Introduction

I believe that the participle is one of the most difficult parts of speech. It depends on the grammatical indicators of the verb. Four, and if we take into account reflexive ones, then six participles are formed from transitive verbs of the imperfect form. So, from “read” there are six possible participles: reading, read, read and reflexive: read, read.

V.I. said very aptly about participles. Dahl, author of the famous dictionary: “The part of speech involved in the verb, in the form of an adjective.” Here attention is paid not only to the content, but also to the form of the participle, since in its “appearance” it really resembles an adjective: it changes by gender, number and case, agrees with nouns and answers the question which? Consequently, participles contain characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. This duality of the participle was also noticed by the ancient grammarians, giving it the name “participle”, i.e. participle of noun and verb. Combining features of different parts of speech in one word naturally makes these words richer in content, and therefore more economical, which was noted by M.V. Lomonosov: “These verbal names serve to shorten the human word, containing the name and the verb force. This property of participles to contain “had and the verb force” is widely used in writing, especially in fiction. Pictures of nature, portrait characteristics, internal The experiences of heroes are very often conveyed by writers through participles. But in ordinary colloquial speech, participles are harsh. A.S. Pushkin wrote about this: “Partipulations... are usually avoided in conversation. We don't say: a carriage galloping over a bridge; servant sweeping the room; we say: which gallops, which sweeps, etc. - replacing the expressive brevity of the participle with a sluggish turn of phrase"

In my essay I wanted to explain the most difficult points in education, use, etc. participles. The main difficulty and frequent mistakes arise from the fact that many people confuse participles with adjectives. By comparison, examples, and mistakes, you can still learn to write correctly and understand all the subtleties and depth of the great Russian language.

Participle

Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in the school tradition is considered as a special verbal form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verb signs of participles:

1. The nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);

2. The form of the corresponding verb is preserved;

3. The participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice (for example: permitted - active voice, permitted - passive voice);

4. The participle has two tense forms - present (loving, beloved) and past (loved) tense.

All verbal features of participles are constant, variable features are the features of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or attribute.

Present participles are formed from the verbal stem of the present tense using the suffixes -уш-/-уж, -аш/-яж- - active participles, suffixes -ем-, -ом-, -im- - passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, to form active participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t - heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti - brought-shiy). When forming passive past participles, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for /i/ (for example: vesha-t - hanged), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case /and/ drops out (for example: shoot-t - shot, bring-ti - brought), -t- - to form participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on i-, ы-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: sew-t - sewn, wash - washed, stabbed - stabbed, turn - turned). The initial form of the participle, like the adjective, is the nominative singular masculine case.

A common feature of the use of participles is that they belong to bookish speech. This is explained by the history of participles.

The main categories of participles relate to elements of the literary language, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, the presence of у in present participles: current, burning, which correspond to the adjectives flowing, hot, which are Old Russian participles in origin, and also present in a number of participles before a hard consonant under the stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions there is e (o): he came, but came, invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed.

The connection of participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his “Russian Grammar” explains about several categories of participles that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. Thus, he writes: “The active voice of the tense of the present participle ending in -schie is derived from verbs of Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; and they are very indecent from simple Russian ones, which are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, chomping.” He notes the same regarding the passive participles of the present tense “From Russian verbs, which were not in use among the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear,” and regarding the past participles of the active voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting." At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the greater relevance of participles for high styles of speech, pointing out that they “are more appropriately used in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm, or in common speech.”

At present, two centuries after Lomonosov, there are no restrictions on the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs alien to the Old Church Slavonic language. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic sense, which he speaks about with such categoricalness, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including new formations (vernalized, vernalized, vernalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but in some types of verbs they are also productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).

But even now, firstly, participles are part of the literary language (they are absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never appear in colloquial speech.

Standing apart are the short participles of the past tense of the passive voice (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and used in dialects.

On the contrary, for different styles of book speech, full participles represent one of the most necessary means, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the conciseness of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses; compare: Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule and Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule; A delegate elected by the general meeting and a Delegate elected by the general meeting. In newspaper speech, phrases with participles are almost always preferred.

Participles are close in meaning to adjectives and often turn into adjectives. The general difference between participles and adjectives is that a participle denotes a temporary attribute of an object, created by the action of the object itself (real participles) or an action carried out on this object (passive participle), while an adjective denotes a permanent attribute of an object, for example: flying seeds are seeds that fly are in motion, and flying seeds are seeds that have structural features that make them easy to fly and carried by the wind. The adjective, on the contrary, only characterizes the object and does not give information about what state it is in, so the phrase is possible: The earth was covered with flying maple seeds, although these seeds lie motionless on the ground.

A participle is a special part of speech, which is a verbal form and denotes a characteristic by action. It should be noted that, being a verbal form, pr-ie has some morphological characteristics of a verb: the aspect and tense of each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.

Part of speech features

The participle answers the question:

• Which?
• What do you do?
• What did he do?
• What did he do?

