Fire safety equipment. Types of fire extinguishing agents. Efficiency of using a fire hydrant

Fire extinguishing agents: water, sand, foam, powder, gaseous substances that do not support combustion (freon), inert gases, steam.

Fire-fighting equipment:

chemical foam fire extinguishers;

foam fire extinguisher;

powder fire extinguisher;

carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, bromoethyl

Fire protection systems

water supply system;

Enough important factor However unknown, the amount of fire extinguisher powder and therefore how much exposure can cause these life-threatening situations. There is virtually no research on this particular issue. The Journal of Toxicology tracks fire extinguisher deaths; however, it reports only a few deaths but thousands of injuries requiring hospitalization. Analyzed this area, doctors and anatomical technicians. They agreed that if the underlying cause of death was known to be cardiac arrest, an autopsy would most likely not be performed.

foam generator

Systems automatic fire extinguishing using automatic mode. alarm

fire detector (heat, light, smoke, radiation)

For CC, thermal detectors of the DTL type and smoke radioisotope detectors of the RID type are used.

Manual fire extinguishing system (push-button detector).

If this were accomplished, it would support their theory of cardiac arrest as the primary cause of death once they discovered lactic acid and heart damage. The dry chemical powder from the fire extinguisher will likely never be found or linked to the cause of death. This shows that exact amount deaths directly caused by fire extinguisher inhalation remain unknown.

Let's look at a typical firefighting scenario. Since a dry chemical fire extinguisher should never be used on a person or even a patient in the same room, the first step is to evacuate the room. Once all patients have been removed from the room, a thorough search must be conducted to ensure that everyone else is out of the fireplace.

For CC, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU, OA (create a jet of sprayed bromine ethyl) and automatic fire extinguishers are used. gas fire extinguishing, which uses freon or freon as a fire extinguishing agent.

To extinguish a fire with water, the automatic fire extinguishing system uses sprinklers and drainers. Their disadvantage is that spraying occurs over an area of up to 15 m2.

As soon as the fire goes out, medics should leave the room and close the door. Instead, they look at what's burning, trying to tell if it's wrong. Health care professionals have no way to remove them once the fire is completely out and not just smoldering. In any case, the next step for the healthcare professional is to leave the room and close the door. Firefighters will handle the rest with their advanced training and tools to extinguish and confirm there is no fire.

The next aspect to consider is how well trained your staff are. During training, they must practice using any type of fire extinguisher used in that building. Personnel must be trained in the safety and health risks of using fire extinguishers, for all parties involved depending on the type of fire extinguisher, length of time and location.

The method of connecting sensors in the electrical system. fire alarm With receiving station M.B. - parallel (radial); - serial (daisy chain).

		Characteristics of the mountains. Environment, object		Fire extinguishing agents
		ordinary solid and flammable materials (wood, paper) Another dimension to consider is whether your medical building is fully equipped with sprinklers. If this is the case, then your building should at least contain, if not completely extinguish, the fire in the origin room. If you get everyone out of the room, your building is designed to be put out. Fire tankers and pump trucks Another consideration may be based on your life safety inspector. If your site life safety survey must extinguish, your inspector will ask extensive fire suppression life safety questions from staff as they conduct a walk through your building.
		flammable liquids that melt when the material is heated (fuel oil, alcohol, gasoline)		sprayed water, all types of foams, powders, compositions based on CO 2 and bromoethyl
		flammable gases (hydrogen, acetylene, hydrocarbons)		gas. compositions containing inert diluents (nitrogen, powders, water) Knowing the health hazards associated with the improper use of fire extinguishers, and that most professionals have insufficient training in their use, we return to the issue at hand. Should trained medical personnel respond or evacuate? Healthcare professionals do not have the advanced training and knowledge to safely extinguish even a small fire. In their efforts, they risk the safety of themselves, patients, visitors and employees nearby. In this age of advanced building systems, training medical professionals to fight fires amounts to more risk than it's worth.
		metals and their alloys (Na, K, Al, Mg)
		email live installations		powders, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, compositions bromoethyl + CO 2

Fire extinguishing agents and their properties.

Primary fire extinguishing means must be maintained in accordance with the passport data on them. The use of fire extinguishing agents that do not have the appropriate certificates is not permitted.

Class A fire extinguishers are designed for common flammable materials such as paper, wood, cardboard and most plastics. The numerical rating of these types of fire extinguishers indicates the amount of water it holds and the amount of fire it can extinguish. Classification C means that the extinguishing agent is non-conductive. They are designed for fires that involve flammable metals such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium. Possess the functional ability to perform the tasks of the Firefighting and Rescue Service Sublicense.

Fire extinguishing agents, based on the dominant principle of stopping combustion, are divided into four groups: cooling, insulating, diluting and inhibiting action.

Cooling means: water, a solution of water with a wetting agent, solid carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide in snow-like form), aqueous solutions of salts.

Be 16 years of age and not exceed the maximum compulsory retirement age. Have not been separated by the disciplinary record of the service of any of the public administrations or the constitutional or statutory bodies of the Autonomous Communities, nor have they been subject to absolute or special disqualification for positions or public positions by decision of judges, for access to an authority or scale or to perform functions similar to those , which are performed in the case of a workforce in which it has been separated or disqualified.

In the event that a citizen of another state shall not be disqualified or in an equivalent situation or subject to disciplinary or equivalent sanctions that prevents in your state, on equal terms, access to public employment.

Insulation means: fire extinguishing foams (chemical, air-mechanical), fire extinguishing powder formulations, non-flammable bulk substances (sand, earth, slag, fluxes, graphite), sheet materials (bedspreads, panels).

Dilution agents: inert gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon), flue gases, water vapor, finely sprayed water, gas-water mixtures, explosive explosion products.

Which fire extinguisher should I choose for a certain object?

Do not suffer from a disease or physical defect that interferes with the normal performance of functions. For this purpose, selected persons undergo a medical examination by the Department of Occupational Safety and Prevention of this city council prior to their appointment.

The requirements established at the second base must be met at the time of the application deadline. Copies indicating that all requirements have been met should be addressed to Ilma. The City Council of Cordoba within twenty working days from the day following the publication of an extract from the call for seats in the Official State Gazette. Persons exempt from paying fees based on the provisions of Tax Ordinance No. 100 must prove the reason for the exemption.

Means of chemical inhibition of combustion reactions: halohydrocarbons (ethyl bromide, freons), compositions based on halohydrocarbons, water-ethyl solutions (emulsions), fire extinguishing powder compositions.

Water– the most common fire extinguishing agent. It has a large heat capacity and significant heat of vaporization, which allows it to remove a large amount of heat in the process of extinguishing a fire. When extinguishing fires, water is used in the form of compact, sprayed and finely sprayed jets.

Requests submitted through post offices must be in an open envelope, which must be dated and stamped official the specified organization before its confirmation. In case of submission of copies in different Administrations and to speed up the procedure, the interested party will inform about this by fax or e-mail to the Selection and Training Department. Applications submitted in paper format representing amendments or exceptions will be rejected.

The application form, duly completed, will indicate that each of the necessary details required in the second base of this call is carried out after the deadline specified for the submission of applications, in order to verify the details at the time they were required, without prejudice to liability which they may incur due to inaccuracies or falsities therein.

