Silver birch. Widely distributed in the European part of our country from the southern regions to the borders of the forest-tundra.
Usually it is involved as an admixture in broad-leaved or coniferous species in the different combinations V various types forest conditions. Despite its widespread distribution, the morphology of the birch root system has been poorly studied until recently.
In the conditions of a fresh su oak grove on medium-turfy medium-podzolic soils in pine-birch plantations of quality class I, density 0.8, birch roots have 10-15 well-developed horizontal roots of the first order, forming a dense network of skeletal, semi-skeletal and suction roots in the upper soil horizons . At the age of 27, the length of the horizontal roots of the first order reaches 8.05 m, the diameter is 13.6 cm. The taproots are poorly developed, penetrating deep into the soil to 95-115 cm. Most trees have a large number of well-developed vertical branches from the horizontal roots , some of them penetrate the soil to a greater depth compared to tap roots. However, in some trees there is a complete absence of vertical branches. The length of horizontally oriented skeletal roots and their branches depends on the growth group of the tree.
Compared to other species, birch has the highest branching coefficient - 17.2 (pine 3.0, oak 1.5, spruce 5.6, maple 1.8). The projection area of the root systems is 33.1-46 m2, the volume of soil occupied by the roots is 11.0-43.7 m3, depending on the growth group of the tree.
The intensity of root population in the occupied volume of soil in different trees varies - from 19.1 to 111.1 m/m 3, i.e., 1.8-2.6 times more compared to pine. The average annual increase in the volume of soil occupied by the roots reaches 4.1 m 3, in the total length of the roots 15.4 m 3, in the surface of the suction space of the roots 9.1 dm 3.
Common hornbeam. Usually, under natural conditions, hornbeam does not form pure stands, but its importance as an accompanying species is great. Widely distributed in deciduous forests in the southwest of the European part of the USSR. It is characterized as a breed with a powerful superficial root system.
In the hornbeam root system in 15-year-old oak-hornbeam crops in the Vinnytsia region on gray forest soils (type of forest growing conditions - fresh oak grove), horizontally oriented roots predominate.
However, at the same age, well-developed tap roots are often found, having a high degree of branching and penetrating to a depth of 1.9 m. Horizontal roots of the first order reach a length of 5.9 m. The degree of branching is high, there are skeletal roots of the seventh-eighth orders of branching. In the total length of roots, roots of the second order of branching predominate, in the total mass - of the first, and in terms of the number of branches - of the third order of branching.
Beech. On the territory of the USSR, beech grows naturally in Kaliningrad region, in the Carpathians and Ciscarpathia, Codri of Moldova and in the Crimea. The structure of the root system of beech, as well as white fir, has not been studied enough.
Just like spruce, the root system of beech in 11-22-year-old spruce-beech-fir crops in the Carpathians at an altitude of 750-1000 m above sea level. m. has a pronounced surface structure. The tap root is usually absent in 11-22 year old trees. It transforms into a short thickening, which is a continuation of the tree trunk.
The relative participation of horizontal roots in the total length of skeletal roots is 99.2-99.96%, in the total mass of the root system 70.1-73.2%. Individual trees may have 3-4 vertical branches, some of which have intensive branching and penetrate deep into the soil through crevices up to 160 cm. However, on deeper gravelly soils there are single trees whose taproot at 18 years of age through crevices in penetrates rocks to a depth of 241 cm.
The roots of beech of the first order are distinguished by their strong tapering at the base. Then, at a distance of 0.1 lengths, their diameters decrease relative to the length more moderately, and the roots acquire a more pronounced cord-like shape. The nature of root camber is expressed by the following shape coefficients based on relative lengths: 0.1-62.3; 0.2-50.4; 0.5-27.8; 0.7-16.5; 0.9-7.9%. The shape coefficients and the root volume coefficient (0.1800) indicate a relatively low camber of beech skeletal roots.
Projection area of the root system of trees better growth at the age of 22 it is 60.6 m2 (for average trees 21.2, for stunted trees 10.5 m2). The volume of soil space occupied by root systems at this age is 36.4 m 3 for trees of the best growth, 12.7 m 3 for average trees, and 3.2 m 3 for those lagging in growth. The compactness coefficient of the root system is correspondingly 14.3; 16.6 and 20.6 m/m. These figures are slightly higher than those of European spruce.
English oak. It grows within its natural range in the middle and southern zones of the European part of the USSR, in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Within this wide range, oak occurs in a variety of forest conditions and forest types. Being a species that is demanding on soil fertility, oak in natural conditions forms mixed plantings on soils that represent a relatively wide range of both fertility and moisture content. However, under certain edaphic conditions it can have III-IV quality classes, forming a second tier in mixed forest stands on dry, poor sandy soils. In more favorable conditions, it enters the first tier, reaching quality class II or I, and on rich, well-moistened soils - quality class I and Ia.
The best conditions for the growth of pedunculate oak are fresh and moist gray forest loams, degraded chernozems, and thick brown mountain forest soils. Under the influence of soil conditions, the structural features of the oak root system are formed. Possessing the ability to form a powerful tap root from the very first years, oak forms a superficial root system on soils with excessive moisture; with relatively insufficient moisture, it produces well-developed vertical branches from horizontal roots; on soils with compacted horizons such as orthstein, it forms a second tier of roots above its surface .
In the root system of oak on ordinary low-humus chernozems with signs of southern chernozem in oak-ash crops, vertically oriented roots predominate. Vertical branches begin to appear at 10 years of age, but by 18 years they already account for about 20% of the total length of horizontal roots. Horizontal roots are weakly branched. The highest relative participation is made up of first-order skeletal roots. The branching of the taproot is more intense compared to horizontal roots.
The depth of penetration of oak taproots reaches 4.05 at 10 years of age and 4.86 at 18 years of age. The development of vertical branches from horizontal roots is intensive. Some of them exceed the tap root in diameter and length, reaching a depth of 250-280 cm. The main number of roots are located in the upper soil horizons. In trees of the best growth, up to 83.8% of horizontal skeletal roots are located at a depth of up to 20 cm, 95% - in a 0-40 cm soil layer.
On degraded chernozems, a more superficial oak root system is formed. The relative participation of horizontally oriented roots is 13-20% greater, with a corresponding decrease in the number of vertical branches and tap roots. At the same time, there is a significantly greater branching of horizontal and taproots, despite the fact that the greatest relative participation is retained by the roots of the first order of branching. The depth of penetration of the taproot into the soil is sharply reduced. It is 167 cm for trees of the best growth at 9 years of age, 183 cm for 16-year-old trees, and 195 cm for 18-year-old trees. This is more than 2 times less compared to the depth of penetration of English oak roots on ordinary low-humus chernozems in the southern steppe.
