There are many types of devices for early detection fire sources that are part of fire alarm installations/systems, which, in turn, are elements. Various fire detectors are also integral parts of gas, water, powder detectors, without which the operation of both industrial facilities and public buildings is impossible today.
In the vast majority of cases, point PIs are used, which determine the appearance of factors that cause a fire in a controlled area limited by its own technical characteristics, usually in the shape of a circle or sector. However, in many industrial, warehouse, public buildings/structures that have a large height, width, and length, they are not applicable, because this excludes their capabilities and restrictions on use.
In such cases, to protect objects, specialists from design organizations provide for the use of linear PIs, which can detect the appearance of heat and smoke in a straight section/area of the room, even over a considerable length.
Very similar devices in purpose, only to protect the property of citizens/organizations from theft, are linear security detectors, designed to control unauthorized crossing of the perimeter, active detection zone.
Types of linear fire detectors
To them on the basis of the definition that establishes the design standards of APS, ASPT; It sounds like a linear fire detector (smoke, heat) is an IP that responds to signs of fire in an extended protected area, there are two types of such technical devices:
- Linear smoke detector (IPDL) is a product that transmits an IR beam through a device/sensor that is sensitive to the transparency of the air in a protected room/building. If smoke exceeds the set threshold value, the optical detector will be activated, transmitting alarm signal for receiving equipment of APS installations, control and starting devices of ASPT. In many ways, it is precisely due to the thin, straight line of the IR beam and the location of the transceiver devices exactly on the same axis that such types are called linear IP.
- In addition, they are divided into two types - two- or one-component systems. The first is the traditional layout of the product, consisting of two devices: transmitting a continuous optical signal, and receiving it on the opposite side of the room. The second is when the transmitting and receiving parts are made in a single housing, and the transmitted IR beam is directed to a passive reflector/reflector, precisely fixed in place opposite the device. Such linear detectors with reflector are more modern devices, requiring lower costs for laying substation cables and configuring products.
- Heat detector linear (IPLT) also has several varieties depending on the type of temperature-sensitive cable used in this product. They can be contact, electronic, mechanical or optical, and for all of them the main purpose is to fix a threshold or differential increase in temperature along the entire length of the thermal cable. It is worth considering them separately.
- Contact. In them, the temperature-sensitive elements consist of several conductors in fusible insulation.
- Electronic. They are based on changes in electric current under the influence of heat. Here, thermoelements are many sensors as part of a multi-core cable.
- Mechanical. The sensitive element is metal tube, filled with compressed gas, the pressure of which increases with increasing ambient temperature, which is recorded by the sensor of the electronic unit, which transmits a signal to the device.
- Optical. They use fiber optic cable, the physical characteristics of which also change when heated.
For more information on the topic, watch the video
Among the line of models of linear heat and smoke IP products, many manufacturing companies have products designed to protect premises in buildings/structures with high temperatures.
Many specialists from design organizations fire department, installation companies believe that it is quite possible to classify them as linear individual entrepreneurs; because, although their active zone for detecting fire origin factors is sectoral, the main indicator is the detection range, which for some models is up to 80 m, and this is comparable to the technical characteristics of smoke linear IP.
Pros and cons of linear detectors
The main advantage of linear IP is the ability to protect with them those objects where the use of point detectors is difficult, if not impossible, due to design features buildings/structures, technological process, specific installation locations in the premises:
- Smoke. Installation in buildings with large construction volumes, internal, undivided spaces, such as assembly and other workshops of various industries in industrial facilities, warehouse complexes, logistics centers, exhibition and sports facilities, as well as museum institutions, architectural monuments, where the installation of traditional heat and smoke IP on the ceilings various reasons impossible or unacceptable. In addition, IPDLs are more sensitive to black smoke and have a high response rate to the appearance of pyrolysis products in the air.
- Thermal. IPLT can be installed where installation of point analogues is impossible - in technological galleries, cable tunnels, ventilation ducts, others engineering communications buildings/structures, in other areas difficult to access/maintain regularly; and also for protection various equipment, even if the surrounding air environment characterized by constant high levels of dust, gas contamination, humidity, and chemical aggressiveness.
- Flame sensors installed for protection technological equipment, located on the outdoor areas of industrial enterprises, incl. for work in harsh climatic conditions.
The disadvantages of linear detectors include the high cost of the kit, which, however, pays off due to the fact that one product replaces several, or even more than a dozen smoke and heat IPs based on the protected area of the room.
Types of linear detectors
Among the products sold today on the market of components for alarm systems, the following models should be highlighted, characterized by good technical characteristics, reliability, ease of maintenance, and maintainability:
- IP-104/IPLT from the FlameStop company (Moscow) with a possible length of up to 3 (!) km. Temperature response range from + 68 to 185℃. Thermal cable is a twisted pair with a steel core coated with copper and tin. The main shell is PVC, protective for various modifications - nylon (for outdoor installation, aggressive environments), polypropylene (for chemically active areas), in steel braiding - for protection from damage. Resistant to external temperatures up to + 125℃. Diameter – from 3.6 to 4.5 mm depending on the outer shell. Weight – up to 20 kg/1 km. Protected from electromagnetic interference.
- IP-104 “Granat - thermal cable” produced by the Spetspribor company (Kazan). The maximum length of use is up to 2 km. Operation temperature – from 68 to 180℃. The maximum width of the protection zone is up to 7.6 m, the recommended width is up to 5 m. Outside diameter– 5 mm.
- IPLT XCR from Pozhtekhnika Group of Companies (Moscow). The used length of the IP is up to 1220 m. The outer diameter is 4 mm. The outer shell is made of fluoropolymer, resistant to aggressive chemical environments.
- Thermal cable PHSC-155-ECP from Protectowire. The length of the plume is up to 2 km. Diameter – 4 mm.
- IPDL D/II-4R. The most common fire detector of this type, produced for more than two decades by NPF Poliservis from St. Petersburg, consisting of two blocks - an IR transmitter and a receiver. Range – up to 150 m. Protection – IP
- IPDL-52M produced by IVS-Spetsavtomatika. A single-component linear detector, which includes a transceiver unit made in one housing and a reflector. Range – up to 80 m, width of the protection zone – up to 9 m.