Water with wetting agent has good penetrating ability, due to which the greatest effect is achieved in extinguishing fires and especially when burning fibrous materials, peat, soot. Aqueous solutions of wetting agents can reduce water consumption by 30–50%, as well as the duration of fire extinguishing.

However, it should be borne in mind that water as a fire extinguishing agent has a number of properties that limit its use. So water cannot be used to extinguish the following fires:

In no case does the payment of an amount that corresponds to the concept of participation in personnel selection processes imply a replacement of the presentation procedure in time and form of request. Refunds of amounts paid for participation in personnel selection processes in cases of exclusion due to reasons related to the party concerned will not continue.

Failure to provide initial proof of payment of the fee will determine the applicant's exclusion from the selection process. After the expiration of the deadline for presentation of cases, the convening authority, either by itself or by delegation, shall pass an order approving, as may be, the provisional list of admitted and excluded candidates with a nominal list of applicants as well as the reason for exclusion.

Electrical installations and devices under voltage, as this can lead to short circuit equipment and damage to people electric shock;

Materials stored in a place with calcium carbide and quicklime;

Metal sodium, potassium, magnesium, since this causes the decomposition of water with the formation of an explosive mixture.

Rules for the placement and use of fire extinguishing agents

The said Resolution, which will be published in the Official Gazette of the Province of Córdoba and in the Notification Council of this City Council, will specify a period of ten working days, counting from the day after publication in the Official Gazette of the Province, to eliminate the reasons for the exclusion. Likewise, the composition of the qualifying court will be indicated, as well as the place, date and time of completion of the first year.

After the deadline for correcting cases, claims will be resolved if they are accepted or rejected by the competent authority, which issues a resolution approving the final lists of admitted applicants. City Council of Cordoba. The publication of the final list of applicants will be decisive for the purposes of deadlines for the purposes of possible challenges or appeals.

At the same time, it causes significant damage if, when extinguishing a fire, an unreasonably large number of trunks are supplied, they are used indoors without shut-off valves, or operating trunks are left unattended, etc. In case of fires in attics or upper floors buildings, water can wet the floors and partitions located below, lingering in waterproof areas, creating additional load on the ceiling structures, which sometimes causes their collapse.

The qualification court will be created as follows. The Court may act reasonably with the assistance of the President, two Members and the Secretary. Likewise, both parties must abstain if they provided services or cooperated in any way during this period with opposition training centers in the category to which the summoned places belong.

The designation must be communicated to the convening authority, which will authorize the number of proposed cooperating employees. The designation must be communicated to the convening authority, which will authorize the number of advisory personnel proposed.

Solid carbon dioxide(carbon dioxide in snow-like form) is widely used as a fire extinguishing agent for charging carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide, which is in a liquid state, is stored under pressure; when it passes into the gaseous phase, it turns into a snow-like crystalline mass. Carbon dioxide is an inert gas, colorless and odorless, 1.5 times heavier than air. When 1 kg of liquid carbon dioxide passes into the gaseous phase, it forms 500 liters of gas. These properties of carbon dioxide ensure the cessation of combustion not only due to cooling, but also due to dilution and isolation of burning substances. As a fire extinguishing agent, carbon dioxide can be used to extinguish fires in electrical installations, engines, as well as to extinguish fires in archives, libraries, museums, exhibitions, design bureaus, computer center equipment, etc. It is not used to extinguish fires of magnesium and its alloys, metal sodium and potassium, since in this case the decomposition of carbon dioxide occurs with the release of atomic oxygen.

An observer for the development of the electoral procedure may be appointed by the competent authority, who will act individually with and without voting rights. The selection procedure will consist of the following steps. Maximum duration is 100 minutes.

You must answer at least 70% of the questions correctly, 59 correct answers to get. The duration of this exercise is a maximum of two hours. For this purpose, each topic developed will be scored from 0 to 10 marks, which is required to achieve a minimum of five points in each of the subjects to pass it, thereby eliminating those candidates who do not achieve this. Subsequently, an average between them will be taken, which will be the result of the test. The court, before reading the exercise, will determine the level of knowledge required to achieve minimum score, indicating this at the appropriate moments.

Foam There are low multiplicity (less than 10), medium (from 10 to 200) and high (more than 200). It isolates the burning surface from air access, does not allow heat from the flame to pass to the surface of the liquid, prevents the escape of liquid vapor and thereby stops combustion.

Chemical foam It is obtained in foam generators by mixing foam generator powders and in fire extinguishers by the interaction of alkaline and acid solutions. Consists of carbon dioxide (80%), water (19.7%), foaming agent (0.3%). It is highly durable and effective in extinguishing many fires. However, due to electrical conductivity and chemical activity, foam is not used for extinguishing electrical and radio installations, electronic equipment, engines for various purposes, other devices and units.

The duration of this second exercise will be a maximum of 2 hours. The Qualification Tribunal will determine the minimum level required to obtain 5 points before completion. The qualification for the opposition phase will be the sum of the points obtained in the three exercises mentioned.

A minimum of five working days and a maximum of forty-five working days must pass between the overall completion of an exercise and the start of the next one. The court may at any time ask applicants to confirm their identity, for which they must always present themselves and in all cases with a national identity card or equivalent document.

Air-mechanical foam (AMF) It is obtained by mixing an aqueous solution of a foaming agent with air in foam barrels or generators. It has the necessary durability, dispersibility, viscosity, cooling and insulating properties, which allow it to be used for extinguishing solid materials, liquid substances and carrying out protective actions, when extinguishing fires on the surface and volumetric filling of burning rooms (medium and high expansion foam). To supply low expansion foam, SVP air-foam barrels are used, and to supply medium and high expansion foam, GPS foam generators are used.

Fire extinguishing powder compositions (OPS) are universal and effective means of extinguishing fires at relatively low specific costs. OPS is used to extinguish flammable materials and substances of any state of aggregation, live electrical installations, metals, including organometallic and other pyrophoric compounds that cannot be extinguished with water and foams, as well as fires with significant sub-zero temperatures. OPS are divided into two main groups: general purpose, capable of creating a fire extinguishing cloud - for extinguishing most fires, and special, creating a layer on the surface of materials that prevents the access of air oxygen - for extinguishing metals and organometallic compounds. The main disadvantage of OPS is their tendency to caking and clumping. Due to the large dispersion of hazardous substances, they form a significant amount of dust, which necessitates the need to work in special clothing, as well as respiratory and eye protection.

Water vapor The effectiveness of extinguishing is low, therefore they are used to protect closed technological devices and premises with a volume of up to 500 m 3 (ship holds, tube furnaces of petrochemical enterprises, pumping stations for pumping petroleum products, drying and painting chambers), to extinguish small fires in open areas and create curtains around protected areas. objects.

Finely sprayed water(droplet size less than 100 microns) is obtained using special equipment: spray barrels, torque converters operating at high pressure (200-300 m). Jets of water have a small impact force and flight range, but they irrigate a large surface, are more favorable to the evaporation of water, have an increased cooling effect, and dilute the flammable medium well. They make it possible not to overly moisten materials when extinguishing them, and contribute to a rapid decrease in temperature and smoke deposition.

