polyurethane-mineral resins that improve the adhesion of materials;
- flower paints are made on the basis of water-acrylic dispersion, which does not harm plants;
- heat-resistant paint for processing metal and glass surfaces— contains polyphenyl resins (maximum permissible exposure to temperature +500 °C);
- paints for aquatic environments - durable water-repellent polyurethane varnish is used.
Comparative characteristics of luminous paints from different manufacturers
The technology for making luminous paints is quite simple and does not require expensive equipment. Therefore, today a large number of large and small enterprises are engaged in the production of luminescent and fluorescent enamels. Let's compare the products of some of them:
| Noxton | LUMINOVATOR | Luminofor | |||
| fluorescent paint | fluorescent paint | fluorescent paint | fluorescent paint | fluorescent paint | |
| Scope of application | painting metal, wood, glass, plastic, flowers, textiles, for body art | decorative works on paper, fabric, plaster, natural stone and primed metal | painting of metal, wood, textiles, PVC | ||
| Basic colors | green, blue, yellow, red, blue, orange, pink | white, yellow, red, blue, orange, green, pink | blue, green, yellow, red, white | light green, red, yellow, blue, purple | |
| The basis | depends on the purpose of the paint | water-soluble acrylic base | waterproof base | acrylic | |
| Packing | 0.5/1/3.5/10 l | 50/100 ml | 100 ml | 250 ml | |
| Consumption | 12-14 l/m2 (one layer) | 100 g per 1-1.5 m2 | 250 g/m2 | 10 l/m2 | |
| Storage conditions | paint for metal: -30 °C...+40 °C; for glass: -10 °C...+40 °C; | from +5 °С to +30 °С | protected from sun rays place | no more than 30 °C | |
How to make glowing paint with your own hands
You can prepare the coloring mixture yourself. For work you will need following components and tools:
- phosphor;
- varnish suitable for the type of coating;
- varnish solvent;
- glass or ceramic containers.
Sequence of preparing luminous paint:
- Pour the varnish into the prepared container.
- Add luminescent pigment. The amount of phosphor will determine the brightness of the paint and the saturation of the glow; the indicator ranges from 15-50%. The optimal proportion of pigment is 30%.
- In order for the phosphor to be better distributed, you need to add a little solvent to the composition. The amount of solvent should not exceed 1% of the total mass.
- Mix the paint until it has a homogeneous consistency.
This technology produces transparent enamel. If desired, you can add a color to the composition, which will give desired shade surfaces.
To obtain a uniform and rich glow of objects during painting, you must adhere to the following rules:
- The surface of the product must be clean and dry.
- The paint must be thoroughly mixed before use, since the phosphor particles precipitate over time.
- The second coat of paint must be applied after the first has dried. The interval between paintings should be at least 1-1.5 hours.
- The brightest glow will be on a plain white surface; a dark base absorbs more emitted energy, so when painting some products it is recommended to pre-treat the surface with white primer.
- When working with phosphorus paints, you need to take care of the means personal protection: glasses with side shields, gloves and a respirator. Painting should be done in a well-ventilated area.
Thanks to unique properties luminous paints have found application in the most different areas, and you can prepare the coloring composition yourself - just adhere to the given proportions and simple technology.
When you are planning a long-awaited party with best friends and friends, or one of your family members is about to have a birthday, then the question arises bluntly - how to entertain guests, how to surprise those gathered and cause a surge of joyful emotions in them. The easiest way is to surprise and amuse little children, who will enthusiastically blow out the candles on the cake, participate in various scenes, or excitedly look for a gift hidden by their parents in the room.
In order to interest adult participants in the festive event, you will have to show your imagination and organize an original scene or tricks. To help you organize an entertaining activity, in this article we will tell you how to make a luminous liquid or luminescent paint with your own hands at home. Can be coated with glow-in-the-dark paint balloons, ribbons and other elements of room decoration, and you can fill any container with liquid and when it gets dark, the room will be filled with bright fabulous colors!
There are quite a few ways to make such water or paint. But most of them are labor-intensive and not entirely suitable for homemade or too complex for an unprepared person. In this article you best options, with the help of which you can easily and quickly (and most importantly - safely for yourself and others!) make your own phosphor. 
First, we will tell you how to make luminescent liquid at home using improvised materials that you can easily find at home or purchase at a nearby retail outlet.
So, let's start with the easiest way:
Recipe 1
Today you can easily purchase luminescent markers or felt-tip pens. To make sure that the marker has luminous properties, draw a few thick lines on a piece of paper that will glow in a shaded area. All that remains is to remove the fiber rod from the marker body and rinse it thoroughly in water.
