Initially, paving both paths and platforms on the site with your own hands seems difficult, and it seems that it will cause a lot of trouble even to an experienced master. But as they say, you just have to start and then “nature will tell you.” In any case, no one knows better than you your very desires and aspirations - and how, in fact, you want your yard or area as a whole to look. Therefore, in our opinion, you shouldn’t trust this task to a construction team - after all, you can easily make paths and platforms yourself if you have a firm idea and are tuned in to the end result.

To begin with, of course, it’s worth talking about the choice of material for constructing paths and platforms. And for those who are determined to save on expensive materials, we recommend reading the entry.

Selecting material for paths and platforms

Stone coverings are durable and elegant. For paving, cut or chipped slabs, paving stones or pebbles (cobblestones) are used.

The most durable are granite, basalt, syenite and serpentinite. They do not absorb moisture, are durable, resistant to abrasion and frost. Softer sandstones and limestones absorb moisture more strongly. They are more difficult to keep clean, but are often used in landscaping.

Concrete coatings are less durable and less attractive, but are relatively cheap. There are concrete elements on sale (slabs, paving slabs, FEMs) different sizes, colors, shapes. FEMs can imitate stone slabs or old pavement. Elements with a front surface covered with crumbs, such as basalt or granite, deserve attention. To install a hard surface for paths, it is enough to use elements 4 cm thick.

If the coating is intended for not too intense vehicle traffic, their thickness should be at least 6, and preferably 10 cm.

Ceramics. For paving use a special clinker brick. It is durable - has low water absorption, is resistant to abrasion, shock, exposure to atmospheric factors, and does not change color. Pavement clinker, as a rule, has a thickness of 4.5 cm (pedestrian pavement) and 5.3 cm (vehicle pavement). For coatings exposed to light loads, a less dense and more porous one is suitable. building brick. It absorbs moisture more strongly and deteriorates faster, but at the same time gives the landscape a specific “antique” character.

Crushed stone coverings look natural and combine well with plants and elements of garden architecture. Suitable not only for paths and playgrounds, but also for driveways to the house and garage. The condition for their wear resistance is the use of stones with sharp and irregular edges (gravel, crushed stone, pebbles), which wedge well. When laying the coating, it is very important to thoroughly compact all its layers. But even completed the best way gravel coating deteriorates faster than others and requires constant maintenance - removing weeds, filling in depressions top layer(backfilling and thorough compaction of gravel). Wood coverings look noble, go well with plants and different finishing materials. Wooden elements are used to make terraces, paths and areas in the garden. The elements cannot be stacked tightly together - under the influence of moisture they swell and can be pushed upward. The disadvantage of the coating is that wet wood becomes slippery (a corrugated surface can prevent slipping).

The elements must be treated with a protective agent (preferably under pressure). Otherwise, they may collapse within a few seasons. The most durable coatings are made of oak and exotic breeds wood, such as teak. They are hard and resistant to atmospheric factors and do not require impregnation. They can be processed only so that they do not lose color over time.

Ground cover is especially suitable for natural style gardens. It is easiest to do it yourself. A high-quality primer should contain 30% clay and 70% sand. If the soil is sandy, dried ground clay is added to it (you can buy it at a brick factory); if it is clayey, add sand. The components must be mixed with soil to a depth of 15 cm and compacted. In sandy-clayey soil, the shape of the path is cut out with a spade or mini-grader, and the surface is compacted. The cross-section of the road should be in the shape of an arc with a slope of 1-2% from the center to the edges. The surface can be refined with a thin compacted layer of sand or ground stone. Dirt paths are less durable than paths made from other materials and require frequent maintenance.

How to arrange the covering of paths and platforms?

• We determine the coverage boundary.
• We remove the top fertile layer of soil and transfer it to its place. in which it will be used properly (for example, for flower beds and ridges).
• We dig a pit. We level and compact the base.
• Laying curbs. They are necessary if we create with our own hands a soil, gravel or coating consisting of small elements (paving stones, bricks, crushed stones); or if there is a large load on the surface. You can use ready-made borders, paving slabs, clinker bricks, stone, wooden elements or tape (galvanized steel or plastic).
• Each layer of base under the coating must be thoroughly compacted. In order to strengthen it, you can spread 2-3 cm of a mixture of cement and sand (1:12) on top of each layer of crushed stone and pour water on it. This way, the voids between the stones will be filled.

Gravel footpath ( Figure 1 above ) Driveway for cars made of crushed stone ( Figure 1 - bottom )

1. curb made of galvanized steel (strip) or plastic
2. sand, crushed stone and clay in a ratio of 1:1:1 or dry ground clay
3. concrete class B15
4. stone or concrete curb
5. elimination
6. crushed stone or pebbles fraction 5-16 mm
7. crushed stone or gravel fraction 30-40 mm

Pedestrian path paved with small elements(Figure 2 above) Paved driveway for cars(Figure 2 – below)

1. paving stones, brick, wooden paving elements, crushed stone
2. sand or cement-sand bedding 1:12
3. crushed stone or gravel fraction 30-40 mm
4. border
5. sand or cement-sand bedding
6. crushed stone or gravel fraction 5-16 mm
7. concrete class B15
8. crushed stone or gravel fraction 30-40 mm

Dimensions are given in centimeters in both pictures.

How does the type of soil affect the construction of the coating?

The method of installing the coating depends on its purpose, as well as on the type of soil. On permeable soils through which water seeps quickly, there is no need to lay a drainage layer under the path. On impermeable soils, drainage must be performed. For coverings intended for pedestrians, 10-20 cm of coarse gravel or crushed stone is sufficient. A more loaded surface on which cars will drive should have a base consisting of a gravel drainage layer (approximately 10 cm) and a load-bearing layer of crushed stone or gravel (10-20 cm).

To install platforms and paths you need to know that:

• The width of a convenient path is not less than 0.8 m; check-in – 3.0 m.
• A properly constructed road should have a smooth surface with transverse and longitudinal slopes(2-5%), facilitating the drainage of rainwater.
• The covering of paths located next to flower beds should be slightly raised above them; Thanks to this, soil will not fall onto the path.
• It is better to lay paving bordering the lawn flush with its surface. This will make mowing easier.
• Sandstone is not the hardest stone, but it is popular because of its "warm" appearance, relatively low price and ease of processing
• A path made of granite slabs should not be limited by a curb. Irregularly shaped elements in the landscape look natural
• The narrow gravel path does not contrast with the plants, but rather invites you to take a walk. Among the grass she is almost invisible
• Path laid out paving slabs gray, is not conspicuous and serves as an excellent background for wounds

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It would seem that to build such landscape elements, like paths and playgrounds, you don’t need a lot of intelligence. Laying paths is not like building a house.

However, if you want them to serve you for more than one year, you need to take into account all the nuances in the construction of such elements.

Otherwise, all your energy and time may be wasted.

What should the paths and platforms be like?

Basic requirements for these landscape elements:

Naturalness and harmony;

Strength and durability;

Easy to care for.

Paths and platforms should look natural, i.e. match with the style of the home.

To make them strong and durable, great attention should be paid to the choice of paving material.

Well, the ease of maintenance is also influenced by the properties of the material.

Types and purposes

There are 3 types of tracks:

Walking;

Auxiliary;

Transport.

First, you need to decide what task each specific track will perform. Will a car drive through it, or will it be intended for walking around the garden?

The purpose depends on how the base (underlying layer) will be constructed, the type of coating, as well as the width and height.

Track and pad options

Each parameter is influenced by several factors. For example, the width of a particular track (as well as the area) will depend on what function you define for it.

Width

The walking path should comfortably accommodate two people, i.e. the width should be 1-1.5 m. This also applies to the path that leads to the house.

A path of secondary importance (auxiliary) can be 80-100 cm wide. For example, a path connecting a house and a garage, a utility room, or a house and a recreation area. And for auxiliary paths in the garden between the beds, a width of 50-60 cm is sufficient.

The width of transport and access roads, first of all, depends on the size of the transport that will pass along them. It can vary from 2 to 3.5 m.

The dimensions of transport sites also depend on the size of the transport itself and its quantity. For one car, a space of approximately 2.5 x 4.5 m is allocated.

Height

As for the height, we mean the height relative to the level of the lawn, there can be 2 options: above the level of the lawn or below. The calculation is made on the fact that the water that falls with precipitation must drain somewhere.

If you are going to arrange water flow along paths, then they must be built below the level of the lawn. At the same time, the design heights and other coverings on the site must be strictly observed to prevent blocking the drainage.

Paths above the lawn level can only be installed if the area is well drained. Since they are built with a slight transverse slope, all the water will flow onto the adjacent lawn. And so that water does not stagnate on it, the soil must be moisture-absorbing.

Slope

The entire road and path network in the garden should be designed with a slight slope to avoid the formation of puddles during precipitation or melting snow.

In this case, the slope along the path can be 2-5%, and across it - only 1-2%. In addition, the direction of the slope can be different: from the central axis to the sides or from one edge to the other.

The direction depends on many factors, for example, whether the surface on the site is flat or has a general slope. In addition, to prevent water from accumulating in any one point of the garden, the entire area must be planned with a “slope”. Thus, the slope of the paths also depends on this layout.

Types of coverage

Today modern materials make it possible to make paths and platforms not only durable, but also beautiful, and in some cases even especially decorative.

Depending on the type of material, there are 3 types of coating:

Solid;

Combined.

Curbs

Not all paths and areas require curbs. As a rule, edges of soft and combined coverings are reinforced with curbs. And for hard surfaces, strengthening the edges is not necessary.

For the border, use the same material or one that is in harmony with it in color and structure. Both low and high borders look good.

The curbs are laid in a groove located slightly below the level of the path, the bottom of which is covered with sand and then with concrete. Laying is done before paving begins.

And finally, some tips

To prevent the path from becoming overgrown with weeds, a film should be laid under the backfill or under the “trough”. Of course, weeds can get into the gaps between the slabs (with step-by-step paving). Therefore, as a preventive measure, the gaps are planted with moss, lawn grass, ground cover plants, bryozoans, or treated with Roundup.

If you are going to buy expensive covering material, then it is better to entrust the installation of paths and platforms to professionals, or at least read specialized literature. Paving technology has its own secrets, for example, how to properly create a foundation (trough) for paving. And even if you decide to make a simple path from wooden cuts, you will still need a base for it.

If a good one is chosen for paving, durable material and when constructing the paths, all the subtleties of the technology will be observed, then their service life without repairs will be about 15-20 years.

Topic 4. Construction and maintenance of landscape gardens

paths and platforms

Lecture outline

1. Classification of tracks and platforms

Roads, paths, trails, platforms are one of the most important planning elements of a landscape architecture object. Analysis of design solutions and field surveys of garden and park areas show that the road network and sites occupy from 10...15 and, in some cases, up to 20% of the entire area of ​​the facility, and the relative length of roads is 300...400 m per 1 ha. An important role is played by the length of the road network, the dimensions of the playground paths in different parts of the territory, their designs, strength, durability and decorativeness of the coatings. The design of the road pavement is shown in Fig. 29

The coverings of paths and areas in gardens and parks, in landscape architecture of urban centers, residential and industrial buildings are given great importance in connection with the overall compositional solution of the object. Coatings should be varied in their design, color, and materials. Observations in gardens and parks have shown that when walking, a visitor spends up to 30% of his time perceiving and examining what is under his feet or on horizontal planes upon closer inspection. The surface of paths and platforms is perceived by the visitor from various points - from the viewing platform, from flat roofs buildings or from terraces. Coverings carry essential information for the site visitor; for example, a large ornamental covering made of colored slabs at the entrance to a square or park creates a special “mood”, as if preparing the visitor to perceive the territory of the object, its landscapes and structures. The design of the surface of the main alley of the park can “direct” the movement of visitors, arouse interest, and create a mood. A variety of types of coatings on a small object can create the illusion of scale and, as it were, increase its area. The size and dimensions of alleys, roads, paths, platforms, the design of their coverings, the shape and proportions of their elements, the material from which the coverings are made must correspond to the general compositional design of the object and the laws of landscape construction. The road and path network, platforms, alleys are usually divided into classes depending on their functions and classified according to types of coatings. There are 6 classes of roads, paths, alleys:

Class I - main roads and alleys along which the main flows of visitors to the site are distributed; they are usually provided as the main routes of movement around the site and carry heavy loads from visitors. Thus, the main alley in the city park should provide a throughput capacity of up to 400...600 people/hour on weekends; the width of the alley must be at least 30 m, and its design is very durable, made of low-wear materials; the coverings of the main alleys and roads are made of durable and decorative materials - from slabs, stone, etc.