- IP 212 "Trion-L2-MK" of the "SMD Company" is intended for the protection of explosion- and fire-hazardous premises. Controlled area – up to 900 sq. m. Protection – IP
- IP 212-125 (6500R) from the SensorSystem company. Single-component device of a new generation. Operating range – up to 70 m. Protection – IP
- Arton-DL. Linear single-component smoke IP with a range of up to 100 m.
- IPDL-EX. Manufacturer: NVP "Bolid". Two-component device designed for installation in hazardous areas. The range of this linear detector– up to 150 m.
In addition to these models/brands, there are many more different products on the fire-fighting equipment market, so for optimal choice it is necessary to proceed from the characteristics of the premises of buildings/structures, external installations/equipment, upcoming conditions of installation, operation and further maintenance.
Linear fire detectors: thermal, gas, combined
Rules for installation and indoor installation
The standards for installing linear power supplies are set out in SP 5.13130.2009, in particular with regard to IPDL:
- Detectors must be placed in such a way that there are no different objects between the devices, even temporarily.
- Installation of linear fire detectors in a room with a height of more than 12 m should be carried out in two tiers.
- Installation of IPDL when protecting an area/room with two or more products should be carried out so that the distance between them is no more than 9 m, and from the wall - no more than 4.5 m.
The designation of a linear fire detector depends on the type of IP - thermal, smoke, flame.
Laboratory studies have established that linear detectors are significantly superior in sensitivity and response speed to both thermal and smoke traditional detectors.
As a rule, this does not at all mean the preference for choosing IPLT/IPDL instead of targeted IP. Each type has its own tasks, determined both by technical characteristics and the upcoming places of installation, operation and maintenance, which is always taken into account during development design and estimate documentation, including the cost of various products.
In practice, large facilities use several types of fire detectors, both point and linear, which is facilitated by the possibility of connecting them to the same control and control devices, for example, produced by the Bolid company.
Main areas of application of thermal cable
The PHSC thermal cable is intended for use in facilities of large length and area, tunnels, and in places where the use of traditional fire detection means is difficult. It is a fire heat detector that allows you to determine the distance to the point of its activation with an accuracy of up to a meter.
PHSC thermal cable is widely used in the oil and gas industry, chemical production and metallurgy. A significant feature of the thermal cable produced by Protectowire (Pozhtekhnika - the official Russian distributor) is its operating conditions: the PHSC linear heat detector can be used in areas of increased pollution, humidity, exposure to chemicals, low temperatures, the thermal cable can be laid in close proximity to equipment requiring fire protection /temperature control.
Typical objects where thermal cables are used: cable routes, tunnels, subways, aircraft hangars, conveyor belts, elevators, transformer substations, electrical equipment, large area storage facilities, storage facilities liquid fuel, cold storages, cooling towers of nuclear power plants and thermal power plants, piers, covered bridges, garages, storage tanks.
Standards for laying thermal cables according to NPB 88-2001
- Linear heat detector - the thermal cable must be laid in direct contact with the fire load.
- The thermal cable can be installed under the ceiling above the fire load in accordance with the regulations for the placement of heat detectors. See table below.
- Priority should be given to the technical specifications specified by the manufacturer.
- The distance from the thermal cable to the ceiling must be at least 15 millimeters.
- When used on racks, laying along the upper tiers is allowed.
Detailed description of Protectowire PHSC thermal cable
A linear heat detector (thermal cable) manufactured by Protectowire (USA) is a cable that allows you to detect a source of overheating anywhere along its entire length. The thermal cable is a single sensor continuous action and is used in cases where operating conditions do not allow the installation and use of conventional sensors, and in conditions of increased explosion hazard, the use of a thermal cable is optimal solution. The Protectowire Linear Heat Detector consists of two steel conductors, each coated with a heat-sensitive polymer. Insulating-coated conductors are twisted to create mechanical stress between them. The conductors are externally coated with a protective sheath and braided to protect them from exposure unfavorable conditions environment. The principle of operation of a thermal cable is based on the destruction of the insulating coating made of a heat-sensitive polymer under the influence of pressure from the conductors when a threshold value of the ambient temperature is reached. In this case, the conductors are closed to each other. This can occur at any hot spot along the entire length of the thermal cable. To trigger the cable, you do not need to wait for a section of a certain length to heat up. The Protectowire thermal cable allows you to generate an alarm when a temperature threshold is reached at any point along the entire length of the thermal cable. 
Structure of the Protectowire PHSC series thermal cable
Currently, there are five types of Protectowire thermal cables, differing from each other in the model type and the material of the outer protective sheath, which allows the thermal cable to be used in different conditions environment.
EPC- EPC type thermal cable has a durable extruded outer protective PVC sheath, providing reliable protection cable under various environmental conditions. The thermal cable of this series is universal and is well suited for both industrial and commercial use. The thermal cable sheath is fire and moisture resistant and
Retains good flexibility when used at low temperatures.
EPR - EPR type thermal cable has a durable fire-resistant outer sheath made of polypropylene, resistant to ultraviolet radiation. Designed for wide use in industry and is characterized by high elasticity, resistance to chemically aggressive environments, abrasion, exposure to atmospheric conditions and reliable operation under high temperatures ah environment.
XLT- XLT type thermal cable has a polymer outer sheath and was specially designed for use in extreme conditions low temperatures. This sheath allows the use of this cable in refrigerated warehouses, commercial freezers, unheated warehouses, as well as in the harsh climatic conditions of the North.
TRI- thermal cable type TRI (TRI-Wire™) is a unique linear heat detector that allows you to receive two alarm signals (“Pre-alarm” and “Fire”) depending on the set temperature thresholds. The thermal cable is enclosed in a PVC sheath and has characteristics similar to the EPC series.
XCR- new on Russian market. The XCR series thermal cable is encased in a high quality fluoropolymer outer sheath. This type of detector was specially developed for objects for the protection of which it is necessary to use reliable, high-tech and environmentally friendly clean equipment. Main feature The thermal cable of the XCR series has a fluoropolymer fire-resistant sheath, with reduced smoke and gas emission, providing the highest mechanical abrasion strength over a wide temperature range. The shell also provides protection to the heat-sensitive polymer from a wide variety of acids, alkalis, organic solvents and simple gases. In addition, the shell is resistant to sunlight (including UV radiation), as well as to various weather conditions.
This type of thermal cable allows use at extremely low temperatures and demonstrates best performance compared to other types.
