Fig. 12. Pipe alignment (a) and inventory pole with plumb line (b)

1 - pipes; 2 4 - inventory poles; 5 - inventory pole with a plumb line ; 6 - laid pipe

Using a fixed pole installed in a well or mounted section of a pipeline, the correct laying of the pipe in plan is checked. (Fig. 11). If necessary, it is shifted in the desired direction. Finally, using a tensioner (Fig. 13) insert the smooth end of the pipe into the socket of the previously laid one, while ensuring that the rubber ring is evenly rolled into the socket slot. In this case, it is impossible to allow the end of the sleeve end to be pushed into the socket until it stops completely; a gap must be left between them (which is why markings are made), and for reinforced concrete pressure pipes with a diameter of up to 1000 mm - 12+15 mm, and for pipes with large diameters - 18+22 mm. Having connected the pipes, remove the tension device and tamp the pipe with soil to a height of 1/4 of its diameter, compacting it layer by layer using hand tampers.

Fig. 13. Tensioner

1 - laid pipe; 2 - laid bell pipe; 3 - pits; 4 - tension screw; 5 - beam; 6 - craving; 7 - spacer

When installing pipelines from socketed reinforced concrete pipes, the most labor-intensive operation is the insertion of the sleeve end of the pipe with a rubber ring into the previously laid socket. To make it easier it is used various devices, devices and mechanisms. In particular, they use two- and three-cable external devices, rack and pinion hydraulic jacks, internal tensioners, lever and gear winches, bulldozers and excavators (Fig. 14 - 22).

Fig. 14. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - half clamp; 3 - rubber ring; 4 - cable; 5,6 - thrust and working beams; 7 - tension screw;

8 - friction-ratchet device

For installation of pipes with a diameter of 500, 700, 900 h, a universal hydraulic device is also used (Fig. 22), which is fixed to the pipe and then lowered into the trench with it. After checking the accuracy of the centering of the pipe and the correct location of the rubber ring, the pipe is connected to the pipeline under the action of the hydraulic cylinder.

Fig. 15. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - rubber ring; 2 - cable; 3 - tension screw; 4 - hinged clamp; 5 - adjusting screws;

6, 7, 8 - supporting and movable crosspieces; 9 - ratchet

When choosing a pipe installation method, take into account the availability necessary equipment and mechanisms, as well as the conditions for pipeline construction.

Fig. 16. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - 2 - rubber ring; 3 - concrete stop; 4 - hydraulic cylinder; 5 - oil line; 6 - pump;

7 - pipe laying crane

Installation of pipes using a bulldozer (Fig. 19) can be done if a bulldozer is used to level (clean) the bottom of a trench, i.e. when these two operations are combined. Installation of pipes with a diameter of 1000.. 1200 mm in trenches with a bottom width of 2.2 m is carried out using a D-159B bulldozer.

Fig. 17. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - half clamp; 3 - rubber ring; 4 - cable; 5 - thrust and working beams; 6 - trumpet;

7 - lever winch; 8 - blocks

The method of installing a pipeline using an internal tension device is recommended for pipes with a diameter of 800 mm or more. Installation of the pipeline using an excavator (see. fig.20) are used when laying pipes in water-saturated soils or in cramped construction conditions, when a trench is torn off as pipes are laid and an excavator located nearby is used for their installation.

Fig. 18. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - rubber ring; 3 - cable; 4 - b loki; 5 - cable to winch; 6 - thrust beam

To ensure watertightness of butt joints, pipes, sockets and couplings must not be elliptical or their surface quality must be poor, and low-quality rubber rings must not be used.

Fig. 19. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - rubber ring; 3 - thrust beam; 4 - bulldozer or tractor

The rings in the slot of socket and coupling joints must be compressed by 40+50% of the thickness of their section. They must not be allowed to twist. If the tightness (water tightness) of the joints is damaged, they are repaired by installing additional rubber rings or their segments in the defective area using a special removable clamp (Fig. 20).

Fig.20. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - rubber ring; 3 - trumpet; 4 - thrust beam; 5 - excavator bucket

The installation of pipelines with coupling pipe connections has a number of differences. After centering and checking the correct laying of the pipes along the cord, plumb line and sight line, markings are made at the ends of the connected pipes with marks that determine the initial position of the rubber rings - distances A(360, 370mm) and b(70, 80mm).

Fig.21. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - rubber ring; 2, 5 - removable and repair clamps; 3 - support clip; 4 - pusher; 6 - repair rubber ring; 7 - bolts

When installing pipes, the coupling is installed in its original position so that its end on the working side coincides with the mark marked on the pipe. The rubber ring is placed near the working end of the coupling and then, using a caulk, it is inserted into the conical slot of the coupling flush with its end. At the same time, another rubber ring is put on the second pipe, placing it at a distance b from its end. Next, with the help of mounting devices, the coupling is moved towards the pipe being joined while simultaneously rolling in the first rubber ring. When the coupling on the second pipe reaches the marks b From its end, a second rubber ring is inserted into the coupling slot. During further advancement of the coupling, this ring is also rolled up, thereby ensuring the required final position of the rubber rings in the joint and its watertightness.

Fig.22. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - hydraulic cylinder; 3 - traverse; 4 - levers; 5 - clamping blocks; 6 - pipe grip; 7 - hooks for installation; 8 - plate.

Installation of non-pressure pipelines is carried out from concrete and reinforced concrete pipes on socket, coupling or seam butt joints. The joints of socket pipes are sealed with hemp strands or other sealants sealed with asbestos cement or rubber rings, and seam pipes are sealed with asphalt mastic, bitumen-rubber gaskets and other sealants sealed with cement-sand mortar. Non-pressure socketed reinforced concrete and concrete pipes with a diameter of up to 700 mm are connected with a gap between the smooth end of the pipe and the surface of the socket equal to 8×12 mm, and pipes with a diameter over 700 mm - 15×18 m. Installation of non-pressure pipelines from socketed and coupling pipes sealed with rubber rings is carried out in the same way methods similar to pressure (Fig.23 -27).

Fig.23. General layout of mechanisms and performers during installation

pipeline

1 - bell; 2 - base for the pipe; 3 - grab; 4 - laid pipe; 5 - laid pipe; 6 - pipe-laying crane; 7 - pit;

M1- M5 - installer jobs.

Sealing joints with hemp strands is done by caulking the socket to half its depth with two or three turns of tarred or bituminized hemp strands caulked with an asbestos-cement mixture (30% asbestos, 70% cement). Installation of pipelines and manifolds from seam free-flow pipes involves the need to seal seam joints .

Fig.24. Checking the cutting amount (a) and feeding with a grab sand and gravel mixture

for the base device (b)

Joints of pipes with a diameter of more than 1000 mm are sealed around the entire perimeter with hemp strands and rubbed cement mortar composition 1:1 with a device on the outside of the belt from this solution. Installation of pipes with a crane using a mounting bracket is carried out in the following sequence: mark the position of the pipe on the base; sling the pipe and lower it into the trench; lay the pipe on the base and check its position (the gap between them should not exceed 25 mm); caulk the joint with a tarred strand and seal it with cement mortar; wrap the joint with reinforcing mesh and seal it.

Fig.25. Marking the center of gravity of the pipe, slinging the pipe and connecting the smooth end

pipes to the socket previously laid

The joints of pipes with a diameter of 2000+4000 mm, laid on concrete or reinforced concrete bases, are sealed with shotcrete using a reinforcing mesh.

Installation of asbestos-cement pipelines. The pipes are supplied complete with couplings and rubber sealing rings. When they arrive at the on-site warehouse, their quality must be carefully checked and if defects are detected, such pipes and couplings should not be allowed to be laid.

Fig.26. Verifying the vertical position of the pipe using sights

High-quality pipes are laid out along the trench at a distance of no closer than 1 m from its edge. Pipes with a diameter of up to 150 mm, as well as couplings, are laid in stacks up to 1 m high at a distance of up to 100 m from each other. Pipes of large diameters are laid out so that when they are laid in a trench there is no need for additional movements.