Class II - secondary roads, paths, alleys, intended
to connect various nodes of the facility and more evenly distribute visitors, bringing them to the main traffic routes, recreation and sports areas, viewing points of the facility and other planning elements. The intensity of traffic on secondary paths, their capacity is lower than on the main ones. However, the coverings of such paths should be decorative, since their functions fulfill an important planning role.

Class III - additional roads, paths, paths, serve to connect secondary planning elements of the object, play the role of transitions, approaches to structures, to flower beds, are “branches” from the main and secondary traffic routes. The traffic intensity on additional tracks is reduced compared to the tracks of the first two classes. The designs and coatings of such paths are simplified.

Class IV - bicycle walking roads and trails, usually provided in parks and forest parks in separate strips of main alleys and roads along special routes for the purpose of walking, sightseeing, and in some cases, sports competitions; bicycle paths must have strong, stable structures.

Class V - roads for horse riding, in carriages, on sleighs, on horseback, are provided along specially laid routes; designed for walking, sightseeing, horse riding; designed in large parks, forest parks, sports complexes; must have special types of coatings.
Class VI - utility roads and passages intended for limited traffic of vehicles, mechanization equipment, watering machines, for transportation of materials and equipment on current and major renovation park, for transporting goods to retail outlets, etc. The structures and surfaces of such roads are made of durable solid materials that can withstand heavy loads. Large objects are characterized by all 6 classes of alleys and roads. For small objects - squares, green areas in front of public buildings etc. - gardening paths of the first three classes are usually provided. Occasional passage of vehicles and small-scale mechanization equipment for caring for plantings is allowed on main and secondary roads. Each class of roads has its own dimensions - length and width. The width of the garden and park road plays a significant role, since it is related to the attendance of the site and the intensity of visitor traffic. To calculate road widths, the following are taken into account:

The lane width of one person, which according to calculated data is 0.75 m with an average walking speed of 35...4 5 m/min;
- “flow density” of visitors.

On the main alleys and parks, the density of visitor flow is on average up to 0.5 people/m2. On sidewalks on streets and driveways, the pedestrian density is up to 0.7 people/m (threshold). At a density of up to 1.1.5 people/m2, the pedestrian flow is classified as a crowd, and more than 1.5 people/m2 is classified as a crush. Flower beds or plant groups are designed in the dividing strips of the main alleys in parks ornamental shrubs, framed by areas of lawn. Along the outer boundaries of the park alley, “wests” are provided for installing benches, trash cans, and lamps. In some cases, “wests” are not provided for by designers, and then lanes for placing equipment are designed taking into account the overall width of the road: its chassis increases in accordance with the width of the lane for equipment. Important has the capacity of garden and park alleys and roads, especially classes I and II, due to the intensity of visitor traffic. Roads and sites must accommodate the estimated number of visitors to the site. Therefore, it is important to calculate the dimensions of roads and sites. Bandwidth roads and alleys are determined based on the one-time capacity of the facility, which is calculated for attendance on a weekend during rush hour - 11...12 noon. The total width of the road is calculated using the formula

Attendance at a facility during rush hour is calculated based on the established standards for the mode of use of the facility and the number of residents in the residential area (city).1 Playgrounds in gardens and parks have a specific purpose, are used by visitors for various purposes and are divided into the following categories (classes):
- areas for quiet recreation, group, single, for quiet games of visitors different ages, including for contemplating landscapes;
- areas for active, “noisy” recreation - family or collective, group, playgrounds, for picnics, shows, public events;
- playgrounds for various age groups: primary, for preschoolers, for primary schoolchildren, for seniors school age and youth;
- sports grounds: football fields, golf fields, volleyball and basketball, tennis, handball, playgrounds, special fields for playing chess and checkers;
- utility areas intended for the installation of mobile office premises, change houses, locker rooms, storage of equipment and inventory; areas for waste containers; areas for storing compost and fertilizers; fun areas planting material; areas occupied by greenhouses, etc.
All sites have Various types structures and coatings depending on surface loads, attendance, traffic intensity, and frequency of events.

2. Basic materials used in the construction of paths and platforms

Materials and their properties

During construction garden paths and sites, both natural and artificial materials are used, mainly industrial waste. The construction of paths and platforms requires a lot of labor and materials. Thus, 1 hectare of roads in the park requires up to 3 thousand cubic meters of sand, crushed stone and other components. Great importance has the search for local resources for the construction of paths and platforms, the use of construction debris, excess soil from earthworks. To select and use materials for road construction in gardens and parks, it is necessary to take them into account physicochemical characteristics. Rocks by strength, or ability to resist mechanical stress, differ in five strength classes:
-1 and II classes - strong and very strong - quartzites, granites, porphyries, basalts, dolomites, dense limestones; their strength limit is from 6 to 100 MPa; applicable for all types of road surfaces;

Class III - medium strength - the same rocks, but affected by weathering, as well as such as rocky shales, limestones, sandstones. These types are widely used in the construction of road foundations, the tensile strength is 60...80 MPa;
- IV class - soft - porous limestones, dolomites, limestone, ferruginous, thin-film sandstones; used in the form of crushed stone when constructing the bases of paths and platforms; tensile strength - 40 MPa;

Class V - very soft - weathered igneous rocks, powdery, earthy limestones, weak sandstones, shales; used only with binding materials for laying foundations for soil and gravel surfaces; tensile strength - 30 MPa.

The volumetric mass of dense igneous rocks is on average 2.5 and higher, which means the mass of 1 m3 of rock is 2.5 tons. Crushed stone from this stone has a volumetric mass of 1.7, and crushed stone from limestone stone has a volumetric mass of 1.6. Density is the mass per unit volume of an absolutely dense material without the presence of pores. Water absorption is the ability of a material to absorb water under normal conditions. atmospheric pressure. Water absorption of strong rocks is 0.5... 1%; stones of the second class - 1.5...3%; third class - 3.5...8%; fourth and fifth grades - 9...15%. Materials with high water absorption capacity in their pure form are not suitable for construction and require stabilization by impregnation with bitumen. Frost resistance is the ability of a material to withstand sudden temperature changes, freezing and thawing without any signs of destruction. Stones are considered frost-resistant if they lose up to 5% of their original weight; medium frost resistance - if losses are up to 10%; low - more than 10%; rocks of the fourth and fifth strength classes lose more than 15% of their original mass. Compressive strength is the resistance of a material, which is determined by ultimate voltage, arising in the sample under a destructive load, or ultimate strength; measured in MPa. Abrasion resistance is the ability of a material - crushed stone, gravel - not to change its parameters under maximum loads. In hard rocks, wear does not exceed 5% of the volume; for sedimentary ones - 6...7%; for soft ones - 15...20%. If the gravel has a wear rate of 15%, then it is considered durable; if over 20% - soft and over 30% - weak.

Natural materials

Natural materials include stone extracted from rocks by appropriate machining- giving the appropriate shape and size, cleaning, grinding, polishing, obtaining crushed stone and sifting of various fractions. Rocks are divided into igneous and sedimentary. Igneous rocks are the result of the slow cooling of molten magma inside earth's crust or its rapid solidification on the surface of the earth. In the first case, granite, syenite, and diorite turned out to be crystalline; in the second case - liparite, trachyte, andesite, basalt, diabase - glassy. Sedimentary rocks are igneous rocks that are destroyed under the active influence of environmental factors. Sedimentary rocks include:

Loose clastics, such as boulders, pebbles, natural rubble, sand;
- cemented clastics, such as limestones, dolomites, sandstones, limestone tuff and various conglomerates.

Stone materials for covering paths and platforms are represented by the following types.
- Stone checker - a roughly chopped stone in the shape of a truncated cone or pyramid, or a stone with two processed parallel planes(top and bottom); suitable for paving paths in combination with tiles, strengthening slopes, walls of ditches, trays.

Paving stones - crushed stone, close in shape to a parallelepiped, having beveled sides (bevel - 5 cm); It is used when laying out the covering of paths and platforms in combination with tiles, as well as for fastening slopes, installing curbs along the boundaries of areas, and installing open trays along paths.

Side stones are granite bars in the shape of a parallelepiped, 70...100 cm in length and 10x20, 15x30, 20x30 cm in cross-section, having a vertical or inclined front edge; applicable for connecting paths and areas with a lawn.

Stone tiles - flat rectangular or others geometric shapes bars from 5 to 15 cm thick, of various widths and lengths. The tiles are obtained from strong stones by machine sawing and are used as coverings of various types.

Rubble stone - pieces of rock of the third strength class with a length of up to 40...50 cm, with a mass of 10...20 kg; suitable for laying retaining walls, strengthening gentle slopes, and arranging rock gardens; can be processed into tiles with uneven edges and a smooth bottom surface, as well as checker and crushed stone.

Boulder stone is a roughly rounded sedimentary rock of the third strength class. The size of the boulders is 10...30 cm and more. Boulders are found in the north-west and in the central European part of Russia, in fields and forests, where they were brought during the Ice Age. Large stones are suitable for decorating lawn areas, creating rockeries, strengthening the banks of reservoirs; cobblestones measuring 10...30 cm in diameter are suitable for strengthening slopes and constructing open trays.
- Pebble Pebbles and gravel are rounded rock fragments 10 cm or less in size, found in river valleys, along the shores of lakes and seas, in places where glacial deposits develop; there are gravel-sand deposits containing more than 50% sand particles; gravel can be very small (gravel fines) - up to 1 cm; small - 1...1.5 cm; average - 2...4 cm; large - 4...7 cm; very large - 7... 10 cm (pebbles); these materials are used for various types road works.
- Sand - small rounded rock fragments, 0.1...5 mm in size, free of clay impurities; According to the granulometric composition, sand is divided into fine - 0.1...0.05 mm; small - 0.25...0.1 mm; average - 0.5...0.25mm; large - and very large - 2... 1 mm; clean coarse- and medium-grained sands are widely used in road construction.
- Crushed stone - angular (acute-angled) pieces of rocks of various strength classes. Crushed stone is obtained as a result of the destruction of such rocks or special crushing in stone crushers; According to the granulometric composition, crushed stone is divided into: seedings - 0.3...0.5 cm; stone fines - 0.5... 1 cm; crushed stone wedge - 1...7.5 cm; small - 1.5...2.5 cm; average - 2.5...4 cm; large - 4...7cm. Crushed stone of durable rocks (grades M-1200...800) is used for the foundations of main highways; less durable crushed stone (grades M-400...100) - for other various classes of roads, including sports grounds.