Here are some examples: melting snow (what did he do?), melted snow (what did he do), melted snow (what did he do?), a sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question “which?” can be asked for all of the above.

Since this part of speech answers the question “which?” And denotes a sign by action, it has several morphological features of an adjective: number, gender, case.

This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:

• ushch (yushch) - ashch (box)
• wsh (w)
• eat-im (ohm)
• enn (yonn)

These suffixes can be used to distinguish it from other parts of speech.

In a sentence it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.

For example:

• There's a melting snowflake in my palm. In this sentence, “melting” is an agreed adjective and is emphasized by a wavy line.
• Snowflake melting. In this sentence, “melting” is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (present tense modality).

About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full form by truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the form of a short adjective with the form of a short participle.

In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: active and passive.

Active participle

The active participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.

For example: A running person (the person performs the action independently), melting snow (the snow performs the action independently).

• Present tense suffixes: ush-yush, ush-yush.
• Past tense suffixes: wsh (w).

These suffixes will help determine the tense and type of participle. All active present participles are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.

It should be noted that the suffixes ush (yush) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yashch are from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: “sowing” is formed from the verb “to sow” of the first conjugation of the present tense using the suffix "yushch".

Passive participle

The passive form denotes a sign based on the action of an object that does not itself perform this action (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).

For example: a reed shaken by the wind (a reed that shakes the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).

• Present passive suffixes: um-em-im
• Passive past tense suffixes: nn, t.

Passive present participle is formed similarly to the real one, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle using suffixes nn, t the basis of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.

Exception! When forming a passive participle from a verb ending in “it,” the base of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.

The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and driven are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.

The past passive form is formed from complete perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in the Russian language.

It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: search, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb "to give" has the singular form "given".

It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the stem of the future tense.

• Example: Bring - brought, spin - spun

A reflexive postfix can be added to the passive tenses of the present and past tenses "Xia"

• Example: Selling (books, buns), arrogant (children, athletes).

Participial

Before you find out the role of these parts of speech in a turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, a participle phrase is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. In both complex and simple sentences, the participial phrase can be found:

• Before the defined word;
• After the defined word.

Please note that the participial phrase is always a single member of the sentence, namely by an agreed upon common definition.

For example:

Painting, , hangs in the hall of our museum. In this sentence the participial phrase “ painted by a famous artist" comes before the word being defined, "picture," and is the agreed upon common definition.

We hope that our article helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what the full passive participle is.

A part of speech that combines the properties of an adjective and a verb is called a participle. This article describes the characteristic features of the participle, its morphological features, types, and main differences from the adjective. Examples are also given for better understanding of the material.

Participle– a special form of a verb that combines the grammatical properties of a verb and an adjective. Indicates the attribute of an object by action and answers questions - Which? Which? Which? Which? What do you do? What did he do? What did he do?

Examples of participles: lying, washed, paid off, collected, written, hugging, wishing.

The concept of participle as a grammatical unit

The grammatical description of a participle includes morphological features of verbs and adjectives.

Constant grammatical features of participles (verb features):

• Type(active or passive);
• View(perfect or imperfect);
• Time(present or past).

Inconstant signs of participles (signs of adjectives):

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• Form(full or short);
• Number(singular or plural);
• Genus(male, female, average);
• Case.

The initial form of participles is the full form of the singular, nominative case, masculine (seeking, replaced, moved).

What kinds of participles are there?

There are active and passive participles. Each type has two subtypes - groups of words of the present and past tense.

Types	Active participles (denote the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs)		Passive participles (denote the attribute of an object by the action that is performed on the object)
Present tense	-ush-/-yush-; -ash-/-box-	living, playing, trembling	-om-/-eat-;	discussed, directed, persecuted
Past tense	-vsh-/-sh-	knew, danced, froze	-nn-/-enn-/-t-	carried away, described, shot down

Participle as part of a sentence

Participle in full form is usually used as a modifier in sentences and agrees with nouns or pronouns. Participles in short form are the nominal part of a compound predicate.

Examples: Fields covered with snow were visible from the window (fields (what?) covered - definition). The fields were covered with snow (the fields (what were they doing?) were covered - part of a compound predicate).

Adjectives and participles

Adjectives are often confused with their corresponding participles. To determine which word is used in a sentence, it is enough to replace it with a synonymous word or phrase:

• A participle can be replaced by a verb denoting the same action as the participle (seeds scattered by the wind - seeds scattered by the wind);
• An adjective can be replaced by another adjective (absent-minded person – forgetful, inattentive person).

The differences between adjectives and participles are briefly taught in seventh grade.

In Russian lessons we all studied the participle. However, linguists still do not have a common opinion on what a participle is. Some consider it a special form of the verb, others define the participle as an independent part of speech. Let's try to figure out what a participle is: the Russian language and its answers.