Halocarbons and compositions based on them effectively suppress the combustion of gaseous, liquid, solid combustible substances and materials in all types of fires. They are 10 or more times more efficient than inert gases. Halocarbons and compounds based on them are volatile compounds, they are gases or easily evaporating liquids that are poorly soluble in water, but mix well with many organic substances. They have good wetting ability, are non-electrically conductive, and have a high density in liquid and gaseous states, which allows the formation of a jet, penetration into the flame, and retention of vapors near the combustion site.

These fire extinguishing agents can be used for surface, volumetric and local fire extinguishing. They can be used with great effect in eliminating the combustion of fibrous materials, electrical installations and equipment under voltage; for protection from fires of vehicles, engine rooms of ships, computer centers, especially dangerous workshops of chemical enterprises, painting booths, dryers, warehouses with flammable liquids, archives, museum halls, and other objects of special value, increased fire and explosion hazard. Halocarbons and compositions based on them can practically be used for any negative temperatures. The disadvantages of these fire extinguishing agents are: corrosiveness, toxicity; they cannot be used to extinguish materials containing oxygen, as well as metals, some metal hydrides and many organometallic compounds.

Fire extinguishers

Fire extinguishers is a technical device designed to extinguish fires in the initial stages of their occurrence. Fire extinguishers are reliable means to extinguish fires until fire departments arrive. The industry produces several types of hand-held, mobile and stationary fire extinguishers.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2, OU-5 are designed to extinguish small initial fires of various substances and materials, with the exception of substances whose combustion occurs without air access. Fire extinguishers can be used effectively at temperatures from -25 to +50 degrees C.

Carbon dioxide-bromoethyl fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish small incipient fires of various substances, including energized devices. These fire extinguishers cannot be used to extinguish burning alkaline and alkaline earth materials that burn without air access. The charge used is a composition consisting of ethyl bromide (97%) and liquefied carbon dioxide (3%). The fire extinguisher charge has high wetting properties and is much more effective than the charge of a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. A fire extinguisher charged with OP-7 or OP-10 substance is used to extinguish alcohol, ether, acetone and other similar liquids.

Powder manual fire extinguishers Designed for extinguishing small fires of flammable liquids, alkaline earth materials, and live electrical installations. Powder fire extinguisher OP-10, OP-50 is made of a metal cylinder with a capacity of 10, 50 liters. PSB powder is used as a charge.

Fire extinguishing agents

To suppress the combustion process, you can reduce the content of the combustible component, oxidizer (air oxygen), reduce the process temperature or increase the activation energy of the combustion reaction.

Fire extinguishing agents. The simplest, cheapest and most accessible is water, which is supplied to the combustion zone in the form of compact continuous jets or in spray form. Water, having a high heat capacity and heat of evaporation, has a strong cooling effect on the combustion site. In addition, the process of evaporation of water produces a large amount of steam, which will have an insulating effect on the fire.

The disadvantages of water include poor wettability and penetrating ability in relation to a number of materials. To improve the extinguishing properties of water, surfactants can be added to it. Water cannot be used to extinguish metals, their hydrides, carbides, as well as electrical installations.

Foam are widespread, effective and convenient means extinguishing fires.

Recently, fire extinguishing agents have been increasingly used to extinguish fires. powders. They can be used to extinguish fires solids, various flammable liquids, gases, metals, as well as live installations. Powders are recommended for use in the initial stage of a fire.

Inert thinners used for volumetric extinguishing. They have a diluting effect. The most widely used inert diluents include nitrogen, carbon dioxide and various halocarbons. These means are used if more accessible fire extinguishing agents, such as water and foam, are ineffective.

Automatic stationary installations Fire extinguishing systems, depending on the extinguishing agents used, are divided into water, foam, gas and powder. The most widely used water and foam extinguishing installations are of two types: sprinkler and deluge.

sprinkler installation– most effective remedy extinguishing ordinary flammable materials in the initial stage of fire development. Sprinkler installations are switched on automatically when the temperature in the protected volume rises above a specified limit. The entire system consists of pipelines laid under the ceiling of the room and sprinklers placed on pipelines with a given distance from each other.

Deluge installations differ from sprinkler systems in the absence of a valve in the sprinkler. The deluge sprinkler is always open. The deluge system is activated manually or automatically by a signal from an automatic detector using a control and starting unit located on the main fire pipeline. The sprinkler system is activated above the fire, and the deluge system irrigates the entire protected object with water.

Primary means fire fighting. These include fire extinguishers, buckets, water containers, sand boxes, crowbars, axes, shovels, etc.

Fire extinguishers are one of the most effective primary fire extinguishing agents. Depending on the charger fire extinguishing agent Fire extinguishers are divided into five types: water, foam, carbon dioxide, powder, freon.

Primary fire extinguishing agents are intended for use in the initial stages of a fire or ignition. Such means include special containers with water and sand, shovels, buckets, crowbars, hooks, asbestos sheets, coarse fabrics and felt, fire extinguishers. Definition required quantity primary fire extinguishing means are regulated by the "Fire Safety Rules in Russian Federation"(PPB-01-93). When determining the types and quantities of primary fire extinguishing agents, the physical, chemical and fire hazardous properties of flammable substances, their relationship to fire extinguishing agents, as well as the area of premises, open areas and installations should be taken into account.

Barrels for storing water must have a volume of at least 0.2 m3 and be equipped with buckets. Sand boxes should have a volume of 0.5; 1.0 or 3.0 m3 and equipped with a shovel. Sand containers included in the fire stand design must have a capacity of at least 0.1 m3. The design of the box should make it easy to remove sand and prevent the ingress of precipitation.

Asbestos fabrics, coarse wool fabrics and felt with a size of at least 1.0x1.0 m are intended for extinguishing small fires when substances are ignited, the combustion of which cannot occur without air access. In places where flammable and combustible liquids are used and stored, the dimensions of the sheets can be increased (2.0x1.5 or 2.0x2.0 m).

A fire extinguisher, as a primary fire extinguishing agent, remains the most common, effective and accessible product in our time.

Powder fire extinguishers

OP-5(g) with a body volume of 5 liters and OP-10(g) (volume 10 liters) are designed to extinguish the fire of solid flammable materials (fire class A), liquid flammable materials (fire class B), gaseous substances(fire class C) and electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V. Multiple recharges are possible.

Fire extinguishers can be used in residential, business, warehouses, small storage facilities for flammable and combustible liquids, car parks, motor depots, garages, sales tents, garden houses and on vehicles.

Service life - 10 years. Recharge frequency is 4 years.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers

Designed to extinguish fires of substances, the combustion of which cannot occur without air access, fires of electrical installations under voltage of no more than 1000V, liquid and gaseous substances (class B, C).

Fire extinguishers are divided into portable and mobile. Portable fire extinguishers are those carried by a person, the fire extinguishing ability of which meets the minimum technical requirements, established in the regulatory and technical documentation. Mobile fire extinguishers are those equipped with a device for transportation.

It is preferable to equip fire extinguishers with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers in paint shops, warehouses, gas stations and on the territory of industrial enterprises.

The OU-8M fire extinguisher complies with the requirements of the international SOLAS convention for the protection of life at sea and is certified by the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Used at sea and river fleet facilities.
Fire extinguishers must be operated in the operating temperature range from -40 to +50 degrees Celsius.