Artificial materials

Artificial materials include waste industrial enterprises or specially manufactured products - bricks, etc. Waste is represented by the following types. Blast-furnace donkeys are by-products formed during the smelting of iron and steel, in the form of large pieces that break upon impact into crushed stone of various fractions. Materials have thermal insulation properties and help reduce freezing of the soil under the base of the road. In road construction, slags with an acidic reaction are used, that is, low in lime, which protects the material from decay and erosion by water. Boiler slag, or cinder, is waste from the combustion of coal in boiler room furnaces; the best smoke comes from burning fatty coals; it is porous and hard, black in color; Suitable for road and playground foundations, football fields. Broken brick, or crushed stone, is waste from brick factories, defective bricks formed due to underburning or overburning, and processed in stone crushers into crushed stone; The most applicable is homogeneously fired red brick, which contains up to 30% of the so-called “iron ore”; unburned brick, “not hardened”, easily gets wet and collapses; in crushed brick stone the presence of up to 15% of “undercalculation” is allowed; in garden and park construction, brick crushed stone (fraction 1...2 cm) and brick chips (fraction 0.01...0.05 cm) are used. Clinker and construction bricks: a) clinker brick is obtained from clay by firing at high temperatures and blowing, has high strength and is applicable for road surfaces; b) building brick, also made from clay by firing, less durable; applicable in limited sizes when constructing supporting walls and paths. Tiles are a waste product from the roofing industry, used in ground form (grains up to 1.5 cm) in the bases of sports fields and for coverings (grains up to 0.5 cm). Pyrite cinders are waste from the chemical industry when processing iron and sulfur pyrites; have a dark purple color with a pink tint, consist of 95...97% iron oxide and 2...2.5% sulfur; include fractions of 1...2mm, applicable as additives (5...10%) in special mixtures for coatings, as well as elastically moisture-absorbing bases mixed with sawdust in the construction of sports fields. Coal ash is waste from the combustion of coal in power plant furnaces; They are a dark gray powder containing small sandy and dusty particles; used as additives in special coating mixtures, which filter moisture well. Binders are of great importance for imparting to inert materials in special mixtures the necessary adhesion of particles and transforming the coating into a single mass.

Cementing materials

Binding materials of natural origin include: clay - kaolin and powdered, containing, respectively, from 1 to 0.5 mm of clay particles by volume of the total mass up to 40...50%; added to special mixtures for top coatings;
heavy loam containing up to 30% clay particles;

medium loam containing up to 20% clay particles;

light loam containing up to 10... 15% clay particles.
Heavy and medium loams are added to special mixtures when there is no clay;

puffed lime (fluff) - a material obtained by firing limestone, dolomite, chalk, without being brought to sintering, followed by slaking with a limited amount of water; used in powder form (particles 0.5 mm or less) as an additive to special mixtures up to 65% of the volume; When fluff is introduced into the mixture, the top coating does not swell, stickiness is eliminated, and resistance to mechanical and atmospheric influences increases. Binding materials of artificial origin include:

Portland cement is a product of thorough grinding of clinker bricks mixed with limestones, clays, marls, formed when they are fired before sintering; applicable in road construction and others construction work related to the laying of walls, foundations, supports, etc.;

cement - binder material, which exhibits its properties only when interacting with water; applicable as an additive to special mixtures and to the top coating of soil paths to stabilize it; constitutes the active part of concrete; sand, crushed stone, gravel - its inert fillers;

bitumen is a binding material obtained from petroleum; applicable for the preparation of asphalt concrete, as well as for surface stabilizing treatment of bases and top surfaces of roads;

asphalt concrete is an artificial material consisting of sand, fine crushed stone or gravel, mineral powder and bitumen; applicable when constructing road surfaces in hot or cold conditions according to special technology road works. Asphalt concrete is divided into coarse-grained, medium-grained, fine-grained and sandy - particles from 30 to 5 mm.

In the construction of the simplest sports facilities - playgrounds in neighborhoods and on the territory of small sports complexes - in some cases, elastic and moisture-intensive materials are used, which, when added to the base layers, give the surface of the structures elasticity and elasticity. Materials of this kind include peat, sawdust, lignin, cotton husks, etc. In gardening construction, fibrous peat with a low degree of decomposition mixed with pyrite cinders is used. Sawdust is used as an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer when constructing sports fields. Lignin, a waste product from hydrolysis plants, is used for top coatings and as an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer in the bases of running tracks and football fields. Cotton husks, a waste product from cotton production, are also suitable for the elastic and moisture-absorbing layer and the top insulating layer of road pavement.

3. Types of coatings for paths and playgrounds

Coatings from concrete tiles

Covering paths and platforms with concrete slabs is one of the most common in garden and park construction, Concrete plates They are manufactured industrially in a factory and therefore are the cheapest material for covering paths and playgrounds. Concrete tiles are produced using the following methods:

Pressing;

Vibropressed;

Vibration rolling;

Vibrations.

Possible production of slabs manually in special formwork forms by compacting the concrete mass, however, this leads to an increase in cost by 60% of the cost. The shapes of concrete tiles and their sizes are extremely varied. They are made in shape: square, round, hexagonal, trapezoidal, triangular, irregular polyhedron. Tile sizes range from 25x25 to 90><90 см и более. Российским стандартом (ГОСТ-17608) установлены следующие размеры плит: 25x25; 37,5x37,5; 50x50; 37,5x25; 50x25; 50x37,5; 70x37,5; 75x50 и др. Толщина плит колеблется от 4 до 6 см. Допускается изготовление плиток 20x20 см толщиной в 3,5 см. В настоящее время в московской практике получили распространение блоки (брусчатка) размером 20 х 10х Ю см (московский завод-изготовитель ЖБИ-17 и др.) разного цвета и оттенков, от красного и розового до серого. Ряд "фирм выпускает элементы мощения в виде брусчатки размером 20x10x7, 10x10x7; 16x10x7 - квадратные, прямоугольные, пятиугольные; различных цветов - серый, красный, желтый, коричневый. Помимо разнообразия форм и размеров плитки изготавливаются разных цветов и оттенков, что достигается введением в бетон красителей или добавок в виде цветных цементов или цветного песка (рис. 30). Цветные цементы получаются искусственно. В цементные порошки вводятся красители по установленным нормам. Цветной песок получается путем размельчения всевозможных пород гранита. Поверхность плиток может быть обработана специальными матрицами, с помощью которых наносится декоративный орнамент. Фактура плиток становится чрезвычайно разнообразной.

There is a great variety of tiles with exposed aggregate, which is used as pebbles and gravel of various fractions. Such tiles are manufactured in factories and are widely used in gardening construction. When produced on vibropressing machines, tiles, as a rule, are not reinforced, regardless of their size. The strength of the tiles is achieved by using cement grades of 300...600 kg/cm when compacting the mixture with a vibropress (or under vacuum).

Monolithic concrete coverings

Monolithic concrete coatings are less applicable in gardening construction than tiled coatings. It is advantageous to make curved paths in gardens and parks in small areas from a monolithic coating of this type. From concrete it is easy to obtain the curvilinear outlines of a path, change its width, and give the necessary scale to the space by applying a pattern on the surface that imitates tiles of the required size and with exposed aggregate. Monolithic concrete coating is applicable in small areas, in small gardens, with curved paths and platforms. Concrete can easily be given any shape, shape, color and texture. Thanks to this, monolithic concrete has found wide application in combined coverings of paths and platforms. Monolithic coatings are a connecting element between surfaces coated with other materials. The main disadvantage is the labor intensity of the work at the construction site, especially when installing the top, decorative layer and cutting patterns on the surface in the form of squares, hexagons, circles and other shapes. Monolithic coverings, subject to destruction, are difficult to repair, while tiled, piece coverings can easily be replaced and restored. Various kinds of inserts in the shape of a circle or hexagon can be “fitted” into a monolithic concrete covering, where plants are planted, or decorative ponds can be arranged in the recesses. To obtain a decorative effect, large fractions of gravel can be inserted into the monolith, which are laid manually during the treatment of the concrete surface. The top layer can be made of decorative colored pebbles. In addition, you can obtain a colored and monolithic coating by using a mineral-based color dye, which includes:

Oxide dye;

White Portland cement;

Specially sorted silica sand or other fine aggregate.

Natural stone coverings

Coatings of roads and areas in gardens and parks, on city streets and squares made of natural stone are one of the oldest types of coatings. This is the most decorative and attractive type of coating used in cities and towns in Europe and America, especially in areas where rock mining is carried out. Stone coatings can be extremely varied in surface texture, pattern, color, shape, and are made in the form of block blocks, such as paving stones. Paving stones are laid in different ways:

- "fan";

- "mesh";

- "bandaged."

The shape of the paving stones should approach a parallelepiped with a slightly reduced supporting plane (“bed”). Paving stones have dimensions: length 15...30 cm; width 12.15 cm; height - 10...15 cm. Paving stones for laying a covering in the form of a mosaic on the surface of platforms and roads should be in the shape of a cube with sides of 7... 10 cm. The stones are cut from stone rocks, usually from granite, diabase , basalt in the form of large slab blocks, 40...80 cm in diameter. The slab blocks are sawn into small pieces of a free configuration and sizes, as a rule, 8...15 cm. Stone tiles can be of different colors depending on from the type of stone. Various forms are given. Regularly shaped slabs of processed stones, varying in size and shape, are often used. Irregularly shaped tiles made of granite, shell rock, and sandstone form a picturesque pattern. The seams between the tiles are filled with pebbles, gravel or sown with lawn grass seeds, and planted with ground cover plants (see Appendices 17,18). Playgrounds or their individual sections with bowls and fountains can be paved with small cobblestones laid on cement mortar (“screed”). Between large stone slabs you can place “inserts” of small colored tiles in combination with inserts of cobblestones and large pebbles, etc.

Brick and wood coverings

Brick coverings are one of the oldest types used in European countries, in cities and towns, as paving of sidewalks, courtyards, in small areas of individual gardens, as well as in areas in parks in front of buildings, small architectural forms, in rose gardens, etc. n. Brick coverings are more wearable than stone and concrete. In addition, they are more expensive and labor-intensive to implement. Coverings of this type are made of clinker bricks measuring 220x110x65 (75) mm. Clinker paths and platforms are made mainly on sandy bases with bricks laid on edge, in transverse rows, in a “Christmas tree” diagonally. You can achieve a wide variety of styling patterns: “mesh”, “braid”, combined method. Using bricks, you can create concentric circles with alternating stripes of vegetation. Brick is applicable in combined coatings with other types - with slabs, with stone. Wood coverings are not durable in use and are used very limitedly. The materials used are boards; thick wooden blocks; bars, end blocks, round logs. It is possible in small recreation areas to install wooden flooring from boards, from large square-shaped plank blocks in combination with benches. 5.3.5. Coverings from special mixtures Coverings of paths and platforms from special mixtures are made from gravel, powder cement, sand, and stone cuttings. Such coatings are used on various classes of paths and areas in gardens and parks. Special mixtures of various materials are prepared for the device. In practice, coatings are used:

Gravel-cement;

Sand and gravel;

From samples of various types of rocks.