Advantages of using Protectowire thermal cable:
- High sensitivity throughout the detector.
- Five different temperature ranges.
- High resistance to humidity, dust and chemicals.
- Indispensable when used in low temperature conditions.
- Simplicity and ease of installation.
- No operating costs (no maintenance required).
- Service life more than 25 years.
- The entire range of Protectowire thermal cables used is certified fire safety Russian Federation, as well as FM and UL certificates.
Electromechanical characteristics of Protectowire thermal cable.
Resistance* ~ 0.656 Ohm/m
Capacitance* ~ 98.4 pF/m
Inductance* ~ 8.2 µH/m
Electrical insulation strength = 500V (AC), 750V (DC)
Maximum operating voltage = 40V (DC)
Cable outer diameter (EPC, EPR, XLT, XCR) ~ 4mm
Cable outer diameter (TRI) ~ 4.5mm
* - Electrical characteristics are indicated for twisted pair conductor
Temperature conditions of PHSC thermal cable
Classification of PHSC thermal cables according to temperature conditions work
Optical thermal cable Protectowire
Currently, complex data processing systems are stopped technological processes caused by overheating and fires, cause colossal losses to the economy of enterprises and lead to a significant loss of recovery time. To prevent such situations, the occurrence of fires and local overheating must be determined at an early stage and in as soon as possible. That's why Protectowire linear heat detectors are the primary detection system for many industrial plants.
Protectowire is a leader in linear temperature rise detection technology. Thousands of similar systems are installed around the world.
The new FiberSystem 4000 product uses the most Hi-tech in the field of fiber optic temperature measurement method. The system includes unique components and shows results unattainable by competitors in this field.
Principle of operation
FiberSystem 4000 makes temperature measurements using a fiber optic that functions as a line detector. The temperature recorded along the entire optical cable represents a continuous profile of values. This guarantees high accuracy determining temperature differences over large distances and surfaces in the shortest time intervals.
The FiberSystem 4000 temperature measurement principle is based on back-Raman scattering. An optical thermal cable is a light guide cable that is sensitive to heat and light radiation. Using the signal conditioning unit, the temperature values in the thermal cable fiber can be determined for specific points.
In addition to radiant scattering, additional light scattering (Raman scattering) occurs in the fiberglass material when exposed to heat. Temperature changes induce lattice vibrations in the molecular complex of quartz glass. If light falls on these thermally excited vibrations of molecules, then the interaction of particles of light (photons) and electrons of the molecules occurs. Temperature-dependent light scattering occurs in the light guide, which is spectrally shifted with respect to the incident light by an amount resonant frequency lattice vibrations.
Backscatter contains three different spectral components:
Rayleigh scattering (optical scattering of light on molecules that occurs without changing the wavelength) with the wavelength of the laser source used;
. higher wavelength Stokes components;
. anti-Stokes components with lower wavelength.
The intensity of the anti-Stokes group depends on temperature, while the Stokes group is almost independent of it. The local temperature measurement at any location in the fiber is calculated from the ratio of the intensity of the anti-Stokes and Stokes components. A special feature of the Raman effect is the direct measurement of temperature using the Kelvin scale.
Using a semiconductor laser and a new evaluation method, the FiberSystem 4000 controller is capable of processing scattering effects (Rayleigh and Raman) along 4 km of optical thermal cable and reliably indicating temperature changes within 1-2°C per minute.
Protectowire FiberSystem 4000. Optical thermal cable PFS series
Distinctive features of PFS series optical thermal cables:
two cable models for different operating conditions;
reliable protection against electromagnetic radiation;
ability to work in difficult operating conditions;
does not require maintenance;
fire-resistant protective shell;
programmable response temperature.
The optical thermal cable measures temperature readings through an optical fiber that functions as a linear heat detector. The ambient temperature is controlled along the entire length of the optical thermal cable, which guarantees accurate measurements over large distances and areas. An optical thermal cable consists of a tube made of of stainless steel or polyamide with an outer diameter of 1.2-1.8 mm. The tube, filled with a special gel, contains two independent quartz fibers with color markings. This design ensures that the cable fibers always remain waterproof. Depending on the model of the optical thermal cable, the tube is covered with braided stainless steel or aramid fiber (Kevlar®). On the outside, the optical thermal cable is enclosed in black
fire-resistant plastic protective shell. The outer diameter of the optical thermal cable is 4mm.
Optical thermal cable Protectowire PFS series
Application:
Tunnels
. Cable routes and trays
. Conveyor belts
. Distribution boards
. Transformer
. Cooling towers (cooling towers)
. Mines
. Pipelines
. Bridges, piers, ships
. Aircraft hangars
Currently, optical thermal cables are widely used in various industries and production. The unique features of the optical thermal cable also allow it to be used for monitoring power cables, icing road surface, leaks in pipelines, etc.
In the field of fire detection, fiber optic technology is ideal for industry as well as many types of commercial applications. The Protectowire PFS Series optical thermal cable offers unique advantages over other types of sensors, especially when used in hard to reach places or harsh environmental conditions. When using an optical thermal cable with the Protectowire FiberSystem 4000 OTS controller, periodic measurements are taken, which allows you to get a dynamic picture of temperature changes.
Benefits of use
When used in conjunction with an OTS controller and unique visualization software, the cable identifies and locates alarms anywhere along the cable's length.
. Unique ability to divide into zones. The total cable length can be divided into 128 zones to accommodate different requirements (video surveillance, ventilation, fire extinguishing, etc.).
Different alarm conditions by zone. An alarm can be triggered based on the maximum temperature for each zone, the increase in temperature over time, or the temperature difference between the measurement point and the average temperature in the zone.
. Stainless steel or aramid fiber braiding and a fire-resistant outer shell provide reliable protection against mechanical damage.
. Convenience and ease of installation. Using necessary tools Connection of cable sections is allowed. Connections can be made without loss technical characteristics systems.
PFS Thermal Cable Specification
The PFS product series consists of two various types optical thermal cable. Each of the two cable types has a unique structure that allows the detectors to be used under different installation, operating and environmental conditions.