Fig.27. Aligning the horizontal position of the pipe

Pipeline route layout

Before starting excavation work, the pipeline route is laid out on the ground. The position of the route axis is firmly fixed with signs, ensuring the ability to quickly and accurately carry out work. The pipeline route is laid out in compliance with the following requirements:

Temporary benchmarks should be installed along the route, connected by leveling moves to permanent benchmarks;

The alignment axes and apexes of the rotation angles of the route must be fixed and tied to permanent objects on the ground (buildings, structures, power or communication line supports, etc.) or to poles installed on the route;

Intersections of the pipeline route with existing underground structures must be marked on the ground surface with special signs;

The locations of the wells should be marked with posts installed away from the route; the number of the well and the distance from it to the axis are written on the posts;

The layout of the route must be documented in an act with a list of benchmarks, turning angles and reference points attached.

Representatives of the construction organization and the customer, before the start of excavation work, must jointly inspect the working layout of structures (trenches and pits) made by the contractor and establish its compliance project documentation and draw up an act with the attachment of layout diagrams and linking to the reference geodetic network.

When carrying out excavation work, the construction organization must ensure the safety of all alignment and geodetic signs.

To lay out the pipeline route along the profile, cast-offs with fixed sights are used, installed at the locations of the wells and at the tops of the turning angles. The length of the running sight is taken as a multiple of 0.5 m for ease of sighting; the length of the fixed sight is taken depending on the accepted length of the running sight. On the upper edge of the cast-off, a nail is driven strictly along the axis, which serves to hang the axis of the pipeline and to determine the center of the well.

Crossing the pipeline with underground utilities

Underground communications and structures must be marked on working drawings indicating elevations and distances in plan to the axis of the pipeline. Before starting work, the location of these obstacles must be clarified by the builders and fixed on the route with special signs.

The development of trenches and pits in the immediate vicinity and below the foundation level of existing buildings and structures, as well as existing underground communications, should be carried out only if measures are taken against settlement of these structures and prior agreement with the organizations operating these buildings and structures.

Measures to ensure the safety of existing buildings and structures must be developed in the project.

Development of soil in trenches and pits when they cross all types of underground communications is allowed only if there is written permission the organization operating these communications, and in the presence of responsible representatives of the construction organization and the organization operating the underground communications.

When crossing trenches with existing underground utilities, mechanized soil development is permitted at a distance of no more than 2 m from the side wall and no more than 1 m above the top of the pipe, cable, etc.

The soil remaining after mechanized development is processed manually without the use of percussion instruments and taking measures to eliminate the possibility of damage to these communications.

The suspension diagram of communications crossing the trench is shown in Fig. 28.

Fig.28. Suspension of communications crossing the trench

A- one or more cables; b- cable ducts in asbestos-cement pipes; V - pipeline;

1 - gas pipeline; 2 - a box made of boards or panels; 3 - log or timber; 4 - twist pendants; 5 - cable; 6 - asbestos-cement cable drainage pipes;

7 - I-beam; 8 - crossbars made of channels; 9 - round steel pendants; 10 - linings; 11 - pipeline crossing the trench.

Water supply pipelines, when crossing with sewer lines, are laid 0.4 m higher than the latter, and water pipes must be steel, but if they are cast iron, then they should be laid in steel casings. The length of the casing must be at least 5 m in each direction from the intersection in clayey soils and at least 10 m in filtering soils. Intersections are performed at a right angle or close to it. When laying water pipes in parallel and sewer pipes For pipelines at the same level, the distance between the walls of the pipes must be at least 1.5 m for a nominal pipe diameter of up to 200 mm inclusive, and at least 3 m for a nominal pipe diameter of more than 200 mm. When laying water pipes Below the sewer lines, the indicated horizontal distances should be increased by the difference in the elevations of the pipeline depths.

Yard sewer networks may be laid above water lines without installing casings, with a vertical distance between the pipe walls of at least 0.5 m.

The clear distances between the walls of several sewer pipelines laid in one trench at the same elevations must ensure the possibility of laying pipelines and sealing joints and be at least 0.4 m. When laying water lines in parallel, the distance between them, m, is recommended to be taken :

For pipes with a diameter of up to 300 mm - 0.7;

For pipes with a diameter from 400 to 1000 mm - 1;

For pipes with a diameter of more than 1000 mm - 1.5.

Preparing the base

Water supply and sewer pipes, if the project does not provide for the installation of an artificial foundation, must be laid on natural soil of an undisturbed structure, ensuring the transverse and longitudinal profile of the foundation specified by the project, while the pipes along the entire length must fit tightly to the base.

Laying pipes on frozen soil is not permitted, except in cases where the base consists of dry sandy, sandy loam and gravel soils, as well as rocks. Laying of pipes on bulk soils can be done only after compacting them to the density adopted in the project with testing of selected samples.

When laying pipelines in rocky soils, the base of the trenches should be leveled with a layer of compacted soft soil at least 0.1 m high above the protruding unevenness of the base. To level the bases steel pipes Conductors use soil that does not contain inclusions of coarse gravel and stones. In peat and quicksand soils, pipelines of any diameter are placed on a pile foundation with a concrete pad.

When constructing pipelines in type I soils based on subsidence, the base is compacted with heavy tampers; in type II soils, preliminary soaking of the base of the trenches is used.

Pipes can be laid in a trench on a flat base; on a solid concrete or reinforced concrete foundation; on a base profiled for a fillet with a coverage angle of 90 and 120°.

The flat base on which the pipes are laid must be horizontal in the transverse direction and have a design slope in the longitudinal direction.

When supported on a concrete foundation, the pipes are laid in a tray with a coverage angle of 120° in soils with a standard resistance of at least 0.1 MPa. Pipes, especially flexible steel and polymer ones, laid on a profiled soil base, open in the shape of a pipe with an angle of support of up to 120-150°, can withstand significantly greater loads. When laying the pipeline on a profiled soil base (fillet), aligned along the length of the trench, thin-walled steel pipes can be used, which provides significant savings in metal.

Selection of crane equipment

The choice of crane for lowering pipes into a trench is determined by the weight of the pipes and the required reach of the crane boom (the distance from the axis of the trench to the axis of rotation of the crane boom). The required crane boom reach is found using the formula

,

Where E - the width of the trench at the top at the highest permissible steepness of the slopes; b - the distance from the edge of the trench to the wheels or tracks of the crane (taken to be at least 1.5 m with a trench depth of 1.5 m and 2 m with 1.5-3 m); V- the distance from the wheels or tracks of the crane to the axis of rotation of its boom.

When laying main pipelines in strings or long sections in trenches with vertical slopes, the distance from the edge of the trench to the wheels or tracks of the crane should be (Where N - trench depth; 0.2 - distance from the edge of the pipe to the collapse prism; - outer diameter of the pipe; 0.3 - distance from the edge of the pipe to the crane tracks).

Pipe laying

Before laying pipes, you should check compliance with the design of the bottom marks, trench width, slopes, foundation preparation and reliability of fastening the walls of the open trench; inspect the pipes, fittings, fittings and other materials brought for installation and, if necessary, clean them of contamination.

Pipes are placed along the pipeline route in various ways(Fig. 29) depending on the crane equipment used for laying pipes in the trench.

Fig.29. Layout of socket pipes along the pipeline route

A - laying two pipes by crane from one parking lot; b - laying three pipes with a crane from one parking lot; V - The crane moves along the trench when laying pipes.

The sequence of work on laying pipelines should occur in the following sequence:

The bottoms of wells and chambers are arranged before the pipes are lowered;

The walls of the wells are erected after laying pipes, sealing butt joints, installing fittings and shut-off valves;

Trays in sewer wells arranged after laying the pipes and erecting the walls of the wells up to the pipe shell;

Shaped parts and valves located in the well are installed simultaneously with pipe laying;

Hydrants, plungers and safety valves are installed after testing the pipelines.

With a centered butt joint, each laid pipe must rest firmly on the foundation soil.

All socket pipes are laid with the socket forward, on straight sections of the route, rectilinearly in the horizontal and vertical plane.

The straightness of sections of free-flow pipelines between two adjacent wells should be controlled by viewing them in the light using a mirror. When viewing a pipeline round section The circle visible in the mirror must have the correct shape. The permissible horizontal deviation from the circle shape should be no more than 1/4 of the pipeline diameter, but no more than 50 mm in each direction. Vertical deviation from the circle shape is not allowed.

Laying a pipeline along a gentle curve without the use of fittings is permitted only when using butt joints on rubber seals with a rotation at each joint of no more than 2° for pipes with a diameter of up to 500 mm and no more than 1° for pipes with a diameter of over 500 mm.