On gray forest soils in fresh types of forest growing conditions in the structure of the oak root system, the relative participation of vertical branches is 2-2.5 times greater than on degraded soils, and almost 3 times greater than on ordinary chernozems. The intensity of development of horizontal roots and tap roots here is much higher than on degraded and ordinary chernozems. The total length of skeletal roots under these conditions already at 10 years of age is several times greater than that of trees 16-19 years of age under the previously considered conditions. The penetration depth of the taproot on gray forest soils reaches 190 cm at 10 years of age, and 555 cm at 25 years of age, which is much greater compared to other soil varieties. Vertical branches are also intensively developed and already at 10 years of age reach a depth of 215 cm. Consequently, fresh forest loamy soils are most favorable for the growth of pedunculate oak.
Some changes in the structure of root systems compared to the gray forest soils of the Right Bank of Ukraine and chernozems are observed in the conditions of soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils of the western part of the forest-steppe. The overall intensity of development of root systems here is less than on the chernozems and gray forest soils of the Right Bank. The taproot develops much weaker, the growth of which into the soil here is hampered by compacted soil horizons of an ortstein type with signs of gleying. The depth of penetration of the taproot reaches 160 cm on soddy-podzolic soils at the age of 14 years, and 220 cm on gray forest soils.
The root systems of older trees are fully formed at the last stage of their development. Horizontal roots of an oak tree at 90 years of age (plantation of quality class I, medium-turfy-slightly podzolic light-sandy soil on fluvioglacial deposits) are represented by powerful first-order roots located near the soil surface at a depth of 30 cm. From the taproot at a depth of 32-60 cm 11 roots extend horizontally.
The intensity of root branching is rather weak; the largest number of branches is of the third order. Horizontal roots form a network of cord-like roots located near the soil surface. The length of the most developed root of the first order is 22.4 m. The total length of skeletal surface horizontal roots with branches up to the fifth order is 1995 m, deep 207.9 m. Surface horizontal roots have vertical branches up to 113 m long, which is about 5% of the total the length of these roots. Deep roots of horizontal orientation are characterized by weak development. The largest relative participation of this category of roots is made up of second-order roots.
A feature of horizontally oriented deep roots is their ability to form vertical branches, which can be directed not only deep into the soil, but also upward - towards the soil surface. Superficial horizontal roots have a well-defined plank-like shape; at the base of the root, their vertical diameter can exceed the horizontal one by 5-8.5 times. The difference in the sizes of the vertical and horizontal diameters disappears at a distance of 60-140 cm from the base of the root, depending on its size. Deep horizontal roots do not have a plank shape.
The taproot of a 90-year-old oak tree has many branches. large diameter, strongly intertwined with each other and almost completely fused in the upper part. Anchor roots formed in close proximity to the tree trunk intertwine and grow with the tap root and its branches. The depth of penetration of the main root is 178 cm, anchor roots - up to 250 cm. The core part of the root system of pedunculate oak is a single, monolithic plexus of the tap root and the nearest anchor roots, fused together.
The length of the countable elements of this fused system is 17.8 m. The total length of the taproot part of the root system and vertical branches from the taproots is approximately 130 m, or 5% of the total length of the skeletal roots.
In oak, as in other tree species, the root system mainly involves roots of horizontal orientation, which most intensively develop the upper soil horizons within 0-60 cm. At the same time, oak has the ability, in optimal soil-hydrological conditions, to form deep-growing and a highly developed tap root. Its ability to form vertical branches from horizontal roots is somewhat less than that of many tree species (pine, walnut, chestnut, linden, spruce). The intensity of branching of oak roots is weak, and no significant variation of this characteristic under the influence of soil conditions has been established.
The average branching coefficient of oak roots is expressed as 1.46, which is lower than its value obtained for other tree species. The intensity of the camber of oak skeletal roots is determined by the root shape coefficients at relative lengths: 0.1 - 72.4±0.55; 0.2 - 56.2±0.63; 0.5 - 29.8±0.54; 0.7 - 16.7±0.4; 0.9-7.4+0.20. The volume coefficient of horizontal skeletal roots of oak is 0.1851, which indicates that its roots are highly cord-like compared to other species.
The projection area of oak root systems can reach 50 m2 by the age of 19, and more than 60 m2 by the age of 25. The excess of the area of projections of root systems over the area of projections of crowns ranges from 5.4 to 8.4. The greater depth of root penetration into the soil provides oak quick learning significant volumes of soil space, which makes the compactness of its root system exceptional, ranging from 1.9 to 10.8.
Large-leaved linden. Widely distributed in the forests of the European part of the USSR. Grows in a variety of soils, preferring richer, fresher forest conditions. It appears in natural plantings and is used in crops as an accompanying species with oak, pine, larch, as a rule, it forms the second tier, and in less favorable conditions - the third.
The root system is well developed. In its structure (in 12-year-old crops, on gray forest loamy soils), the roots of horizontal orientation make up 78.6-93.6%. In the tree of the best growth, the tap root is absent; in the tree of average and lagging growth, it occupies 3.1 and 9.9% of the total length of the skeletal roots. The branching of skeletal roots is limited to the formation of third-order roots. Vertical branches from horizontal roots account for 3.6-11.2%.
The structure and structure of the linden root system indicate its superficial location. The depth of root penetration is 40 cm for a tree of the best height due to the deepening of horizontal roots. This 40cm layer of soil contains 100% of the tree's best growing roots. The taproots of trees of average height and those that are lagging in growth reach a depth of 80 and 70 cm. The average annual growth of the largest horizontal root is 21.7, the average 14.3 cm. These figures are significantly lower than those of other tree species in this plantation (sycamore maple 40.8 and 15.7, silver birch 35.4 and 27.1, Scots pine 0.43 and 16.3, English oak 28.9 and 17.5 cm).
The intensity of branching of linden roots is average. It is characterized by a branching coefficient of 2.1. This is slightly more than that of sycamore maple (1.8) and oak (1.5), but significantly less than that of other co-growing species (pine 2.5, birch 17.2).
The camber of linden roots is determined by the shape coefficients at relative lengths: 0.1 - 0.657±0.016; 0.2 - 0.472±0.017; 0.5 - 0.330±0.018; 0.7 - 0.220±0.012; 0.9 - 0.104±0.04. The root volume coefficient is 0.1701, which corresponds to the average value among other tree species.
The projection area of the linden root system is smaller than that of other species: the tree with the best growth is 9.3 m2, the average one is 10.0, and the tree that is lagging in growth is 1.3 m2. The volume of soil space occupied by the root system is correspondingly equal to 2.2; 2.7; 0.3 m3. The compactness factor of the root system is very high. For a tree of the best growth it is 37.7, for an average one it is 19.1.