Bulk materials such as sand, gravel, blast furnace slag are used as a base for constructing paths and platforms; brick, granite, limestone crushed stones of small fractions. The thickness of the base on which the coating layer is laid is usually 10... 12 cm in a dense body. On clayey, poorly draining soils, a layer of sand at least 10 cm thick is poured. The base usually includes two layers of crushed stone:

A layer of crushed stone of large fractions - 3.5...4 cm, no more;

On top is a layer of smaller fractions, 1.5...0.5 cm, the so-called “propping”

layer. The thickness of the top coating is up to 4...5 cm.
Fluff lime and slag burning (fractions up to 6 mm) can be used as materials for the top coating. The best result when constructing paths coated with bulk materials is obtained by using granite seedings - granite chips. When making a mixture with granite chips and evenly distributing and rolling the surface, a decorative coating of calm tones is obtained. When constructing paths and trails in forest parks, coverings of sand, soil and gravel with the addition of cement or fluff clay are used. The component ratios are as follows:

Mountain gravel (fractions up to 2 cm) - 25%; -clay - 15...20%;

Medium-grained sand - up to 60%.

In some cases, paths and paths are made from soil with the addition of sand and cement in the ratio: soil - 60...70%; sand - 25...30%; cement (powder) - up to 5%. It is possible to construct a top covering for trails made of soil with the addition of fluff clay and sand. Mixtures for coatings are prepared in advance in specially designated areas using special concrete mixing machines or manually. Sand and gravel mixtures are prepared in natural quarries. In this case, a preliminary analysis of the granulometric composition of the mixture is made, which must correspond to the following ratios:

Gravel particles, 5...20mm, - 50...70%;

Sand particles, fractions 5...2 mm, - 10...20%;

Clay particles, up to 1 mm, - 20...40%.

4. Technology for constructing paths and platforms

When constructing garden paths and sites with various types of coatings, a number of general construction norms and rules are observed. First, the entire road and path network with platforms is laid out in accordance with the project and the layout drawing according to generally accepted methods using geodetic tools and instruments (Fig. 31, 32). The routes of the main roads are drawn along their axes with reference to the main baselines according to the alignment drawing. Then the longitudinal slopes are checked in accordance with the vertical layout project, and the points of intersection of paths, turns and radii of curvature, as well as relief fractures are fixed in nature. Subsequently, a complex of earthworks is carried out to cut out the “trough” and level the road surface in accordance with the required slopes. After preparing the road surface and trough for the sites, it is again necessary to check the longitudinal slopes of the surface. Then the boundaries of the structures are marked out, marked in kind with pegs and stretched twine. An important point is the creation of a cross-section of roads. The transverse profile of small tracks is created manually using a specially cut template from thick plywood with a given profile. On large roads and alleys the profile is created using motor grader or bulldozer with a profile knife on the blade. The transverse gable profile of the structure is given an appropriate slope. For example, with a surface slope of 2%, the rise of soil on 1 m of the surface of a road section will be 2 cm. All microrelief changes on the surface of the road surface are leveled, construction waste is removed or can be partially used when constructing the base. The surface of the floor is compacted with motor rollers, passing from the edge to the middle 5-6 times along one track. Before compaction, the roadbed is irrigated with water to impregnate a layer of 5...6 cm. The soil surface of the roadbed or site is considered ready and well compacted if thin round objects - nails, wire, etc. - are pulled out of the soil without violating its integrity.

After preparing the road surface and sites, work is carried out on the construction of the base and covering.

Paths and areas covered with concrete slabs

The designs of paths and platforms covered with slabs can be:

Improved;

Simplified.

Advanced designs include durable designs that include

the following elements:

Leveled and compacted base, layer of crushed stone, thick. in 5 cm - fractions 2...3 cm;

Leveling layer of stone castings - fractions 0.5... 1 cm;

Dry mixture of cement, sand, granite grains - fractions up to 0.5 cm, - up to 2 cm thick or liquid cement mortar - cement screed;

A tile spread over the surface of a mixture or mortar.

Simplified structures include coatings made of slabs laid on a layer of sand - a “sand cushion” - 6...10 cm thick. The layout of the slabs and the coating pattern itself are determined by the designer and depicted on the working drawings of the project. Layout techniques can be very diverse and depend on the compositional design of the territory. The tiles can be laid with joints that are filled with small concrete blocks. In some cases, the joints are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds, resulting in a kind of “lawn-tile” coating. When constructing garden paths and tile platforms, the class and type of structures are taken into account. The base is made of crushed stone or clean sand (see above). A layer of crushed stone is laid on the prepared canvas of the main alleys, which is laid along the slopes and rolled with rollers. A layer of lean concrete or cement-sand mixture is laid over the rolled base, and tiles are laid on this layer (Fig. 34). When laying tiles by hand, the underside of the tile is wetted with water and placed on the surface of the concrete, then carefully driven into position using the handle of a hammer. The surface of the laid slabs is checked with a special template. Particular attention is paid to sealing seams. As a rule, they are filled with cement mortar or covered with a cement-sand mixture. Remains of mortar and mixture must be immediately removed from the surface of the tiles. Small tiles are laid by hand, large slabs weighing more than 50 kg are laid using special devices and mechanisms - “grips”. When constructing secondary paths along the lawn, the tiles are laid on a sand cushion 10...15 cm thick. The tiles are sunk into the sand to 2/3 of its thickness and “deposited” with a wooden mallet. The seams between the tiles are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds. The vertical displacement of the tiles should not exceed 1.5 cm; The tiles are settled by compacting them through the applied board. The sandy base must have side supports made of a tightly compacted earthen edge or a garden concrete curb. It is necessary to ensure a tight fit of the tiles when laying them to the edge and to each other. Tiles are usually laid 2 cm above the adjacent surface of the lawn (or flush with it).

Paths and areas covered with stone, brick and wood

Laying coverings on a finished base made of machine-sawn stone slabs, bricks, wood - end blocks - is not fundamentally different from laying concrete slabs.

Laying is done manually on a leveled base. The base, in turn, is laid on well-compacted soil of the path or platform. The material for the base is, as mentioned above, sand or crushed slag.
In some cases, a cement-sand mixture is applicable. The thickness of the “pillow” must be at least 10 cm. The seams between the tiles are covered with sand or a mixture. Between the tiles it is possible to lay clinker bricks laid on the edge. When installing coatings on large areas, you should carefully adhere to the design slopes and monitor the correct placement of tiles, their fit, settlement, compaction, and surface leveling. The paving stone covering is made in the same sequence, but according to the drawing - “fan”, “mesh”, etc. The brick covering is created on a sandy base cushion, which is carefully leveled and planned; a slight slope is made to allow water to drain. Bricks are laid in different patterns. When laying, the bricks are compacted. If necessary, cut the brick for adjustment using a chisel: the brick is cut on all four sides, and the required part is broken off with a blow. The seams between the bricks are filled with slightly damp sand; excess sand is removed from the surface with a broom. At the joints, the sand is compacted to the same level as the surface. It is recommended to cure all completed coatings for 3-4 days. The coatings are arranged in the form of “circles” of granite stones of various sizes, shapes, colors and called “breccia”. Breccia paving is widely used on paths and platforms in certain areas of gardens and parks. For heavy loads, slabs, blocks, bars, stones are laid on a well-planned base of sand, small crushed stone: fractions of at least 1...2 cm; layer thickness - 10 cm. A layer of cement-sand mixture 3...5 cm thick is laid on the planned surface of the crushed stone layer. For light loads, the stone covering is laid on a sand “cushion” 12...15 cm thick. The top layer of the cushion is leveled cement-sand mixture 1:10. The coating is made of rounded pebbles, which are distributed over a layer of cement mortar; the thickness of the sand cushion is 20 cm, the concrete layer is 5...6 cm, the cement mortar layer is 2 cm. In practice, various options for covering areas and paths made of natural materials are known. Garden paths can be lined with end blocks of rectangular shape and various sizes; The blocks are placed at different levels in a gravel coating with cement mortar. End cuts of logs can also be used as an original covering in small areas of the garden. Such sections can be of different diameters. The gaps between the large ends are densely filled with small and medium ends. The ends are usually laid on cement preparation. There are free gaps between the ends. Wooden end coverings are made over a compacted and even layer of crushed stone; in some cases, a cement screed is used, spreading a thin layer of cement mortar over the surface. End blocks, pre-impregnated with an antiseptic, are laid along the base. Seams 3...6 mm wide are filled with sand. The sand cushion is placed on a well-planned surface of the roadbed with a thickness of at least 20 cm, a layer of concrete is 5...6 cm at a grade of 300 kg/cm2, a decorative layer of gravel or pebbles is 2...3 cm. 5.4.3. Paths and platforms covered with monolithic concrete The technological process of constructing paths and platforms with a covering made of monolithic concrete is, in principle, no different from conventional road work using monolithic concrete.

The main requirements are:

Providing clear contours of the paving surface by installing special wood formwork or concrete curbing;

Preparation of the crushed stone base and its leveling, laying the concrete mass, its distribution over the surface of the base;

Leveling with a special spatula, trowel or special board.

After leveling, the surface is treated with a roller with two horizontal drums having a mesh texture. When rolling roughly leveled concrete, large grains of aggregate are pressed down, leaving small particles on the surface. Currently, various motor mechanisms are used to level and compact the concrete surface. The pattern is applied to the surface after the moisture has evaporated from it and while the concrete retains its plasticity. Various devices are used for drawing. After the concrete has sufficiently set, the surface and seams are treated with a soft brush. The pattern can be applied using various devices and obtain patterns in the form of combinations of circles, squares, waves, etc. In some cases, monolithic concrete is applicable with bare aggregate, which is colored gravel with grains 1...2 cm in diameter. Gravel is applied to the concrete surface, which is first smoothed with a spatula and trowel. As soon as the concrete hardens, the surface is rubbed with a special board made of magnesium or aluminum alloy (or the same trowel). The solution should completely envelop the individual grains of the aggregate without leaving holes on the surface. After this, the solution is removed with a brush or a stream of water from a hose; extensive exposure of gravel grains is not recommended. Then the surface of the coating is ground and polished; expansion and decorative joints are applied along the surface with a saw to a depth of 2...3 cm. Wooden slats can be laid into expansion joints, which are placed before laying concrete on the base. Laying the slats imitates a tiled covering. A decorative surface can be created by simply pressing colored pebbles into unhardened concrete, but such a coating is not always strong and stable. Colored pebbles can be alternated with gravel to create varied areas. The simplest platforms of a curved configuration with a coating of monolithic concrete are made by laying out the site (or path) according to the drawing, excavating the soil to a given depth, leveling and compacting the canvas (trough) and filling the resulting “form” with concrete solution. Subsequently, all the above operations are performed.