Dead ends of pressure pipelines should be secured with stops. In places where the direction of the pipeline changes in the horizontal plane, stops are placed on the outside of the rotation angle. The design of the stops is provided for by the project.

When laying cast iron, concrete, reinforced concrete and ceramic pipes with sealing of butt joints with sealants 51-UT-37A and KB-1 (GS-1), transfer of external load from the soil or internal hydraulic pressure to the joints is allowed after they have been held for a certain period. The quality of work on sealing butt joints with sealants must be controlled by a construction laboratory. The quality of preparation of the sealant, the quality of cleaning and mechanical processing of the sealed surfaces, as well as the duration of vulcanization (hardening) of the sealant at the joint are subject to control.

Careful compaction of soil when filling the space between the pipe and the walls of the trenches increases the crushing resistance of the pipe by 20%.

Immediately after laying the pipeline in the trench, the pits and cavities are filled and tamped with soft soil (simultaneously on both sides), and then the trench is filled 0.5 m above the top of the pipe, leveling the soil in layers and compacting it with manual and mounted electric rammers.

Construction of a base for pipelines

The type of base is selected depending on the hydrogeological conditions, the size and material of the pipes being laid, the design of the butt joints, the depth of installation, transport loads and local conditions. In order to avoid unacceptable settlements when laying pipes, the foundation must have strength sufficient to balance all active forces, i.e. external loads acting on the pipe.

For pressure reinforced concrete pipelines there are following types reasons:

Flat soil base with a sand cushion and without a sand cushion (Fig. 30, a);

Profiled soil base with a coverage angle of 90° with a sand cushion and without a sand cushion (Fig. 30, b and c, respectively).

Concrete foundation with coverage angle 120° s concrete preparation(Fig. 30, d).

Fig.30. Foundations for reinforced concrete pressure pipelines

1 - backfilling with local soil with normal or increased degree of compaction; 2 - sand cushion; 3 - concrete foundation; 4 - concrete preparation.

Backfilling is provided with local soil with a normal increased degree of compaction.

The following types of foundations are provided for non-pressure pipelines:

For pipes mm in sandy and clayey soils with a standard resistance of 0.15 MPa - flat sandy base and clayey base with sand preparation in a profiled groove (Fig. 31);

Main Directorate for Housing and Civil Construction in Moscow

GLAVMOSSTROY under the MOSCOW CITY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT

TEMPORARY TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS
FOR LAYING REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPES
LARGE DIAMETERS (1.0-2.5 m) FOR
NON-PRESSURE SEWER CHANNELS
AND WATER COLLECTORS

VSN-27-61

Moscow - 1962

“Temporary technical instructions for laying reinforced concrete pipes of large diameters (1 , 0-2, 5 m) for free-flow sewer canals and drainage collectors" were developed by the laboratory of road, bridge and underground construction of NIIMosstroy (laboratory head L. Axelrod , scientific workers V. Sakharov and G. Moshchevitin) and agreed with the Department of Road and Bridge Construction of Glavmosstroy , Department of Water Supply and Sewage Services and Department of Improvement of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council.

I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. These Temporary Technical Instructions are an addition to the “Technical Rules for the Design, construction and acceptance into operation of sewer pipelines in Moscow" (TPK-1-57) and provide rules for the construction of free-flow sewer and drainage pipelines from reinforced concrete pipes with a diameter of 1, 0 to 2 , 5. They are mandatory for all construction organizations of Glavmosstroy.

2. Pipes for the construction of drainage and sewer collectors must meet the requirements of the current GOST 6482-53 and technical specifications, approved by Glavmospromstroymaterialami.

3. At the construction site, pipes are accepted according to factory documents, as well as external inspection by persons authorized for these purposes.

The plant must submit a passport in the established form for each pipe. The following markings must be clearly marked on the internal and external surfaces of each pipe with indelible paint: pipe brand, date of manufacture, manufacturer's name, OTK stamp.

Pipes must be rejected, if they do not meet the current technical conditions.

Particular attention should be paid to the inadmissibility of:

a) kinks and cracks, passing through the entire thickness of the wall of the pipe barrel or socket;

b) at the ends of pipes there are more than two rings more than 5 cm long along the generatrix or circumference of the pipe;

c) the conchoidal structure of concrete, indicating its insufficient density;

d) the presence of protruding or exposed reinforcement from the concrete.

Pipes without markings and passports are not allowed to be accepted.

4. Before laying pipes, gouges and other minor defects that do not interfere with the use of pipes must be repaired with cement mortar by the installation organization.

5. All construction and installation work on laying pipes is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the “Technical instructions for the production and acceptance of work on the installation of external water supply and sewerage pipelines” (SN-161-61), the instructions of the “Safety Rules for Construction and Installation Works” State Construction Committee of the USSR (1958), “Instructions on safety precautions during underground work” of Glavmosstroy (1958).

Geodetic work when laying out the route and installing pipes should be carried out only with proven tools that have passports and certificates of the date of the last inspection.

II. TRENCH DEVELOPMENT

6. Development and acceptance of trenches and pits must be carried out in accordance with technical rules production of excavation and drilling and blasting works (SNiP, part III), as well as these Technical Instructions.

7. The width of the trench along the bottom for pipes with a diameter of 1 m with a trench depth of up to 3 m (with and without fastening) is taken equal to the outer diameter plus 1.0 m*; with a depth of more than 3 m and fastening the walls of the trench for each meter of depth, 0.2 m is added to the width of the trench. The width of the trench along the bottom for pipes with a diameter of more than 1.0 m is taken according to the instructions of SN-161-61, § 34 equal to the outer diameter plus 1.5 m.

If it is necessary to install drainage trays or special drainage devices, complex artificial foundations for pipelines, as well as the presence of underground structures near the trench, the width of the trenches is determined by the design.

_________________

* According to SN-49-59, part IV, volume 1, chapter IV -B-1, paragraph 76.

8. In soils with natural moisture, trenches are dug with slopes or with walls secured.

The steepness of the slopes of trenches developed without fastenings must correspond to the data given in.

Table 1

	Slope steepness at depth
Bulk soil and sand	1: 1,25	1: 1,5
	1: 0,67	1: 1
Loams	1: 0,67	1: 0,75
	1: 0,5	1: 0,67

9. Trenches up to 3 m deep must, as a rule, be secured, guided by the instructions of the current technical conditions (“Instructions for safety precautions during underground work”, appendix 4, published by NIIMosstroy, 1958), and those with a depth of more than 3 m - for individual projects.

When designing fastening structures, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of pulling pipes along trenches.

10. When developing trenches with an excavator, “shortfall” of soil is allowed to a depth of no more than 0.2 m; “overkill” is, as a rule, not allowed.

In case of “overkill,” a layer of sand is added to the bottom of the trench up to the design mark. The degree of sand compaction must be at least 0.95.

11. Clean the bottom of the trench to the design marks, as well as dig pits for socket and seam butt joints immediately before laying pipes.

The dimensions of the pits for installation of pipe joints are as follows: length 1.1 m, width D + 1.1 m and depth 0.4 m,

where D - outer diameter of the socket or rebate.

After laying the pipes, the pits are filled with sand and compacted. The compaction coefficient must be at least 0.95

12. Soil dumps are usually placed on one side of the trench at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the edge.

13. Trenches must be protected from flooding and erosion by surface water by dumps of soil on the upland side, appropriate planning of the adjacent territory, and, if necessary, upland drainage ditches, protective embankments, etc.

14. Development of trenches below the groundwater horizon should be carried out after an artificial decrease in the groundwater level.

15. Artificial water lowering when digging a trench should ensure the removal of water during execution next works: preparation of natural or artificial foundation for pipelines, cleaning of trenches and pits, laying pipelines, sealing butt joints, testing pipelines (if trenches are not backfilled), backfilling trenches.

16. Drainage from trenches must be organized in such a way that the foundation soils are not loosened by the ascending flow of groundwater.

17. In heaving, silty, clayey and loamy soils, the bottom of the trench should be protected from freezing before laying pipes and immediately after laying or testing.

To reduce the depth of soil freezing at objects planned for construction in winter, it is necessary to plow the soil according to the dimensions of the trench in the fall (no later than October 15).

To protect the base from freezing, laid pipes must be immediately covered with soil to a height of at least 0.5 m above their top, and the ends of the pipes and wells must be covered with wooden shields.

Note: In dry sandy and gravelly soils, the bottom of the trench may not need to be protected from freezing.