Norway maple. Like oak, maple is widespread in the forests of the European part of the USSR. However, the biometric characteristics of the maple root system have been poorly studied. When growing together in oak crops, Norway maple has a well-developed root system, consisting of a taproot penetrating 3 m deep into the soil, and powerful roots of horizontal orientation. The intensity of root population in the upper soil horizons of maple is almost as good as that of pedunculate oak.
Sycamore maple. It grows in the Carpathians as an admixture in spruce, beech and fir forests. At the same time, it is widespread in the lowland forests of the Carpathian region. The wood of this species has great economic value.
Sycamore maple is distinguished by well-developed taproots and horizontal roots. Horizontal roots have branches of the third and fourth orders. The roots of vertical orientation are represented by the taproot and its branches of the second and third orders. The bulk of the roots on brown mountain forest soils are located in the 0-30 cm layer, but individual tap roots penetrate to a depth of more than 1 m. In sycamore, as in other species, the total length of roots is dominated by roots of horizontal orientation (81.2 -99.2%), the participation of the taproot in the total mass of roots in sycamore is much greater. The total length of sycamore roots is dominated by roots of the second and third orders.
The length of the skeletal roots of sycamore is less than that of spruce, fir and beech, but unlike them, this species has more intensively developed tap roots and vertical branches from horizontal roots.
Differences in soil conditions are reflected in the structure and structure of root systems. On deep gray forest soils, the relative participation of the tap root in the total length is significantly greater than on brown mountain forest soils of average thickness, and the length of the tap root with branches on gray forest soils is 2.5-8 times greater. Under these conditions, vertical branches from horizontal roots are also more intensively developed. The maximum penetration depth of the taproot on brown mountain-forest soils is 120 cm, on gray forest soils in 12-year-old trees of average height - 123 cm, the best - 510 cm.
The camber of the horizontal roots of the sycamore maple is characterized by the following shape coefficients based on the relative lengths of the root: 0.1 - 67.3±0.01; 0.2 - 46.0+0.01; 0.5 - 24.4±0.07; 0.7 - 16.2+0.01; 0.9 - 9.2±0.003. The volume coefficient for horizontal roots of the first order is 0.1444. In terms of the intensity of sycamore roots, they occupy a middle position among the tree species presented in this textbook. The intensity of branching of sycamore maple roots is very low (the average branching coefficient is 1.8).
The maximum value of the average annual increase in the length of the horizontal root of the first order is 21.7 cm, the average increase is 14.8 cm, the average annual increase of the tap root is 6.7 cm. The ratio of the growth intensity of the tap root and the average horizontal root is 0.47 on gray forest soils.
The area of the projections of the root system by the age of 18 on brown mountain forest soils reaches 20.4 m2, on gray forest soils at the age of 12 it is 11.2 m2, which corresponds to the area of the projection of the roots of trees of 14 years of age (11, 5 m2) on brown soils of the Carpathians.
The root system of sycamore maple on deep gray forest soils is characterized by low compactness. Thanks to the taproot, which intensively penetrates deep into the soil, the root system relatively quickly occupies a large volume of soil space. At the age of 12, under these conditions, the volume of soil occupied by root systems is 19.3 m 3 for the tree of the best growth, 18.9 for the average and 1.1 m 3 for the lagging tree; the coefficient of compactness of root systems is respectively 2.6; 2.9 and 2.9 m/m3. However, this figure increases 10 times or more on medium-thick brown mountain forest soils, where in trees of the best growth at 8 years of age it is 36.3, at 12 years of age 26.3 and at 17 years of age 23.2 m/ m 3.
Walnut. It grows in natural forests in the mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan. Widely cultivated in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Moldova and southern Belarus. Prefers fresh and moist, fairly rich soils (chernozems and gray forest soils). Already by the age of 6, on gray forest soils, the nut has formed not only well-developed taproots and horizontal roots, but also a significant number of vertical branches. The depth of penetration of tap roots at this age is 273, 241 and 194 cm, depending on the growth group of the tree. Branches from the tap root are located evenly along its entire length. The total length of vertical branches from horizontally oriented roots is 6.9-12.3% of the total length of skeletal roots. Each tree has 8-10 vertical branches. Their penetration depth also varies depending on the growth group of the tree. Thus, for trees that are lagging in growth, it is 49-67 cm, for trees of average height 82-124, for the best 120-241 cm. The average annual increase in the length of roots of horizontal orientation is 61-73 cm, in diameter 3.4-9. 5 mm.
The branching of the roots is quite intense: 420-820 skeletal branches. Highest order branching at this age is fourth, but there are very few roots of this order (0.3-0.9%). The main relative participation in the total length of skeletal roots is taken by roots of the second order of branching (39.1-55.8%).
In the total length of walnut skeletal roots, vertical branches from horizontal roots take a significant relative part. The compactness of root systems is insignificant.
Walnut is distinguished by a high intensity of root growth in diameter, reaching 0.95 cm for horizontally oriented roots and 1.05 cm for tap roots. The horizontal projection area of the roots is 38, 26 and 23 m2, respectively, for tree growth groups, which exceeds the projection area CZK 2.9, respectively; 3.9 and 5.5 times.
The camber of roots is characterized by the following root shape coefficients at the corresponding relative lengths: 0.1 - 56.5; 0.2 - 35.1; 0.5 - 26.1; 0.7 - 18.7; 0.9 - 11.4. Root volume coefficient 0.1207.
Common hazel. Widely distributed in the European part of the USSR as an undergrowth species. Within its natural range, it is found in fresh and moist hygrotopes on chernozem, brown earth, gray forest, soddy-podzolic soils with high fertility.
The root system of hazel in the conditions of western Ukraine on soddy-weakly podzolic light loamy soils in fresh hornbeam sudubrava in 90-year-old pine forests of quality class Ia is as follows: there are no tap roots, horizontal ones have high branching. The total length of the skeletal roots of one bush reaches 256 m, of which the roots of the first order of branching account for 8.7, the second 40.8 and the third 50.5%. Total number The most developed bushes have 850 branches, including 1.1% of the first order, 21.9% of the second, and 77.1% of the third. The root branching coefficient is high - 7.8. The camber of first-order roots is characterized by shape coefficients at relative lengths: 0.1-0.54; 0.2 - 0.38; 0.5 - 0.25; 0.7 - 0.174 and 0.9 - 0.14. The volume coefficient of first order skeletal roots is 0.1224.
The bulk of hazel roots are located at a depth of 0-30 cm, but individual roots penetrate up to 60 cm. Hazel roots, spreading far to the sides of the bush, cover a significant feeding area, reaching 15 m2. Despite this, its root system compactness coefficient is 28.3%. Thus, the hazel root system quite intensively inhabits the upper soil horizon in plantations.