PFS-504-FR- The base of the FR cable consists of a stainless steel tube, which contains two independent quartz fibers with a diameter of 0.25 mm and color-coded. The tube is filled with a waterproof, thermally conductive compound to protect the fibers from moisture. Steel tube covered with stainless steel braid for high temperature protection and reinforcement mechanical strength cable. On the outside, the cable is covered with a fire-resistant thermoplastic sheath, which does not contain halogen elements and does not harm the environment. This type of optical thermal cable is ideal for use in different temperatures environment and harsh operating conditions.
Structure of the Protectowire PFS series optical thermal cable
PFS-604-MF- The main feature of the MF cable is the absence of metal. This type of cable is specifically designed for use in areas exposed to electromagnetic radiation such as tunnels, cable routes high voltage and transformer substations. Unlike the FR series, the stainless steel tube and braid are replaced by polyamide tube with aramid fiber braid. This helps to minimize the risks associated with electromagnetic interference. The outer shell is also made of flame retardant thermoplastic, as is the entire PFS range of products. This type of optical thermal cable is multi-purpose and equally suitable for industrial and commercial applications.
Mounting accessories
A wide range of accessories is available for installation and maintenance of the optical thermal cable. They include several types of clips, ties, O-rings, mounting clips, cable lugs, connectors and zone boxes. Proper use of these accessories guarantees reliable installation. Equipment approved or supplied by Protectowire must be used for installation and servicing.
OTS Series Controller
To receive and process information from the fiber optic thermal cable, as well as to issue signals to alarm systems, FiberSystrm 4000 includes an OTS controller.
Features of OTS series controllers.
- Unique zoning abilities. A single cable line can be divided into up to 128 zones.
- Different alarm triggering criteria for each zone.
- Programmable control logic.
- Possibility of temperature control along the cable laying line.
- When using additional software, graphical display of zones, indication of temperature changes, determination of the size of the fire source and the spread of fire are available.
- Possibility of transmitting information via Ethernet interface (TCP/IP).
Protectowire OTS 4000 controller
Each OTS controller has 4 optically isolated inputs and 10 programmable dry contact outputs (9 alarm outputs and 1 universal output) to transmit status information to the control panel. Additional blocks with universal programmable outputs (“dry contact”) are optionally available. To download the initial configuration, a connection to a computer (PC) via the RS232 interface is provided.
Each controller can be connected to a PC with installed program visualization that allows you to clearly display the status of zones and temperature changes. An additional Ethernet interface (TCP/IP) is also available for controllers for network integration.
OTS Controller Configuration
The OTS controller is designed for installation in a standard 19-inch rack and is a modular complex consisting of a signal transmission module, a signal reception module, a digital module (also containing RS232, Ethernet interfaces) and a power supply module (24V DC or optional 115/ 230V AC).
The signal transmission module contains a semiconductor laser and means for its control, the function of which is a source of laser radiation.
The signal receiving module contains all the necessary optical system, including the optical receiver. The function of this module is to receive laser radiation generated by the transmission module and passed through the optical cable. The module carries out optical and electrical transformations of Raman backscattering, obtained in the form of a spectral distribution, and its amplification.
The digital module controls all controller operations and the temperature measurement process. Based on the received data, the module calculates temperature changes along the entire length of the cable, manages alarms distributed across zones, and exchanges information via RS232 interfaces or through an additional Ethernet interface. Software devices (firmware) is also stored in this module.
The power supply module supplies operating voltage to all device components.
OTS Controller Specifications
Overall dimensions of the controller (H x W x D): 135mm x 449mm x 318mm
Weight: 10.2kg
Operating temperature: 0°С... +40°С
Maximum air humidity: 95% (non-condensing)
SPR 4x4 control panel and PIM modules
To work together with a thermal cable, interface modules PIM-120, PIM-430D, as well as control panel SPR 4x4.
The SPR 4x4 control and reception device has four cables for connecting a thermal cable. Each loop can connect up to 1200 m of detector. The built-in meter counter allows you to determine the trigger point with an accuracy of one meter. The device has four output relay groups and flexible logic for combining loops and output signals into zones.
Main characteristics:
4 addressless alarm loops
. 1 control loop
. 4 control loops
. Power supply 220V (AC), 50Hz, power consumption 0.3kW
. Two rechargeable batteries 12V, 7A*h
. Output relays “Fault”, “Fire”
. DIP switches for programming control loops
For connection to addressless PPKUP loops from other manufacturers, as well as to input modules address systems fire alarm interface modules PIM-120 and PIM-430D have been developed, which consist of an electronic board mounted in a plastic case with a transparent cover.
A distinctive feature of PIM-120 is its extended operating range (the ability to connect a thermal cable up to 2000m long), small dimensions, as well as low cost. On the front side of the board there are LEDs indicating the status of “Fire” (red), “Fault” (yellow) and “Power” (green).
PIM-430D has two independent loops for connecting a thermal cable with the ability to connect up to 2000 m of detector to each loop (when using a two-temperature cable, both inputs of the device loop are used for one detector). The PIM-430D has a 4-digit digital indicator located at the top of the board, which displays the distance in meters to the thermal cable stabilization point ( maximum length detection range is up to 2000m for each loop). When connecting two single-temperature thermal cables (separately) or a two-temperature cable (with a common point), the length to the detector trigger point is indicated manually using a three-position switch. In standby mode, the indicator is de-energized and does not consume energy. On the front side of the PIM-430D board there are five LEDs to indicate the “Fire” (red) and “Fault” (yellow) states for each of the two loops, as well as “Power” (green). The block transitions to the “Fire” state when any connected linear detector is triggered. In this case, the signal loop is not blocked - the device returns to standby mode automatically after
eliminating the cause that caused the “Fire” condition. The “Fault” signal is generated when the connection circuit of the linear heat detector is broken.
For their operation, interface converters PIM-120 and PIM-430D require power from an external 24V source (DC). All output signals of the devices are “dry contact”.
* It is recommended to connect PIM modules to the control device according to the classical scheme with the transmission of the “Fire” and “Fault” signals into one loop. To increase the reliability of the system and increase the reliability of events, it is recommended to connect several PIM-120 modules to two single-threshold loops of control devices, or to two inputs of monitoring modules, when used in addressable systems.
* It is recommended to connect PIM modules to the control device according to the classical scheme with the transmission of the “Fire” and “Fault” signals into one loop. To increase the reliability of the system and increase the reliability of events, it is recommended to connect the PIM-430D module to two single-threshold loops of control devices, or to two inputs of monitoring modules when used in addressable systems.
