Heating in an apartment is the work of either the relevant authorized organization or the owner of the home himself. In the second case, everything is clear: an individual heating system allows you to maintain any required temperature in each room. In the first option, everything is not so simple.
Heating standards for residential and non-residential premises are developed based on sanitary standards. The latter are based on rather complex calculations of the needs of the average organism. These values are called optimal. They are of a legislative nature and are reflected in the requirements of SNiP.
Definition of norm
A person maintains a thermal balance with the surrounding air. In the simplest approximation, this means that as the temperature increases human body also heats up. But when a certain critical value is reached, it cools down, for example, through sweating. When the air cools, a person first freezes and then tries to warm up. Shivering when freezing is the result of muscles working to raise body temperature.
The norm is a temperature range in which the compensatory mechanisms of cooling or warming are not activated. Several factors influence the determination of their boundaries:
- The intensity of heat exchange depends on the type of activity. During heavy physical work or sports, the human body generates heat much more intensely than when walking slowly or playing chess. Accordingly, in the first case, a person will not freeze even at low temperatures in the room, but in the second, he will get chilled at the slightest drop.
- Another factor is the time of year and climatic features. The human body adapts to alternating heat and cold. As a result, an air temperature of 19–22°C is considered comfortable in winter, and 22–25°C in summer.
- Another feature is daily temperature fluctuations. During sleep, vital processes slow down somewhat, and body temperature drops accordingly. But, since a person does not move, that is, heat exchange with air is minimized, there is no need to maintain an optimal atmosphere for wakefulness. Most heating companies reduce heating intensity at night.
The minimum possible temperature for residential premises is +18°C. With this value, the average person can long time do without outer clothing without harming your health.
Standard Requirements
Heating standards for an apartment, first of all, establish the optimal value for residential and non-residential premises and possible deviations from them. Their development is simpler than for workers’ quarters, since in the dwellings the activity of the inhabitants is low and stable.
For residential premises, the norm is an air temperature of 20–22°C; the permissible temperature is 18–24°C. At the same time, in a corner room it should not fall below 20°C: such rooms are subject to strong frost and wind.
- Kitchen – workroom, where there is often its own “source” of heat – gas stove. The temperature here is 19–21°C, and the allowed temperature ranges from 18 to 26°C.
- Toilet – the optimal range is 19–21°C, 18–26°C is acceptable. In any case, the bathroom cannot be the most cold room in an apartment, heating is required.
- The bathroom is the hottest room, as it has high humidity. The minimum in the bathroom is 18–24, the maximum is 26°C. However, already at 20°C it is uncomfortable to use the bathroom.
- Non-residential premises - temperature is calculated based on frequency of use. For the corridor it is 18–20°C, but 16 degrees is allowed. For the pantry – 16–18, but allowed from 12°C to 22°C.
Since the need for heat during sleep decreases, GOST allows the temperature of residential premises to be lowered by 3 degrees in the period from 0 to 5 am. Such a decrease is not a violation of the temperature norm for heating an apartment.
Requirements for heating systems
Heating a lot storey building- the result of complex engineering calculations, sometimes not very successful. The difficulty is not how to deliver heated water to the object, that is, the building, but to distribute it among apartments in such a way that the required temperature and humidity are maintained for residential premises.
The effectiveness of such a system depends on the coordinated action of all components, including pipes and batteries in each apartment. Therefore, replacing radiators without taking into account heating features leads to negative consequences: one apartment does not receive heat, while the other overheats.
Heating temperature standards in a city apartment help create effective heating.
- According to safety requirements, the temperature of the coolant in the radiators of the heating system must be 20 degrees less than the spontaneous ignition temperature of the materials. For residential multi-apartment buildings, the temperature in the heating main is considered to be from 65 to 115°C, depending on the season.
- If the water is overheated to 105°C, measures are taken to prevent it from boiling.
- The normal limit for the temperature of the heating battery is 75°C; if it is higher, then the radiator is protected.
- At mid-latitudes, the residential heating season lasts from mid-October to mid-April. In fact, heat suppliers are required to start heating after recording an average daily outside temperature of +8°C for five consecutive days.
Temperature violations
Failure to comply with the above heating standards is considered as grounds for recalculating the payment for heat supply. A situation where the inhabitants of apartments are the same in size, but in different houses, they pay an excellent amount, this is not considered a reason, since the reason here may be the most various factors. For example, different degrees of thermal insulation of buildings.
According to the “Rules for the Provision of Public Utilities,” a decrease in temperature compared to that specified in the standards for each hour reduces payment by 0.15%. Since the “cooling” as a result of poor heat supply takes days, not hours, the amount ultimately decreases by a fair amount.
You can do the calculation yourself. It should be taken into account that at night - from 0 to 5, the time indicator can be reduced to 3 degrees.
- The difference between the real daytime temperature of the premises and the normal one is calculated, for example, 16 ° C with a standard 18 ° C, that is, the difference is 2 degrees.
- The number of hours per month when a low temperature was observed is recorded, for example: 19*20=380 hours.
- Suppose you need to pay 1500 rubles per month. Using a conversion factor equal to 0.0015, the adjustment amount is obtained. In our example, this is 380*2*0.0015*1500=1710 rubles. It is this value that should be subtracted from the payment amount.
According to the mentioned document, if in a residential building there is a difference between the actual and standard temperature of 1-2 degrees, the owner of the apartment has the right to refuse to pay for heating.
However, it is absolutely necessary to document the temperature violation. For this purpose, representatives of a special service are invited - the housing commission, for example. If the latter refuses to check, the tenant can form an independent commission from the residents of the same building.