Edible chestnut (for sowing). Edible chestnut (sowing), European, or noble, naturally grows in the Caucasus, and is also widespread in the Carpathians, forming highly productive, valuable stands in crops. Chestnut forms a deep root system due to large roots running obliquely vertically deep into the soil. There is no taproot. The root systems of 10-year-old trees in chestnut crops with the participation of pedunculate oak on Carpathian brown mountain forest soils consist of a tap root, horizontal roots and vertical branches from horizontal roots. Some of the horizontal roots go into the soil at a well-defined angle in an oblique-vertical direction. Trees of better growth have few skeletal roots of the first order, while trees that are lagging in growth have much more of them. At the same time, trees that are lagging in growth lack second-order branches and vertical branches from horizontal roots, and taproots are much less developed. This indicates that weaker trees take over the living soil space with younger horizontal roots of the first order.
In the structure of the root system of chestnut, the main relative participation is made by roots of horizontal orientation. However, noteworthy is the very high relative participation of vertically oriented roots in trees of better and average height. Thus, the total length of tap roots and vertical branches is 25.7% for trees of the best growth and 12.7% for the average growth.
The structure of the root system of common chestnut at 10 years of age is dominated by roots of the second order of branching. Thus, in a tree of the best growth, horizontal roots of the first order make up 21.7%, second 46.7, third 10.9, vertical branches 15.8%, a tap root with branches of the first and second orders 4.9% of the total length of skeletal roots.
The tap roots of chestnut penetrate to a depth of 3 m. At the same time, the depth of penetration of the tap roots of pedunculate oak when growing together with chestnut is 4.2 m.
Just like other tree species, the projection area of chestnut root systems significantly exceeds the projection area of the crowns. This position is characterized by the following indicators: for a tree of better growth, the crown projection area is 3.14 m2, the root projection area is 22.04 m2, i.e. 7 times larger; a tree of average height has 1.76 and 12.6 m2, respectively, i.e. 7.2 times more.
The intensity of population of the soil space with skeletal roots in a tree of the best growth is 6.7, average 6.1, lagging in growth 13.9 m/m3.
The horizontal roots of chestnut are relatively short-running. The diameter of first-order roots per 0.5 relative length is 34.9%, which is significantly higher than that of many tree species. Just like other species, the horizontal roots of the second order in the common chestnut are less cascading than the roots of the first order.
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
Root system all the roots of a plant are called. It is formed by the main root, lateral roots and adventitious roots. The main root of a plant develops from a germinal root. Adventitious roots usually grow from the lower parts of the plant stem. Lateral roots develop on the main and adventitious roots.
The root system of plants performs two main functions.
Firstly, it holds the plant in the soil. Secondly, the roots absorb from the soil necessary for the plant water and dissolved in it minerals.
If a plant develops a powerful main root, it forms taproot system.
If the main root remains undeveloped or dies, and adventitious roots develop, then the plant develops fibrous root system.
The taproot system is characterized by a well-developed main root.
By appearance it looks like a rod. The main root grows from the embryonic root.
The taproot system is formed not only by the main root, but also by small lateral roots extending from it.
The tap root system is characteristic of many dicotyledonous plants.
Beans, clover, sunflower, carrots, and dandelion have a well-developed main root.
However, many perennial plants with an original tap root system, sooner or later the main root dies. Instead, numerous adventitious roots grow from the stem.
There is a subtype of tap root system - branched root system.
In this case, several lateral roots receive strong development. While the main root remains shortened. The type of branched root system is characteristic of many trees. This root system allows you to firmly hold the powerful trunk and crown of the tree.
The tap root system penetrates deeper into the soil than the fibrous root system.
Fibrous type of root system
A fibrous root system is characterized by the presence of many approximately identical adventitious roots, which form a kind of bundle.
Adventitious roots grow from aboveground and underground parts of the stem, less often from leaves.
Plants with fibrous root systems may also have a living main root. However, if it is preserved, it does not differ in size from other roots.
A fibrous root system is characteristic of many monocotyledonous plants. Among them are wheat, rye, onions, garlic, corn, and potatoes.
Although the fibrous root system does not penetrate the soil as deeply as the tap root system, it occupies a larger area at the soil surface and more tightly entwines soil particles, which improves the absorption of the aqueous solution.
Root systems and their classification. Types of root systems
Root modifications:
Root vegetable - thickened main root.
The main root and the lower part of the stem participate in the formation of the root crop.
Most root plants are biennial. Root vegetables consist mainly of storage tissue (turnips, carrots, parsley).
Root tubers (root cones) are formed as a result of thickening of the lateral and adventitious roots.
With their help, the plant blooms faster.
Hook roots are a kind of adventitious roots. With the help of these roots, the plant “glues” to any support.
Stilt roots act as a support.
Board-shaped roots are lateral roots that extend close to or above the soil surface, forming triangular vertical outgrowths adjacent to the trunk. Characteristic of large trees of tropical rain forest.
Aerial roots are lateral roots that grow in the aboveground part.
Absorb rainwater and oxygen from the air. Formed in many tropical plants under conditions of a lack of mineral salts in the soil of the tropical forest.
Mycorrhiza - cohabitation of roots higher plants with fungal hyphae. With such mutually beneficial cohabitation, called symbiosis, the plant receives water with nutrients dissolved in it from the fungus, and the fungus receives organic substances.
Mycorrhiza is characteristic of the roots of many higher plants, especially woody ones. Fungal hyphae, entwining the thick lignified roots of trees and shrubs, perform the functions of root hairs.
Bacterial nodules on the roots of higher plants - the cohabitation of higher plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria - are modified lateral roots adapted to symbiosis with bacteria.
Bacteria penetrate through the root hairs into young roots and cause them to form nodules. With this symbiotic cohabitation, bacteria convert nitrogen contained in the air into a mineral form available to plants.
And plants, in turn, provide bacteria with a special habitat in which there is no competition with other types of soil bacteria. Bacteria also use substances found in the roots of higher plants.
More often than others, bacterial nodules form on the roots of plants of the legume family. Due to this feature, legume seeds are rich in protein, and members of the family are widely used in crop rotation to enrich the soil with nitrogen.
Respiratory roots - in tropical plants - perform the function of additional respiration.
Types of root systems
In the taproot system, the main root is highly developed and clearly visible among other roots (typical of dicotyledons).
A type of taproot system is a branched root system: it consists of several lateral roots, among which the main root is not distinguished; characteristic of trees.
In the fibrous root system, at the early stages of development, the main root, formed by the embryonic root, dies, and the root system is composed of adventitious roots (typical of monocots). The tap root system usually penetrates deeper into the soil than the fibrous root system, but the fibrous root system weaves better around adjacent soil particles.