Trigger Point Determination Calibration
After installing the PIM-430D, it is necessary to calibrate it to compensate for the resistance of the cable that connects the PIM-430D to the zone box (the initial section of the thermal cable loop). To do this, you must perform the following procedures:
1. Disconnect all equipment from the PIM-430D output relay contacts before energizing it.
2. Close the contacts of loop No. 1 in the first zone box (when using a two-temperature cable, close the contacts of the low temperature and the common cable)
3. On the PIM-430D module, tilt the thermal cable length display switch to the left and hold it in this position. The display will show the length of the thermal cable. 4. To calibrate (set the zero length of the thermal cable), you need to turn the potentiometer screw Z1 to a position at which the display displays “0”. After this, remove the jumper (installed in step 2) and reset the PIM-430D by switching on again. When using a two-temperature TRI-Wire cable, you must immediately proceed to step 6.
5. This procedure designed in the case of using two PIM-430D cables for use with two two-core thermal cables. It is necessary to carry out the measures described in paragraphs 2, 3, 4, applicable to loop No. 2. In this case, it is necessary to use the input contacts of cable No. 2, potentiometer Z2 and the switch for displaying the cable length, while deflecting it to the right.
6. This procedure is a calibration of the built-in counter. The procedure is carried out by the manufacturer and does not require configuration. However, this may be necessary if incorrect meter readings are detected. Calibration is performed after setting the zero position described in paragraph 4. In this case, it is necessary to close the contacts of the thermal cable line at the location where the terminal resistance is installed (in the last zone box) of loop No. 1 (or the contacts of the pre-alarm loop when using a two-temperature TRI-Wire cable). In the two-temperature TRI-Wire cable, the pre-alarm function (low temperature response) is implemented with pink and black conductors.
To carry out calibration, you need to tilt the thermal cable length display switch to the left and hold it in this position. Use the “Calibrate” potentiometer screw to adjust until the display shows the actual length of the thermal cable installed in the cable. No more calibrations for this module
no need to carry out.
7. Carry out similar procedures for all PIM-430D modules used in the system. After performing the calibrations, connect all devices to the PIM-430D that were disabled in step 1 and perform a general system reset.
Thermal cable. Basic provisions
The Protectowire Linear Heat Detector operates on the principle of a normally open contact that closes when triggered. In this regard, the thermal cable should only be used in fire alarm loops that can detect a contact closure and transmit an alarm signal.
Protectowire thermal cable is a contact device with active resistance distributed along the entire length of the cable, unlike traditional point thermal
detectors that change their resistance when triggered. The relatively high resistance of the detector (1 Ohm for every 1.5 m of twisted pair) requires measurements of the resistance of each device to which the thermal cable will be connected to determine the maximum allowable length of the detector in order to avoid exceeding the established maximum resistance of the fire alarm loop.
When using large sections of thermal cable, the resistance in the loop may exceed the permissible values, as a result of which the control panel will constantly issue a “Fault” signal, or the alarm loop will not be able to generate an alarm. This problem is solved using interface modules PIM-120 and PIM-430D, to which you can connect up to 2000 m of thermal cable (PIM-430D - up to 2000 m of thermal cable for each loop).
Installation of thermal cable
The Protectowire thermal cable must be laid in sections without taps and branches, in accordance with the existing standards of the Russian Federation for the location and configuration of a linear heat detector in space. In addition to the requirements for dividing into detection zones (determination of the alarm source), the length of each piece of thermal cable is limited and controlled by the device to which the detector is connected.
Thermal cable location
In accordance with the existing requirements of the Russian Federation, the Protectowire linear heat detector must be located under the ceiling or in direct contact with the fire load. Distance from sensitive element the detector to the overlap must be at least 25mm. When storing materials on racks, thermal cables can be laid along the top of tiers and racks.
The thermal cable is laid directly above the source of danger so that it is exposed to hot air in case of fire or under any horizontal
a surface that will cause a similar radial spread of heat as the ceiling of the room in which the protected object is located.
In some cases, it is very important to detect overheating, which can cause equipment failure or fire. A typical example is the protection of electric motors or conveyor rollers, the roller bearings of which overheat and jam. In such cases, the thermal cable can be installed close to the critical part of the protected object, which ensures quick response of the detector.
Laying routes for a linear heat detector
All models of Protectowire linear heat detector have been tested and certified by Underwriters Laboratories (UL, USA) and VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia. By
The results of tests carried out in accordance with the requirements of testing standards established by certification bodies determined the maximum permissible distances between thermal cable laying lines relative to the maximum detector coverage area for various applications.
Maximum distance between Protectowire thermal cable runs
When installing a thermal cable, it is very important to keep in mind that the distances included in the existing norms and requirements of the Russian Federation represent the maximum permissible values between sections of the thermal cable and should be used as a starting point for designing the location of the detector. Depending on specific application conditions, such as ceiling design and height, physical obstructions, air currents, or local fire regulations, the maximum permissible distance between thermal cable runs may be reduced.
When installing thermal cables on ceilings, the distance between parallel sections of cables should not exceed the maximum permissible value specified existing standards and requirements of the Russian Federation. Thus, the thermal cable should be laid at a distance of no more than ½ of the established permissible value from all walls or ceilings(beams) protruding no more than 50cm, as shown in Figure 1.
If the ceiling beams protrude downwards from the ceiling at a distance of more than 50 cm, it is recommended to lay a thermal cable line through each compartment formed by these beams.
"Dead zone
Warm air rises from the source of the fire to the ceiling, spreading radially. As the air cools, it begins to sink. The corner where the ceiling and two adjacent walls, forms an area called the “dead” zone (see Fig. 2). In most fire cases, this area is a triangle with sides 10cm along the ceiling (measured from the corner) and 10cm down the wall. Do not install Protectowire thermal cable in this area!
"Dead zone" when installing a thermal cable
Sloping ceilings
In a room with a sloping or gabled ceiling
With the development of technology, new fire-fighting equipment has appeared, where the function of quick, accurate fire detection is performed by linear heat detectors (LTDs).
The primary task of linear detectors is to ensure the safety of premises with permanent or temporary occupancy of people, the preservation and protection of material property from fire in the territories of fire protection facilities.