Recipe 2
how to make glowing paint without using luminol? Everything is very simple!
Simple means at hand - boric acid and pine concentrate. If these products are not at hand, then you can definitely buy them at the nearest pharmacy for ridiculous money;
Now pour 50 ml of clean water into an aluminum container (for example, a ladle or ladle) and dissolve 3 grams in it. pine needle concentrate. Add a pinch of boric acid to another small container and add a solution of pine concentrate a little at a time;
Gently mix everything and continue adding the solution drop by drop. Hold the container over the fire and bring the mixture to a boil;
After boiling, wait for the mixture to cool, add another solution of pine needle concentrate with water. Boil the mixture again until a yellowish liquid - phosphor - forms. This DIY phosphor will glow beautifully in the dark and can be used as paint to decorate various interior objects.
Recipe 3
How to make luminescent water using hydrogen peroxide and other available materials.
First, let's take care of safety precautions by protecting your eyes and open areas body (thick fabric);
Pour 300 ml of water into a glass jar, add a couple of tablespoons of hydrogen peroxide 3%, a tablespoon of salt, a little vinegar;
After this, tightly close the jar with a lid and shake it very vigorously and continue shaking until glowing water forms.
Recipe 4
Using this method, a liquid with a blue glow can be prepared, but the color of the glow can be changed by adding a fluorescent dye.
Prepare a glass flask with a tight-fitting stopper, 0.15 g of luminol, 30 ml of dimexide, 35 g of dry alkali.
Place all components into the flask and cap tightly. Stir everything vigorously until a bluish glow appears. When the glow weakens, carefully open the cap and let in air to make the glow brighter.
Recipe 5
From hydrogen peroxide and luminol
Prepare a tall glass beaker or flask, a solution of 3% luminol - 5 ml, 3% hydrogen peroxide - 10 ml, a couple of crystals of potassium permanganate, a solution of washing powder.
First, you need to pour the washing powder solution into a glass and add the luminol solution and peroxide there;
Now you need to thoroughly grind the potassium permanganate and also add it to the mixture;
Mix the liquid in a glass. It will begin to sparkle and glow beautifully. Adding a little tap water the glow effect is enhanced.
HOW TO MAKE GLOWING LACES AT HOME?
1 way:
What we need: tall glass or flask, 300 ml of water, 2 tablespoons of soda, 3% hydrogen peroxide (2 teaspoons), thick cotton laces.
First you need to pour soda into a glass of water, close the lid and mix thoroughly. Then open the lid and pour in the peroxide. Close the lid tightly again and mix everything thoroughly. Then you need to put the laces in a glass with the mixture and hold them there for 10 minutes.
Method 2:
What we need:
150 ml of clean water;
5 gr. luminol (sold in specialized stores with chemical reagents) or 200 gr. phosphor (this ingredient easily converts energy into glow);
90 ml of hydrogen peroxide 3% (usually sold in any pharmacy);
15 ml of sodium hydroxide solution;
3 g copper sulfate;
Ruben or any other fluorescent dye.
Pour the prepared luminol (yellow powder that glows bluish in neutral or acidic solutions) into a tall glass flask with water. Mix thoroughly.
Now slowly pour in the peroxide and mix the solution again;
Add caustic soda solution and mix everything;
All that remains is to add to the mixture copper sulfate and fluorescent dye;
Mix everything thoroughly and dip the laces into the liquid. After 15 minutes you can pull them out. They will glow in the dark.
3 way:
The surest way to make yourself not just slightly luminescent laces, but laces that glow brightly in the dark. A great feature for lovers of dancing in nightclubs!
But this method will appeal not to amateur chemists, but to lovers of electrical gadgets and all sorts of fashionable devices. The design for making luminous laces is as follows - we make a miniature electronic unit with a thin LED. This LED will run along the center of the silicone cord, allowing light to pass through. The unit will be recharged from a battery. But the lacing should be loose - if you tighten the laces on your shoes too tightly, you will damage the LEDs.
In the photo: phosphor applied to various objects (paint) or poured into containers (liquid consistency)
VIDEO MATERIALS
Glowing paint can be a source of inspiration and material for creating unique decorative effects. It glows in the dark, turning an ordinary room into a fabulous place. But not only the interior is decorated with this paint. Luminescent pigment will help give unusual look any surface or object. And at the same time, the luminous composition is easy to prepare with your own hands at home.