Air foam fire extinguishers

Used to extinguish class A and B fires (wood, paper, paints and fuels and lubricants). Do not use energized electrical installations for extinguishing!
Unlike injection fire extinguishers, in OVP-10 (b) the displacing gas is stored in a can. To put the fire extinguisher into working condition, you need to press the button on its head and wait 5 seconds until the working pressure is created inside the housing.

Operate at temperatures from +5 to +50°C.
The fire extinguishing agent is a foaming agent solution (FOS).

FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

The simplest means of extinguishing fires is sand. It can be used in the vast majority of cases. It cools the flammable substance, makes it difficult for air to reach it and mechanically knocks out the flame. You must have at least 1-2 shovels near the sand storage area.

The most common and universal fire extinguishing agent is water. However, it cannot be used when electrical wires and live installations are on fire, as well as substances that, in contact with water, ignite or emit toxic and flammable gases. You should not use water to extinguish gasoline, kerosene and other liquids, as they are lighter than water, float, and the combustion process does not stop.

To extinguish fires at the initial stage, you can use asbestos or felt cloth, which, when tightly covering the burning object, prevents air from entering the combustion zone.

Don't forget about internal fire hydrants. They are placed, as a rule, in special cabinets adapted for their sealing and visual inspection without opening. Everyone must have a fire hose 10, 15 or 20 m long and a fire nozzle. One end of the hose is attached to the trunk, the other to the fire hydrant. The deployment of a crew to supply water to the fire is made up of 2 people: one works with the barrel, the second supplies water from the tap.

A special place is given to fire extinguishers - these modern technical devices, designed to extinguish fires in their initial stages of occurrence. The domestic industry produces fire extinguishers, which are classified according to the type of fire extinguishing agent, body volume, method of supplying the fire extinguishing agent and type of starting devices.

By type, fire extinguishing agents are liquid, foam, carbon dioxide, aerosol, powder and combined. Based on body volume, they are conventionally divided into manual compact ones with a volume of up to 5 liters, and industrial manual ones with a volume of 5 - 10 liters. stationary and mobile with a volume of over 10 liters.

Liquid fire extinguishers (OJ). They are used mainly when extinguishing fires of solid materials of organic origin: wood, fabric, paper, etc. As a fire extinguishing agent, they use pure water, water with added surfactants (surfactants) that enhance its fire extinguishing ability, and aqueous solutions of mineral salts.

In the currently produced Coolant-5 and Coolant-10, the charge is released under the action of gas (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air) pumped directly into the housing or into the working cartridge. Coolants, despite the simplicity of design and maintenance, have limited use, since they are not suitable for extinguishing oil products and freeze when low temperatures and do not work, and also because aqueous solutions of mineral salts very strongly corrode the body and disable the fire extinguisher.

Here are some parameters of the Coolant-5: fire extinguisher capacity - 5 liters, weight - 7.3 kg, jet range - 6 - 8 m, charge release time - 20 s, operates at temperatures of +2° and above. Coolant-10: capacity - 10 l, weight - 13 kg, jet range - 6 - 8 m, charge release time - 45 s.

Foam fire extinguishers. Designed to extinguish fires using chemical or air-mechanical foams. Chemical foam fire extinguishers (CFO) have a wide range of applications, except in cases where the extinguishing charge promotes combustion or is a conductor of electric current.

The OCP fire extinguishing charge consists of two parts: alkaline, which is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate of soda with the addition of a small amount of foaming agent, and acidic - a mixture of sulfuric acid

The alkaline part of the charge is poured into the body of the fire extinguisher, and the acid into a special polyethylene glass located in the neck of the body. When both parts of the charge are connected, a chemical foam is formed, consisting of many bubbles filled with carbon dioxide, which intensively mix, foam the alkaline solution and push it out through the spray.

When working with an OHP-10 fire extinguisher, you must: take it by the handle and bring it to the source of the fire. Raise the handle (turn counterclockwise), as a result of which the valve together with the stem will rise upward, the spring will compress. Take the handle with one hand, turn it upside down, shake it, place the upper part on the forearm of the other hand, direct the stream to the source of fire.

When working with a fire extinguisher, you must exercise maximum caution, since the charge contains sulfuric acid.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2, OU-5, OU-8. These fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish flammable materials and live electrical installations. The snow-like mass has a temperature of -80°. When extinguishing, it reduces the temperature of the burning substance and reduces the oxygen content in the combustion zone.

Carbon dioxide in a cylinder or fire extinguisher is in the liquid or gaseous phase. Its relative amount depends on temperature. As the temperature rises, liquid carbon dioxide turns into gas, and the pressure in the cylinder increases sharply. To prevent the cylinders from exploding, they are filled with liquid carbon dioxide to 75%, and all fire extinguishers are equipped with safety membranes.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are divided into manual, stationary and mobile. The manual fire extinguisher is designed to extinguish fires of various substances on vehicles: ships, airplanes, cars, locomotives. It is a steel cylinder, into the neck of which a pistol-type bolt with a siphon tube is screwed. A tube with a socket and a diaphragm fuse are attached to the valve.

To activate the bell, the bell is pointed at a burning object and the shutter trigger is pulled. When extinguishing a fire, the fire extinguisher must not be held horizontally or turned upside down.

Aerosol fire extinguishers. Designed to extinguish fires of flammable and combustible liquids, solids, live electrical installations and other materials, except alkali metals and oxygen-containing substances. The industry produces manual, portable and stationary aerosol fire extinguishers.

The halon aerosol fire extinguisher (OAH) is a metal body, the neck of which is closed with a membrane. A punch with a spring is mounted above the membrane. To activate the fire extinguisher, you need to place it on a hard surface, pierce the membrane with a sharp blow on the punch button and direct the stream towards the flame. The OAX disposable fire extinguisher is intended for extinguishing fires on vehicles: cars, boats, trolleybuses, fuel trucks, as well as for extinguishing fires in electrical appliances (household and industrial).

Powder fire extinguishers (OP). They are currently most widespread, especially abroad. They are used to eliminate fires of gasoline, diesel fuel, varnishes, paints, wood and other carbon-based materials. Special-purpose powders are used to extinguish fires and ignitions of alkali metals, aluminum and organosilicon compounds and various spontaneously combustible substances. Good results gives when extinguishing electrical installations. Widely used in vehicles and production areas.

Technical specifications some of them:

OPs are available in three types: manual, portable and stationary. The principle of operation of the fire extinguisher: when you press the trigger lever, the seal breaks and the needle rod pierces the membrane of the cylinder. The working gas (carbon dioxide, air, nitrogen) leaves the cylinder through a dosing hole in the nipple and enters under the aerial bottom through a siphon tube. In the center of the siphon tube (in height) there is a series of holes through which part of the working gas escapes and loosens the powder. Air (gas), passing through the layer of powder, loosens it, and the powder, under the influence of the pressure of the working gas, is squeezed out through a siphon tube and thrown through a nozzle into the combustion chamber. In the working position, the fire extinguisher should only be held vertically, without turning it over.

Primary fire extinguishing agents

To extinguish fires in the initial stage, improvised and primary fire extinguishing agents are used.