18. When digging trenches in plastic clays, as well as in water-saturated soils with low water levels, measures must be taken to prevent soil subsidence outside the trenches due to the removal or slumping of soil. It is necessary to monitor subsidence of structures and buildings located near the pipeline route.

Subsidences of the ground surface outside the trench anchorage should not exceed 0.5% of its depth, while their spread to the sides of the trench should not be more than a value equal to the depth of the trench.

III. DESIGN OF BASES FOR PIPES

19. In sandy soils, the construction of a soil bed in the shape of a pipe at the bottom of the trench (type I) is made according to a template. The surface of the bed profile is cleared of stones. Laying pipes on a waterlogged soil base is not allowed.

20. When installing a sandy base in clayey and loamy soils, the thickness of the sand layer under the pipe must be at least 10 cm (type II).

TypeI

Rice. 1. Construction of a soil bed in the shape of a pipe at the bottom of the trench:

type I - in sandy soils; type II - in clay and loamy soils

21. Monolithic and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete foundations for pipes are made in accordance with the requirements of the project.

IV. STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF PIPES ON CONSTRUCTION SITE

22. Reinforced concrete pipes must be laid out along the pipeline route within the range of the crane carrying out installation, at a distance of at least 3 m from the edge of the trench

23. If it is impossible to unload pipes along the route, they are stored in an on-site warehouse separately by diameter and manufacturer's grade.

Pipes with a diameter of up to 1.7 m inclusive are allowed to be stored in stacks of no more than two rows, and each pipe must be laid on wooden supports. Pipes with a diameter of over 1.7 m are stored in a vertical position.

24. It is allowed to transport pipes along the route by cars or on drags with tractors.

Do not drag or roll pipes.

25. Pipes with a diameter of up to 1.7 m inclusive should be transported horizontally. The ends of the pipes during transportation should not hang down more than 0.5 m. Pipes with a diameter of over 1.7 m (up to 2.5 m) are transported in a vertical position.

V. PIPE LAYING

26. The pipes are laid on the base provided by the project, cleared of collapsed soil and drained.

Note: Pipes should be laid in accordance with the factory marks that fix the position of the tray and shelyg.

27. Drag the pipes to the installation site and lower them into the trench is resolved with a cable strapped in the middle with outside pipes, or using special gripping devices.

28. Pipes should be lowered into the trench using jib cranes, pipe layers or gantry cranes.

30. Pipes, as a rule, should be laid from bottom to top along the slope with the sockets forward, and the smooth end of the pipe should be inserted into the socket of the already laid one, and the crest of the seam pipes into the groove of the laid pipe.

31. Before joining, the internal and external surfaces of the ends of the pipes must be cleared of ice, snow, dirt and sagging of mortar and concrete.

Pipes in a straight section must be centered so that at any point along the perimeter the width of the socket gap is at least 10 mm, and the gap between the smooth ends and the thrust part of the socket is no more than 15 mm.

VI. SEALING JOINTS

32. The sealing of pipe joints should be carried out with a lag of at least 2-3 pipes from the installation site.

33. Sealing the joints of socketed reinforced concrete pipes for sewerage should begin with caulking the socket to half its depth on the outside of the pipe with two turns of tarred rope or strand, followed by caulking with a moistened asbestos-cement mixture from the end of the socket. On the inside of the pipe, the socket is sealed with cement mortar (a) of composition 1: 3.

When sealing the joints of socketed reinforced concrete pipes for drains, first caulk the annular gap to half its depth with tarred rope or strand. On the inside and outside of the pipes, the gaps are sealed and rubbed with cement mortar of composition 1:3 (by weight) without caulking (b). The internal surface of the seal must be flat and smooth.

34. The pipes are caulked from the outside with tarred rope (GOST 483-55). This operation can be performed with pneumatic coining hammers R-1, R-2 and R-3 or manually (using a hammer and a hammer weighing 0.5-1.0 kg).

35. The sockets are sealed with asbestos-cement mixture in layers no more than 20 mm thick with caulking of each layer separately. The asbestos-cement mixture can be compacted using a pneumatic caulking hammer R-1 or manually, starting from the bottom of the pipe. The socket is filled with asbestos cement flush with the end.

The allowed amount of water inflow or leakage per day in m 3 per 1 km of pipeline length with a diameter in m

Reinforced concrete pipes

APPENDIX 1

Range of reinforced concrete pipes of large diameters , manufactured by the Glavmospromstroymaterials department (for 1962)

Manufacturing plant	Internal nominal diameter , mm	Inner actual diameter , mm	Pipe type	Wall thickness , mm	Length , mm	Connection type	Pipe weight , T	Note
Moscow plant of reinforced concrete pipes (Filevsky)			Normal strength				4, 2
			Increased strength				5, 0
			Normal strength			Bells
			Normal strength			Bells
			Normal strength			Bells
			Increased strength			Bells
			Normal strength					To be released in 1962
			Normal strength					To be released in 1962
			Normal strength
			Normal strength

Note: Addresses :

Moscow plant of reinforced concrete pipes - Moscow , G-87 , Beregovoy Passage , house 2 , tel. G 9-31-23.

Concrete concrete products No. 15 - Moscow , Zh-88 , Art. Ostapovskoe highway , house 83 , tel. Zh 2-56-04.

Concrete concrete products No. 13 - Moscow , B-319 , Ottsevsky Proezd , house 9a , tel. D 7-59-16.

Normal strength pipes are designed to be laid at a depth of 4 m above the top of the pipe , high-strength pipes - 6 m above the top of the pipe.

APPENDIX 2

Loading capacity of cranes depending on boom radius

Name of mechanisms

Maximum boom reach , m

Boom Reach , m

Crane lifting capacity (in support jacks) , T

A. Truck cranes with a lifting capacity of 5 tons (K-51 , K-52)

B. Pneumatic tire cranes :

with a lifting capacity of 10 tons (K-102 , K-104 , Lorraine , Orton)

with a lifting capacity of 25 tons (K-252 , K-255)

Add to bookmarks

The construction of pipes is prohibited if there is ice and ice drifts. On streams and rivers that have fish spawning grounds, the installation of pipes is possible only with the permission of the fisheries inspection.

The elevation of the edge of the soil at the approach to the pipe above the calculated level of the water base is taken to be no less than 0.5 mA, and for a pipe with pressure or semi-pressure mode, no less than 1 mA.

The construction of pipe heads takes place from portal walls and a pair of slope wings, which are buried in the soil base below the freezing depth by 25 cm and installed on a base made of crushed stone materials having a thickness of 0.1 mA.

Natural soil below the freezing depth is replaced with a mixture of sand and gravel.

Pipes are divided into 3 groups according to their load-bearing capacity: the estimated height of the soil backfill is 2 m, 4 m, 6 m.

Under certain conditions, it is permissible to construct pipelines using pipes with other design heights and soil backfills.

Pipe brands consist of alphanumeric groups, which are separated by a hyphen. Moreover, the first group contains type designations, and the second contains diameters in centimes and useful length in decimes, as well as group numbers by load-bearing capacity.

The construction of pipes takes place in accordance with GOST 26633 from heavy concrete mixtures, where the compressive strength class is set to B 25. The concrete water resistance of the pipe must comply with W4.

Pipes TS, TB, TSP and TBP are supplied to consumers complete with sealing rings made of rubber material. Cracks on pipe surfaces are unacceptable, with the exception of a shrinkage width of no more than 0.05 mm.

Pipe heads with holes of 0.5...0.75 m are constructed from portal walls, which are buried in the ground below the freezing depth by 25 cm.

The wings of the slopes can be made of B15 grade monolith without reinforcement ties and taking into account the formwork size of the precast reinforced concrete block.

The length of the pipes (Ltr) is determined using the formula:

Ltr=v+2(n-s-d)hm,

where in is the width of the ground in max;

n is the bulk height in swing;

с – wall thickness in max;

d – pipe opening in stroke;

m – slope coefficient.

Technology for the construction of reinforced concrete pipes (reinforced concrete culverts)

Before installation, it is necessary to carefully check the pipes for permissible deviations in accordance with GOST.

1. Check pipe elements for tolerance according to GOST (the length of the links is 0-1 cm, the wall thickness is 0.5-1 cm, other measurements are approximately + 1 cm).
2. Remove beads and concrete splashes on the connecting link elements.
3. Select all pipe elements by brand according to the project solution.
4. Store pipe elements in one place.