It is quite difficult to significantly influence the operation of the heat supply, much less directly control the operation of the system. However, registering violations in the operation of heating systems and insisting that utility services fulfill their duties is both the right and duty of residents. Especially when among the inhabitants of the apartment there are elderly people and small children who require a stable, sufficient temperature.
However, it should be remembered that violations of standards when heating an apartment are not grounds for independently altering the heating system and installing large radiators. This is fraught with an imbalance in the heat supply of the entire house and is punishable by a large fine.
Heating an apartment is the responsibility of either an authorized organization or the homeowner himself. In the second case, everything is very clear - the individual heating system of the home provides the opportunity to maintain any necessary temperature regime in every room. The first option is much more difficult.
Heating standards have been developed based on sanitary standards for both residential and non-residential premises. The basis, in the latter case, is the calculation of the needs of an ordinary organism.
The calculation process itself has a sufficient level of complexity. These values are usually called optimal. They are legally established and reflected in SNiP.
Temperature of heating radiators in the apartment: standards
Apartment heating standards determine the specific value of a sufficient indicator for residential and non-residential premises, with permissible deviations from their indicators.
They are developed more simply than for work premises, since those living in the housing exhibit low and, at the same time, stable activity:
- For residential premises, the air temperature is from 20 to 22 degrees Celsius, while acceptable limits are considered to be from 18 to 24 degrees;
- If we take corner rooms, then the indicator should not be less than twenty degrees, since such rooms are more susceptible than others to low external temperatures and winds;
- The kitchen is a work space where, in most cases, there is a heat source - an electric or gas oven. The temperature in this room should be between 19-21 degrees. Acceptable is from 18 to 26 degrees;
- The optimal temperature for toilets is 19-21 degrees. The limit values range from 18 to 26. One way or another, bathrooms are not among the coolest rooms;
- The bathroom is a hot room because it has a fairly high level of humidity. The minimum temperature here ranges from 18 to 24 degrees. The permissible maximum is 26 degrees. But still, at another 20 degrees, the comfort of using this room decreases;
- For non-residential premises, the temperature is calculated based on the frequency of their operation. In the corridors, the acceptable temperature level is 18-20 degrees, however, 16 is also acceptable. For storerooms, the air temperature should be 16-18 degrees. Permissible limits are 12 and 22 degrees.
Since the need for heat during sleep is somewhat reduced, according to GOST, it is allowed to lower the temperature level in residential premises to 3 degrees from 00.00 to 05.00 in the morning. Such a decrease in the norm will not be considered a violation.
What are the requirements for the heating system?
Heating process in multi-storey building is based on the results of many engineering calculations, sometimes they are not so successful.
The complexity of the process lies not in the delivery of heated water to the facility (building), but in its uniform distribution throughout all apartments, under the conditions of ensuring standard temperature indicators and optimal humidity in the apartments.
How effective such a system will be directly depends on the coherence of all its elements, including pipes and radiators in each apartment.
For this reason, replacing radiator batteries without taking into account the features of the heating system can lead to extremely undesirable consequences: one of the apartments may experience a shortage of heat, while another will have an excess of it.
It is through the establishment of standards that optimization of heating of city apartments is achieved:
- Safety requirements determine that the temperature of the coolant in heating system should be 20 degrees less than the temperature of materials that tend to spontaneously ignite. For multi-apartment residential buildings, the standard coolant temperature should be in the range from 65 to 115 degrees, taking into account the season;
- When water overheats to 105 degrees, measures must be taken to prevent the liquid from boiling;
- The standard limit for the temperature of water flowing through heating radiators is 75 degrees. If this value is exceeded, the battery must have a restrictive design;
- Period heating season middle latitudes begins in mid-October and ends in mid-April. In reality, service providers must initiate the start of heating from the moment when an average daily temperature of no higher than 8 degrees is recorded for five consecutive days.
Before you go looking for heat, you should remember that heat in the room will be supplied through the heating system only when it reaches outside temperature a certain level.
Standards require heating to start when the outside temperature is no more than 8 degrees. This temperature indicator must last for five days in a row, and only after this the premises will begin to be heated.
When the heating in the house is adjusted, and temperature deviations are observed only in your room, it is necessary to check the indoor heating system for airing.
It is enough to feel the individual batteries in the apartment from top to bottom, and back. If some of the batteries are noticeably warm and the rest are cold, you can be sure that airing is the cause of the thermal imbalance. The air is released using a separate tap, which is located on each radiator battery.
Before opening the tap, you should place some container under it. When you open the tap, water should come out of it with a characteristic hissing sound. If the water begins to flow smoothly and without hissing, it means that the air has been released from the system, and the job is done.
After this, you should fix the tap in the closed position. After a while, check the cold spots on the battery, they should warm up.
If the problem is not with the batteries and they are completely cold, you should contact the management company. The technician will arrive within 24 hours. He will be able to draw a conclusion about the temperature conditions in the home and, if necessary, call a team that will fix all the problems.
When the management company did not respond to your appeal or the appearance of a technician did not change the situation, you should take temperature measurements in your home yourself, calling your neighbors.
When you have a device such as a pyrometer at your disposal, you should use it to take the necessary temperature measurements. Record all data in a report on measuring the air temperature in your home. It is compiled in the usual form. Let the neighbors sign the act.
You should pay attention to the fact that the temperature regime is determined by the “Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Residential Buildings and Premises” SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00.
Recorded measurements should be compared with the limit values specified in SanPiN. Then you need to go back to the management company and the organization that supplies the house with heat to write a written complaint.
The document is drawn up in two copies. One of the copies must be in your hands with a stamp, signed indicating the details of the person who accepted the document and the date of receipt of the document. The second one must be submitted for consideration.