Paths and areas covered with special mixtures

When constructing paths and platforms with bulk (filled) “clothing” structures, great importance is attached to the arrangement of supporting edges along the boundaries and contours. The supporting edges are arranged strictly along the cord. The edge is arranged along the borders of the path by adding a roller of plant soil. The height of the roller must be at least 15 cm and can be increased depending on the thickness of the clothing by 5 cm or more. The roll of earth is compacted tightly, and a strip of turf is spread over its surface, sloping towards the path or area. Instead of a supporting edge, a curb or garden curb made of stone or concrete is built from the ground. To install the curb, a groove 10 cm deep and 12 cm wide is torn off; the groove bed is planned. Using the cord, the height position of the curb is determined and then the curb itself is installed. The grooves are filled with soil, watered and thoroughly compacted. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar. The reference line from the curb must be straight in horizontal and vertical positions. The curves of roads and sites are smoothly outlined with a curb, while filling the resulting corners with cement mortar. On the main paths and platforms, a permanent installation of curbs - side stones - is carried out. First, a groove is made with a depth of 25 cm. A concrete mixture - a “cushion” - 10 cm thick is placed in the prepared groove, onto which the curb is installed, sunk into the concrete mass and leveled manually with wooden tampers. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar, and concrete mass is added to the base, compacting it. After installing the curb and preparing the canvas (see above), a layer of crushed stone is scattered over the surface. The crushed stone layer is leveled in accordance with the transverse and longitudinal profile of the path. The profiled surface is moistened with water - 10 l/m2 of surface - and rolled with a roller weighing at least 1.0 t 5-7 times, one trace from the edges to the middle, overlapping each trace by 1/3. The first rolling achieves “squeezing” the placer and ensures a stable position of the crushed stone. The second rolling imparts rigidity to the base due to the mutual “jamming” of crushed stone. During the third rolling, a dense crust forms on the surface: small fractions of crushed stone “weed out” and close the holes and pores. The thickness of the compacted layer of crushed stone should not exceed 15 cm. The crushed stone base is considered prepared when there is no mobility of crushed stone particles on the surface, and a piece of crushed stone thrown under the rollers of the roller is crushed. A layer of a special mixture is applied to the prepared base according to the established recipe and leveled according to templates in accordance with the transverse profile and longitudinal slope of the path; the coating is moistened with water - 10 l/m2 of surface - and then, after the moisture has dried, it is rolled with a roller weighing up to 1.5 tons 5-7 times along one track until the coating density, elasticity and elasticity of its surface are achieved. Sand-gravel and soil-cement mixtures are laid on a previously prepared and profiled soil base. The base fabric is first subjected to fine loosening or milling, and the specified mixtures are scattered over it. After these operations, the web is profiled and subsequently rolled. It is recommended to begin operation of the finished paths and platforms after 3-5 days.

Paths and areas with combined surfaces

The construction of paths and platforms with combined types of coatings requires knowledge of the structural and mechanical qualities of the materials from which these coatings are composed. In accordance with their characteristics, the foundations are constructed and the covering elements are laid. It is necessary to strive for such a selection of materials that make up the combined coating that it would be possible to adopt a common base design and the same installation method. For a covering of stone and concrete slabs, with the correct selection of technical characteristics and dimensions, you can make one base and use one laying technique. For each type of coating, it is necessary to follow the appropriate technology or, for a general basis, choose the design that has the highest strength indicators; otherwise, the coating will quickly deform and collapse.

Sports grounds

Sports grounds include:

Football field;

Volleyball and basketball courts;

Tennis;

Gorodkov;

Gymnastics classes.

The choice of coverings for sports fields depends on their size and purpose. Dry, ventilated and insolated areas are allocated for the sites. All surface slopes should facilitate the unhindered discharge of surface precipitation. To ensure that the top soft cover of sports grounds does not generate dust and is kept in an optimally moist state at all times, it is necessary to lay a water supply system for watering the surface of the playgrounds. To fill the skating rink for the winter, the water supply is laid below the freezing depth of the soil. The placement of sports facilities in gardens and parks must correspond to their purpose, location and contribute to the formation of the architectural appearance of the entire facility, taking into account climatic and local conditions. Playgrounds and fields for sports games, as a rule, are located in accordance with the orientation to the cardinal points. The long axis of the site is located along the meridian or with a deviation of 15...20°. The structures of sports grounds consist of multi-layer “clothing” and special equipment. Clothing consists of a subgrade, a base of several load-bearing layers of materials of different purposes or combinations of them, and a top cover of a special mixture of inert, astringent and neutral materials (Fig. 36). Utility networks that facilitate proper operation and rapid restoration of the top cover under any climatic conditions are mandatory for flat sports structures. This is, first of all, drainage with storm sewer elements, irrigation water supply and lighting. Coatings must have a smooth and non-slip surface that does not become wet when over-moistened and does not generate dust during the dry season. In conditions of low permeability underlying soils, ring drainage is laid along the boundaries of sites and fields, consisting of collecting drains and water intake wells. The “body” of collecting drains can be tubular with the ditches filled with inert materials or simply filled with inert materials of various fractions. Intake wells can be concrete with water transferred to the sewer network or simply filled with materials that absorb and transport water through aquifers. The technology for constructing the simplest sites in gardens and parks includes the following main issues:

1) determination of the construction dimensions of the site;

2) foundation design - a trough with a device for surface drainage and circular collecting drainage;

3) for low-permeability soils - preparation of an underlying layer of draining and filtering medium-grained materials or an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer capable of not only retaining moisture, but also transporting it along drainage marks;

4) layer-by-layer arrangement of the middle intermediate layer made of inert materials;

5) applying an insulating layer of elastic and moisture-absorbing materials;

6) laying the top cover from a special mixture;

7) installation of special equipment and horizontal marking of the sports ground.

This sequence of work and choice of materials are typical for mass objects in residential buildings and outdoor physical education classes. The construction of sports grounds begins with the determination of the dimensions of the playgrounds using a layout drawing and a level, marking in situ corners or characteristic points, driving metal pipes to a depth of 80 cm. After this, a foundation is arranged - a “trough” and surface drainage is organized, with mandatory consideration of the composition of the foundation soils . If there are sandy or light loamy soils at the base, which are good conductors of moisture, drainage of the area is not provided. The presence of a water-resistant layer in the base - clay, heavy or medium loam - creates the need for the construction of water-carrying drains and absorption wells. In this case, the underlying soils are first loosened with a milling cutter to make them porous. The lower elastic-moisture-holding layer receives moisture through the underlying layers of clothing and accumulates part of it, and directs part along the slope into water-conducting drains and subsequently into absorption wells. The body of the drainage drain and absorption well consists of inert materials of different sizes. The materials are laid in layers, with a decrease in the fractions of each material from bottom to top. A more complex ring drainage body may consist of pipeline drains and reinforced concrete prefabricated wells: without bottom - absorbent; with a collective bottom

Water is drained from collecting wells through pipelines into storm sewers (see Fig. 22). Laying the elastic-moisture-absorbing layer begins after all work on drainage installation and foundation preparation has been completed. A lightweight concrete curb or wooden formwork measuring 10x15 cm in height, equal to the thickness of all layers of the structure, is installed along the boundaries of the site. The curb is installed on cement mortar. The formwork is made from edged antiseptic boards measuring 20 x 120 cm and 4 cm thick. The boards are laid “on edge” and nailed to pegs, which are first driven into the ground at a distance of at least 1 m from each other. The length of the pins is 30...40 cm, thickness 8...10 cm, the lower part should be pointed. The pegs are driven into the ground along the outside of the site, after which a board is attached to them. Formwork or a curb along the boundaries of the site allows you to maintain clear boundary lines and keep layers of clothing from spreading. An elastic-moisture-absorbing layer 8...10 cm thick (in a tightly rolled state) is laid in two steps on a carefully planned and rolled base. The elastic-moisture-absorbing layer is watered and rolled with a roller weighing up to 2 tons. Rolling is carried out with the roller passing at least 5-6 passes along one track. To prevent the wetted material from sticking to the rollers of the roller during rolling, a layer of 1...2 cm of inert materials (fine crushed stone, 2 mm fraction) of the middle intermediate layer is placed on it. When calculating the need for materials for an elastic-moisture-intensive layer, take into account their significant compaction - up to 50...55%. The middle intermediate layer of inert materials is laid out over an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer. It consists of M-800 crushed stone. Layer thickness 10...12 cm, grain fraction 20...35 mm. The layer is carefully leveled, giving it the design slopes. The surface is watered abundantly with water at the rate of 10... 12 l/m and compacted with rollers weighing 3... 5 tons, passing 5~7 times in one place. The layer is considered prepared if, when the roller passes, “waves” do not appear on the surface of the layer and crushed stone of softer rocks placed on it is crushed by the roller. The next layer is insulating. The insulating layer is laid 4 cm thick in a dense body made of elastic and moisture-absorbing materials. Its components are special mixtures for top coverings of sports fields. Recommended designs for tennis court surfaces (experience from St. Petersburg) The base of the court is compacted soil; Top coating, 4 cm thick, from a special mixture: clay-powder -45%; ground clinker - 45%; fluff lime - 10; Elastic layer of lignin, thickness 1 cm; Limestone crushed stone (fraction 10. ..20 mm), thickness 2 cm; Granite crushed stone (fraction 20...40 cm), thickness 13 cm; The sand is coarse-grained, 5 cm thick. The coating is watered by sprinkling, rolled with a roller weighing 2 tons, passing over one place 2-3 times. To prevent sticking to the roller rollers, the surface is sprinkled with a thin layer of stone chips. Laying the top cover layer (special mixture) is an important part of creating the site. The cover must be of high quality, so the materials for it are selected according to one of the recommended recipes, taking into account the granulometric composition of the mixture.

Currently, artificial types of turf made from synthetic materials have been developed for football fields, replacing sports turf made from cereal grasses.

5. Maintenance of paths and areas

The road and path network and special planar structures of a garden and park facility must always carry sanitary, hygienic, architectural, artistic and utilitarian principles. This is only possible with constant preservation and proper maintenance - cleaning, watering and washing the surfaces, removing weeds, caring for edges and borders, adding inert materials to the top layer with rolling of the structure, current and major repairs. In winter, paths and areas should be constantly cleared of snow and ice. Such measures make it possible to safely use them by passers-by, as well as preserve the top cover of the road pavement. Loose snow on paths up to 2.5...3 m wide is removed using special machines. On wide alleys and areas, snow is removed using small tractors with brushes. Compacted or hilled snow is removed using a front-end bucket, a loader with transportation on small-sized dump trucks or self-propelled carts. Every day, the paths are cleared of various household waste, which is placed in garbage containers. Spring work. With strong warming and snow melting, movement on paths and areas with a soft (crushed stone) surface becomes impossible, as it leads to damage to the top layer. Therefore, such paths are temporarily closed and warning signs are placed near them, signs and signs and fences are installed. After clearing snow and ice and drying the surfaces, the paths and areas are opened to visitors. In places with surface quicksand or streams that temporarily drain melt water, temporary shield bridges, wooden or metal, should be laid, which can be used after drying the paths and for other purposes or in the autumn-spring of the next period. To speed up the melting, snow is loosened on the sides of paths and platforms and scattered on the lawn. The formed ice is chipped off, the covers of storm sewer or drainage wells are freed from it and the free flow of melt water is allowed. If there is no sewer or drainage network at the site, water flow is provided along surface slopes with the construction of temporary grooves to the nearest city, storm well or water intake - pond, lake, river - inside the site. Summer work. The road and path network is cleared of household waste, fallen leaves, small stones, and glass packages 1-2 times a day. The placement of garbage bins and containers depends on the intensity of the site being visited, the average litter content of the site per unit area, for example, 100 m2, and the distance of moving garbage in different ways. All this must be taken into account when planning the acquisition of equipment and its placement. Cleaning of wide alleys and park roads with hard surfaces is carried out with special cleaning machines. Small paths are cleaned using brushes on small tractors or manually with steel brooms from the edge of paths or areas to the middle, capturing and moving only debris. During the summer, paths and areas are systematically watered to create comfortable conditions for rest and movement. Road pavements with a soft top coating are watered moderately in hot weather, so as not to erode the surface of the coating, daily at the rate of 3...5 l/m2, which allows you to knock down dust. Alleys and paved driveways are watered with watering machines 1-2 times a day, washing off the dust and removing it into the storm network. Children's and sports grounds with soft surfaces are watered daily 2-3 times using hoses with sprayers and a "sprinkler" at a rate of 5...8 l/m2. Control of grown weeds on paths and platforms is carried out mechanically or chemically. The mechanical method consists of weeding and pruning with special scrapers and hoes unpretentious, fast-growing grasses, such as bird's-eye buckwheat, dandelion, plantain, etc. This work is very labor-intensive, ineffective, and, in addition, destroys the top road surface. The chemical method is more effective - introducing various chemicals by sprinkling or pouring a solution onto the grown weed grass. In parks, a 1% aqueous solution of bertholite salt is used in an amount of 20...30 g per 1 m2 of area. Various herbicides are also effective, which should quickly decompose in plants and soil and be non-toxic to humans and animals. Herbicides are diluted in water - 5 liters of the active substance of the drug per 80 liters of water - and then carefully spray the paths from the sprayer, 3 times every 20 days, without applying the solution to the edges and border areas of the lawns. The surface of the paths should be treated in warm, windless weather at an outside air temperature of 18...24 °C. The recommended mixture is simazine and atro-zine1 in equal volumes with the optimal timing of application - early spring, before emergence or after weed emergence. The organization of the movement of visitors and transport, as well as the appearance of paths and platforms, depend on the condition and clarity of curbs - curbs or earthen edges. Borders (curbs) made of artificial or natural stones are carefully inspected, the shifted parts are installed flush with the line. Individual curbs that have lost their decorative properties are replaced using the original installation technology. During the season, the earthen edge is cut 1-2 times mechanically - with an edge trimming machine or manually - with a rectangular sharpened blade - along a cord. The cord is pulled along pegs installed on the design (or established by measurements in several places) boundaries of road structures. You need to cut the edge turf with a slight slope towards the path, observing its transverse profile. Deformed edges are sown after loosening or pulled into a tape. Sowing is done with a double rate of lawn grass seeds identical to those growing in the existing lawn. Trimming the edge into a strip is preferable to sowing seeds, but is complicated by the lack of high-quality turf, which can be obtained either from specially arranged nurseries or from good meadows