Adventitious roots grow directly from the stem.
They grow from a bulb (which is a special stem) or from garden cuttings.
Aerial roots. Roots that grow from the stem but do not penetrate the ground.
They are used by climbing plants for anchorage, such as ivy.
Supporting (stilted) roots.
A special type of aerial roots. They grow from a stem and then penetrate the ground, which may be covered with water. They support heavy plants such as mangroves.
Related information:
Search on the site:
How does a tap root system differ from a fibrous root system?
The roots of a plant are its vegetative organs, located underground and conducting water and, accordingly, minerals to the rest, above-ground, organs of the plant - stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.
But the main function of the root is still to anchor the plant in the soil.
About the distinctive features of root systems
What is common in different root systems is that the root is always divided into main, lateral and subordinate ones.
The main root, the root of the first order, always grows from a seed; it is the one that is most powerfully developed and always grows vertically downwards.
The lateral roots extend from it and are called roots of the second order. They can branch, and adventitious roots, called third-order roots, extend from them.
They (adventitious roots) never grow on the main root, but in some plant species they can grow on stems and leaves.
This entire collection of roots is called the root system. And there are only two types of root systems - taproot and fibrous. And ours main question concerns the difference between taproot and fibrous root systems.
The taproot system is characterized by the presence of a clearly defined main root, while the fibrous root system is formed from adventitious and lateral roots, and its main root is not pronounced and does not stand out from the general mass.
To better understand how the taproot system differs from the fibrous one, we propose to consider a visual diagram of the structure of the first and second systems.
Plants such as roses, peas, buckwheat, valerian, parsley, carrots, maple, birch, currants, and watermelon have a taproot system.
Wheat, oats, barley, onions and garlic, lilies, gladiolus and others have a fibrous root system.
Modified shoots underground
Many plants have so-called modified shoots underground in addition to roots. These are rhizomes, stolons, bulbs and tubers.
Rhizomes grow mainly parallel to the soil surface; they are needed for vegetative propagation and storage. Externally, the rhizome is similar to the root, but in its own way internal structure has fundamental differences.
Sometimes such shoots can come out of the ground and form a regular shoot with leaves.
Stolons are underground shoots, at the end of which bulbs, tubers and rosette shoots are formed.
A bulb is a modified shoot, the storage function of which is carried out by fleshy leaves, and adventitious roots extend from the flat bottom below.
A tuber is a thickened shoot with axillary buds that performs the function of storage and reproduction.
Related articles:
|
Weigela - planting and care open ground
Ornamental shrubs have long been common in our gardens. And if you are also thinking about purchasing a beautiful flowering bush for your site, pay attention to weigela. This article will tell you about growing this plant in open ground. |
Remontant strawberries - the best varieties
Sweet strawberries are good both fresh and for canning. True, the strawberry season is short-lived - ordinary varieties bear fruit for only a couple of weeks. The same can’t be said about remontant varieties, which produce good harvests right up to the frost. ABOUT the best varieties remontant strawberries - in the article. |
|
Without a mustache remontant strawberry- the best varieties
There are beds of fragrant strawberries on almost every plot. Its remontant varieties are especially popular, producing crops several times per season. Such strawberries most often propagate by mustaches, but there are also varieties without mustaches. The article will tell you about them. |
Where do tangerines grow?
Juicy, aromatic tangerines are the favorite winter fruit of many of us. Even though today they can be bought at any time of the year, tangerines are still associated with New Year holidays. But have you ever wondered where they come from? Where tangerines grow - in the article. |
Superficial root system
Page 1
A superficial root system is also formed in pine when dense, heavy carbonate loam is located shallowly, and on such soils windfall of pine seed plants and sometimes larch seed plants is often observed. This phenomenon occurs, for example, in a number of places in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region. On Kola Peninsula(Murmansk region) windfall of pine seeds is expressed in places where crystalline rocks emerge on the day surface.
The superficial root system of pine, as we have already said, is also formed when dense, heavy carbonate loam is located shallowly. On such soils, pine seeds and sometimes larch seeds often fall out with the wind, for example, in some places in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region.
On the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk region) and in North Karelia, windfall of pine seeds occurs in places where crystalline rocks emerge on the day surface.
A shallow root system with weak development of vertically developing roots, only 0 5 - 1 m deep, is formed by pine on sandy soils poor in moisture, where it can also fall out relatively easily from the wind.
Trees with a shallow root system are more susceptible to wind blows, are more weakened and more often die off while still standing.
The disproportion between increased transpiration after felling and the limited supply of moisture from the soil, as well as ruptures of small roots due to the swaying of trees by the wind, lead to a decrease in growth in shallow, heavy, moist soils immediately after cutting. On the contrary, trees on deep-drained soils, where they form roots that go deep into the soil and are better provided with moisture, can withstand changing conditions relatively well and are able to increase their growth in diameter after 2-3 years, and sometimes immediately after cutting.
These differences are also reflected in the anatomical structure of the tree.
Trees with a shallow root system are more susceptible to wind blows, are more weakened and more often die off at the root.
The superficial root system of spruce, damaged by livestock hooves, is not able to resist the honey fungus.
There are known facts of the impact of wind, when windfalls caused the destruction of PTCs with weakened drainage, forming a superficial root system of trees and located in wind-prone locations.
Windfall often develops in the PTC of spruce forests on accumulative slopes with rich, moist loams, where the spruce has a thin superficial root system. The tree stand of the PTC on denudation slopes with boulder-stone substrates, where spruce is firmly rooted in the crevices of the blocks, is more wind-resistant.
Even low-level fire destroys thin-barked spruce and fir, with a crown descending low along the trunk, with a thinner-barked surface root system, and thus immediately removes two main obstacles to the emergence of self-seeding pine.
Old pine trees have a chance of surviving any fire due to their thicker bark, highly raised crown and root system going very deep into the soil; these old trees remain scattered as seed plants in greater or lesser numbers even after severe fires.
After flowering, the plants are transplanted into wide and shallow pots or bowls, since azaleas have a superficial root system, pruning is carried out, removing weak, fattening shoots and pinching the tops of young shoots, stimulating their branching. Pinching is carried out in two or three steps, pinching shoots with three to four developed leaves. At the end of June, pinching is stopped, since at this time the formation of next year's flower buds begins on the shoots.
Azaleas need moist air. During the period of active growth, from March to September, they are regularly sprayed with soft water. It is not recommended to spray during the flowering period to avoid the appearance of spots on the flowers. For normal flowering, high light intensity and fertilizing with complex fertilizer are needed.
Weymouth pine is a relatively wind-resistant species, but, like Scots pine, can also produce a superficial root system, for example on shallow soils. Weymouth pine is no less sensitive to factory smoke than ordinary pine.