Preparatory work at the construction site:

1. Select and prepare a site for construction. Uproot the bush and level it with the necessary equipment.
2. Receive and place material, equipment and structures in designated locations.
3. Break the pipe axis and the pit contour.

Surveying work, which is performed in the construction process, usually includes:

• arrangement of the structure in plans, taking into account the main axes and contours of the pit;
• altitude breakdown;
• leveling the longitudinal profiles of pipe trays.

The installation in the plans takes place with visible signs fixed in place, from which it is possible to accurately determine the location of the pipe and its component elements. Fastening usually occurs with the help of two pillars, which are installed along the longitudinal axes of the pipes, in order to ensure their safety for the entire construction period, and pegs driven along the bulk axes in the required places.

In some cases, at a distance of 150-200 cm from the boundary of the pit, cast-offs are constructed from boards installed horizontally, on which characteristic foundation points are marked. The boards themselves are nailed to posts that are fixed into the ground.

When planning a planned layout, strict adherence to the alignment position, which is located along the axes of the embankments, is necessary.

If any unfavorable soil or other factors are identified at the locations of pipes and heads, they must be shifted in the required direction. All differences from the existing project must be agreed upon with the design organizations and the customer, as a result of which the most suitable technology will be selected.

High-altitude technology is to determine the surface marks at the locations of the pipes and the depth of cutting the earth or, conversely, adding it under the pipes. Work on the ground associated with digging a pit and laying a foundation is carried out in the presence of instrumental control.

Using a level, the project's compliance with the actual mark of the excavated bottom and the cushion top is checked. The height positions of the foundation, and subsequently the arrangement of pipes and caps, are controlled in the same way.

The longitudinal profiles of the pipe are leveled immediately before backfilling and backfilling of the bulk layer to the design marks. Necessary, periodic and long-term further observations are established in accordance with the required standards.

This technology is produced by tying it to benchmarks, which are located near the pipes.

Execution work

The foundation pit is obtained using an excavator.

Excavator digging and manual cleaning of pits.

Construction (if necessary) of a pit bottom with stone material by pressing using means of drowning.

The pit for the foundation, where the culverts will be located, is developed mainly without fences (fastenings). Only in water-saturated soil, with significant water inflows and the impossibility of ensuring the stability of the pit walls, is the ground developed taking into account fastening protection. Strengthening pits is applicable if there are operating structures nearby. This technology ensures their sustainability.

The pit outlines and the technology for their development depend on the designs of the pipes and their foundations, on the types and conditions of the earth. The steepness of the pit slopes is determined by taking into account the pit depth and the characteristics of the land being mined.

If the design provides for waterproofing or other work is carried out that is associated with the presence of people here, then the distance between the side surfaces of the foundation and the vertical walls of the pit is used to be at least 70 cm. When such work is not available, these parameters can be reduced to 10 cm.

When foundation concreting without formwork, the excavation size is taken equal to the size of the given foundation.

When developing pits with slopes, the gap between the foundation and the bottom of the slope must be at least 30 cm. When digging a pit, measures are taken to prevent them from being filled with surface or groundwater. For these purposes, earthen ridges are poured along the pit contours. When constructing pipes on permanent watercourses, it is necessary to construct a dam or divert the channel to the side using a ditch.

If water does get into the pit, it needs to be removed or a descent into the ditch below must be arranged. This is usually possible during the construction of a sloped water pipeline or mechanized drainage system. In these cases, fenced pits are made at the bottom of the pit, from which water is pumped out using a pump. Such pits are located behind the foundation contour. They provide drainage during foundation work, right up to backfilling.

As the pit gets deeper, the pit fencing must be lowered. Non-rocky soils are excavated by earth-moving machines without disturbing the natural formations of soils in the foundations. The shortfall is 10-20 cm. The final cleaning of the pit occurs before laying the foundation.

Today, of the various variety of earth-moving machines, the most widespread in the construction of water pipelines on automobile and railways belongs to bulldozers and excavators.

The bulldozer is most popular when making pits.

Pit construction with bulldozers is most appropriate when laying the pipes and heads themselves at the same level or when there are minor differences.

For a pit that is not fenced, an excavator with a backhoe or dragline is used. The advantage of this mechanism is the ability to develop soil at different depths, which helps ensure the construction of pits under the middle parts of pipes and heads, the bases of which are laid at significant depths.

When developing a fenced pit, it is advisable to use grabs.

In all situations, the soil that is being developed is placed outside the pit at those distances that can ensure the stability of the walls or fences. Heaps of earth should not interfere with construction, installation and water flow.

Design and construction of the foundation

There is a small-block and large-block foundation.

When installing a foundation using prefabricated elements, you first need to lay the head blocks to the bottom level. Then the cavities of the foundation heads are filled to the same level. Subsequently, they are covered with local soil on three sides, and in places where foundations of different depths meet, with sand-gravel or sand-crushed stone mixtures, which must be compacted layer by layer and filled with cement mortar.

Then the foundation masonry and caps must be carried out taking into account section by section. Consecutive construction is required, from the exit heads to the entrance ones. Multi-row masonry is performed using suture dressing. To install a monolithic foundation you need:

• manufacture and install formwork;
• deliver ready-mixed concrete or prepare it on site;
• lay down the mixture;
• provide necessary care, remove the formwork, fill the sinuses.

The simplicity of the foundation outline makes it possible to produce formwork in the form of an inventory panel, which is used on many construction sites. The surfaces of such shields must be smooth. Before concreting, it is recommended to lubricate them with grease. This will make it easier to separate the panels from the concrete structure in the future.

In order to load concrete mixture into sectional formwork, it is necessary to use inventory trays or buckets, which are loaded on site or delivered from a concrete mixing station. Concrete compaction occurs using deep or surface vibrators.

Device prefabricated monolithic foundation occurs in the following sequence: it is necessary to install formwork between sections on the prepared base or cushion, and pour concrete mixture into the available space.

The requirements for concrete work are the same as for constructing a monolithic foundation. Mechanisms and equipment for foundation devices must be selected taking into account all technological processes for pipe construction.

An approximate list of equipment is: crane, mortar mixer, concrete mixer, vibrator, electric rammer, welding unit, mobile power station.

You can increase efficiency when installing pipes if you organize the manufacturing processes, delivery of structures and installation of pipes on site, observing a single comprehensive schedule.

A prerequisite for these events is good access and developed construction bases. The foundation and the number of pipe heads in this situation are mounted “on wheels”. The necessary elements are removed from the vehicle by crane and placed in the structure.

Device pile foundation very common where soft soil is present. The driving of piles occurs mainly with units that include driving equipment on the bases of tractors, truck cranes or excavators.

Culvert reinforced concrete pipes: installation

Prefabricated pipe heads and bodies begin to be installed after foundation device and axillary backfill.

Before installation, the foundation blocks, caps, and links must be cleared of dirt, and in winter conditions, of ice and snow.

The link or blocks that have a flat surface on the bottom edges must be installed on cement mortar. Cylindrical links must be installed on wooden pads, maintaining the required gaps between them and the foundation. Subsequently, a concrete mixture is tamped under the links, thereby ensuring full contact of the links over the entire distance.

The solution must be added from one side, while monitoring its appearance on the other. Then the missing solution is replenished from the opposite side. This ensures complete alignment and filling of the seams. The solution is needed with a mobility of about 12 centimes.

By filling vertical and horizontal seams, you can ensure continuous and monolithic structure pipes in the area where expansion joints are present.

Joint seams on pipe links or sections are caulked on all sides with tow, which is impregnated with a bitumen mixture. On the inside, the seams must be sealed to a depth of 0.03 m using cement mortar.

The entire installation process is carried out in compliance with the design gaps between the links and blocks in order to maintain the sectional size and prevent overlap of the expansion joint.

Waterproofing and pipe installation

The main type of reinforced concrete insulation today occurs using bitumen mastic.

Coverings are made non-reinforced (coated) and reinforced (pasted). Coating waterproofing is two layers of bitumen mastic, each having a thickness of 1.5-3 mm over a soil layer.

Reinforced waterproofing consists of material layers between three layers of bitumen mastic over a primer layer.

The surfaces of reinforced concrete pipes and their elements (links, floor slabs, nozzles, etc.) are usually protected with glued insulation.

Waterproofing: work sequence

• surface preparation;
• actual waterproofing;
• installation of protective layers.