What is luminescent paint and how does it work?
Luminescence is the ability of a substance to glow in the dark due to previously accumulated light energy. Luminescent paint contains substances such as luminous pigments (luminophores). They “accumulate light” during the day or while artificial lighting is on. And when darkness sets in, the bright glow of the painted surface becomes noticeable.
Important! Luminescent (luminescent, self-luminous) compositions should not be confused with. The latter can glow only under the influence of ultraviolet rays (you need to buy special lamps for them).
Luminescent paints glow in the dark due to accumulated light energy The process of accumulation and release of light energy by a phosphor is reversible, so the luminous paint will “work” for years. Phosphor is a physically and chemically stable substance that will last at least 30 years even outside the building. In this case, only 15–20 minutes of “recharging” with bright light is enough for the painted surface to glow for about 8 hours. The brightness of the glow depends on the concentration of the phosphor in the paint.
According to the principle of action, luminescent materials are similar to phosphorescent ones. But the latter contain phosphorus that is hazardous to health. Therefore, they are used very rarely and only for outdoor work. But phosphor-based materials are completely safe.
Scope of application of luminous paints
In addition to the phosphor itself, the luminous paint includes a transparent varnish (it acts as the basis of the material). The area of application of a particular composition depends on the properties of the varnish. It can be selected for almost any surface - metal and plastic, drywall and wallpaper, concrete and plaster, textiles and wood, glass and ceramics.
On a note! The luminous composition can be applied to fresh flowers and used for body art. But it must be an acrylic dispersion water based, safe for health.
Glowing paints are often used when performing body art work.
Luminescent paint is used:
- when applying road markings, painting fences and road signs;
- for decoration internal surfaces(painting drawings on walls, ceilings, floors);
- for painting furniture and other interior elements;
- in make-up, stage art, in the creation of theatrical costumes and scenery;
- in floristry;
- in the production of advertising products (from signs to souvenirs);
- V landscape design(from painting gazebos and fences to creating complex patterns on facades);
- in tuning cars, bicycles, motorcycles (for airbrushing, painting wheels, hubcaps, bumpers, spoilers);
- for the production of workwear for road and emergency services workers.
Car tuning is one of the areas of application of luminous paint
All compositions on the market can be divided into two large groups:
- Colorless (or translucent). These are varnishes that are practically invisible in daylight. They can be applied over any “visible” pattern.
- Colored. In addition to the phosphor, these enamels contain a coloring pigment (color). During the day they look like regular paints, and glow at night.
Available on the market a large assortment luminescent paint Also, luminescent coatings differ in the composition of the base and operational properties. Among them are:
- Polyurethane-mineral enamels. They have high adhesion and are suitable for painting various plastics.
- Water-dispersed (acrylic) emulsions. Safe and dry quickly.
- Heat-resistant paints. They create coatings that can withstand heating up to +500 °C. Good for coloring metal structures, glass, ceramics.
- Waterproof compounds. Create a thin waterproof film on the painted surface. Used for painting swimming pools, drainage systems, and bathroom elements.
How to make glowing paint from phosphor powder?
You can make paint with a glow effect with your own hands. To do this, you need to buy a phosphor, select a transparent varnish and a solvent for it. You will also need ceramic or glass dishes for mixing the ingredients.
Phosphor desired color can be found on the Internet or a building materials store. It is quite expensive, but 100 g of this powder is enough to completely color about 8 square meters. m of surface. The price depends on the color of the glow: pigments in light green, blue and white shades are cheaper, but brighter ones - red, orange, blue, green - are more expensive.
Phosphor – luminous powder for making luminescent paint Important! The varnish should be chosen according to the surface that will be painted. This is the only way the finished paint will adhere well.
How to make glowing paint at home:
- Pour varnish into the dishes.
- Add powdered phosphor (the ideal ratio is when the composition consists of 70% varnish and 30% luminous pigment).
- Add a little solvent to the mixture (up to 1% of the total mass).
- Stir thoroughly.
- If you need to get a colored composition, color is also added to the dishes.
Materials and tools required for preparing luminescent paint The paint made in this way is used and stored in the same way as ordinary varnish of a similar type.
If you really want to, you can make your own phosphor. True, this will require more effort and special reagents. What do we have to do:
Before making a phosphor, you should calculate the required volume of luminous paint. It is quite possible that it will be easier and cheaper to buy ready-made material in a store. In addition, “branded” paint will always be of higher quality than artisanal paint, and the color of the glow can be selected immediately, without lengthy experiments. And having one or several jars of luminescent paint in your arsenal, it’s easy to create unusual thing, stylish tuning or unique interior.