Thermal cable device
The most convenient fire-fighting heat sensor is a thermal cable. It is used where other devices cannot be installed, for example, in containers with flammable substances, on heating mains, in nuclear reactors.
The design of the linear thermal fire detector or thermal cable has stable functionality, low operating costs, and long service life.
Protecting equipment and objects from fire by controlling the temperature, it generates a certain signal when it changes, making it possible to eliminate the fire without significant material damage.
A modern thermal cable, affordable and easy to use, consists of two twisted trimetallic conductors that are coated:
- of steel. Provides tensile strength;
- copper Electrical conductivity increases, resistance decreases;
- tin. To improve corrosion resistance;
- heat-sensitive polymer.
The two conductors, twisted together to maintain mechanical tension, are additionally encased in a sheath of nylon or polypropylene, providing reliable protection for the cable from UV rays. The shell also increases resistance to aggressive chemical and caustic environments. Resistance to mechanical wear is carried out using a braid of metal or glass fibers. The temperature range of use of the linear heat detector is from ─60 to + 180 ℃, which allows the cable to be used in different climatic conditions.
Operating principle and application
The principle of operation of a thermal cable is based on the violation of the integrity of the insulating material due to overheating under the influence of an increase in ambient temperature. As a result of the destruction of the insulation, the conductors are short-circuited, which sends a signal to the remote control. An alarm signal can be generated on any part of the cable, regardless of its length. When alarming fire factors are detected, the transmission of information by linear heat detectors is a threshold or analog process.
The fire sensor, in accordance with GOST, according to its purpose, can be installed both indoors and outdoors in long open areas. The operating mode of the fire safety system depends on the device of the linear detector. The main technical characteristics are sensitivity, inertia, coverage area (its shape and area), as well as noise immunity.
Wider possibilities are provided by a thermal linear device that has a cumulative effect, where the conductor resistance processing unit can be installed outside the control zone. A heating cable that provides the summation of all hazardous factors is widely used for rapid fire detection at transformer substations, thermal and hydroelectric power plants, and aircraft hangars.
It is installed at oil and gas enterprises, metallurgical and chemical plants, transport tunnels in hard-to-reach, highly polluted, dusty places with an aggressive and explosive environment.
Types of linear thermal sensors
The domestic market of fire-fighting equipment offers models of linear heat detectors that differ in the material of the protective shell, temperature response, monitoring and control system. The manufacturer, focusing on the conditions of use, produces several types of thermal linear fire detectors.
The most widespread are:
- electronic, which does not allow a short circuit, but records the change in resistance when heated. A temperature sensor is a material covering the wires that has a negative temperature coefficient. The cable, acting in conjunction with the electronic control unit, creates different temperature thresholds and easily restores its functionality after short-term thermal exposure;
- reusable mechanical linear heat detector. Temperature control is carried out using an impenetrable long (up to 300 m) metal tube. The tube is filled with gas; when heated, its pressure increases, this is recorded by the control unit;
- conventional single-action linear contact detectors. A polymer sheath is used as a temperature sensor, capable of melting at a certain temperature, applied to two wires twisted together;
- fiber optic linear thermal sensor. A universal optical cable that is distinguished by the rapid detection of various types of fire. The temperature sensor consists of an interrogation device with a laser source and a halogen-free fiber optic cable, which makes it possible to carry out thermal monitoring over a long distance. The factors for using the cable are affordable price, reliability, durability, and ease of installation.
One more type, pyrotechnic, can be distinguished. Such a linear detector can perform fire extinguishing functions. When heated, the pyrotechnic elements fire, open the valves and release the extinguishing agent.
Advanced fire-fighting equipment guarantees fire safety for all public, industrial and administrative buildings.
Popular models
Modern thermal models differ in type, layer of outer protective shell, and conditions of use. The most well-known brands are Protectowire, Pozhtekhnika, Spetspribor, Thermocable, Etra.
Table. Technical characteristics of Protectowire thermal cable
| Designation | Operation logic | Operation temperature, °C | Operating temperature range, °C | Application area |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHSC-155-EPC | For one temperature | 68 | -44… +105 | Normal conditions |
| PHSC-190-EPC | 65,6 | |||
| PHSC-280-EPC | 93,3 | |||
| PHSC-356-EPC | 105 | |||
| PHSC-155-EPR | 68 | Aggressive environments | ||
| PHSC-190-EPR | 65,6 | |||
| PHSC-280-EPR | 93,3 | |||
| PHSC-356-EPR | 105 | |||
| PHSC-135-XLT | 57 | Low temperature |
||
| PHSC-6893-TRI | Combined (two temperatures) |
68 — "Attention" 93 — "Fire" |
Getting a double trigger |
IPLT type EPC, manufactured under the Protectowire license, is a universal thermal conductor with a PVC sheath. It is used outdoors when environmental conditions do not require the installation of a conventional heat detector. It has high resistance to dampness, dust formation, and the ability to limit the spread of flame.
The thermal cable retains good bendability. Preserving the condition of the material, the detector does not require maintenance and high costs during operation when exposed to atmospheric influences and UV.
IPLT type XLT is a type of thermal cable specially designed to operate at extremely low temperatures. The detector module with a super durable polymer shell, withstands ─55°C, is intended for use in heat-insulated containers, storage facilities, unheated industrial buildings, and the harsh climatic conditions of the North.
IPLT type TRI - thermal cable, is a unique linear heat detector. A new type of sensor with high chemical resistance, capable of withstanding the destructive effects of aqueous solutions of acids and alkalis, is intended for use in explosive environments. The thermal conductor, protected by a metal woven mesh, is able to withstand electromagnetic radiation and eliminate static electricity from the surface. Requires double-sided grounding during installation.
A linear thermal fire detector (thermal cable) is necessary to search for the source causing overheating along the entire length of the circuit. T-operating 68°С (A3), t-operating -60…+46°С, D-external 4 mm, red, fluoropolymer
Heat detector linear thermal cable IPLT 68/155 XCR:
The principle of operation of a thermal cable is to melt the insulating layer under the influence of high temperatures, with further short-circuiting of the cores. A special feature of the thermal cable is that it fixes the thermal load on any part of the circuit, which allows you to issue an alarm when a certain temperature is reached anywhere in the cable, without waiting for it to heat up along its entire length.