Improvised means are substances and objects that are not prepared in advance for extinguishing fires. These include water, sand, earth, and various objects thrown onto the combustion site. By filling a bucket with tap water, a person can put out a small fire in an apartment. To eliminate the burning of a TV, various objects made of dense matter are used.

Primary means are devices and means prepared in advance for extinguishing fires.

At the facilities National economy You can often see fire stations (shields) where there is a set of primary fire extinguishing equipment: fire extinguishers, sand and water in containers, felt mats, devices for opening structures. Residential and public buildings, as a rule, are provided certain types primary fire extinguishing means, mainly fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers, as the primary means of fire extinguishing, occupy a certain place in fire protection objects of the national economy. The material damage caused depends on the effectiveness and reliability of fire extinguishers. The presence of fire extinguishers at the protected object in the required quantity and of a predetermined type, and their skillful use make it possible to localize or eliminate a fire at an early stage of development.

Depending on the extinguishing agent used, fire extinguishers are chemical foam, air foam, water, powder, carbon dioxide, freon and combined.

According to the method of actuation, fire extinguishers are divided into those with a valve lock, a lever-type locking and starting device, a pistol-type locking and starting device, starting from a constant pressure source, and starting from a pyrotechnic device.

One of the main tactical and technical characteristics of fire extinguishers is its fire extinguishing ability, i.e. the ability to eliminate fire in certain area one of the fire classes. Thus, a chemical foam fire extinguisher can extinguish the fire of solid materials (class A) over an area of 4.78 square meters. m. or flammable liquids (class B) on an area of 0.25 square meters. m.

In accordance with international and state standards, the following classes of fires are established depending on the burning material: Class A - combustion of solid substances, mainly of organic origin; Class B - combustion of flammable liquids and melting solid materials; Class C - combustion of gases; Class D - burning of metals.

In our country, another class of fires has been identified - E - the burning of various units and devices that are energized. Consequently, the effectiveness of fire extinguishers depends largely on the size of the fire, and the classes of fires determine their area of application.

Chemical foam fire extinguishers. In this type of fire extinguisher, the extinguishing agent is a charge chemical components- aqueous solutions of acid and alkali. At the moment of actuation, the components enter into a chemical reaction, as a result of which foam is formed and gas is released, under the pressure of which the foam is squeezed out of the fire extinguisher body. Getting into the fire, the foam reduces the combustion temperature, isolates the flammable substance, prevents the flow of oxidizer (oxygen), and when destroyed, it releases carbon dioxide, which prevents combustion. Until recently, we produced a foam fire extinguisher of the OHP-10 brand. Now it has been discontinued. However, a significant number of fire extinguishers of this brand are in use.

OHP-10 is designed to extinguish small fires of solids as well as flammable and combustible liquids. It is prohibited to use it for extinguishing all types of live electrical installations. It can be used both stationary and in mobile transport. Charged fire extinguishers are stored vertically, with the locking and starting device facing upward. Disposable fire extinguisher, continuous action, there is no device for interrupting the supply of foam. Used at ambient temperatures between +5 and 50° C.

The fire extinguisher has been modernized. On its basis, OKVP fire extinguishers - chemical air-foam fire extinguishers were developed. They have improved performance and are equipped with a three-component charge - acid, alkali and foaming agent. Purpose, scope of application, principle of operation and other data, like chemical fire extinguishers.

Air-foam fire extinguishers. They are designed to extinguish fires of solids and liquids, with the exception of burning of alkali metals and live electrical installations. The fire extinguishing agent is a solution of a foaming agent (96% water and 4% foaming agent various brands). The fire extinguishing ability of air-foam fire extinguishers is higher than chemical ones.

Water fire extinguisher. Water, aqueous solutions of inorganic salts and solutions of surfactants are used as fire extinguishing agents.

A backpack fire extinguisher is used to extinguish forest fires.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. They are designed to extinguish fires of solid and liquid substances, as well as electrical installations with voltages up to 10 kV. Currently, portable (hand-held), mobile and stationary carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used. The fire extinguishing agent is carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is pumped into the fire extinguisher body (cylinder) under pressure in a liquefied state. Getting from the cylinder into the bell (snow former), due to a sharp decrease in pressure, it turns into a snow-like state - carbon dioxide. It sharply reduces the combustion temperature and isolates the burning substance from air oxygen. The shelf life of the OU should not exceed 6 years. Fire extinguishers have restrictions on their use, since carbon dioxide is toxic, displaces oxygen, and makes breathing difficult.

Freon fire extinguishers. Freons 1211 and 2402 are used as fire extinguishing agents. They are especially effective for extinguishing fires in computer centers, electrical rooms, telephone exchanges, etc. Temperature limits use from - 60 to +60° C. Shelf life up to 10 years. Freon fire extinguishers are used to extinguish fires of all classes. However, they have limitations on toxicity, as well as on the destructive effect on the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Powder fire extinguishers are actually universal, used to extinguish fires of all classes, the temperature range is significant. We produce housing capacities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 16, 50, 100, 250, 500 liters. Powder fire extinguishers. Capacities from 1 to 10 liters are manual, the rest are mobile or stationary. To extinguish fires in everyday life, they are used with a capacity of 1, 2, 5 liters, and the rest are used in industry.

Selection of primary fire extinguishing agents

The required amount of primary funds is calculated separately for each floor, room, as well as shelves of open installations. Premises equipped with automatic stationary fire extinguishing installations are provided with primary funds at the rate of 50% of the calculated quantity.

If the room contains different fire danger production, then it is provided with primary means for the most dangerous production. The selection of primary fire extinguishing means is carried out based on the initial data of Table. 20.1.

	maximum protected area sq. m.	foam and water fire extinguishers with a capacity of 10 liters.	powder fire extinguishers with capacity, l	freon fire extinguishers with a capacity of 2¤3 l	CO 2 - fire extinguishers with a capacity of l

A, B, C, (flammable gases and liquids)



public buildings and structures

Fire extinguishers are installed (hung) in visible places in advance certain places. Fire extinguishers must be freely accessible at all times.

People working (being) in this room are familiarized in advance with the location of fire extinguishers, their types, and scope of application (according to the label on the fire extinguisher body).

When using chemical foam fire extinguishers, they must be removed from their mounting location and transported to the fire site. Using the existing pin, clean the spray and turn the trigger handle 180 degrees until it stops. Turn the fire extinguisher upside down and shake it to speed it up. chemical reaction. Direct a stream of foam onto the flame. The fire extinguisher must be kept upside down at all times to avoid the release of gas formed during the reaction and squeezing foam out of the fire extinguisher container.

Air - foam fire extinguishers transported to the fire site. Pull out the locking pin by the ring. By hitting the head of the rod, the cartridge with the working gas is opened. The incoming gas forces the foaming agent solution through the hose into the foam generator, where foam is formed. With one hand they carry the fire extinguisher, and with the other they direct a stream of foam at the source of the fire behind the generator.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers have a valve or lever shut-off device. To activate it, you must either open the valve or lift the handle up, after first pulling out the locking pin by the ring. A stream of extinguishing agent is directed at a burning object.