Undoubtedly, everything new is attractive and alluring. Today, the use of light-accumulating energy elements, the so-called phosphors, is becoming increasingly popular. Such elements are actively used on signs in populated areas, on, etc., they are increasingly being used in interiors, highlighting certain objects or entire exhibitions. Naturally, many people have a question about what a phosphor is.
Phosphor - special chemical composition, possessing light-accumulative memory. Light is absorbed from the environment and released as luminous energy under dark conditions. Phosphors in finished form exist in nature. According to classification, they are of organic and inorganic origin. If you have the necessary substances, you can prepare the phosphor yourself.
Photoluminescent phosphors are more often used in production and everyday life. They do not dissolve in water, tolerate ultraviolet radiation well, and do not emit fumes or radiation harmful to health. Luminophores of this type are fireproof, easy to use and operate. The glow emitted by such drugs lasts for 24 hours. Of course, interested users are wondering where to buy phosphor. You can purchase phosphors of the required colors from suppliers of various industrial goods, or in specialized online stores.
They have an unlimited scope of application, ranging from body art to interior design and car tuning. Following fashion, of course, many will try to decorate surrounding objects with interesting glows, trying to make a phosphor with their own hands. Theoretically this is possible. The main thing is to choose the right proportions Supplies and create optimal conditions for a chemical reaction.
In order to make a phosphor with your own hands, you must also have pine concentrate available.
In order for there to be a result, all elements must be taken in their pure form without impurities. They can be purchased at the right quantity in pharmacies. The concentrate is dissolved in clean water in a ratio of 1 g per 50 ml. You can determine that there is enough pine concentrate by its color - it should be bright yellow. Separately, it is necessary to weigh the same amounts of boric acid, approximately 2 grams each. This can be done using a scale or a teaspoon.
A portion of boric acid is applied to a previously prepared aluminum plate, mixed with a pine solution (10 drops), and leveled over the surface (approximately, the layer of the mixture should be about 2-3 mm). The plate is placed on a hot plate to warm up. It is important that fully formed bubbles must be carefully pierced using a needle. A do-it-yourself phosphor made in this way will glow in the dark after complete hardening.
Here is one method of producing phosphor. In fact, there are about a dozen recipes, some of them are complex. technological process, requiring special equipment and conditions.
Glowing paint in the dark looks simply incredible, giving a huge scope for imagination when using it. In this article we will consider the principle of operation of such paint, its characteristics and give advice on choosing. Let's talk about the technology for making luminous paint at home.
Composition and principle of action of luminous paint
Luminescence is the ability of materials to glow with the onset of darkness or when the artificial light source is turned off. This effect can be given to any object by treating it with a special luminous paint, which is also called phosphor, luminescent, fluorescent or self-luminous.
Enamel accumulates light energy during the day, and then continuously releases it in the dark. The duration of “work” of such paint without external lighting is about 8-12 hours. The cumulative glow process is a continuous cycle and can be used for several years.
The glow of the paint occurs due to the presence of a special component - phosphor (luminescent pigment). The luminous powder adapts well to the environment, is frost- and heat-resistant, has stable chemical and physical properties and a long service life - more than 30 years. It is used for both external and internal work.
The phosphor is combined with a transparent carrier, usually an acrylic, alkyd or polyurethane-based varnish. The standard proportion of components is 1:3. The type of varnish does not affect the brightness of the glow, but this criterion largely determines the scope of the paint and the durability of the coating.
Scope of application of reflective paints
Glowing paints have a wide range of applications.
1. The material is in demand when creating a luminous effect in the interior, for decorative finishing of ceilings, walls, applying artistic painting, in the interior design of cafes and night clubs.
2. Original design of furniture, paintings, interior items.
3. For body art and creating glowing makeup and manicure.
4. Decoration of artificial or live flower arrangements.
6. For wooden fences, gazebos and window frames.
7. Applications in silk screen printing - advertising stickers, posters, notepads, etc.
8. Bicycle and car tuning: luminous wheels, hubcaps, calipers, bicycle spokes and frames, protective helmets, spectacular designs on the car body.
9. Creation of warning signs and protective clothing.
Types of luminous paints and features of their use
Glowing paints can be roughly classified according to basic parameters.
Type of active substance (luminescent pigment)
Fluorescent paint, glowing in ultraviolet rays: such paint will not glow on its own, the fluorescent effect disappears after turning off the UV lamp. This type of paint is very often used when decorating exteriors, club rooms and car tuning.