If you were not satisfied with the answer, then there is no need to leave everything halfway, move on. You should contact the district Prosecutor's Office and the Housing Inspectorate, since it is she who is authorized to monitor the work of the management company and other communal structures.
Also write a letter to Rospotrebnadzor (based on the violation of your consumer rights). You can use the Rospotrebnadzor hotline (8-80-010-000-04).
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o-nedvizhke.ru
Temperature of radiators in the apartment, normal
The cold weather has arrived, the central heating has been turned on, but you don’t want to take off your favorite sweater? Find out what the temperature of the batteries in the apartment should be according to the standards.
As soon as the apartment gets cooler, you start thinking about buying a heater. But no matter how ultra-modern it is, it’s still additional costs. If, on top of everything, you have to pay impressive sums for centralized heating, then it becomes completely sad. Therefore, at first, before frost hits, you need to buy a thermometer and check whether the readings are really below normal.
How to measure the temperature of a radiator
This is the first thing that comes to mind when, after touching the radiator, you realize that it is barely warm. There are also standards: no less than 35-40°C, but no more than 95 degrees of heating of the coolant, and ideally - from 50 to 70°C. Most easy way check - unscrew the tap, drain the hot water and measure its temperature. If this is not possible, then apply a regular thermometer to the radiator, adding a couple of degrees to the result. It is very good to make such measurements with an infrared pyrometer.
What to do if the thermometer in the apartment is broken
As you can see, the accuracy of such measurements is relative. Therefore, it is better to monitor compliance with the standards for the microclimate in the apartment. In any residential building, the air should be heated to at least 18°C, naturally, with the windows closed.
It should be a little warmer in corner rooms- 20°C. From 12 midnight to 5 am, indicators can decrease by 3 degrees; at other times of the day, deviations are unacceptable. At the same time, the location of the apartment does not matter, the main thing is that it is residential. Even in the semi-basement it should not be colder.
When should heating be turned on in apartments?
Cold radiators in the apartment, where to complain
They gave me heating, but the radiators are cold, what should I do? If the temperature of the radiators in the apartment does not correspond to the norm, then you must contact the performing organization. You can call, but it’s better to go to the emergency dispatch service. To do this, it is necessary to state all claims in writing in two copies. One remains in the service, and the other must be marked with an incoming registration number.
After accepting the application, you must immediately agree on the time when representatives of this organization will come to conduct an inspection. If the time has not been agreed upon, then the commission must arrive no later than two hours after the application. Next, temperature measurements are taken and a corresponding report is drawn up. It is advisable to involve representatives of the public in signing. They have the right to sign the act if the opinions of the consumer and the contractor differ.
How to choose batteries for central heating
Compensation for the provision of poor-quality services
For deviations from the norm, you can request a recalculation. For each “underheated” hour, the monthly heating fee is reduced by 0.15%. It should be borne in mind that performers also have rules according to which they can take a break in the provision of services:
- a total of no more than 24 hours per month;
- no more than 16 hours in a row at a room temperature of 12 - 18 degrees;
- no more than 8 - at 10 – 12 °C;
- no more than 4 - at 8 – 10 °C indoors.
If the contractor did not heat in excess of this norm and, on the basis of the claim act, refuses to recalculate, then the consumer has legal right sue.
ecoblog.pro
Heating radiator temperature: how to sue for cold in an apartment?
Heat / Radiators
Problems with heating during the heating season and cold in the apartment can be a reason for going to court. By law, batteries must warm the room no lower than the temperature established by special standards.
What should be the temperature in the apartment? Legal requirements
Temperature in living areas apartment building is determined by the “Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings And residential buildings", as well as "GOST R 51617-2000. State standard Russian Federation. Housing and communal services. General technical specifications.»
The “Rules for the Provision of Utilities” states that in residential premises the temperature should not be lower than +18 °C (in corner rooms - +20 °C). And in areas with the coldest five-day temperature of -31 °C and below, the air temperature in residential premises should not be lower than +20 °C (in corner rooms - +22 °C).
At night (from 00.00 to 5.00 hours) the air temperature in the apartment can drop by no more than 4 °C. IN daytime Temperature reduction below the standard level is not allowed.
At the same time, GOST R 51617-2000 (State standard of the Russian Federation. Housing and communal services. General technical conditions. approved by Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated 06/19/2000 N 158-st) sets the minimum air temperature level for certain types of premises in the apartment .
| Room | Indoor air temperature during the cold season, °C |
| Living room of an apartment or dormitory | 18 (20) |
| The same, in areas with the coldest five-day temperature (probability 0.92) minus 31 °C and below | 20 (22) |
| Apartment and dormitory kitchen, vat: | 18 |
| Drying cabinet for clothes and shoes in the apartment | - |
| Bathroom | 25 |
| Individual restroom | 18 |
| Combined toilet and bathroom area | 25 |
| The same, with individual heating | 18 |
| Common washroom | 18 |
| Shared shower | 25 |
| Shared restroom | 16 |
| Dressing room for cleaning and ironing clothes, washroom in the dormitory | 18 |
| Lobby, common corridor, entrance hall in an apartment building, staircase | 16 |
| Lobby, common corridor, staircase in the dormitory | 18 |
| Laundry room | 15 |
| Ironing and drying rooms in dormitories | 15 |
| Storage rooms for storing personal belongings and sports equipment; household and linen in the hostel | 12 |
| Isolation room in a dormitory | 20 |
| Elevator machine room | 5 |
| Garbage collection chamber | 5 |
Notes: In the corner rooms of apartments and dormitories, the air temperature should be 2 °C higher than specified
How to correctly measure the air temperature in your apartment?