Large areas of underground structures, embanked with a sufficient layer of earth, are landscaped with small groups of shrubs with a superficial root system or perennials.
If necessary decorative design small rock gardens are arranged on them. To avoid icing, trees and shrubs should be planted at a distance of at least 40 m from open sprinkler devices, and from cooling towers at a distance of at least 15 of their height.
Pages: 1 2 3 4
Root
The root performs the function of absorbing water and minerals from the soil. It anchors and holds the plant in the soil. Spare parts may be deposited in the roots nutrients.
Root structure
The root is the axial organ of the plant, which, unlike the stem, does not have leaves. The root grows in length throughout the life of the plant, moving among solid soil particles. To protect the delicate root tip from mechanical damage and reduce friction, a root cap is used.
It is formed by thin-walled cells cover tissue, which peel off and form mucus, which facilitates the advancement of the root in the soil. The growing root's sheath is renewed every day.
Under the root cap there is a division zone. It consists of educational fabric.
The cells of this tissue divide.
The resulting cells stretch in the longitudinal direction and form a zone of stretching and growth. This ensures the root grows in length. Cells of educational tissue form other tissues - integumentary, conductive and mechanical.
The tension zone is followed by the suction zone.
In this zone, many root hairs are formed from the cells of the integumentary tissue. In wheat, for example, there are up to 100 of them per 1 mm2 of root surface. Thanks to root hairs, the suction surface of the root increases tens and even hundreds of times. Root hairs work like tiny pumps that suck water with dissolved minerals from the soil. The suction zone is mobile; it changes its place in the soil depending on the growth of the root. Root hairs live for several days and then die, and a suction zone appears on the newly growing section of the root.
Therefore, the absorption of water and nutrients always occurs from a new volume of soil.
In place of the previous absorption zone, a conduction zone is formed. Water and minerals are carried upward through the cells of this zone, to the above-ground organs, and organic substances are carried downwards, from the leaves to the roots.
Cells of the integumentary tissue of the conduction zone in adult plants, when dying, can be layered on top of each other, forming a plug. As a result, the adult root becomes lignified.
The conduction zone accounts for most of the length of long-lived roots.
Types of root systems
The totality of all the roots of a plant is called the root system. There are two types of root systems - taproot and fibrous.
In the taproot system, the main root is distinguished.
It grows straight down and stands out among other roots longer and thickness. Lateral roots extend from the main root. The taproot system is characteristic of peas, sunflowers, shepherd's purse, dandelion and many other plants.
The fibrous root system is characteristic of cereals, plantain and other plants in which the main root stops growing immediately at the beginning of embryo development.
In this case, numerous roots are formed at the base of the shoot, which are called adventitious.
The plant develops a bunch, or lobe, of adventitious roots more or less equal in thickness, length and branching.
When creating a garden, it is important not only to create a composition of paths and plants, where all the details, color, texture and proportions will be harmoniously combined. Important to consider biological features plants, their sizes and preferences in the amount of sunlight, watering and of course in the soil. In an ideal garden, the underground part of all plantings is carefully calculated. That is, plants not only receive necessary conditions for growth, but also the roots of neighboring plants develop on different levels, completely filling the entire depth of the soil and without competing for space underground.
Based on their shape, there are two main types of root systems: fibrous and taproot. Plants with a taproot system have a well-developed main root, which stands out noticeably against the background of other roots. In a fibrous root system, the main root is almost invisible in the total mass, or is completely absent as such. All the roots of such a plant are branched and evenly developed, creating almost a lump, with a fairly large absorbing surface. At the same time, fibrous root systems can be superficial and located at the very edge of the soil, growing in width, or go deep, growing in all directions.
Regardless of the size of the plot, it is important to take into account the size of the future plant, whether it will be a small bush, a tree with a crown up to two meters wide, or a real giant in the future reaching a diameter of more than twenty meters. Of course, a bad choice will have a particularly acute impact on small areas. There are general standards for the placement of shrubs and trees on local areas. It is not recommended to plant trees closer than 5 meters from the house, shrubs closer than 1.5 m.
Strong roots can damage not only buildings and their foundations, but also engineering structures, it is advised to retreat 1.5 -1 m from laid sewer and other pipes when planting trees and shrubs. These are general wishes; depending on the characteristics of the root system of a particular plant, this distance can be reduced.
Trees and shrubs with a tap root system can be positioned much closer. When placing them, the most unfortunate would be the location directly above the communications. Since their main root grows strictly vertically, this will not only create problems with communications, but also seriously harm the plant itself.
It is very important to maintain distance from trees and shrubs with fibrous superficial root systems. They can damage communication structures and disrupt the planes of paths.
The tap root system has a smooth, round-leaved, single-pistillate and plum-leaved hawthorn, a smooth, small-leaved and rough elm, a common pear and a loose-leaved pear, a laxative ash, Rowan, most pines especially on light soils, a bird cherry, a common ash and a narrow-leaved ash.
Downy and black Birches, Ginkgo biloba, False-sycamore, Norway maples, field maples, Eleven angustifolia, Gray alder, as well as apple trees have relatively deep fibrous root systems. And Larch, Black Alder, Black Walnut, Scots Pine, Cedar Pine, Laurel Poplar and Fir have very deep roots.
Plants with a fibrous root system also include Japanese crimson, Amur velvet, Hornbeams, Derens, Red oak, most Spruces, many Willows, Saskatoon service, Red maples, river maples, silver and ash leaves, horse chestnut, Linden trees, Magnolia, Hemlock and Pseudo hemlock mensis, Rhododendron, Robinia false locust, Walich pine, yew berry, Chinese poplar, balsam, white 'Nivea', Berlin, Bird cherry, Hazel. And you should be especially careful with silver birch, beeches, pedunculate oak, large-leaved linden and walnut. They have powerful roots and often fast growth.
Despite rapid growth and the superficial root system can be safely planted very close to paths and buildings, such as Thuja, since they have a very compact root system. Even when growing over two meters, the root ball may only be about a meter in diameter. Also having a compact root system are Honeysuckle Maak, Common Hazel, Linden, Plain Fir, Menzies Pseudosuga, Chinese Plum, Rowan, Yew, Nedzvedsky Apple. You should also take into account the growth rate and dimensions of the plant, for example, Mountain Pine “Winter Gold” at the age of ten does not exceed a meter in width and only 0.5 meters in height, and therefore will not threaten the paving and walls of the house, even if placed close to him.
Taking into account the area of distribution of the root system is very important when creating compositions of woody plants and planning plantings of the lower tier. In an ideally composed composition, all layers of soil are mastered by the roots of different plants, and they minimally compete with each other for moisture and nutrition.