Practical experience shows that the turf allows you to keep the earthen edge in normal condition for 5-6 years. As the territory of the garden and park facility dries out, correctional or routine repairs of paths and sites begin. Repairs are carried out if, as a result of intensive use - the passage of vehicles or machinery on unsettled surfaces in spring or autumn, etc. - road pavements with a soft top coating are damaged by significant depressions and pits. It is best to identify all the irregularities and mark the contours of microdepressions at the moment when the existing depressions are filled with water. After removing the water and drying, such places are loosened, leveled by hand and covered with crushed stone wedges in a layer of 3...3.5 cm, which is either rolled out or compacted with a tamper. A layer of a special mixture made up of materials present in the original topcoat is then applied on top. This layer is leveled by hand, spilled and rolled flush with the general surface of the adjacent track surface. To better preserve the top cover, 1...2 cm of crumbs of inert material included in the special mixture should be added annually and rolled with a roller 5-6 times in 4-5 tracks to create a wear layer. Tile coverings are repaired by replacing individual damaged tiles; the base is leveled and compacted, then the tiles are laid on concrete mortar or sand, fitting them tightly to each other and compacting them with a tamper through a plank pad. Major repairs are carried out depending on the age of current repairs and the degree of wear of the road pavement: the absence of a top cover of up to 70%, the presence of numerous holes with all layers or an earthen edge knocked out. The minimum service life of tracks for major repairs is 10 years; under special circumstances - laying utility networks, etc. - at least 5 years after major construction or the next major overhaul. During repairs, all technological operations must be strictly carried out in a certain sequence, observing the longitudinal and transverse slopes of paths and platforms. Overhaul of garden roads and sites consists of the following operations:
1) hilling (if possible) the top layer of seedings with a bulldozer - after removing the layer of contaminants and storing them outside the track; removing broken tiles;
2) loosening the crushed stone base to its entire depth using a pick operator coupled with a tractor;

3) leveling the crushed stone raised to the surface with a bulldozer;

4) manual repair of a curb or earthen edge;

5) adding new crushed stone in a volume of more than 50% of the designed road pavement with careful profiling along slopes and rolling with rollers;

6) laying the mixture or tiles, existing and newly imported seedings, with all the operations described when constructing paths and platforms.

For each independent technological operation, hidden work reports are drawn up, in which it is necessary to particularly accurately indicate the degree of wear of each structural element - top covering, crushed stone base, other layers, curb, etc. - since the amount of new added depends on this materials and the estimated cost of major repairs. Before repairing flat sports facilities, the drainage system is carefully inspected and tested to determine the need for partial improvement or complete replacement. All layers of site clothing are gradually removed and transported to the storage site. Practical experience shows that major repairs of the entire structure of a sports ground in parks are carried out after 20-30 years of its operation. To check the stability of the top coating of the sites, at least 10 samples of the coating mixture are taken in different places of the sites and analyzed for particle size distribution. Particular attention is paid to the most exploited parts of the sites, the cover of which must be determined more carefully and separately. First, analyzes are carried out on the granulometric composition of the top layer of the coating. By comparing the analysis results with the particle size distribution of the optimal mixture, the missing or excess fractions are determined by groups of materials. A mixture is then selected which, when added to the existing cover, will adjust it and lead to the optimal composition. The top cover must be thoroughly loosened using a cutter, large lumps must be broken up and inconvenient places must be eliminated to introduce the missing volume of the new mixture found. After laying, the new mixture must be mixed very well with a rake, leveled along the slope marks, poured and rolled, using the technology for constructing the top cover of sports flat structures.

When constructing garden paths and sites with various types of coatings, a number of general construction norms and rules are observed. First, the entire road and path network with platforms is laid out in accordance with the project and the layout drawing according to generally accepted methods using geodetic tools and instruments (Fig. 31, 32). The routes of the main roads are drawn along their axes with reference to the main baselines according to the alignment drawing. Then the longitudinal slopes are checked in accordance with the vertical layout project, and the points of intersection of paths, turns and radii of curvature, as well as relief fractures are fixed in nature. Subsequently, a complex of earthworks is carried out to cut out the “trough” and level the road surface in accordance with the required slopes. After preparing the road surface and trough for the sites, it is again necessary to check the longitudinal slopes of the surface. Then the boundaries of the structures are marked out, marked in kind with pegs and stretched twine. An important point is the creation of a cross-section of roads. The transverse profile of small tracks is created manually using a specially cut template from thick plywood with a given profile. On large roads and alleys, the profile is created using a motor grader or bulldozer with a profile knife on the blade. The transverse gable profile of the structure is given an appropriate slope. For example, with a surface slope of 2%, the rise of soil on 1 m of the surface of a road section will be 2 cm. All microrelief changes on the surface of the road surface are leveled, construction waste is removed or can be partially used when constructing the base. The flat surface is compacted with motor rollers, passing from the edge to the middle 5-6 times along one track. Before compaction, the roadbed is irrigated with water to impregnate a layer of 5...6 cm. The soil surface of the roadbed or site is considered ready and well compacted if thin round objects - nails, wire, etc. - are pulled out of the soil without violating its integrity.

After preparing the road surface and sites, work is carried out on the construction of the base and covering.

Paths and areas covered with concrete slabs

The designs of paths and platforms covered with slabs can be:
- improved;
- simplified.
Advanced designs include durable designs that include the following elements:
- leveled and compacted base, a layer of crushed stone, 5 cm thick - fractions 2... 3 cm;
- leveling layer of stone castings - fractions 0.5... 1 cm;
- a dry mixture of cement, sand, granite castings - fractions up to 0.5 cm, - up to 2 cm thick or liquid cement mortar - cement screed;
- a tile spread over the surface of a mixture or mortar.
Simplified structures include coatings made of slabs laid on a layer of sand - a “sand cushion” - 6...10 cm thick. The layout of the slabs and the coating pattern itself are determined by the designer and depicted on the working drawings of the project. Layout techniques can be very diverse and depend on the compositional design of the territory. The tiles can be laid with joints that are filled with small concrete blocks. In some cases, the joints are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds, resulting in a kind of “lawn-tile” coating. When constructing garden paths and tile platforms, the class and type of structures are taken into account. The base is made of crushed stone or clean sand (see above). A layer of crushed stone is laid on the prepared canvas of the main alleys, which is laid along the slopes and rolled with rollers. A layer of lean concrete or cement-sand mixture is laid over the rolled base, and tiles are laid on this layer (Fig. 34). When laying tiles by hand, the underside of the tile is wetted with water and placed on the surface of the concrete, then carefully driven into position using the handle of a hammer. The surface of the laid slabs is checked with a special template. Particular attention is paid to sealing seams. As a rule, they are filled with cement mortar or covered with a cement-sand mixture. Remains of mortar and mixture must be immediately removed from the surface of the tiles. Small tiles are laid by hand, large slabs weighing more than 50 kg are laid using special devices and mechanisms - “grips”. When constructing secondary paths along the lawn, the tiles are laid on a sand cushion 10...15 cm thick. The tiles are sunk into the sand to 2/3 of its thickness and “deposited” with a wooden mallet. The seams between the tiles are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds. The vertical displacement of the tiles should not exceed 1.5 cm; The tiles are settled by compacting them through the applied board. The sandy base must have side supports made of a tightly compacted earthen edge or a garden concrete curb. It is necessary to ensure a tight fit of the tiles when laying them to the edge and to each other. Tiles are usually laid 2 cm above the adjacent surface of the lawn (or flush with it).

Paths and areas covered with stone, brick and wood

Laying coverings on a finished base made of machine-sawn stone slabs, bricks, wood - end blocks - is not fundamentally different from laying concrete slabs. Laying is done manually on a leveled base. The base, in turn, is laid on well-compacted soil of the path or platform. The material for the base is, as mentioned above, sand or crushed slag.


In some cases, a cement-sand mixture is applicable. The thickness of the “pillow” must be at least 10 cm. The seams between the tiles are covered with sand or a mixture. Between the tiles it is possible to lay clinker bricks laid on the edge. When installing coatings on large areas, you should carefully adhere to the design slopes and monitor the correct placement of tiles, their fit, settlement, compaction, and surface leveling. The paving stone covering is made in the same sequence, but according to the drawing - “fan”, “mesh”, etc. The brick covering is created on a sandy base cushion, which is carefully leveled and planned; a slight slope is made to allow water to drain. Bricks are laid in different patterns. When laying, the bricks are compacted. If necessary, cut the brick for adjustment using a chisel: the brick is cut on all four sides, and the required part is broken off with a blow. The seams between the bricks are filled with slightly damp sand; excess sand is removed from the surface with a broom. At the joints, the sand is compacted to the same level as the surface. It is recommended to cure all completed coatings for 3-4 days. The coatings are arranged in the form of “circles” of granite stones of various sizes, shapes, colors and called “breccia”. Breccia paving is widely used on paths and platforms in certain areas of gardens and parks. For heavy loads, slabs, blocks, bars, stones are laid on a well-planned base of sand, small crushed stone: fractions of at least 1...2 cm; layer thickness - 10 cm. A layer of cement-sand mixture 3...5 cm thick is laid on the planned surface of the crushed stone layer. For light loads, the stone covering is laid on a sand “cushion” 12...15 cm thick. The top layer of the cushion is leveled cement-sand mixture 1:10. The coating is made of rounded pebbles, which are distributed over a layer of cement mortar; the thickness of the sand cushion is 20 cm, the concrete layer is 5...6 cm, the cement mortar layer is 2 cm. In practice, various options for covering areas and paths made of natural materials are known. Garden paths can be lined with end blocks of rectangular shape and various sizes; The blocks are placed at different levels in a gravel coating with cement mortar. End cuts of logs can also be used as an original covering in small areas of the garden. Such sections can be of different diameters. The gaps between the large ends are densely filled with small and medium ends. The ends are usually laid on cement preparation. There are free gaps between the ends.