The current “Rules for the Provision of Public Utilities” explain the situation as follows:
... The air temperature in residential premises is measured in a room (if there are several rooms - in the largest living room), in the center of planes spaced from the inner surface of the outer wall and the heating element by 0.5 m and in the center of the room (the point of intersection of the diagonal room lines) at a height of 1 m. In this case measuring instruments must meet the requirements of standards (GOST 30494-96)…
What to do if the temperature in your apartment drops below normal?
If you find that your apartment is colder than required by law, you must notify your emergency dispatch service. The application can be made either in writing or orally (by telephone call).
The duty officer is required to register your application and set a time for the inspection.
The time for the inspection is set no later than 2 hours from the moment of receiving a message from the consumer about a violation of the quality of the utility service, unless a different time is agreed upon with the consumer.
Upon completion of the inspection, an inspection report is drawn up. If during its course a violation of the quality of a utility service is established, then the inspection report indicates the date and time of the inspection, the identified violations of the quality parameters of the utility service, the methods (tools) used during the inspection to identify such violations, conclusions about the date and time of the beginning of the violation of the quality of the utility service. services.
It’s cold in the apartment: what compensation can you expect?
If no one comes to you, or comes and signs documents, but nothing changes, then you have a natural desire to influence the situation more in radical ways.
Before we look at possible methods impact on public utilities, let's clarify what responsibilities the current legislation places on the heat supplier to a residential building.
The requirements for an acceptable interruption in the supply of heat are formulated as follows (for more details, see the Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings, Appendix 1, Section VI):
- no more than 24 hours (in total) within 1 month;
- no more than 16 hours at a time - at an air temperature in residential premises from +12°C to the standard temperature indicated in the table above;
- no more than 8 hours at a time - at an air temperature in residential premises from +10°C to +12°C;
- no more than 4 hours at a time - at an air temperature in residential premises from +8°С to +10°С
The liability of utility companies for violations of these requirements is established as follows:
- for each hour of exceeding the permissible duration of the heating interruption, calculated in total for billing period, in which the specified excess occurred, the amount of payment for utility services for such a billing period is reduced by 0.15% of the fee determined for such a billing period.
Well, what if heat is supplied to the apartment, but the radiators do not warm the room? In this case, the following requirements are established:
- permissible decrease in standard temperature at night (from 0.00 to 5.00 hours) - no more than 3°C from the above level;
- a decrease in air temperature in a living room during the daytime (from 5.00 to 0.00 hours) is not allowed
Responsibility for violation of these norms is established as follows:
- for each hour of deviation in air temperature in a residential area in total during the billing period in which the specified deviation occurred, the amount of payment for utility services for such billing period is reduced by 0.15% of the fee determined for such billing period for each degree of temperature deviation.
Thus, the current legislation makes it possible:
- In the event of your batteries being disconnected, for every hour in excess of the permitted duration of battery disconnection (the terms are indicated above), you will be charged 0.15% of the monthly (this is how we set the billing period) payment for heat
- If the apartment is cold, but the radiators still heat, then you can demand a reduction in the monthly heating fee by 0.15% for each hour when the temperature was below the standard.
The recalculation may be for a significant amount. Let's do the math.
Suppose you pay about 3,000 rubles a month in winter for heating your apartment. You are tired of constantly freezing and, say, on December 3, you drew up an act stating that the temperature in your apartment does not exceed 15 degrees Celsius (determined based on the temperature in the largest room by area).
However, within a month there was no reaction from the utility workers. It's still cold in the house. What will the recalculation be like?
We take 27 days following the drawing up of the act. This will be 648 hours. We multiply this number of hours by 0.15%, we get a figure of 97.2%. You should be recalculated for this amount. It turns out that you are actually not obliged to pay for heating if this service is not provided efficiently.
Naturally, no one will return this money to you voluntarily. We need to go to court.
What are the chances of winning a lawsuit regarding cold radiators in an apartment?
There are precedents for residents being able to get their heating bills recalculated due to the cold in their apartment.
In particular, in 2014, in several courts, a resident of the Perm Territory managed to obtain a recovery of 136 thousand rubles in favor of low temperature in her living room.
As reported by " Russian newspaper“, resident of Gubakha Natalya Alekseeva (surname changed) in the spring of 2014 filed a lawsuit against the local management company, demanding 350 thousand rubles from utilities. She justified her statement by the fact that during the heating season of 2012-2013, as well as in the winter of the following year, the temperature in her apartment did not rise above 15 degrees. Meanwhile, according to the rules for the provision of public services, the air in residential premises must be heated to 18 degrees, and in corner rooms - to 20.
Alekseeva invited employees of the Criminal Code to take her temperature. In total, such measurements were made ten times. And not once did they meet the norm. The plaintiff even noted in her statement to the court that due to the cold in the apartment she became ill, and listed several diseases that brought her to the hospital.
Alekseeva did not stop complaining to all sorts of authorities, district and regional, trying to achieve a recalculation of utility bills. And in 2013, she even refused to pay for heating, believing that the money was being taken from her unreasonably. The case then reached the magistrate’s court, which issued an order to collect 31 thousand rubles in debt from Alekseeva. But this decision was overturned, since she was able to prove the improper provision of a service such as heating.
As a result, all attempts to solve the problem peacefully failed. Claims asking for a recalculation of heat payments were rejected. The woman was not offered any compensation. And then she went to court.
During the trial, representatives of the management company completely denied their involvement in the low temperatures in Alekseeva’s apartment. They stated that there was no agreement between them for the provision of such a service as heating, and money for it did not arrive at their cash desk. Therefore, they did not recognize the demands presented.