Knowledge of the distribution of roots will make it easier to care for the garden and avoid numerous complications. For example, you should not paving under Robinia, whose roots will lift the tiles. It is especially important to ensure that trees with shallow roots do not suppress perennials in nearby flower beds. It is better to install a root-protective membrane when they are close together.
Plants with tap roots, like pine trees, obtain moisture and nutrition from the lower layers of the soil. They are resistant to drought and wind, leaving living space for shrubs and herbaceous plants, and do not compete with them. However, they usually suffer when high level groundwater, painfully endure the transplant.
On the other hand, species with shallow roots, like birch or willow, densely fill surface layer soil, taking away all the moisture and nutrition. They are better adapted to waterlogged soils. Under their canopy there is little room for other plants to grow. Often such species are suppressed when the soil is over-compacted.
From Delenka: This table will help you avoid many mistakes when drawing up tree and shrub compositions. Legend you will find below, under the table.
| Russian name | Latin name | Plant size | Simplicity of content |
| Plants with a deep (tap) root system | |||
| Bloodthorn hawthorn, monopistillate | Crataegus sanguinea, c. monogyna | *** | ++ |
| Common pear, g. | Pirus communis, p. salicifolia | ** | +++ |
| English oak | Quercus robur | **** | ++++ |
| Norway maple | Acer pseudoplatanus | **** | +++ |
| Horse chestnut | Aesculus hippocastanum | **** | +++ |
| Siberian larch | Larix sibirica | **** | ++++ |
| Red cedar | Juneperus virginiana | ** | + |
| Black walnut | Juglans nigra | **** | ++++ |
| Scots pine, cedar pine | Pinus silvestris, p. sibirica | **** | ++++ |
| Laurel poplar | Populus laurifolia | **** | ++++ |
| Common ash | Fraxinus excelsior | **** | ++++ |
| Species with a dense compact root system | |||
| Honeysuckle Maak et al. | Lonicera maackii | ** | + |
| Common hazel | Corylus avellana | *** | ++ |
| Linden flat-leaved | Tilia platifillum, t. cordata | **** | ++++ |
| Fir one color | Abies concolor | **** | ++ |
| Menzies's Pseudo-tsuga | Pseudotsuga menziesi | **** | +++ |
| Chinese plum | Prunus salicina | ** | +++ |
| Mountain ash | Sorbus aucuparia | *** | +++ |
| Yew berry | Taxus baccata | ** | + |
| Niedzvetsky apple tree | Malus niedzwetzkyana | *** | ++ |
| Plants with shallow root systems | |||
| Amur velvet | Phellodendron amurense | *** | +++ |
| Silver birch | Betula pendula | **** | ++++ |
| Derain white | Cornus alba | ** | + |
| Red and swamp oak | Quercus rubra, Q.palustris | **** | ++++ |
| Norway spruce | Picea abies | **** | ++++ |
| Holly willow | Salix acutifolia | ** | +++ |
| Irga roundifolia | Amelancier rotundifolia | ** | ++ |
| Silver, red, ginnala maples | Acer saccharinum, A. rubrum, A.ginnala | ** (****) | +++ |
| Gmelin larch | Larix gmelinii | **** | +++ |
| Magnolia star | Magnolia stellata | ** | + |
| Robinia pseudoacacia | Robinia pseudoacacia | **** | ++++ |
| Yellow rhododendron and other species | Rhododendron luteum | ** | ++ |
| Mountain pine | Pinus mugo | * (**) | ++++ |
| Snowberry white | Symphoricarpus albus | * | ++++ |
| Thuja occidentalis | Thuja occidenthalis | *** | +++ |
Conventions used in the table
Large tree, height more than 8-10 m (****)
small tree, height up to 10 m (***)
Large shrub, height from 2 to 3 m (**)
Small bush (*)
Does not require maintenance (++++)
Virtually no maintenance required (+++)
A little care (++)
Regular care (+)
Similar articles
Fibrous root system:
- I also found the following information: It is difficult to uproot stumps with deep taproots and developed lateral roots (oak, pine, larch), it is easy to uproot trees with lateral, superficially creeping roots (aspen, alder, spruce).
- The easiest way to fill the space around trees and shrubs is to create a green carpet under them, which will cover the bare areas not only under large trees, but also under low-growing shrubs without harming them. It is created, of course, with the help of ground covers and similar shade-tolerant creeping perennials with decorative leaves. Except decorative effect, green spaces will suppress the spread and development of weeds, will greatly simplify garden care, saving you quite a lot of time, which is usually spent on weeding. Actually, a green carpet doesn’t have to be only green: by combining plants with beautiful foliage with summer trees, planted meadows and patches, you can create colorful, illuminating shady places from the inside, carpets that are more reminiscent of patchwork bedspreads.
- Canadian hemlock
- ash maple
- Red oak
- Pine (most species) - less deep on heavy soils
- Rough elm
- Apple tree (types and varieties) - not very deep
- Elephant angustifolia - medium-deep
- False sycamore maple
- When coming up with decorative compositions from plants, we must take into account their maximum sizes. After all, trees and shrubs tend to change - to grow, gain mass and increase in size. It is equally important to know the details of the “underground” life of the root systems of large plants. Because underground there are, as it were, inverted branched crowns. Some are pyramidal (tap root system), others are almost spherical (fibrous).
- Pine, spruce, palm, cypress
- When choosing plants for your green mat, pay attention to the period of their decorativeness: the longer your plants are attractive, the more stable and colorful the design of your garden will be. So, if ground covers are good only during the active gardening season, then such evergreen beauties as hardy and unpretentious, and also rapidly growing ivy, periwinkle, pachysandra, and Waldsteinia will cover the soil not only in spring, summer or autumn, but also in winter period, without losing its appeal regardless of the season and weather, and decorative foliage stars such as hosta are so spectacular that the lack of winter attire is easy to forgive. The apical pachysandra pleases the eye with lush green foliage and a dense and lush carpet. carved leaves, under which no free soil is visible. But the hosta, with its large heart-leaved leaves with variegated patterns, fills shady places with charm and light. And even though it is more valued precisely for its decorative foliage, its flowering, which lasts all summer, is also very attractive. Periwinkle is a simple plant, but so cute thanks to its modest leaves and surprisingly bright flowers. It grows both in the shade and in the sun, is durable, blooms for a very long time and can easily settle even under bushes. Much more space will be required for Fortune's euonymus with its powerful shoots, but the bright foliage, which changes yellow-green patterns to pink-green by winter, is worth it to displace other crops. And dilute the green sea of leaves and bring summer into it bright colors will help shade-loving annuals- begonias, mimulus, impatiens, nasturtiums, some types of small-flowered geraniums.