During surface preparation when working with a structure, it is necessary to clean it from dirt, dry it, and in some situations it is necessary to level it with cement mortar.

It is necessary to apply a preparatory layer of cement mortar where internal corners are formed, for example, on the ceilings of pipes and heads in front of cordon stones, for a drainage device in a multi-point pipe, etc.

First technological operation is waterproofing, that is, it is necessary to apply bitumen varnish to the insulated surfaces, which acts as a primer in order to fill small cracks and pores. In addition, it improves the adhesion of bitumen mastic and the concrete surface.

There are and are not mechanized methods priming devices using brushes.

Non-reinforced waterproofing is installed after the primer has dried, but not less than 24 hours after application.

Hot mastic is applied in layers 1.5-3 millimeters thick, and the next layer after the first one has cooled. For these purposes they are used hand tools(spatula, etc.). You can improve the quality of work and reduce labor costs if you use mechanized methods, mainly using pneumatic spraying.

Reinforced waterproofing is arranged in this way: first, one layer of hot bitumen is applied and a layer of one of the roll materials is glued. The same is repeated for subsequent layers. The layer that will be the last needs to be covered with mastic to a thickness of 1.5-3 mm and leveled using a manual electric roller; if necessary, add places where there is insufficient waterproofing.

The individual panels are overlapped with a 10-centimeter overlap. The first and second joint should not be one above the other. Subsequent joints are made with a shift of no less than 0.3 m relative to the joints of previously laid layers.

The rolled material is glued without the formation of bubbles, and a tight fit of the material is required on all surfaces. Waterproofing is smoothed using electric irons and electric rollers.

The installation of protective layers is necessary to ensure that the waterproofing is not subject to mechanical damage during backfilling, given that it is one of the important elements during long-term operation and normal operation of the pipes.

Backfill

Reinforced concrete culverts must be covered with soil after all construction work has been completed and the corresponding acceptance certificate has been issued.

The same soil from which the embankment was built is suitable for these purposes.

Bulk construction over culverts is divided into two stages:

1. Fill the gaps between the foundation and the walls of the pit with soil.
2. Backfill the pipes at the unit height.

The soil is laid simultaneously on all sides of the pipe to an equal height and compacted with special soil-compacting vibro-impact machines, and in their absence, pneumatic rollers are used. The soil prism is poured using inclined layers, the thickness of which is determined taking into account current standards.

When moving along a separate soil layer along pipes, the machine should start working from a remote area, gradually approaching the pipes themselves. It is possible to compact the soil directly near the pipes themselves if on the opposite side there is already a layer of earth of the same level poured along the entire length of the pipes. In this case, special attention is paid to soil compaction near the pipe walls. Here, the manual electric rammer should be located no closer than 0.05 mA from the wall.

It is prohibited to over-compact the soil above the middle parts of the pipes in order to subsequently avoid structural overloads. For significant bulk heights of more than 10 m above the pipes, it is recommended to leave a zone where the density is reduced. Next, level the ground using a bulldozer without compaction.

If, during construction, equipment that moves over or near buried structures is heavier than the live loads, then additional backfill is required to avoid damage to the pipe.

The degree of soil compaction within the prismatic limits of the backfill is assessed using the coefficient K, which determines the ratio of the density that has been achieved to the standard maximum (determined by the standard compaction method). The latter is given in the production working design, which includes data from geological and engineering surveys. The current instructions require that the compaction coefficient be ensured at least 0.95. Density control is carried out using a Kovalev moisture meter-density meter. It should be said that in pipe filling processes, deviations from K, which is equal to 0.95, in the smallest direction are prohibited. Indeed, as the density of the earth decreases, the deformation modulus and load-bearing capacity of the pipes significantly decrease.

Safety precautions (TB)

Accept on this work Only those workers who have passed the necessary medical examination and introductory (general) TB instruction and TB instruction directly at the place of work are allowed.

In addition, employees are required to undergo training within three months of starting work. safe method work on the program lasting 6-10 hours. After completing the training, you must pass an exam in a permanent commission, based on the results of which a report will be drawn up, which must be included in the employee’s personal file.

On construction site there must be permanent or temporary sanitary facilities: latrines, washrooms, locker rooms, clothes dryers, eating areas, showers, first aid stations or first aid kits. Workers must be provided with drinking water.

The construction administration must provide workers with special clothing, footwear and personal protective equipment in accordance with current standards.

Construction workers need:

• carry out correct and safe construction and installation work;
• monitor the condition of scaffolding and scaffolding, protection devices, foundation pits, etc.;
• check the cleanliness and order of work places, access roads and passages,
• ensure lighting of work places, check correct operation underframe and crane roads;
• instruct employees on TB in the workplace;
• control the use and correct use workers of personal protective equipment and protective clothing;
• monitor compliance with heavy lifting standards, provide workplaces with posters and inscriptions.

Lecture 29. Installation of concrete and reinforced concrete pipelines

LECTURE PLAN

ADDITIONAL READING

1. Popov A.I., Tsionsky A.L., Khripunov V.A. Production of reinforced concrete pressure vibrohydropressed pipes. - M.: Stroyizdat 1979.

2. Maps of labor processes. Installation of external water supply and sewerage networks. Sh-10-9.1 and KKT-Yu.O-Z.M., Stroyizdat, 1563, 1986.

3. VNII Vodgeo. Installation guidelines for reinforced concrete, cast iron,
asbestos-cement pipelines. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1979.

4. Pereshivkin A.D., Aleksandrov A.A., Gotovtsev V.I. Installation of pressure
pipelines from butt joints on rubber seals. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1986.

TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT

1. filmstrip "Installation of external pipelines from non-metallic
   pipes."

2. Poster "Concrete and reinforced concrete pipes".

3. Poster "Methods of installation of socketed reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used."

4. Poster "Installation of pipelines from reinforced concrete pipes."

Reinforced concrete and concrete pipes, vibrating hydraulic presses are used for laying pressure water lines. and centrifuge. reinforced concrete socket pipes of 3 classes (1st for pressure 1.8 MPa, 2nd - 1.3 MPa and 3rd 0.6-0.7 MPa) with a length of 5 m and a diameter of 500,600,700,800,1000, 1200, 1400 to 1600 mm with the mass of vibrohydropresses. pipes from 1.32 to 8.2 tons and centrifuge. from 1.43 to 9.63 tons.

For free-flow For pipelines, concrete free-pressure pipes with a diameter of 100-1000 mm l = 1-2 m are used, as well as reinforced concrete free-pressure pipes with a diameter of 400,500,600,800,100C,1200,1400,1600,2000,2400 mm and seam pipes with a diameter of 400,2400,3000,3400,4000 mm . Gravity pipes come in two varieties - norms. strength (M), lay. to a depth of 3-5 m (above the top) and reinforced (at), laid to a depth of 5-6 m.

Concrete and reinforced concrete pipes are laid on natural and artificial foundations. The joints of pressure pipes are made socket and coupling with waterproof sealing with rubber seals, and the joints of non-pressure pipes are socket and seam sealed with resin or bituminized strand, asbestos-cement or cement lock, as well as asphalt mastic.

Before laying pipes in a trench, they, as well as couplings, must undergo an external inspection during their acceptance to identify possible defects, as well as check the dimensions of the pipes. Pipe quality check consists in establishing compliance of their main characteristics with GOST and technical specifications (TU).

Laying out pipes along the edge of the trench. Socketed concrete and reinforced concrete, as well as other pipes, are laid out along the pipeline route in various ways, the choice of which is determined by the type and lifting capacity of the cranes being accepted, designed to lower the pipes into the trench.

Installation of pressure pipelines. Pressure pipelines are mounted from socketed and smooth reinforced concrete pressure pipes, manufactured in factories using vibration-hydropressing or centrifugation methods and meeting the quality requirements (for more details, see)

Installation of pipelines from socketed reinforced concrete pipes are carried out in the following sequence: delivery of pipes and laying them out along the trench, delivering them to the installation site; preparing the sleeve end of the pipe and installing a rubber sealing ring on it; insertion of the pipe being laid with the sleeve end with a rubber ring into the previously laid socket; giving the newly laid pipe its design position; final sealing of the joint; preliminary testing of the finished section of the uncovered pipeline (and for pipes of large diameters only butt joints) for leaks; backfilling of this area with compaction of earth in the cavities; final testing of a buried pipeline. Pipe installation is carried out using cranes, pneumatic wheeled or crawler cranes. Pipes from the trench berm to the laying site are fed with a socket forward during installation. Before laying the first pipe, a concrete stop is installed at the beginning of the route, ensuring a stable position for the first two or three pipes when they are connected.