However, the Gubakhinsky City Court decided otherwise. The fact is that, according to the management agreement for the apartment building where Alekseeva lives, the management company is obliged to provide water supply, sanitation and heating services. According to the same document, payment for them must be made directly to resource supply organizations.
The management company also has an agreement with the local housing and communal services department on the supply of thermal energy. It states that this resource is intended for heating residential buildings, and the air temperature in them must meet the standards.
Therefore, the court recognized Alekseeva’s demands as legal, and all the objections of the Criminal Code as unfounded. The absence of a heating agreement between them does not play any role, since this obligation of the utility organization is specified in the agreement for the management of an apartment building.
Taking into account that the management company could no longer argue the fact of poor-quality heat supply, the court satisfied the plaintiff’s demands for recovery of money. At the same time, Alekseeva is required to return 77 thousand rubles as a recalculation, in addition, a fine of half this amount and 20 thousand rubles as compensation moral damage. Total 136 thousand.
energovopros.ru
Housing and communal services in Russia
| Hello, Ksenia! First. The main factor characterizing the quality of heating is not the temperature of the radiators, but the air temperature in the rooms, which should be: - OPTIMAL - 20-22 degrees C for all of Russia; - MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE: - for the Central European part of Russia - not lower than 18 degrees C (in corner rooms - not lower than 20 degrees C); - for the Northern European part and Asian regions of Russia (areas where the temperature of the coldest five-day period (provision 0.92) is “minus” 31°C and below) - not lower than 20 degrees C (in corner rooms - not lower than 22 degrees C ); Second. If the temperature is lower than specified, write, write, write to all authorities. If you have a heating problem, please contact the head of the house management company in WRITTEN or by email, and then the State Housing Inspectorate, Rospotrebnadzor and the city (district, village) administration - one by one or all at once. Ask a question and I will send you an example text of the letter with links to the relevant technical documentation. Third, this is a specific answer to your question about battery temperature. The temperature of the heating system batteries must not be lower than that indicated in the temperature schedule approved by the city administration. What is a temperature graph? This is a table that shows what water temperature ENTER AND OUTLET A HOME HEATING SYSTEM should be maintained based on the actual outside temperature based on specific local conditions. These schedules are developed by specialists based on the requirement that during the cold season living rooms supported optimal temperature, equal to 20 - 22 degrees Celsius, for which we pay our hard-earned money. Below, as an example, are some figures from a typical heating temperature chart after heating point residential building for a one-pipe heating system with radiators according to a bottom-up scheme for cities with a design outside air temperature of 15 degrees C (Moscow, Voronezh, Orel, etc.) with a design (design) water temperature difference of 105/70 ° C: ( accepted abbreviations: Tnv - actual outside air temperature gr.C; Tpr - direct water temperature gr.C, Tobr - temperature return water, gr.C) At Tnv + 5 gr.C Tpr. = 50, Tobr. = 40 At Tnv 0 deg. C Tpr. = 65, Tobr. = 48 At Tnv - 5 degrees C Tpr. = 79, T arr. = 56 At Tnv -10 deg. C Tpr. = 92, Tobr. = 63 At Tnv - 15 degrees C Tpr. = 105, Tobr. = 70 As you can see, when the outside temperature is 21 degrees C, the water temperature at the entrance to the heating radiators on the 1st floor of the house (with a single-pipe heating system) should be 105 degrees C! Next, the water, rising through the floors and then descending, on each battery should be cooled by 2 -3.5 degrees C. Even if your apartment is located on the 1st floor of a 5-story building on a “descending” (reverse) riser, the temperature at the entrance to the battery should be about 65 - 70 degrees C. The temperature difference at the inlet and outlet of each battery depends on many factors: on the heating scheme (single-pipe or two-pipe), on the type and area of the battery, the state of its internal surface (pollution), on the actual water flow through the battery, etc. If the actual temperatures of the batteries are Your apartment is below those indicated in the temperature chart, this indicates a clear “underflow” in the boiler room (at a thermal power plant) and/or insufficient water flow in the heating system! Request a temperature schedule from the organizations listed in the “Second” section and monitor whether the heat supply organization and management company comply with it. In your requirements, refer to the following. documents: - to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Heat Supply” dated July 27, 2010 No. 190-FZ: Art. 6, part 1, paragraph 6; Art. 23, part 3, paragraph 7; Art. 20, part 5; Art. 29, part 3. - on “Rules and regulations technical operation housing stock" (approved by the Post of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated September 27, 2003 No. 170), paragraphs 5.2.1, 5.2.3 and Appendix 11. Fourth. You have the right (and must!) demand a recalculation of heating fees if the air temperature in at least one room is below 18 degrees C (for the northern and eastern regions of Russia - below 20 degrees C). This is established by paragraph 15 of Appendix 1 of the “Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings” (approved by the Russian Government Resolution No. 354 of May 6, 2011). The recalculation amount adds up to a very decent amount, up to a complete “exemption” from payment! Fifth. Please open the “Articles” section on this website → “ Useful information"- and there you can probably find many articles with information on a topic that interests you - about heating, even templates for letters about fee recalculation, etc. If you tell us what city you live in, how many floors in the house, on what floor your apartment, what kind of house heating system (single-pipe or two-pipe) - I will try to tell you more specific figures for heating your apartment.. Good luck and 20 degrees in the apartment! | Kalnin Yuri |
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During the heating season, the optimal temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment must be maintained, the norm of which is regulated by Decree No. 354 of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011. With centralized heat supply, as in the heating system of a private house, heating of the coolant in the network is regulated depending on weather conditions . The goal is to maintain standard air temperature in residential premises. But often these standards are not respected due to various reasons, and residents have to solve the problem themselves.