Wooden end coverings are made over a compacted and even layer of crushed stone; in some cases, a cement screed is used, spreading a thin layer of cement mortar over the surface. End blocks, pre-impregnated with an antiseptic, are laid along the base. Seams 3...6 mm wide are filled with sand. The sand cushion is placed on a well-planned surface of the roadbed with a thickness of at least 20 cm, a layer of concrete is 5...6 cm at a grade of 300 kg/cm2, a decorative layer of gravel or pebbles is 2...3 cm. 5.4.3. Paths and platforms covered with monolithic concrete The technological process of constructing paths and platforms with a covering made of monolithic concrete is, in principle, no different from conventional road work using monolithic concrete. The main requirements are:
- ensuring clear contours of the paving surface by installing special formwork made of wood or a curb made of concrete;
- preparation of the crushed stone base and its leveling, laying the concrete mass, its distribution over the surface of the base;
- leveling with a special spatula, trowel or special
board.

After leveling, the surface is treated with a roller with two horizontal drums having a mesh texture. When rolling roughly leveled concrete, large grains of aggregate are pressed down, leaving small particles on the surface. Currently, various motor mechanisms are used to level and compact the concrete surface. The pattern is applied to the surface after the moisture has evaporated from it and while the concrete retains its plasticity. Various devices are used for drawing. After the concrete has sufficiently set, the surface and seams are treated with a soft brush. The pattern can be applied using various devices and obtain patterns in the form of combinations of circles, squares, waves, etc. In some cases, monolithic concrete is applicable with bare aggregate, which is colored gravel with grains 1...2 cm in diameter. Gravel is applied to the concrete surface, which is first smoothed with a spatula and trowel. As soon as the concrete hardens, the surface is rubbed with a special board made of magnesium or aluminum alloy (or the same trowel). The solution should completely envelop the individual grains of the aggregate without leaving holes on the surface. After this, the solution is removed with a brush or a stream of water from a hose; extensive exposure of gravel grains is not recommended. Then the surface of the coating is ground and polished; expansion and decorative joints are applied along the surface with a saw to a depth of 2...3 cm. Wooden slats can be laid into expansion joints, which are placed before laying concrete on the base. Laying the slats imitates a tiled covering. A decorative surface can be created by simply pressing colored pebbles into unhardened concrete, but such a coating is not always strong and stable. Colored pebbles can be alternated with gravel to create varied areas. The simplest platforms of a curved configuration with a coating of monolithic concrete are made by laying out the site (or path) according to the drawing, excavating the soil to a given depth, leveling and compacting the canvas (trough) and filling the resulting “form” with concrete solution. Subsequently, all the above operations are performed.

Paths and areas covered with special mixtures

When constructing paths and platforms with bulk (filled) “clothing” structures, great importance is attached to the arrangement of supporting edges along the boundaries and contours. The supporting edges are arranged strictly along the cord. The edge is arranged along the borders of the path by adding a roller of plant soil. The height of the roller must be at least 15 cm and can be increased depending on the thickness of the clothing by 5 cm or more. The roll of earth is compacted tightly, and a strip of turf is spread over its surface, sloping towards the path or area. Instead of a supporting edge, a curb or garden curb made of stone or concrete is built from the ground. To install the curb, a groove 10 cm deep and 12 cm wide is torn off; the groove bed is planned. Using the cord, the height position of the curb is determined and then the curb itself is installed. The grooves are filled with soil, watered and thoroughly compacted. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar. The reference line from the curb must be straight in horizontal and vertical positions. The curves of roads and sites are smoothly outlined with a curb, while filling the resulting corners with cement mortar. On the main paths and platforms, a permanent installation of curbs - side stones - is carried out. First, a groove is made with a depth of 25 cm. A concrete mixture - a “cushion” - 10 cm thick is placed in the prepared groove, onto which the curb is installed, sunk into the concrete mass and leveled manually with wooden tampers. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar, and concrete mass is added to the base, compacting it. After installing the curb and preparing the canvas (see above), a layer of crushed stone is scattered over the surface. The crushed stone layer is leveled in accordance with the transverse and longitudinal profile of the path. The profiled surface is moistened with water - 10 l/m2 of surface - and rolled with a roller weighing at least 1.0 t 5-7 times, one trace from the edges to the middle, overlapping each trace by 1/3. The first rolling achieves “squeezing” the placer and ensures a stable position of the crushed stone. The second rolling imparts rigidity to the base due to the mutual “jamming” of crushed stone. During the third rolling, a dense crust forms on the surface: small fractions of crushed stone “weed out” and close the holes and pores. The thickness of the compacted layer of crushed stone should not exceed 15 cm. The crushed stone base is considered prepared when there is no mobility of crushed stone particles on the surface, and a piece of crushed stone thrown under the rollers of the roller is crushed. A layer of a special mixture is applied to the prepared base according to the established recipe and leveled according to templates in accordance with the transverse profile and longitudinal slope of the path; the coating is moistened with water - 10 l/m2 of surface - and then, after the moisture has dried, it is rolled with a roller weighing up to 1.5 tons 5-7 times along one track until the coating density, elasticity and elasticity of its surface are achieved. Sand-gravel and soil-cement mixtures are laid on a previously prepared and profiled soil base. The base fabric is first subjected to fine loosening or milling, and the specified mixtures are scattered over it. After these operations, the web is profiled and subsequently rolled. It is recommended to begin operation of the finished paths and platforms after 3-5 days.
5.4.5. Paths and areas with combined surfaces

The construction of paths and platforms with combined types of coatings requires knowledge of the structural and mechanical qualities of the materials from which these coatings are composed. In accordance with their characteristics, the foundations are constructed and the covering elements are laid. It is necessary to strive for such a selection of materials that make up the combined coating that it would be possible to adopt a common base design and the same installation method. For a covering of stone and concrete slabs, with the correct selection of technical characteristics and dimensions, you can make one base and use one laying technique. For each type of coating, it is necessary to follow the appropriate technology or, for a general basis, choose the design that has the highest strength indicators; otherwise, the coating will quickly deform and collapse.

Sports grounds

Sports grounds include:
- football field;
- volleyball and basketball courts;
- tennis;
- towns;
- gymnastics classes.
The choice of coverings for sports fields depends on their size and purpose. Dry, ventilated and insulated areas are allocated for the sites. All surface slopes should facilitate the unhindered discharge of surface precipitation. To ensure that the top soft cover of sports grounds does not generate dust and is kept in an optimally moist state at all times, it is necessary to lay a water supply system for watering the surface of the playgrounds. To fill the skating rink for the winter, the water supply is laid below the freezing depth of the soil. The placement of sports facilities in gardens and parks must correspond to their purpose, location and contribute to the formation of the architectural appearance of the entire facility, taking into account climatic and local conditions. Playgrounds and fields for sports games, as a rule, are located in accordance with the orientation to the cardinal points. The long axis of the site is located along the meridian or with a deviation of 15...20°. The structures of sports grounds consist of multi-layer “clothing” and special equipment. Clothing consists of a subgrade, a base of several load-bearing layers of materials of different purposes or combinations of them, and a top cover of a special mixture of inert, astringent and neutral materials (Fig. 36). Utility networks that facilitate proper operation and rapid restoration of the top cover under any climatic conditions are mandatory for flat sports structures. This is, first of all, drainage with storm sewer elements, irrigation water supply and lighting. Coatings must have a smooth and non-slip surface that does not become wet when over-moistened and does not generate dust during the dry season. In conditions of low permeability underlying soils, ring drainage is laid along the boundaries of sites and fields, consisting of collecting drains and water intake wells. The “body” of collecting drains can be tubular with the ditches filled with inert materials or simply filled with inert materials of various fractions. Intake wells can be concrete with water transferred to the sewer network or simply filled with materials that absorb and transport water through aquifers. The technology for constructing the simplest sites in gardens and parks includes the following main issues:
1) determination of the construction dimensions of the site;
2) foundation design - a trough with a device for surface drainage and circular collecting drainage;
3) for low-permeability soils - preparation of an underlying layer of draining and filtering medium-grained materials or an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer capable of not only retaining moisture, but also transporting it along drainage marks;
4) layer-by-layer arrangement of the middle intermediate layer made of inert materials;
5) applying an insulating layer of elastic and moisture-absorbing materials;
6) laying the top cover from a special mixture;
7) installation of special equipment and horizontal marking of the sports ground.
This sequence of work and choice of materials are typical for mass objects in residential buildings and outdoor physical education classes. The construction of sports grounds begins with the determination of the dimensions of the playgrounds using a layout drawing and a level, marking in situ corners or characteristic points, driving metal pipes to a depth of 80 cm. After this, a foundation is arranged - a “trough” and surface drainage is organized, with mandatory consideration of the composition of the foundation soils . If there are sandy or light loamy soils at the base, which are good conductors of moisture, drainage of the area is not provided. The presence of a water-resistant layer in the base - clay, heavy or medium loam - creates the need for the construction of water-carrying drains and absorption wells. In this case, the underlying soils are first loosened with a milling cutter to make them porous. The lower elastic-moisture-holding layer receives moisture through the underlying layers of clothing and accumulates part of it, and directs part along the slope into water-conducting drains and subsequently into absorption wells. The body of the drainage drain and absorption well consists of inert materials of different sizes. The materials are laid in layers, with a decrease in the fractions of each material from bottom to top. A more complex ring drainage body may consist of pipeline drains and reinforced concrete prefabricated wells: without bottom - absorbent; with a collective bottom

Water is drained from collecting wells through pipelines into storm sewers (see Fig. 22). Laying the elastic-moisture-absorbing layer begins after all work on drainage installation and foundation preparation has been completed. A lightweight concrete curb or wooden formwork measuring 10x15 cm in height, equal to the thickness of all layers of the structure, is installed along the boundaries of the site. The curb is installed on cement mortar. The formwork is made from edged antiseptic boards measuring 20 x 120 cm and 4 cm thick. The boards are laid “on edge” and nailed to pegs, which are first driven into the ground at a distance of at least 1 m from each other. The length of the pins is 30...40 cm, thickness 8...10 cm, the lower part should be pointed. The pegs are driven into the ground along the outside of the site, after which a board is attached to them. Formwork or a curb along the boundaries of the site allows you to maintain clear boundary lines and keep layers of clothing from spreading. An elastic-moisture-absorbing layer 8...10 cm thick (in a tightly rolled state) is laid in two steps on a carefully planned and rolled base. The elastic-moisture-absorbing layer is watered and rolled with a roller weighing up to 2 tons. Rolling is carried out with the roller passing at least 5-6 passes along one track. To prevent the wetted material from sticking to the rollers of the roller during rolling, a layer of 1...2 cm of inert materials (fine crushed stone, 2 mm fraction) of the middle intermediate layer is placed on it. When calculating the need for materials for an elastic-moisture-intensive layer, take into account their significant compaction - up to 50...55%. The middle intermediate layer of inert materials is laid out over an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer. It consists of M-800 crushed stone. Layer thickness 10...12 cm, grain fraction 20...35 mm. The layer is carefully leveled, giving it the design slopes. The surface is watered abundantly with water at the rate of 10... 12 l/m and compacted with rollers weighing 3... 5 tons, passing 5~7 times in one place. The layer is considered prepared if, when the roller passes, “waves” do not appear on the surface of the layer and crushed stone of softer rocks placed on it is crushed by the roller. The next layer is insulating. The insulating layer is laid 4 cm thick in a dense body made of elastic and moisture-absorbing materials. Its components are special mixtures for top coverings of sports fields. Recommended designs for tennis court surfaces (experience from St. Petersburg) The base of the court is compacted soil; Top coating, 4 cm thick, from a special mixture: clay-powder -45%; ground clinker - 45%; fluff lime - 10; Elastic layer of lignin, thickness 1 cm; Limestone crushed stone (fraction 10. ..20 mm), thickness 2 cm; Granite crushed stone (fraction 20...40 cm), thickness 13 cm; The sand is coarse-grained, 5 cm thick. The coating is watered by sprinkling, rolled with a roller weighing 2 tons, passing over one place 2-3 times. To prevent sticking to the roller rollers, the surface is sprinkled with a thin layer of stone chips. Laying the top cover layer (special mixture) is an important part of creating the site. The cover must be of high quality, so materials for it are selected according to one of the recommended recipes, taking into account the granulometric composition of the mixture:
fractions 2... 4 mm-18.., 23%
0.05...2mm-47...52%
0.002...0.05mm-18...23 96
0.002mm - 6...7%

Currently, artificial types of surfaces made from synthetic * materials have been developed for football fields, replacing sports lawns made from cereal grasses.