- Thuja occidentalis
- Robinia pseudoacacia (white acacia) - in maturity
- Spruce (most species)
- Bird cherry magalebka
- Loose pear
- Hawthorn smooth
- Gray alder - not very deep
Tap root system:
- Norway maple - not very deep
- Global birch - shallow
- The deeper the roots, the better the grounding, therefore, the conductivity of electrical charges. current - more, accordingly, lightning will “prefer” this tree to another, provided that there are no taller trees nearby, since the static charge accumulates more on taller trees.
- If shrubs can be “decorated” only with a blanket of ground cover and creeping plants with rare interspersed flowering annuals, then under the trees you can arrange a real mini-flower garden (unless, of course, we are talking about a pear, linden, oak, apple or cherry tree with a superficial root system ). The ideal combination for decorating areas under trees is considered to be a combination of perennials that are not afraid of competitors and develop well even in cramped conditions of swaying ornamental grasses and shade-loving ferns. They play on contrasts, create the effect of a motley sea and only emphasize the beauty of the soloist trees.
- Common bird cherry
- Pine Walich
- Willow (many species)
- Common ash
- Common pear
- Hawthorn roundifolia
- Black alder - often very deep
- Field maple - not very deep
- Fluffy birch
- I always believed that lightning strikes the tallest trees.
- One of the best plants, capable of settling in the shade, is the magnificent foxglove with its unique long inflorescences of fancy bells, a bright mantle, an impressive epimedium, a touching function. You definitely can’t call them unnoticed “crumbs”! An original flowering mat can be made from ivy-leaved cyclamen, which produces pink flower heads at the end of summer. Wouldn't be out of place in the meeting shade-tolerant perennials and the impressive astilbe with its delicately filigree loose panicles or the aquilegia with graceful flowers, which is rightfully considered a wandering plant. But sometimes even too bold shade colors need to be balanced with the help of more restrained, but no less beautiful plants. Decorative sedge and shield grass will perfectly “calm down” flowering perennials and create a landscape effect in the tree trunk. But it is better to plant geraniums in diffuse shade along the edge of the crown as a kind of edging. By the way, geranium is the only plant that is suitable for creating a monocarpet of tall perennials. Its root system is so compact that geraniums can even be planted next to capricious beauties. Plant a few bushes in a circle around the trunk and in just a few years you will get a surprisingly hardy and colorful mat of geraniums.
- Vacant soil under trees and shrubs looks unattractive, and weeds spreading over vacant areas take a lot of time and effort. Finding a solution to this problem is quite difficult, because, on the one hand, the crown of large trees and shrubs is too dense and does not provide sufficient lighting for planting a lawn, and, on the other hand, the planted plants can interfere with the development of the most important characters garden And the thicker, denser the crown of trees and shrubs, the more superficial their root system, the more difficult the task of designing the space around them. But this does not mean that there is no solution to this problem. Among garden plants there are many very beautiful and unpretentious perennials, which with their roots will not interfere with the development of shrubs or trees, as well as a great variety of “light” ground covers that not only feel good in the shade, but also create favorable conditions for tree development. The main thing is to choose the right lush accompaniment for specific types and varieties of trees.
- Chinese poplar
Superficial root system:
- Irga Canadian
- Narrow-leaved ash
- English oak
- Hawthorn monopistillate
- Black alder "Imperialis"
- Common horse chestnut - more or less
- Black birch
- maybe these trees are just taller?!
- In the shade of huge trees you can even plant small ones flowering shrubs, for example, low rhododendrons. They should be surrounded by only one plant, because a cluster of mismatched rugs will look too garish. For rhododendrons, for example, you can plant a clearing of Canadian deer, which will form a surprisingly elegant duet with the blooming beauties, or contrastingly dark climbing ivy.
- Not all trees “love” proximity to other plants. The “peace-loving” linden, apple, and oak trees seem to have been created so that their trunk area would be decorated with lush plants and bright flowers. These trees have a compact, not too wide and deep root system, which allows you to plant the most different plants, even perennials that actively use soil moisture and nutrients. Pears and cherries can also be fully included among them. Under such trees, which will not refuse to be adjacent to other crops in the tree trunk circle, plants are planted quite densely to create the most beautiful carpet possible, placing up to 12 ground cover seedlings, about 7 medium-sized or 3 large perennials per square meter.
- Balsam poplar
- Cypress pea
- Japanese scarlet
- Zester laxative
- Plum leaf hawthorn
- Fir (most species) - deep
- Lysuga menzisa
- Ginkgo biloba
- Thick roots are better conductors than small ones - they contain more moisture, they have a larger area of contact with the ground.
- There are two main types of root systems. Most oaks, some pines (for example, lodgepole and swamp) and many other trees have a core system: the base of the trunk turns into a large vertical root, which gradually tapers and branches like the above-ground part of the tree. This main root is usually supplemented by subsidiary roots that radiate horizontally from the base of the trunk. In the case of a fibrous root system, characteristic, for example, of elms, beeches and maples, the tree has only such horizontal roots, and the main one among them is not noticeable. Within each of these types, numerous variations are observed. In addition, trees of the same species can form a tap root system on deep fertile soils and a fibrous root system on damp or rocky places.
supersadovnik.ru
Ground cover plants to fill the space under trees and shrubs.
It is much more difficult to design an area under such representatives of trees as Norway maple or birch, because their roots are located very widely and develop horizontally, close to the soil surface. Herbaceous perennials are inappropriate for such trees, and ground covers will need help: a layer of compost the width of your palm should be poured on top of the loosened soil between the roots with the addition of an equal share garden soil, plant the plants, mulch them with large sawdust or bark and wait until the plants take root and spread on their own. You should start with just a few plants. Greening the trunk circles of birch and maple is not a matter of one season, and the main thing in it is to be patient and allow the plants to gradually develop on their own. Twice a year, new compost should be spread between the plants and fertilizing should be doubled. organic fertilizers, and also provide additional watering during drought.
White poplar "Nivea"
River maple
Amur velvet
Rowan aria
Smooth elm
Robinia pseudoacacia (white acacia) - in its youth
Linden (most species)
Red maple - shallow
indasad.ru
Trees. High trees, with a minimal root system growing vertically?
UNESCO
Because a more developed root system contributes to the accumulation of more charge on the tree, which attracts lightning
As for the diameter - as a rule, it is believed that the diameter of the root system is close to the diameter of the crown.
But among the trees there are also plants that create a very strong shadow, in which only a few plants can take root, and they “scare away” these neighbors by releasing toxic substances. Thus, hazel and chestnut leaves contain poisons, which after falling fall into the soil and suppress the growth of plants in the tree trunk zone. Robinia is even more insidious: poisons are released not only by the leaves, but also by the roots. You cannot create a lush carpet next to these plants.