Requirements for heating networks
With centralized heat supply, the heat source is a boiler house or a thermal power plant, where high-temperature water-heating boilers are installed (in thermal power plants - steam boilers). The fuel is usually natural gas, other energy sources are used to a lesser extent. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the hot water boiler is 115 °C, but the water does not boil when it is under pressure. The need to heat up to 115 °C is explained by the fact that boiler plants operate at maximum efficiency in this mode.
The transition from 115 °C to the required temperature value is provided by plate or shell-and-tube heat exchangers. At a thermal power plant, waste steam from turbines enters heat exchangers to produce electricity. According to regulatory requirements, the water temperature in the heating pipes should not exceed 105 ° C, the lower limit depends on street conditions. In this range, the heating of water in the heating network is regulated depending on the weather, for which each boiler room has a temperature graph of the heating system. For home networks, 2 calculation schedules are used:
- 105/70 °C;
- 95/70 °C.
These figures show the maximum temperature of the supply and return water during the most severe frosts in a particular area. But at the beginning and end of the heating season, when the weather is not yet too cold, there is no point in heating the coolant to 105 °C, so a real temperature heating schedule is drawn up, which describes to what extent the water should be heated at different outside temperatures. The dependence of heating on weather conditions is shown in the table, which presents excerpts from the graph for the city of Ufa:
| Temperature, °C | |||
| street air average daily | on feed with design schedule 105/70 | on supply with a design schedule of 95/70 | in the return |
| +8 | 43 | 41 | 36 |
| 0 | 56 | 52 | 43 |
| -5 | 64 | 59 | 48 |
| -10 | 71 | 65 | 52 |
| -15 | 78 | 72 | 56 |
| -20 | 85 | 78 | 59 |
| -25 | 92 | 84 | 63 |
| -30 | 99 | 89 | 67 |
| -35 | 105 | 95 | 70 |
The table is presented as an example and is correct only for this city; another locality has its own dependence, because climatic conditions different throughout the country.
It is quite difficult to find out exactly what the coolant temperature is in a centralized heating network. To do this, you need to have a remote thermometer that determines the degree of surface heating. So, it is possible to determine to what extent the heating standards in the apartment are met only by the air temperature in the rooms.
Heat supply requirements
According to the above-mentioned Resolution, central heating is launched after 5 days, during which the average outside air temperature does not exceed +8 °C. If after 4 cold days it becomes warm again on the fifth, the start of the heating period is delayed until the specified conditions are met. Heating standards stipulate that stopping heating occurs according to the same principle: 5 days must pass with an average daily temperature of +8 °C.
The Decree contains changes that provide for an individual approach to the supply of heat to buildings that fully comply with the requirements for thermal insulation. Heat supply organizations are required to turn on the heating of such houses as soon as the temperature outside drops to the value specified project documentation. It is not difficult to guess that in reality these changes are not being carried out very well, and the start of heat supply occurs simultaneously in all residential buildings - insulated and ordinary.
During the heating season, the centralized heating system must provide multi-apartment residential buildings with a sufficient amount of thermal energy. In order for the heat supply service to be considered fully provided, the following requirements for permissible air temperature in premises for various purposes must be met:
- living rooms - from 18 to 24 °C, corner rooms - from 20 °C;
- bathroom (or separate toilet and bathroom) - from 18 to 26 °C;
- kitchen (taking into account the heat source in the form of a stove) - from 18 to 26 ° C;
- pantry - from 12 to 22 °C;
- corridor - from 16 to 20 °C.
For apartment buildings located in cold northern regions, the lower limit of permissible temperature in living rooms is increased to +20 °C (in corner rooms up to +22 °C). The increase comes into force provided that the frost outside reaches -31 °C (on average per day) and lasts for at least 5 days. It is also allowed to decrease the temperature in the apartment by 3 °C from midnight to 5.00 am.
The heat supply to a number of apartments or the building as a whole may be interrupted as a result emergency situation and unexpected repairs. But to carry out repair work is assigned by regulatory documents certain time, depending on weather conditions. The colder the outside air, the sooner the relevant service must repair the fault. The total duration of interruptions in heating operation is no more than 24 hours per month.
Failure to comply with requirements by the heat supply organization
When the duration of repair activities exceeds the time allocated according to the standards, the heat supplier is obliged to recalculate the payment; its value decreases by 0.15% for each extra hour of disconnected heat supply. According to the rules, the same recalculation must be performed for the entire time when the temperature in the apartments was less than permissible (18 ° C). In this case, the amount of payment taken away cannot be greater than the amount for the entire period when enough heat was not supplied to the radiators for heating. In some cases normative document allows affected residents to be completely waived from payment.
To achieve the discount provided for by law, residents of an apartment building must complete a number of formalities:
- After taking air temperature measurements, report the violation of standards to the dispatch service of the heat energy supplier. It is best to make a written statement signed by those living in the apartment.
- The application must be registered in the prescribed manner.
- According to the rules, after receiving a complaint, an inspection must be carried out by technicians within 2 hours. They are required to visit the home and check how many degrees there are in the apartment at the moment.
- Based on the results of the inspection, a report is drawn up, signed by the inspectors and the injured party. If necessary, an additional examination may be assigned, the cost of which will be paid by the heat supplier. But if the examination concludes that the standards have not been violated, its cost will be included in the payment for thermal energy.
Practice shows that employees of a heating network company may not come with an inspection or their visit does not bring results. In such a situation, the act is drawn up independently and endorsed by at least 2 service users, and then by the chairman chosen by the council of owners of the apartment building. A copy of the act is officially transferred to the heat supply organization and is registered there. The provision of low quality services is considered from the moment when the act is signed by all parties.