The recommended arrangement of mechanisms, pipe-laying workers and pipe layout during pipeline installation is shown in Fig. 1, a. When laying, first, using a template, mark on the smooth end of the laid pipe the depth of its embedding into the laid socket. After installing the installation crane in the middle of the pipe being laid, a semi-automatic clamp is lowered onto it and it is slinged. In the absence of such a grip, the pipes are slung using slings or traverses with towels. The pipe is then fed into the trench using a crane. At a height of 0.5 m from its bottom, the lowering of the pipe is stopped, a rubber ring is put on its smooth end, after which it is inserted into the socket of the previously laid pipe and smoothly lowered onto the prepared base. In this case, special attention is paid to centering the sleeve end of the inserted coarse with a rubber ring relative to the lead-in chamfer of the socket of the previously laid pipe.

To check the position of the pipe being laid (Fig. 1,c), a running sight is placed on its tray and then it is ensured that the top of this sight is on a common line of sight with two fixed cast-off sights. After aligning the pipe vertically, remove the grip from it, release the valve for installation of the next pipe, and begin to align the position of the pipe in the planet. For this purpose, inventory poles are installed plumb: one at the end of the pipe being laid, and the other at the previously laid one. Using a fixed pole installed in the well or on an installed section of the pipeline, the correct laying of the pipe in plan is checked. If necessary, it will be mixed in the right direction. After this, using a tension device, insert the smooth end of the pipe being laid into the socket of the previously laid one all the way, while ensuring that the rubber ring is evenly rolled into the socket slot. Having joined the pipes, remove the tension device and tamp the pipe with soil to a height of 1/4 of its diameter with layer-by-layer compaction using hand tampers.

When installing water pipelines from socketed reinforced concrete pipes, the most labor-intensive process is the insertion of the sleeve end of a coarse pipe with a rubber ring into the socket of a previously laid one. To facilitate this operation, various devices, devices and mechanisms are used that determine the appropriate methods for installing pipelines. In particular, they use two- and three-cable external tensioning devices (Fig. 2, a, b), rack and pinion or hydraulic jacks (Fig. 2, c), internal tensioning devices, lever and gear winches (Fig. 2, d, e), bulldozers and excavators (Fig. 2, f, g).

To install pipes with a diameter of 500, 700, 900 mm, a universal hydraulic device of the Orgtekhvodsgroy Glavvolgovodstroy trust is also used (Fig. 2, h), which is first fixed to the pipe and then lowered into the trench together with the pipe. After checking the accuracy of the centering of the pipe and the correct location of the rubber ring, the pipe is joined to the pipeline under the action of the hydraulic cylinder.

When choosing a method for installing reinforced concrete pipes, the availability of the necessary equipment and mechanisms, as well as local construction conditions, are taken into account. Installation of pipelines using a bulldozer (Fig. 2, e) can only be carried out if the bulldozer is also used for work on leveling the base of the trench, i.e. when it is possible to combine two work operations. Trust Tsentrospetsstroy has manufactured a small-sized bulldozer based on the T-54 V tractor with a blade width of 1.25 m, which is used for installing pipelines with a diameter of 500 mm or more while simultaneously leveling the base of trenches. The pipeline installation method using an internal tension device can only be recommended for pipes with a diameter of 800 mm or more. Pipeline installation using an excavator (Fig. 2g) is carried out when laying pipes in water-saturated soils or in cramped construction conditions, when it is not possible to tear off trenches in advance, and an excavator located nearby can be used for installing pipes. When connecting pipes, you cannot push the smooth end completely into the socket, i.e. to the full stop, and a gap should be left between the end of the smooth end and the thrust surface of the socket for pipes with a diameter of up to 1000 mm - 15 mm, and for pipes with a diameter of more than 1000 mm - 15 mm. To ensure water tightness of butt joints, ellipse of pipes, sockets and couplings should not be allowed or poor quality pipe surfaces and use low-quality rubber rings. The rings in the slot of socket and coupling joints should be compressed by 40-50% of the thickness of their section. If the tightness (water tightness) of the joints is damaged, additional rubber rings or individual sections of them are installed directly on the defective area using a special removable clamp (Fig. 2, i). If reinforced concrete pipes are damaged or have significant defects, they are removed and replaced with inserts made of steel pipes using steel transition pipes

Installation of pipelines with coupling butt joints of pipes has a number of differences. So, after centering and checking the correct placement of the rough along the cord, plumb line and sighting line at the ends of the connected pipes, markings are made with marks that determine the initial position of the rubber rings - distances a (360.370) and b (70.80 mm). When installing pipes, the coupling is installed in its original position so that its end on the working side coincides with the mark marked on the pipe. The rubber ring is placed near the working end of the coupling and then, using a caulk, it is inserted into the conical slot of the coupling flush with its end. At the same time, a rubber ring is also put on the second pipe and placed at a distance of 6 from its end. Next, with the help of mounting devices, the coupling is moved towards the pipe being joined and at the same time the first rubber ring is rolled up. When the coupling reaches the marks on the second pipe at a distance of 6 from its end, a second rubber ring is inserted into the coupling slot. During further advancement of the coupling, this ring is also rolled up, due to which the required final position of the rubber rings at the joint is achieved.

Installation of non-pressure pipelines. They are made from concrete and reinforced concrete pipes using socket, coupling or seam butt joints. The joints of socket pipes are sealed with hemp strands or other sealants sealed with asbestos cement or rubber rings, and seam pipes are sealed with asphalt mastic, bitumen-rubber gaskets and other sealants sealed with cement-sand mortar. Free-flow socket and coupling pipes are connected with a gap between the smooth end of the pipe and the thrust surface of the socket equal to 10 and 15 mm for pipes with a diameter of 700 and more than 700 mm, respectively.

Installation of pipelines from socketed and coupling pipes sealed with rubber rings is carried out using the same methods as pressure water pipelines. Sealing of joints with hemp strands is done by caulking the socket to half its depth with two or three turns of tarred or bituminized hemp strands with a caulked asbestos-cement mixture (30% asbestos, 70% cement).

Installation of pipelines from seam free-flow pipes involves the need to seal seam joints. In this case, the joints of pipes with a diameter of more than 1000 mm are sealed around the entire perimeter with hemp strands and rubbed with a cement mortar of a 1:1 composition with a device outside the belt made of this mortar. The joints of Maltsevo pipes with a diameter of 2000-4000 mm, laid on concrete or reinforced concrete bases, are sealed with gunite over a reinforcing mesh. In this case, the pipes are laid into the trench with a crane using a mounting bracket. The installation of pipes is carried out in the following sequence: mark the position of the pipe on the base; they rig the pipe and lower it into the trench; lay the pipe on the base and check its position; caulk the joint with a strand of resin and seal it with cement mortar; wrap the joint with reinforcing mesh and seal it.

Fig.1

A - general scheme organization of work

b – pipe laying and alignment

1 – pipes

3 – trenches

4 – pits for sealing joints

5 – pincer grip

6 – way sight

7 – sew-on sights

Precast concrete products are complex engineering structures, which have found a wide range of applications in residential, agricultural and industrial construction. Today, created on the basis of highly efficient technologies, they are in no way inferior to their plastic and cast iron counterparts. Moreover, such products offer the opportunity to save money in residential, agricultural and industrial construction.

High-quality ones can last over 70 years. Moreover, such products are not susceptible to bacterial attack and are not afraid of heat, drought, moisture and frost. Currently they are widely used in the following areas:

• In private construction of buildings;
• In the industrial production of fencing elements, supports, etc.;
• In the arrangement of sites;
• In the creation of ditches, stormwater systems, collectors;
• In the manufacture of sewer outlets;
• To create drains.

The selection of such suitable products depends on the purpose, size and complexity of the installation.

Socketed concrete sewer pipes

Modern ones have a throughput diameter from 100 to 2400 millimeters. Moreover, the value of this parameter directly depends on the size, purpose and type. Another important characteristic is their resistance to aggressive environments. To improve this property, modern manufacturers of building materials add various additives to the concrete mixture. Such components improve resistance to acids and alkalis. Actually for this reason they are used for the production of not only municipal, but also industrial wastewater.