Definition of participle

Conventionally, a participle is a special form of a verb that denotes the attribute of an object or object by action, and answers the questions: which?, which?, which?, which?. In addition, the participle combines the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

Participle and adjective

Participles have many similarities with adjectives. Participles are inflected - agree with the noun in gender, number, case. The initial form of the participle has the same characteristics - masculine, singular, nominative case. For example, reflective, coloring, flying. Participles, like adjectives, can have a short form.

Short Communion

What is a short participle is another question that linguists ask when arguing whether it is an adjective or a special part of speech. One way or another, the modern Russian language distinguishes two forms of participle - short and full. The short participle answers the questions: what has been done?, what has been done?, what has been done?, what have been done?.

For example, spilled - spilled, lost - lost. In a sentence, short participles are always a predicate: “the shop has been closed for several hours.”

Short participles are formed from the full form by adding a zero ending, as well as the endings “a”, “o” and “s”. For example, built – built; beveled - beveled.

Participle and verb

The participle has common morphological properties with verbs - reflexivity, transitivity, aspect and tense. Moreover, unlike the verb, the participle does not have future tense forms. But only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. For example, sit – sitting.

The most difficult moments are associated with the question of what a past participle is, namely with their formation. The following rules must be remembered:

• Active past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes “vsh” or “sh”, as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, hide - hidden; endure - endured.
• Passive past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes “nn”, “enn” and “t”, as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, do – done; contribute – introduced; shoe - shod.

Participle in a sentence

In a sentence, participles are a definition, less often part of a compound nominal predicate. Participles with dependent words: nouns, adverbs or adjectives form a participial phrase. In a sentence, it is usually separated by commas: “a dog running along the road”

It is customary to distinguish two types of participles: active and passive.

What is a passive participle

Passive participles denote a feature that is present in an object after the influence of another object or object. For example, a problem solved by a student is a problem that the student solved; lost fight by a boxer - a fight that a boxer lost.

What is a real participle

Active participles denote a characteristic that is created by the actions of the object or object itself. For example, a suffering man is a man who suffers; a running horse is a horse that runs.

It is worth remembering that a participle can be translated into an adjective or verb with dependent words. For example, a lying boy is a boy who was lying; a proven friend is a true friend. Sometimes you can form a short adjective from participles: a charming smile - a smile is charming.

What is communion in church

The word “communion” can mean not only a part of speech, but also the church rite of communion or the Eucharist.

During this rite, the believer must taste wine and bread, which symbolizes the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Communion or communion is done to come into close contact with God, which brings blessing.

At different times they received communion different numbers of times. In the Middle Ages, Christians observed the Eucharist every day, and since the 19th century, this rite was performed twice in a lifetime - after birth and before death.

A short introduction

A participle is a special verb form that defines the attribute of an object by action. Opinions differ on how it is formed. Some linguists consider the participle in Russian to be an independent part of speech. It has the attribute of both a verb and an adjective, and answers the questions: “What is he doing?”, “Which?”, “What did he do?”, “Which?” For example, “decided”, “sitting”, “speaking”. The participle is used in many foreign languages, for example Sirenik (Greenland, Alaska, Chukotka), Hungarian. In English it, together with the gerund, forms Participle, and in German Partizip.

What is a sacrament, what features does it have?

One of them is morphological verbal features. These are type, collateral and time. It is also associated with adjectives (adjectivation). It is distinguished by gender, number and case. Past participles are formed only from perfective verbs, present and past - from imperfect ones. Another feature is that the passive form is created from transitive verbs.

What is a participle from the point of view of syntactic features?

Most often in a sentence it is precisely a definition or part of a compound predicate. The short participle plays the same role. Full participles agree with the noun in number, gender and case.

What is a participle in its initial form?

It, like the adjective in the initial form, is in the nominative case, masculine, singular. For example, “revealed”, “speaking”, “reading”, “thinking”.

Types and forms of participles

There are only two types of communion: active and passive. The first denotes a feature created by the object itself. For example, a “writing girl” is a girl who writes herself, a “pissing girl” is a girl who wrote herself. The passive participle reflects the attribute of one object created by another. For example, “a poem written by a girl” is a poem written by a girl; “a piece of paper lost by someone” is a piece of paper that someone has lost. It also has a short and full form: “dressed up boy” - the boy is dressed up, “forgotten verse” - the verse is forgotten.

There are two tenses in which a participle can appear. This is the present and the past. In both cases, word formation occurs by adding suffixes. In the present tense, real ones are formed with the help of “-ushch”, “-yushch” (reading) in the first conjugation, “-ashch”, “-yashch” (building) in the second. Passive “-om”, “-em” (readable) and “-im” (constructed), respectively. Anna Akhmatova used the sacrament in her poems: (“The cry of a stork flying onto the roof”) and Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov. If the adjective acts as a constant in relation to the subject, then the participle does the opposite. Let's look at an example. In the phrase “walking boy” we see an adjective, “walking boy” is a participle.

A little conclusion

The Russian language is quite complex, and, as they say, there are more exceptions than rules. But after reading this article, you will understand what the sacrament is. Write and speak competently! After all, correct speech is the adornment of a person.