Further failure by the enterprise to fulfill its obligations leads to trial, where a previously drawn up act that has legal force will play an important role. Such actions against unscrupulous heat suppliers are necessary to encourage them to reconstruct worn-out networks and equipment; it will be more expensive to pay claims.
Heating battery - main element heating system in a city apartment, efficient household device for heat transfer. The coziness and comfort of living of all residents of the house largely depends on the batteries (radiators) and their temperature.
In this article we will tell you what the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment should be, what its standards are, and whether interruptions in the heat supply are acceptable.
Classmates
Start of the heating season
The beginning of the supply of heating to residential apartments is indicated in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 05/06/2011 N 354. The document states that as soon as the average daily air temperature on the street is below +8 ºС and remains unchanged for 5 days in a row, in heating is turned on in apartments.
In all other cases, the moment of heat supply can be delayed legally. Detailed information about when Which temperature turn on heating in apartments You can read.
Please note: heat will begin to flow into apartments no earlier than on the 6th day after the recorded air temperature readings outside.
In the majority regions of the country heating season begins from mid-October and ends in April.
Reasons for the lack of heat in the apartment
- Breakdown of the heating system of the house;
- Filling of pipes that conduct heat into houses with air;
- Unfinished renovation work.
If the delay in heating supply is caused by a breakdown of the intra-house system, then it is impossible to correct the situation until the problem is fixed.
If the reason for the delay is in filling the heating supply pipes with air, you must contact the operating organization. The specialist must “blow out” the batteries within 24 hours after the call, and there will be no obstacles to filling them with circulating liquid.
Why is the heat supply to the radiators interrupted?
It is important to know that legally, interruptions in heating supply can be:
- Maximum 24 hours. Provided that the minimum air temperature in the apartment is +12 ºС;
- Maximum 8 hours. If the temperature drops to between +10 and +12 ºС;
- No more than 4 hours if the thermometer shows +8 ºС and below.
All downtime periods are indicated in total for the month. If residents notice that these values are exceeded, they should file a complaint with the responsible organization. Get acquainted with optimal Temperature indicators in an apartment in winter can be found in .
Heating radiator temperature standards
Therefore, it is so important to follow the rules for installing and operating heating radiators in every apartment. Otherwise, the heat will be distributed unevenly, which will lead to the fact that one apartment will be warm and the next one will be cold.
An important point is also . To avoid such situations, we came up with appropriate valid values(standards).
Acceptable minimum battery temperature
However, the minimum temperature of batteries in apartments by law and regulations not registered. This means that the indicator should be such that was preserved permissible temperature air in the apartment (+18 to + 25 degrees).
Obviously, which is unacceptable low battery temperatures, achieve normal air temperature throughout the apartment impossible.
What should the maximum value be?
- The maximum permissible standard temperature for radiators in an apartment is considered to be 95°C with a two-pipe heating system;
- With a single-pipe heating system, the temperature maximum is 115°C;
- The recommended temperature is between 85°C and 90°C. This is due to the fact that 100°C is the boiling point of water. When this indicator is reached, special measures are taken to prevent boiling;
Please note: Despite the fact that the maximum temperature is 115 °C, operating batteries in this mode is not recommended. They break quickly if they work under such increased load.
How to measure battery temperature?
- An ordinary thermometer. In this case, 1-2°C should be added to the measured surface area of the heating device;
- Using an infrared thermometer;
- Use an alcohol thermometer to measure the temperature of the battery by taping it tightly to it. For accurate measurement, you need to cover the thermometer with heat-insulating material.
This is important: The device used to measure battery temperature must have a quality certificate. The measurement range should be from 5 to 40 degrees C - this greatly minimizes the measurement error. The permissible error is no more than 0.1 g. C of measurement.
If the battery temperature significantly doesn't reach recommended quantities should be written application to the management company to carry out measurements. Commission in the presence of the apartment tenant will carry out control measuring the fluid circulating in the battery and will establish inconsistency.
Please note: Before measuring the temperature of the batteries, measure the temperature hot water from the tap. These indicators are interrelated with each other. If the thermometer readings are in the range from 60 to 75 °C, this is considered normal; if lower, this is a deviation from it.
What to do if there is no heating?
To do this, together with a representative of the operating company, it is necessary to measure the temperature in each room. If it turns out to be lower, it is important to record the readings.
Based on the results of measurements, the service company is obliged to take action, correct the situation and recalculate heating fees during periods of discrepancy. If there is no action on the part of the responsible company, it can be held administratively liable for violating public utility rules.
If the recalculation did not motivate the responsible organization to correct the errors, a collective complaint should be filed by the residents of the house about violation of the temperature regime. It will become the basis for going to court. For violations, the organization supplying heat may be seriously fined.
Thus, the temperature of the batteries in the apartment during the heating season must comply with the requirements of SNiP.
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Many modern residential apartments are equipped autonomous heating. There is no question of norms here. Everyone sets the water temperature in the radiators as desired and pays according to the meter. However, most houses still have central heating, where the temperature in the radiators is regulated by regulations. When it gets cold in the apartment, people wonder what the normal temperature of the water in the central heating radiators is.
Radiators according to GOST standards
When heat depends on batteries
The heat supply is regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 of May 6, 2011. According to this document, the start and end of heating is tied to temperature environment. The central heating radiators are turned on when the daily average drops 8 degrees above zero and lasts for five days. On the main territory of Russia this occurs by mid-October.
Battery under the window
Water leaves radiators when the average outdoor temperature reaches +8 degrees Celsius. And it remains so for five days. Battery shutdown times vary according to regulations.
In warm years this occurs at the end of April.
If the temperature is low, then according to the heating standards for residential and industrial premises persists until mid-May. Only during this period of time should we talk about temperature standards for water in radiators. The rest of the time, fighting the cold is the job of the residents.