Given the wide range of applications of these products, it is clear that they must have high strength to withstand linear loads. They can withstand internal pressure from 0.1 MPa to 2 MPa.

When choosing, you should take into account that today manufacturers offer several options for joints. In particular, they can be installed in a socket or in folds. Moreover, today they can all be conditionally divided according to the scope of application into pressure and non-pressure products. The first option is made either from pure concrete or with admixtures of polymers and steel inserts. Bushings made of plastic or steel are designed to provide greater resistance to aggressive environments.

Varieties and sizes are determined by GOST 22000-86.

Main types of concrete pipes

• TBPF;
• TBPS.

Types of concrete pipes

1. Socket sewer with butt joints (TB).

Such products are distinguished by the fact that one of their ends is slightly expanded. They are classified as non-pressure. They are designed to work with non-aggressive liquid, the temperature of which should not exceed 400 degrees. These products are sealed using rings, sealant or impact-resistant materials. As for the installation method, installation is carried out end-to-end. In turn, TB state standard are divided into:

• T-cylindrical;
• TB with rubber rings and a persistent side;
• Vehicles are cylindrical with a stepped surface;
• TFP cylindrical.

1. TBS socket sewer:

This variety belongs to the non-pressure type. Products included in this group usually have internal diameter walls - 400 millimeters. Moreover, their lengths can reach 2500 millimeters. Most often, TBS is used for the construction of domestic sewer networks. These varieties are produced by vibrohydropressing. In fact, the use of this technology is responsible for the high technical characteristics.

1. TBP seam cylindrical pipes:

The diameter of this type of socket can vary from 400 to 2400 millimeters. At the same time, when choosing such products, it is important to take other parameters into account. In particular, if you are interested in a diameter of 1600 millimeters, then in terms of load-bearing capacity TBP can have 2 grades depending on the cross-sectional area. This parameter is determined by the height of the pipeline. Pipes with a diameter of over 1600 millimeters are used with a backfill height of no more than 4 meters. When working with TBP, it is very important to install the base along the entire height with soil, supplemented with layer-by-layer compaction.

1. TBPV seam pipes with sole:

Concrete seam type, equipped with a sole, are non-pressure products that are used for laying pipelines underground. Socket solutions involve the use of special couplings that are designed to simplify the installation of materials. The advantages of TBPV include the possibility of installation on an uneven surface.

1. TBPS pipes, the connections of which are sealed with rubber inserts:

This type is produced in accordance with GOST 20054. We are talking about cylindrical bell-shaped products with a sole and a joint surface. At their ends there are special bushings that simplify the installation of products and ensure durability of the structure. For better stability, manufacturers supplement the TBPS with special rubber rings.

1. 6. Concrete pipe into the ditch for entry:

The diameter of these can vary from 400 to 2400 millimeters. The surface of the sleeve end can be equipped with rings with elastic. This provides the products with greater density and wear resistance.

Concrete sewer pipes, in turn, are divided into:

• non-pressure concrete pipes
• concrete road pipes
• rectangular concrete pipes

Installation of concrete pipes - video

It should immediately be noted that the installation of sewer pipes is complex process, requiring the use special equipment, certain knowledge and skills. For this reason, it is better to turn to professionals who have experience in this work than to try to carry out the installation yourself.

When laying sewer networks, it should be taken into account that the coupling concrete structures are mounted in the original position so that the end coincides with the mark. Moreover, if the products are equipped with rings with an elastic band, then they should be as close as possible to the coupling rings. The latter, in turn, must be located in the conical coupling gap and fit flush. To bring them to the indicated place, you should use caulk.

After completing the above steps, an additional rubber ring must be added to the end of the second pipe. It is desirable that it be located close to the end. After this, using special tool the coupling is moved towards the pipe being joined strictly in the direction. In parallel with this action, it is necessary to roll up the ring on the first pipe. For this reason, sewerage installation must be carried out by a group of specialists. It is physically impossible to cope with this task on your own.

After the coupling reaches the mark on the other sewer pipe, a second rubber ring must be placed in the gap. This will ensure proper water resistance, which is necessary for the correct placement of the rings in the joints. If this quality cannot be achieved, the pipes will not last long.

Concrete pipe sizes

T-pipe sizes

D, mm	Pipe type	Pipe dimensions, mm										Pipe weight, t
		d i	d e	d 1	d 2	t	l	l 1	l 2	l 3	l 4
400	Т40.50	400	500	530	650	50	5000	5100	100	150	75	0,95
500	T50.50	500	620	650	790	60					85	1,4
600	T60.50	600	720	750	890							1,7
800	T80.50	800	960	990	1170	80		5110	110	200	105	3,0
1000	T100.50	1000	1200	1230	1450	100					125	4,8
1200	Т120.50	1200	1420	1450	1690	110					135	6,0
1400	T140.50	1400	1620	1650	1890							7,0
1600	Т160.50	1600	1840	1870	2130	120					145	8,7

Dimensions of pipes type TB

D, mm	Pipe size	Pipe dimensions, mm															Pipe weight, t
		d i	d e	d 1	d 2	t	t 1	A	l	l 1	l 2	l 3	l 4	h	h 1	h 2
400	TB40.50	400	500	531	684	50	76,5	44	5000	5145	145	365	102	92	11	6	0,95
500	TB50.50	500	620	651	834	60	91,5	59		5160	160	425	105	107			1,5
600	TB60.50	600	720	751	934												1,7
800	TB80.50	800	960	991	1210	80	109,5					482		125			3,0
1000	TB100.50	1000	1200	1231	1498	100	133,5					590		149		7	4,8
1200	TB120.50	1200	1420	1451	1740	110	144,5	69		5170	170	634	115	160			6,3
1400	TB140.50	1400	1620	1651	1946		147,5	74		5175	175			163	13		7,3
1600	TB160.50	1600	1840	1871	2196	120	159	84		5185	185	654	125	178			9,0

Attention! Pipes with a diameter exceeding 900 millimeters must be equipped with a double welded frame. Such bell-shaped concrete sewer pipes are produced in accordance with GOST 6482-88. Regarding installation large pipes, it is important that the gap between the joints is 10-15 millimeters. In addition, the joints should be connected with a high-quality strand of foam.

Concrete pipe design

How a reinforced concrete pipe works - design

If just a few years ago they were made of massive walls equipped with bends, then modern analogues are much more convenient and practical. The walls of modern sewer pipes can have either a separate or a common foundation. Everything depends directly on the geological conditions in which the product is intended to be used.

For weak soils, they are produced with a common foundation, which can significantly reduce the amount of pressure. In some cases, for greater efficiency, manufacturers make a reverse vault for the general foundation. In this case, this element performs two important tasks at once: it ensures the outflow of water and acts as a tray for leakage. Such products are made from rubble stone.

If they need to be installed on roads that belong to low technical categories, it is better to use products that have a round base made of links. It is good if they are additionally equipped with a flat sole. In such pipes, the links can have a hole with a diameter of 1 to 1.25 meters. The thickness of their walls can vary from 14 to 16 centimeters.

The structure of the sole part contains a welded mesh made of reinforcement with a diameter of up to 10 millimeters. The metal used to manufacture this structural element must belong to class A-II. However, today there are two types of links:

The only drawback of these classes is their lack of efficiency. To lay a sewer system from such materials, a lot of concrete is required. As a rule, these pipes are installed under embankments. Their height can reach up to 7 meters.

It should be taken into account that round sewer pipe links are very difficult to evenly place on the base of the foundation or base. To avoid mistakes during the installation process, manufacturers offer a standard link design. In addition, you can use additional mesh, which allows you to strengthen the heel of the reinforcement.

GOST

	Inner diameter
		Useful length	Minimum wall thickness	Socket depth	Rebate depth
T, TB, TS, TF
T, TP, TB, TS, TBP, TSP, TFP		2500-3000 (5000)
TP, TBP, TSP, TFP

Prices and costs of concrete pipes

The cost of concrete products depends on the manufacturer and their purpose. As a rule, they are somewhat more expensive than their plastic counterparts, but they attract with better performance characteristics. For example, in a ditch it can cost, depending on the manufacturer and diameter (300-2000 millimeters), from 3,000 to 50,000 rubles per unit.

Thus, we examined the features, types and features of the installation of sewer BT. To summarize, it can be noted that they have a number of advantages compared to their analogues, which is due not only to their durability, but also to their relatively affordable price.