Acrylic varnish is most often used as a base, which makes the coating safe for health. The pigment can have different colors; red, green, pink and yellow look the most impressive.
Glowing (luminescent) paint based on a phosphor: the painted product glows in the dark, releasing the accumulated energy of the sun. To “recharge” this paint, 10-15 minutes of bright daylight or artificial lighting is enough.
Reflective paint begins to glow when light rays hit it. Mainly used for territory markings, road markings, reflective elements and signs. This enamel significantly increases the level of safety in industrial enterprises and roads.
Phosphorescent paint contains an active pigment - phosphorus, which is dangerous to human health. Phosphorus paint is used for car decoration and interior decoration. They try not to use it in the interior, and replace it with paint with a phosphor.
Degree of transparency
Colorless (translucent) in normal light they are practically invisible and have a slight whitish tint. In the dark, the paint glows blue or yellow-green.
Colored paints visible in daylight and emit light in the dark. Often colored enamel contains a phosphor and fluorescent pigment, which allows it to manifest its properties under UV rays and in complete darkness.
The composition of the paints and the presence of special components is determined by the intended purpose of the enamel:
- paint for PVC surfaces and plastics - contains polyurethane-mineral resins that improve the adhesion of materials;
- flower paints are made on the basis of water-acrylic dispersion, which does not harm plants;
- heat-resistant paint for treating metal and glass surfaces - contains polyphenyl resins (maximum permissible temperature exposure is +500 ° C);
- paints for aquatic environments - durable water-repellent polyurethane varnish is used.
Comparative characteristics of luminous paints from different manufacturers
The technology for making luminous paints is quite simple and does not require expensive equipment. Therefore, today a large number of large and small enterprises are engaged in the production of luminescent and fluorescent enamels. Let's compare the products of some of them:
| Noxton | LUMINOVATOR | Luminofor | |||
| fluorescent paint | fluorescent paint | fluorescent paint | fluorescent paint | fluorescent paint | |
| Scope of application | painting metal, wood, glass, plastic, flowers, textiles, for body art | decorative work on paper, fabric, plaster, natural stone and primed metal | painting of metal, wood, textiles, PVC | ||
| Basic colors | green, blue, yellow, red, blue, orange, pink | white, yellow, red, blue, orange, green, pink | blue, green, yellow, red, white | light green, red, yellow, blue, purple | |
| The basis | depends on the purpose of the paint | water soluble acrylic base | waterproof base | acrylic | |
| Packing | 0.5/1/3.5/10 l | 50/100 ml | 100 ml | 250 ml | |
| Consumption | 12-14 l/m2 (one layer) | 100 g per 1-1.5 m2 | 250 g/m2 | 10 l/m2 | |
| Storage conditions | paint for metal: -30 °C...+40 °C; for glass: -10 °C...+40 °C; | from +5 °С to +30 °С | in a place protected from sunlight | no more than 30 °C | |
How to make glowing paint with your own hands
You can prepare the coloring mixture yourself. To work you will need the following components and tools:
- phosphor;
- varnish suitable for the type of coating;
- varnish solvent;
- glass or ceramic containers.
Sequence of preparing luminous paint:
- Pour the varnish into the prepared container.
- Add luminescent pigment. The amount of phosphor will determine the brightness of the paint and the saturation of the glow; the indicator ranges from 15-50%. The optimal proportion of pigment is 30%.
- In order for the phosphor to be better distributed, you need to add a little solvent to the composition. The amount of solvent should not exceed 1% of the total mass.
- Mix the paint until it has a homogeneous consistency.
This technology produces transparent enamel. If desired, you can add a color to the composition, which will give the desired shade to the surface.
To obtain a uniform and rich glow of objects during painting, you must adhere to the following rules:
- The surface of the product must be clean and dry.
- The paint must be thoroughly mixed before use, since the phosphor particles precipitate over time.
- The second coat of paint must be applied after the first has dried. The interval between paintings should be at least 1-1.5 hours.
- The brightest glow will be on a plain white surface; a dark base absorbs more emitted energy, so when painting some products it is recommended to pre-treat the surface with white primer.
- When working with phosphorus paints, you need to take care of personal protective equipment: glasses with side shields, gloves and a respirator. Painting should be done in a well-ventilated area.
Thanks to their unique properties, luminous paints have found application in a variety of fields, and you can prepare the coloring composition yourself - just adhere to the given proportions and simple technology.