Normal water temperature
It was once believed that water for central heating should be heated to 100 degrees on the outlet and 60 degrees on the return flow. There wasn't then good equipment, allowing you to control the heating of water for central heating. This approach is not cost effective. Rising fuel costs increase utility bills for homeowners.
Standard radiators
Modern equipment allows the use of low-temperature heating of apartments according to standards. This means that the water temperature standards in heating radiators are not constant. They get attached to external factors. The following are taken into account:
- Heat loss from buildings. It is theoretically possible to build a house without heat loss. To do this, you will need to cover it with insulation of at least a meter thick. In fact, 150 mm of high-performance insulation is considered good thermal insulation. But heat loss will still occur through the walls, floor and roof. The higher these losses, the more more heating needs housing to create a comfortable environment.
- Heat source indicators. If the boiler does not meet the design requirements, then more heating of water for heating is required.
- Heat transfer from the metal from which pipes and batteries are made. If the metal of the pipes has low thermal conductivity, this will prevent heat loss during transportation from the heat source. Batteries, on the contrary, must have high thermal conductivity in order to transfer heat to the maximum. Cast iron batteries have lower thermal conductivity compared to aluminum and bimetallic ones. For equal heating, the water temperature must be higher in cast iron.
Installing a heating battery according to standards
When assessing the comfort of housing, the temperature in the heating system is not the main indicator. Temperature standards refer to the state of the apartment's atmosphere.
Read also: Standard water temperature in the pool according to SanPiN: for children and sports competitions
Thermal indicators of central heating water
The normal temperature of the water in the heating battery is closely related to weather conditions. The standard indicators were developed in 2003. Data for water supply from bottom to top are given in the table below.
| External air temperature | t in the supply pipe | t on the return |
| +5 | 46/50 | 39 |
| +4 | 49/53 | 41 |
| +3 | 52/56 | 43 |
| +2 | 54/59 | 45 |
| +1 | 57/62 | 46 |
| 59/65 | 48 | |
| −1 | 63/67 | 50 |
| −2 | 64/70 | 51 |
| −3 | 67/73 | 53 |
| −4 | 69/76 | 54 |
| −5 | 72/78 | 56 |
Although there are standards for water temperature for batteries, the assessment is based on the condition of the air. According to GOSTs, the indicators are as follows:
- in the main rooms, according to standards, t should not fall below +18 °C;
- in corner living spaces the temperature should be +20 °C;
- in the kitchen the allowed standard is from +19 to +21 °C;
- the temperature of the toilet corresponds to that of the kitchen;
- The normal temperature in the bathroom is from +24 to +26 °C;
- interior corridor – from +18 to +20 °C;
- at night, a decrease in these indicators is allowed in accordance with the standards.
Radiator section standard
If these indicators drop below the norm, you must contact the management organization, take control measurements and demand a reduction in the payment for the service. It should be noted that the employees of the management organization take readings themselves using a device called a pyrometer.
This is a small device for non-contact temperature measurement.
When calling management company employees to check the temperature according to the standard, you should familiarize yourself in advance with the rules for working with a pyrometer. Water from radiators or radiators will not be needed for measurements. Compliance with the standard water temperature heating devices determined at a distance.
Heating standards table
Managers are not interested in reducing pay. They will do everything to prove that the temperature is normal.
Pyrometer and how to work with it
A pyrometer is an infrared thermometer. It determines the temperature by electromagnetic radiation. An accurate engineering device allows you to quickly measure the temperature of an object located at a distance not exceeding three meters from the device.
But even this excellent equipment is capable of producing errors, which is what careless utility workers take advantage of. When measuring temperature, the device readings will be erroneous if:
- comparatively small room many items made from various materials;
- indoors high humidity or a lot of dust;
- the temperature of the device differs significantly from the room temperature;
- the distance to the measured object exceeds 3 m;
- the room is very large.
Read also: Water hardness standard for drinking: general ppm indicator, GOST, drinking standard
Let's look at how CC officers most often take testimony. They arrived from the cold in winter - the device was cold. His own temperature differs significantly from the temperature in a warm apartment.
Note
Upon entering, they immediately begin measuring - this is done in the hallway. The hallway is a small area filled with various objects. Moreover, there are people standing there who are confusing the readings of the device.
To ensure accurate temperature measurements, you should prepare for the inspectors’ visit.
Batteries in a private house
Having written a complaint that the living space is not warm enough during the heating season, you need to do the following:
- Specify the time of the inspectors' visit.
- Clean the apartment and get rid of dust.
- An hour before the management staff arrive, thoroughly ventilate the room, reducing its humidity.
- Employees who appear in the apartment should not be left in the hallway. They should be invited to a medium-sized room. It is better to request measurements in different rooms.
- Engage them in conversation for about 10 minutes. This time will be enough for the device to adapt.
- Check the pyrometer readings yourself immediately after the measurement.
Radiators in the house
These simple measures will help you prove that the standard water temperature in the central heating battery is not maintained, and receive compensation for services that were not provided.
What determines the weather in your home?
Modern equipment allows you to maintain hot water supply standards to heating radiators without much human intervention. But the number on the device is one thing, but the actual heat in the apartment is completely different. The final result depends on many parameters:
- The climate of the area where you live. In Moscow, with its drier climate, the cold is felt less than in St. Petersburg with its dampness.
- Thermal conductivity of the structure. Houses built of brick have lower thermal conductivity than block houses. As a result, the water temperature in heating radiators may be lower due to lower heat loss.
- Location of the apartment in the house. Corner rooms freeze more than apartments located in the center of the building. Heat loss in heating radiators will be greater.