Powder fire extinguishers must first be shaken, the locking pin must be pulled out by the ring, the fire extinguisher must be turned over with the locking device facing up, and the head of the locking device must be struck against a hard object. A canister of gas is opened, which squeezes the powder into the combustion zone. Some fire extinguishers are equipped with a hose with a lever lock. In this case, after opening the can, you must press the lever to open the shutter.

REMEMBER! A label with data is affixed to the fire extinguisher container: scope of application, rules of activation. It is advisable to familiarize yourself with it. This will make it possible to correctly use the fire extinguisher to successfully extinguish the fire. A slight delay in familiarizing yourself with the rules for using a fire extinguisher can significantly affect the rapid elimination of a fire.

11 Primary fire extinguishing agents

11.1 Buildings, structures, premises, technological installations must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means: fire extinguishers, boxes of sand, barrels of water, blankets made of non-flammable insulating fabric, coarse woolen fabric or felt, fire buckets, shovels, fire tools (hooks, crowbars, axes, etc.) that are used for localization and elimination of fires at the initial stage of their development.

Newly built, after reconstruction, expansion, overhaul objects (buildings, structures, premises, technological installations) must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means (in accordance with relevant standards) before the start of their operation.

11.2 Standards for the use of primary fire extinguishing means for facilities should be established in accordance with technological design standards, taking into account the following:

a) determination of the types and quantities of primary fire extinguishing agents depends on the physico-chemical and fire hazardous properties flammable substances, their interaction with extinguishing agents, as well as the size of areas production premises, open areas and installations;

b) the required number of primary fire extinguishing agents is determined separately for each floor and room, as well as for shelves of open installations.

If several production facilities with different fire hazards are located in one room and are not separated from each other by fire walls, then all these premises are provided with fire extinguishers, fire equipment and other types of fire extinguishing equipment according to the standards of the most dangerous production;

c) the blankets must have a size of at least 1 m x 1 m. They are intended to extinguish small fires in the event of a fire of substances, the combustion of which cannot occur without air access. In places where flammable liquids and gases are used and stored, the dimensions of the blankets can be increased to the following values: 2 m x 1.5 m, 2 m x 2 m. The blankets should be used to extinguish fires of classes A, B, D, E;

d) barrels of water are installed in production, warehouse and other premises and structures in the absence of an internal fire water supply and in the presence of flammable materials, as well as on the territory of enterprises at the rate of installing one barrel per 250-300 sq. m of protective area.

Barrels for storing water for fire extinguishing purposes in accordance with GOST 12.4.009-83 must have a capacity of at least 0.2 cubic meters and be equipped with a fire bucket with a capacity of at least eight liters;

D) fire shields (stands) are installed on the territory of the enterprise at the rate of one shield (stand) per area of 5000 sq. m.

The set of fire extinguishing equipment that is placed on it should include: fire extinguishers - 3 pcs., a box with sand - 1 pc., a blanket of non-flammable heat-insulating material or felt measuring 2 m x 2 m - 1 pc., hooks - 3 pcs. , shovels - 2 pcs., crowbars - 2 pcs., axes - 2 pcs.

Fire shields (stands) and fire extinguishing means must be painted in the appropriate colors according to the current state standard. Fire panels (stands) should indicate their serial numbers and telephone number to call fire department, the serial number of the fire shield is indicated after the letter index "ПШ";

e) sand boxes must have a capacity of 0.5; 1.0 or 3.0 cubic meters and be equipped with a shovel.

The design of the box should ensure the convenience of sand extraction and make it impossible for precipitation to enter.

11.3 Buildings and structures that are being constructed and reconstructed must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means based on:

a) for 200 sq. m of floor area - one fire extinguisher (if the floor area is less than 200 sq. m - two fire extinguishers per floor), a barrel of water, a box of sand;

b) for every 20 m of the length of the roof (on floors) - one fire extinguisher (but not less than two on the floor), and for every 100 m of the length of the roof - a barrel of water;

d) for 200 sq. m of coverage area with flammable insulation or flammable roofs - one fire extinguisher, a barrel of water, a box of sand;

D) for each pipe of the unit for the construction of a cooling tower - two fire extinguishers;

e) at the place where heat generators and air heaters are installed - two fire extinguishers and a box of sand for each unit.

In the above-mentioned places, foam or water fire extinguishers with a capacity of 10 liters or powder fire extinguishers with a capacity of at least 5 liters should be used;

f) on the construction site, in the locations of temporary buildings (warehouses, workshops), fire shields (stands) and barrels of water are installed.

11.4 The choice of type and determination of the required number of fire extinguishers is carried out according to Tables 4, 5, depending on their extinguishing ability, maximum area, fire class of flammable substances and materials in the room being protected or at the facility (standard SO 3941-77).

Fire extinguishing agents: water, sand, foam, powder, gaseous substances that do not support combustion (freon), inert gases, steam.

Fire-fighting equipment:

chemical foam fire extinguishers;

foam fire extinguisher;

powder fire extinguisher;

carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, bromoethyl

Fire protection systems

water supply system;

A fairly important factor, unknown as it may be, is how much fire extinguisher powder, and therefore how much exposure, can cause these life-threatening situations. There is virtually no research on this particular issue. The Journal of Toxicology tracks fire extinguisher deaths; however, it reports only a few deaths but thousands of injuries requiring hospitalization. Analyzed this area, doctors and anatomical technicians. They agreed that if the underlying cause of death was known to be cardiac arrest, an autopsy would most likely not be performed.

foam generator

Automatic fire extinguishing systems using automatic means. alarm

fire detector (heat, light, smoke, radiation)

For CC, thermal detectors of the DTL type and smoke radioisotope detectors of the RID type are used.

Manual fire extinguishing system (push-button detector).

If this were accomplished, it would support their theory of cardiac arrest as the primary cause of death once they discovered lactic acid and heart damage. The dry chemical powder from the fire extinguisher will likely never be found or linked to the cause of death. This shows that the exact number of deaths directly caused by fire extinguisher inhalation remains impossible to know.

For CC, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU, OA (create a jet of sprayed ethyl bromine) and automatic gas fire extinguishing systems that use freon or freon as a fire extinguishing agent are used.

To extinguish a fire with water, the automatic fire extinguishing system uses sprinklers and drainers. Their disadvantage is that spraying occurs over an area of up to 15 m2.

The method of connecting sensors in the electrical system. fire alarm with receiving station m.b. - parallel (radial); - serial (daisy chain).

		Characteristics of the mountains. Environment, object		Fire extinguishing agents
		ordinary solid and flammable materials (wood, paper)
		flammable liquids that melt when the material is heated (fuel oil, alcohol, gasoline)		sprayed water, all types of foams, powders, compositions based on CO 2 and bromoethyl
		flammable gases (hydrogen, acetylene, hydrocarbons)		gas. compositions containing inert diluents (nitrogen, powders, water) Knowing the health hazards associated with the improper use of fire extinguishers, and that most professionals have insufficient training in their use, we return to the issue at hand. Should trained medical personnel respond or evacuate? Healthcare professionals do not have the advanced training and knowledge to safely extinguish even a small fire. In their efforts, they risk the safety of themselves, patients, visitors and employees nearby. In this age of advanced building systems, training medical professionals to fight fires amounts to more risk than it's worth.
		metals and their alloys (Na, K, Al, Mg)
		email live installations		powders, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, bromoethyl+CO 2 compositions

Fire extinguishing agents and their properties.