The road and path network and special planar structures of a garden and park facility must always carry sanitary, hygienic, architectural, artistic and utilitarian principles. This is only possible with constant preservation and proper maintenance - cleaning, watering and washing the surfaces, removing weeds, caring for edges and borders, adding inert materials to the top layer with rolling of the structure, current and major repairs. In winter, paths and areas should be constantly cleared of snow and ice. Such measures make it possible to safely use them by passers-by, as well as preserve the top cover of the road pavement. Loose snow on paths up to 2.5...3 m wide is removed using special machines. On wide alleys and areas, snow is removed using small tractors with brushes. Compacted or hilled snow is removed using a front-end bucket, a loader with transportation on small-sized dump trucks or self-propelled carts. Every day, the paths are cleared of various household waste, which is placed in garbage containers. Spring work. With strong warming and snow melting, movement on paths and areas with a soft (crushed stone) surface becomes impossible, as it leads to damage to the top layer. Therefore, such paths are temporarily closed and warning signs are placed near them, signs and signs and fences are installed. After clearing snow and ice and drying the surfaces, the paths and areas are opened to visitors. In places with surface quicksand or streams that temporarily drain melt water, temporary shield bridges, wooden or metal, should be laid, which can be used after drying the paths and for other purposes or in the autumn-spring of the next period. To speed up the melting, snow is loosened on the sides of paths and platforms and scattered on the lawn. The formed ice is chipped off, the covers of storm sewer or drainage wells are freed from it and the free flow of melt water is allowed. If there is no sewer or drainage network at the site, water flow is provided along surface slopes with the construction of temporary grooves to the nearest city, storm well or water intake - pond, lake, river - inside the site. Summer work. The road and path network is cleared of household waste, fallen leaves, small stones, and glass packages 1-2 times a day. The placement of garbage bins and containers depends on the intensity of the site being visited, the average litter content of the site per unit area, for example, 100 m2, and the distance of moving garbage in different ways. All this must be taken into account when planning the acquisition of equipment and its placement. Cleaning of wide alleys and park roads with hard surfaces is carried out with special cleaning machines. Small paths are cleaned using brushes on small tractors or manually with steel brooms from the edge of paths or areas to the middle, capturing and moving only debris. During the summer, paths and areas are systematically watered to create comfortable conditions for rest and movement. Road pavements with a soft top coating are watered moderately in hot weather, so as not to erode the surface of the coating, daily at the rate of 3...5 l/m2, which allows you to knock down dust. Alleys and driveways with hard surfaces are watered from watering machines 1-2 times a day, washing off dust and removing it into the storm network. Children's and sports grounds with soft surfaces are watered daily 2-3 times using hoses with sprayers and a "sprinkler" at a rate of 5...8 l/m2. Control of grown weeds on paths and platforms is carried out mechanically or chemically. The mechanical method consists of weeding and pruning with special scrapers and hoes unpretentious, fast-growing grasses, such as bird's-eye buckwheat, dandelion, plantain, etc. This work is very labor-intensive, ineffective, and, in addition, destroys the top road surface. The chemical method is more effective - introducing various chemicals by sprinkling or pouring a solution onto the grown weed grass. In parks, a 1% aqueous solution of bertholite salt is used in an amount of 20...30 g per 1 m2 of area. Various herbicides are also effective, which should quickly decompose in plants and soil and be non-toxic to humans and animals. Herbicides are diluted in water - 5 liters of the active substance of the drug per 80 liters of water - and then carefully spray the paths from the sprayer, 3 times every 20 days, without applying the solution to the edges and border areas of the lawns. The surface of the paths should be treated in warm, windless weather at an outside air temperature of 18...24 °C. The recommended mixture is simazine and atro-zine1 in equal volumes with the optimal timing of application - early spring, before emergence or after weed emergence. The organization of the movement of visitors and transport, as well as the appearance of paths and platforms, depend on the condition and clarity of curbs - curbs or earthen edges. Borders (curbs) made of artificial or natural stones are carefully inspected, the shifted parts are installed flush with the line. Individual curbs that have lost their decorative properties are replaced using the original installation technology. During the season, the earthen edge is cut 1-2 times mechanically - with an edge trimming machine or manually - with a rectangular sharpened blade - along a cord. The cord is pulled along pegs installed on the design (or established by measurements in several places) boundaries of road structures. You need to cut the edge turf with a slight slope towards the path, observing its transverse profile. Deformed edges are sown after loosening or pulled into a tape. Sowing is done with a double rate of lawn grass seeds identical to those growing in the existing lawn. Trimming the edge into a strip is preferable to sowing seeds, but is complicated by the lack of high-quality turf, which can be obtained either from specially arranged nurseries or from good meadows

Practical experience shows that the turf allows you to keep the earthen edge in normal condition for 5-6 years. As the territory of the garden and park facility dries out, correctional or routine repairs of paths and sites begin. Repairs are carried out if, as a result of intensive use - the passage of vehicles or machinery on unsettled surfaces in spring or autumn, etc. - road pavements with a soft top coating are damaged by significant depressions and pits. It is best to identify all the irregularities and mark the contours of microdepressions at the moment when the existing depressions are filled with water. After removing the water and drying, such places are loosened, leveled by hand and covered with crushed stone wedges in a layer of 3...3.5 cm, which is either rolled out or compacted with a tamper. A layer of a special mixture made up of materials present in the original topcoat is then applied on top. This layer is leveled by hand, spilled and rolled flush with the general surface of the adjacent track surface. To better preserve the top cover, 1...2 cm of crumbs of inert material included in the special mixture should be added annually and rolled with a roller 5-6 times in 4-5 tracks to create a wear layer. Tile coverings are repaired by replacing individual damaged tiles; the base is leveled and compacted, then the tiles are laid on concrete mortar or sand, fitting them tightly to each other and compacting them with a tamper through a plank pad. Major repairs are carried out depending on the age of current repairs and the degree of wear of the road pavement: the absence of a top cover of up to 70%, the presence of numerous holes with all layers or an earthen edge knocked out. The minimum service life of tracks for major repairs is 10 years; under special circumstances - laying utility networks, etc. - at least 5 years after major construction or the next major overhaul. During repairs, all technological operations must be strictly carried out in a certain sequence, observing the longitudinal and transverse slopes of paths and platforms. Overhaul of garden roads and sites consists of the following operations:
1) hilling (if possible) the top layer of seedings with a bulldozer - after removing the layer of contaminants and storing them outside the track; removing broken tiles;
2) loosening the crushed stone base to its entire depth using a pick operator coupled with a tractor;
3) leveling the crushed stone raised to the surface with a bulldozer;
4) manual repair of a curb or earthen edge;
5) adding new crushed stone in a volume of more than 50% of the designed road pavement with careful profiling along slopes and rolling with rollers;
6) laying the mixture or tiles, existing and newly imported seedings, with all the operations described when constructing paths and platforms.
For each independent technological operation, hidden work reports are drawn up, in which it is necessary to particularly accurately indicate the degree of wear of each structural element - top covering, crushed stone base, other layers, curb, etc. - since the amount of new added depends on this materials and the estimated cost of major repairs. Before repairing flat sports facilities, the drainage system is carefully inspected and tested to determine the need for partial improvement or complete replacement. All layers of site clothing are gradually removed and transported to the storage site. Practical experience shows that major repairs of the entire structure of a sports ground in parks are carried out after 20-30 years of its operation. To check the stability of the top coating of the sites, at least 10 samples of the coating mixture are taken in different places of the sites and analyzed for particle size distribution. Particular attention is paid to the most exploited parts of the sites, the cover of which must be determined more carefully and separately. First, analyzes are carried out on the granulometric composition of the top layer of the coating. By comparing the analysis results with the particle size distribution of the optimal mixture, the missing or excess fractions are determined by groups of materials. A mixture is then selected which, when added to the existing cover, will adjust it and lead to the optimal composition. The top cover must be thoroughly loosened using a cutter, large lumps must be broken up and inconvenient places must be eliminated to introduce the missing volume of the new mixture found. After laying, the new mixture must be mixed very well with a rake, leveled along the slope marks, poured and rolled, using the technology for constructing the top cover of sports flat structures.

Paths and platforms - a mandatory element of landscaping. The road and path network ensures comfortable movement around the site, connecting various elements of the garden: house, bathhouse, outbuildings, parking lots, etc. Playgrounds are organized in parking lots, recreation areas, sports and children's playgrounds, under gazebos and swimming pools.

Road and path network must be practical. All main buildings on the site must be connected along the shortest distance by straight paths. The width of the paths should be sufficient for the passage of one or two people. In the garden, you can organize narrow winding paths.

Depending on the functional purpose, topography of the site, soil characteristics, groundwater level, planned loads and financial capabilities of the customer, the construction of paths and platforms is carried out using different technologies from a wide variety of materials.

Parking for heavy vehicles, access roads are made of asphalt or concrete on a solid “cushion” of sand and crushed stone. The main material for regular parking lots and main paths is paving slabs laid on a sand or sand-cement base. Secondary paths in the garden are made continuous or step-by-step from tiles, natural stone, crushed stone, sand, bricks, boards, plastic modules, tree cuts and other materials.

The so-called “cushion” for the paths, on which the paving material is laid, is formed from two main layers: drainage and leveling. The drainage layer, 5 to 35 cm thick, is made of crushed stone, ASG or expanded clay, the leveling layer, 5 to 30 cm thick, is made of compacted sand or sand-cement. Layers of sand and crushed stone are separated from each other and from the ground by geotextiles. To increase strength, curb stones are installed along the edges of paths and platforms. To prevent the formation of puddles, wide paths and areas are made with a slight slope.

Paving slabs - the main material used for paving garden paths and areas. It is beautiful, strong and durable. When choosing paving slabs, you should pay attention to the method of its production, the quality of raw materials, thickness, size, shape, color, pattern, surface texture and cost. Preference should be given to vibropressed paving slabs made at the factory from high-quality cement and reinforcement without foreign impurities or inclusions. Budget vibro-cast tiles are often made in a handicraft manner and do not always meet customer requirements. Its strength depends on the thickness of the tile. The texture of the surface affects the comfort when walking (smooth tiles can cause slipping, while rough tiles are more difficult to clean). The size and shape of paving slabs is a matter of taste. You just need to take into account that the smaller the size and the more interesting the shape of the tile, the more difficult and expensive it is to lay. When choosing colors, preference should be given to calm tones, since bright paths and areas with complex patterns are difficult to blend harmoniously into the surrounding landscape.