The XCR series thermal cable has a high-strength sheath made of a material such as fluoropolymer. This shell emits significantly less smoke and gas, which makes XCR series detectors more suitable for sites with increased environmental requirements.
- Operation temperature: +68°C;
- Maximum cable length: 1220 meters";
- Operating temperature range: -40°C...+46°C;
- Continuous action of the thermal cable;
- Can be used where there are difficulties with installing classic fire detectors;
- Can be used in explosive objects;
- Has a fire-resistant and moisture-resistant shell;
- Gives an alarm when a certain temperature is reached
A wide range of devices allows you to choose a model to suit any request and functionality. A large selection will please companies engaged in the installation of fire and security alarm systems and their Customers.
Technical characteristics of IPLT 68 155 XCR
| PARAMETER NAME | PARAMETER VALUE |
| Response temperature | +68°C |
| Twisted pair resistance | 0.656 Ohm/m |
| Twisted pair capacity | 98.4 pF/m |
| Twisted pair inductance | 8.2 µH/m |
| Maximum operating voltage | 40 V |
| Maximum cable length | 1220 m |
| External diameter of thermal cable | 4 mm |
| Operating temperature range | -40°C...+46°C |
| Equipment: |
|
- Protection of explosive objects;
- Alarm system for office;
- Fire alarm for cafes and clubs;
- Alarm in the store;
- Fire systems for warehouses and office premises;
- Autonomous fire alarm for an apartment, house or cottage;
- Fire alarm for covered parking lots, garages and parking lots;
- Comprehensive fire protection for government institutions (kindergartens, schools, other educational institutions)
When choosing, pay special attention to carefully studying the technical characteristics, choosing suitable security detectors, fire detectors, and special cable products. IPLT line models are one of the best in terms of price-quality ratio and are recommended for use in a wide range of security and fire alarm systems.
Analogues of IPLT 68 155 XCR and other devices with similar characteristics:
Buy and order delivery of fire alarm systems in Moscow:
Linear thermal detector (thermal cable) IPLT 68/155 XCR, as well as other products (their analogues, detectors, control devices) you can order and buy in our online fire alarm store or order delivery and professional installation services in your premises in Moscow at the ABars company. (Attention, delivery is free for orders over 60 thousand rubles).
Linear heat detector (thermal cable) manufactured by Protectowire (USA)
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Linear heat detector (thermal cable) produced by the company Protectowire(USA) is a cable that is designed to detect fires by an increase in the optical density of the environment when it is smoke-filled, by the value of the ambient temperature anywhere along its entire length. The thermal cable is a continuous sensor and is used in cases where conditions do not allow the installation and use of heat point detectors, and in conditions of increased explosion hazard, the use of a thermal cable is the optimal solution.
Main characteristics
Set response temperature throughout;
Issuing a "FIRE" signal based on six temperature values;
High resistance to humidity, dust, low temperatures and chemicals;
Indispensable in hazardous areas;
Easy to install and configure;
Economical, no operating costs;
If necessary, extensions are simply added to the system;
Does not require maintenance;
Expected service life more than 25 years;
Has a SSPB certificate.
Description
The Protectowire Linear Heat Detector consists of two steel conductors, each of which is insulated with a heat-sensitive polymer. Insulated conductors are twisted to create mechanical stress between them, then coated with protective insulation and encased to protect them from exposure to harsh environmental conditions.
When a threshold temperature value is reached, under the influence of pressure from the conductors, the insulating coating made of a heat-sensitive polymer is destroyed, and the conductors short-circuit. This occurs at the first overheating point along the thermal cable route. The Protectowire thermal cable is a maximum heat detector and therefore allows an alarm to be generated when a temperature threshold is reached at any point along the entire length of the cable.
Classification of thermal cable
Currently, there are four types of thermal cables: EPC, EPR, XLT, TRI (TRI-Wire™), differing in purpose and material from which the outer protective sheath is made, for use in a wide variety of environmental conditions.
Type EPC
Thermal cable type EPC has a vinyl protective sheath, which gives the cable good flexibility at low ambient temperatures. The thermal cable is universal and well suited for both industrial and commercial use.
Type EPR
Thermal cable type EPR has a durable, fire-resistant outer sheath made of polypropylene that is resistant to ultraviolet radiation. Designed for wide industrial use in places with elevated ambient temperatures. It has high reliability, elasticity, resistance to abrasion and exposure to atmospheric factors.
PHSC-190-EPR
PHSC-280-EPR
PHSC-356-EPR
Type XLT
Thermal cable type XLT has a special outer sheath that is resistant to low temperatures. Specially designed for use at extremely low temperatures in warehouses, refrigerators, freezers, unheated warehouses, as well as in the harsh climatic conditions of the north.
TRI type (TRI-Wire™)
Thermal cable type TRI (TRI-Wire™) is a combined (two-temperature) heat detector that produces “ATTENTION” and “FIRE” signals based on the set temperature thresholds. The thermal cable has a durable, elastic, moisture- and fire-resistant vinyl outer sheath that is resistant to most common chemicals.
Technical data
|
designation |
Logics |
Temperature of actuation, o C |
Operating temperature range, o C |
Application area |
|
For one temperature |
Normal conditions |
|||
|
Aggressive environments |
||||
|
Low |
||||
|
Combined (for two temperatures) |
68-"Attention" |
Getting a double trigger |
Protectowire thermal cable installation method
The Protectowire thermal cable must be laid in solid sections without bends or branches in accordance with the requirements of fire inspection authorities for the location and configuration of the thermal cable in space. In addition to the requirements for dividing into detection zones (determination of the alarm source), the length of each piece of thermal cable is limited and controlled by the control device to which the detector is connected.
Standards for installing a thermal cable (linear heat detector) in accordance with NPB 88-2001*, clause 12.37
The Protectowire Linear Heat Detector operates on the principle of a normally open contact that closes when triggered. Therefore, the thermal cable should only be used in alarm loops that can detect a contact closure and transmit an alarm signal.
The Protectowire thermal cable is a contact device with active resistance distributed along the entire length of the cable, unlike traditional point heat detectors that change their resistance when triggered. The relatively high resistance of the detector, 1 Ohm for every 1.5 m of twisted pair, requires measurements of the resistance of each device to which the thermal cable will be connected, in order to determine the maximum allowable length of the thermal cable in order to avoid exceeding the established maximum resistance of the alarm loop.