Primary fire extinguishing means must be maintained in accordance with the passport data on them. The use of fire extinguishing agents that do not have the appropriate certificates is not permitted.

Fire extinguishing agents, based on the dominant principle of stopping combustion, are divided into four groups: cooling, insulating, diluting and inhibiting action.

Cooling means: water, a solution of water with a wetting agent, solid carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide in snow-like form), aqueous solutions of salts.

Insulation means: fire-extinguishing foams (chemical, air-mechanical), fire-extinguishing powder compositions, non-flammable bulk substances (sand, earth, slag, fluxes, graphite), sheet materials (bedspreads, panels).

Dilution agents: inert gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon), flue gases, water vapor, finely sprayed water, gas-water mixtures, explosive explosion products.

Which fire extinguisher should I choose for a certain object?

Requests submitted through post offices must be in an open envelope, which must be dated and stamped by an officer of the said organization before being acknowledged. In case of submission of copies in different Administrations and to speed up the procedure, the interested party will notify the Selection and Training Department by fax or e-mail. Applications submitted in paper format representing amendments or exceptions will be rejected.

However, it should be borne in mind that water as a fire extinguishing agent has a number of properties that limit its use. So water cannot be used to extinguish the following fires:

Electrical installations and devices under voltage, as this can lead to a short circuit of the equipment and electric shock to people;

Materials stored in a place with calcium carbide and quicklime;

Metal sodium, potassium, magnesium, since this causes the decomposition of water with the formation of an explosive mixture.

Rules for the placement and use of fire extinguishing agents

At the same time, it causes significant damage if, when extinguishing a fire, an unreasonably large number of trunks are supplied, they are used indoors without shut-off valves, or operating trunks are left unattended, etc. During fires in attics or on the upper floors of buildings, water can wet the floors and partitions located below, lingering in waterproof areas, creating additional load on the floor structures, which sometimes causes their collapse.

You must answer at least 70% of the questions correctly, 59 correct answers to get. The duration of this exercise is a maximum of two hours. For this purpose, each topic developed will be scored from 0 to 10 marks, which is required to achieve a minimum of five points in each of the subjects to pass it, thereby eliminating those candidates who do not achieve this. Subsequently, an average between them will be taken, which will be the result of the test. The court, before reading the exercise, will determine the level of knowledge required to achieve the minimum score, indicating this at the appropriate moments.

Fire extinguishing powder compositions (OPS) are universal and effective means of extinguishing fires at relatively low specific costs. OPS is used to extinguish flammable materials and substances of any state of aggregation, live electrical installations, metals, including organometallic and other pyrophoric compounds that cannot be extinguished with water and foams, as well as fires at significant sub-zero temperatures. OPS are divided into two main groups: general purpose, capable of creating a fire extinguishing cloud - for extinguishing most fires, and special, creating a layer on the surface of materials that prevents the access of air oxygen - for extinguishing metals and organometallic compounds. The main disadvantage of OPS is their tendency to caking and clumping. Due to the large dispersion of hazardous substances, they form a significant amount of dust, which necessitates the need to work in special clothing, as well as respiratory and eye protection.

These fire extinguishing agents can be used for surface, volumetric and local fire extinguishing. They can be used with great effect in eliminating the combustion of fibrous materials, electrical installations and equipment under voltage; for protection from fires of vehicles, engine rooms of ships, computer centers, especially dangerous workshops of chemical enterprises, painting booths, dryers, warehouses with flammable liquids, archives, museum halls, and other objects of special value, increased fire and explosion hazard. Halocarbons and compositions based on them can practically be used at any negative temperatures. The disadvantages of these fire extinguishing agents are: corrosiveness, toxicity; they cannot be used to extinguish materials containing oxygen, as well as metals, some metal hydrides and many organometallic compounds.

Fire extinguishers

Fire extinguishers is a technical device designed to extinguish fires in the initial stages of their occurrence. Fire extinguishers are a reliable means of extinguishing fires before fire departments arrive. The industry produces several types of hand-held, mobile and stationary fire extinguishers.

Fire extinguishing agents

Foam are a widespread, effective and convenient means of extinguishing fires.

Recently, fire extinguishing agents have been increasingly used to extinguish fires. powders. They can be used to extinguish fires of solids, various flammable liquids, gases, metals, as well as live installations. Powders are recommended for use in the initial stage of a fire.

sprinkler installation– the most effective means of extinguishing ordinary flammable materials in the initial stage of fire development. Sprinkler installations are switched on automatically when the temperature in the protected volume rises above a specified limit. The entire system consists of pipelines laid under the ceiling of the room and sprinklers placed on pipelines with a given distance from each other.

Primary means fire fighting. These include fire extinguishers, buckets, water containers, sand boxes, crowbars, axes, shovels, etc.

Fire extinguishers are one of the most effective primary fire extinguishing agents. Depending on the extinguishing agent being charged, fire extinguishers are divided into five types: water, foam, carbon dioxide, powder, freon.

Primary fire extinguishing agents are intended for use in the initial stages of a fire or ignition. Such means include special containers with water and sand, shovels, buckets, crowbars, hooks, asbestos sheets, coarse fabrics and felt, fire extinguishers. Determining the required number of primary fire extinguishing agents is regulated by the "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation" (PPB-01-93). When determining the types and quantities of primary fire extinguishing agents, the physical, chemical and fire hazardous properties of flammable substances, their relationship to fire extinguishing agents, as well as the area of premises, open areas and installations should be taken into account.

A fire extinguisher, as a primary fire extinguishing agent, remains the most common, effective and accessible product in our time.

Powder fire extinguishers

OP-5(g) with a body volume of 5 liters and OP-10(g) (volume 10 liters) are designed to extinguish the fire of solid flammable materials (fire class A), liquid flammable materials (fire class B), gaseous substances (fire class C) and electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V. Multiple recharges are possible.

Fire extinguishers can be used in residential, office, warehouse premises, small storage facilities for flammable and combustible liquids, car parks, motor depots, garages, retail tents, garden houses and on vehicles.

Service life - 10 years. Recharge frequency is 4 years.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are divided into portable and mobile. Portable fire extinguishers include those worn by a person, the fire extinguishing ability of which meets the minimum technical requirements established in the regulatory and technical documentation. Mobile fire extinguishers are those equipped with a device for transportation.

It is preferable to equip fire extinguishers with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers in paint shops, warehouses, gas stations and on the territory of industrial enterprises.

Air foam fire extinguishers

Operate at temperatures from +5 to +50°C.
The fire extinguishing agent is a foaming agent solution (FOS).

FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

To extinguish fires at the initial stage, you can use asbestos or felt cloth, which, when tightly covering the burning object, prevents air from entering the combustion zone.

A special place is given to fire extinguishers - these modern technical devices designed to extinguish fires in their initial stages of occurrence. The domestic industry produces fire extinguishers, which are classified according to the type of fire extinguishing agent, body volume, method of supplying the fire extinguishing agent and type of starting devices.

In the currently produced Coolant-5 and Coolant-10, the charge is released under the action of gas (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air) pumped directly into the housing or into the working cartridge. Coolants, despite the simplicity of design and maintenance, have limited use, since they are not suitable for extinguishing oil products, freeze at low temperatures and do not work, and also because aqueous solutions of mineral salts very strongly corrode the body and render the fire extinguisher inoperable.

When working with a fire extinguisher, you must exercise maximum caution, since the charge contains sulfuric acid.

To activate the bell, the bell is pointed at a burning object and the shutter trigger is pulled. When extinguishing a fire, the fire extinguisher must not be held horizontally or turned upside down.

Powder fire extinguishers (OP). They are currently most widespread, especially abroad. They are used to eliminate fires of gasoline, diesel fuel, varnishes, paints, wood and other carbon-based materials. Special-purpose powders are used to extinguish fires and ignitions of alkali metals, aluminum and organosilicon compounds and various spontaneously combustible substances. Gives good results when extinguishing electrical installations. Widely used in vehicles and production areas.

Technical characteristics of some of them:

Primary fire extinguishing agents

To extinguish fires in the initial stage, improvised and primary fire extinguishing agents are used.

Primary means are devices and means prepared in advance for extinguishing fires.

At national economic facilities you can often see fire stations (shields), where there is a set of primary fire extinguishing equipment: fire extinguishers, sand and water in containers, felt mats, devices for opening structures. Residential and public buildings, as a rule, are provided with certain types of primary fire extinguishing means, mainly fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers, as the primary means of fire extinguishing, occupy a certain place in the fire protection of national economic facilities. The material damage caused depends on the effectiveness and reliability of fire extinguishers. The presence of fire extinguishers at the protected object in the required quantity and of a predetermined type, and their skillful use make it possible to localize or eliminate a fire at an early stage of development.

Depending on the extinguishing agent used, fire extinguishers are chemical foam, air foam, water, powder, carbon dioxide, freon and combined.

One of the main tactical and technical characteristics of fire extinguishers is its fire extinguishing ability, i.e. the ability to eliminate combustion in a certain area of one of the fire classes. Thus, a chemical foam fire extinguisher can extinguish the fire of solid materials (class A) over an area of 4.78 square meters. m. or flammable liquids (class B) on an area of 0.25 square meters. m.

Chemical foam fire extinguishers. In this type of fire extinguisher, the extinguishing agent is a charge of chemical components - aqueous solutions of acid and alkali. At the moment of actuation, the components enter into a chemical reaction, as a result of which foam is formed and gas is released, under the pressure of which the foam is squeezed out of the fire extinguisher body. Getting into the fire, the foam reduces the combustion temperature, isolates the flammable substance, prevents the flow of oxidizer (oxygen), and when destroyed, it releases carbon dioxide, which prevents combustion. Until recently, we produced a foam fire extinguisher of the OHP-10 brand. Now it has been discontinued. However, a significant number of fire extinguishers of this brand are in use.

OHP-10 is designed to extinguish small fires of solids as well as flammable and combustible liquids. It is prohibited to use it for extinguishing all types of live electrical installations. It can be used both stationary and in mobile transport. Charged fire extinguishers are stored vertically, with the locking and starting device facing upward. The fire extinguisher is disposable, continuous, there is no device for interrupting the supply of foam. Used at ambient temperatures between +5 and 50° C.

Air-foam fire extinguishers. They are designed to extinguish fires of solids and liquids, with the exception of burning of alkali metals and live electrical installations. The fire extinguishing agent is a foaming agent solution (96% water and 4% foaming agent of various brands). The fire extinguishing ability of air-foam fire extinguishers is higher than chemical ones.

Water fire extinguisher. Water, aqueous solutions of inorganic salts and solutions of surfactants are used as fire extinguishing agents.

A backpack fire extinguisher is used to extinguish forest fires.

Freon fire extinguishers. Freons 1211 and 2402 are used as a fire extinguishing agent. They are especially effective for extinguishing fires in computer centers, electrical rooms, telephone exchanges, etc. Temperature limits for use are from - 60 to +60 ° C. Shelf life is up to 10 years. Freon fire extinguishers are used to extinguish fires of all classes. However, they have limitations on toxicity, as well as on the destructive effect on the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Powder fire extinguishers are virtually universal; they are used to extinguish fires of all classes; the temperature range is significant. We produce housing capacities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 16, 50, 100, 250, 500 liters. Powder fire extinguishers. Capacities from 1 to 10 liters are manual, the rest are mobile or stationary. To extinguish fires in everyday life, they are used with a capacity of 1, 2, 5 liters, and the rest are used in industry.

Selection of primary fire extinguishing agents

If the premises house production facilities with different fire hazards, then it is provided with primary means for the most dangerous production. The selection of primary fire extinguishing means is carried out based on the initial data of Table. 20.1.

	maximum protected area sq. m.	foam and water fire extinguishers with a capacity of 10 liters.	powder fire extinguishers with capacity, l	freon fire extinguishers with a capacity of 2¤3 l	CO 2 - fire extinguishers with a capacity of l

A, B, C, (flammable gases and liquids)



public buildings and structures

Fire extinguishers are installed (hung) in visible, predetermined places. Fire extinguishers must be freely accessible at all times.

People working (being) in this room are familiarized in advance with the location of fire extinguishers, their types, and scope of application (according to the label on the fire extinguisher body).

When using chemical foam fire extinguishers, they must be removed from their mounting location and transported to the fire site. Using the existing pin, clean the spray and turn the trigger handle 180 degrees until it stops. Turn the fire extinguisher upside down and shake to speed up the chemical reaction. Direct a stream of foam onto the flame. The fire extinguisher must be kept upside down at all times to avoid the release of gas formed during the reaction and squeezing foam out of the fire extinguisher container.

Air-foam fire extinguishers are carried to the fire site. Pull out the locking pin by the ring. By hitting the head of the rod, the cartridge with the working gas is opened. The incoming gas forces the foaming agent solution through the hose into the foam generator, where foam is formed. With one hand they carry the fire extinguisher, and with the other they direct a stream of foam at the source of the fire behind the generator.

11 Primary fire extinguishing agents

11.1 Buildings, structures, premises, technological installations must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means: fire extinguishers, boxes of sand, barrels of water, blankets made of non-flammable heat-insulating fabric, coarse woolen fabric or felt, fire buckets, shovels, firefighting tools (hooks, crowbars, axes, etc.), which are used to localize and extinguish fires at the initial stage of their development.

Newly constructed facilities (buildings, structures, premises, technological installations) after reconstruction, expansion, or major repairs must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means (in accordance with the relevant standards) before the start of their operation.

11.2 Standards for the use of primary fire extinguishing means for facilities should be established in accordance with technological design standards, taking into account the following:

a) the determination of the types and quantities of primary fire extinguishing agents depends on the physical, chemical and fire hazardous properties of flammable substances, their interaction with extinguishing agents, as well as the size of the areas of production premises, open areas and installations;

b) the required number of primary fire extinguishing agents is determined separately for each floor and room, as well as for shelves of open installations.

D) fire shields (stands) are installed on the territory of the enterprise at the rate of one shield (stand) per area of 5000 sq. m.

Fire shields (stands) and fire extinguishing equipment must be painted in the appropriate colors according to the current state standard. Fire shields (stands) should indicate their serial numbers and the telephone number to call the fire department, the serial number of the fire shield is indicated after the letter index “ПШ”;