When using large sections of thermal cable, the resistance in the loop may exceed the permissible values, as a result of which the control panel will constantly issue a “Fault” signal, or the alarm loop will not be able to generate an alarm. This problem is solved with the help of interface modules PIM-120, to which you can connect up to 2000 meters of thermal cable and PIM - 420D - 1525 meters of thermal cable.
The Protectowire linear heat detector responds to changes in ambient temperature when a fire occurs. Therefore, the installation materials used must provide adequate support at temperatures not below the threshold value. Fastening devices are installed every 1.5-3 m, and also if it is necessary to prevent excessive sagging of the wire, which causes tension on the wire at the fastening points. Incorrect installation or fastening of the thermal cable can lead to mechanical damage to the detector, for example, in technological areas, warehouses using loading equipment.
Thermal cable location.
The Protectowire linear heat detector must be installed in the protected area on the ceiling or on the walls at a distance of no more than 500 mm from the ceiling. The thermal cable is laid directly above the source of danger, so that it (the thermal cable) is exposed to hot air in the event of a fire, or under any horizontal surface that will cause the same radial spread of heat as the ceiling of the room in which the protected object is located.
In some cases, it is very important to detect overheating, which can cause equipment failure or fire. A typical example is the protection of electric motors or conveyor rollers whose roller bearings overheat and seize.
The advantage of the Protectowire thermal cable is that it can be installed close to a critical part of the protected object, which ensures rapid response of the detector.
Laying the detector route
All Protectowire Linear Heat Detector models have been tested by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and/or Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FM). Based on the results of tests carried out in accordance with the requirements of testing standards established by certification bodies, the maximum permissible distances between thermal cable laying lines relative to the maximum detector coverage area for various applications were determined.
Maximum distance between Protectowire thermal cable runs.
When installing a thermal cable outdoors, it is very important to keep in mind that the distances included in NPB 88-01 represent the maximum allowable distance between sections of the thermal cable and should be used as a starting point for designing the location of the detectors. Depending on specific application conditions, such as ceiling design and height, physical obstructions, air currents, or local fire code requirements, the maximum permissible distance between thermal cable runs may be less. The final route and distance between the thermal cable lines are determined based on the results of an engineering assessment.
Installing Protectowire thermal cable on smooth ceilings
When installing thermal cables on smooth ceilings, the distance between parallel sections of cables should not exceed the maximum permissible value specified in NPB 88-01. Thus, the thermal cable should be laid at a distance of no more than 1/2 of the established permissible value from all walls (the distance is measured from the right corner) or ceilings protruding no more than 50 cm, as shown in the figure:
Beam construction
In structures with beam floors, etc. heat falls freely along the beams. However, horizontal heat distribution is difficult due to the beams, so in this direction the distance between the thermal cable lines should be less. The thermal cable is laid along the underside of the beams, the distance between all thermal cable lines parallel to the beams should not exceed 50% of the distance between the cable lines laid on a smooth ceiling
Beam structure
If ceiling beams protrude no more than 100 mm, the ceiling is considered smooth; if more, the thermal cable is laid from the right corner at a distance of no more than 2/3 of the distance when installed on a smooth ceiling. If a beam extends downward from the ceiling for a distance of more than 50 cm and less than 2.4 m at the center, each compartment formed by the beams must be protected separately.
"Dead zone
Warm air rises in a stream from the source of the fire to the ceiling, spreading radially. As the air cools, it begins to sink. The corner where the ceiling and two adjacent walls meet forms an area called the dead zone. In most fire cases, this dead zone is a triangle with sides 10 cm along the ceiling (measured from the corner) and 10 cm down the wall. Do not install Protectowire thermal cable in this area!
Sloping ceilings
In a room with a sloping ceiling or gabled roof, one or more Protectowire linear heat detectors should be installed no more than 0.9m from the highest point of the roof, measured horizontally. The distance between additional Protectowire thermal cable lines, if installed, is determined based on the horizontal distance measured when projecting down from the ceiling and taking into account the ceiling design.
Extension of thermal cable
The variety of Protectowire linear heat detector designs and braided materials provide resistance to a variety of chemicals, liquids and weather conditions, making the cable suitable for a wide range of applications.
Since it is not always possible to accurately determine the effectiveness of the negative impact of aggressive environments on a thermal cable, we recommend, if possible, testing samples at the installation site of the system to determine whether or not the selected thermal cable models are suitable for given environmental conditions.
When designing a detection system for outdoor use, solar radiation exposure must be taken into account. Direct sunlight or so-called “total radiation” can cause the cable or mounting surface to heat above the maximum permissible ambient temperature or sensor temperature threshold.
Therefore, preventive measures are very important, such as a protective shield over the cable to reduce the temperature to acceptable values. In addition, the screen will slow down the destruction of the protective braiding of the thermal cable under the influence of solar radiation. In the EPN and EPR thermal cable models, a special inhibitor is added to the material from which the protective braid is made to protect against ultraviolet radiation and extend the service life of the detector.
When using a thermal cable outdoors, all connections using the recommended splicing method or through terminals must be made in appropriate junction boxes. If the cable is installed in high humidity conditions, all connections are made by splicing using PWSC or PWS conduit and SFTS insulating tape.
Warnings
The linear heat detector is made of durable material, but it can be damaged if squeezed or punctured. The results of such damage may not be externally visible on the conductor and may not be immediately apparent, but damage to the outer protective braid or mechanical stress on the conductor during installation may later cause false alarms.
Therefore, during installation you CANNOT:
Leave the cable on the floor, walk on it, or place a ladder on it during installation;
Use non-original fastening devices unless approved by The Protectowire Company;
Lay the thermal cable in places where there is a risk of mechanical damage during technological processes;
Do not overtighten the fasteners, as this may destroy the outer protective braid and the inner insulating layer and, as a result, cause false alarms. All fastenings must allow the wire to compress and expand with temperature fluctuations;
It is normal to stretch the thermal cable too much; some “sagging” of the wire between the fasteners is normal;
BEND THERMAL CABLE AT AN ANGLE 90°;
Use pliers or tongs to bend the thermal cable. All bends are made only by hand, the bend radius should not be less than 6.5 cm;
Use wire nuts or other similar devices. All connections must be made through Protectowire terminals and/or pigtails;
PAINT THE LINEAR HEAT DETECTOR.
