Medical climatology– a branch of medical science that studies the influence of climatic and weather factors on the human body, methods of their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
Climatotherapy, climatotherapy– a set of methods of prevention and treatment that use dosed exposure to climatic and weather factors and special climatic procedures on the human body.
The therapeutic and prophylactic effect of climate on the body is determined by a number of natural factors: geographical location of the area, altitude above sea level, distance from the sea, atmospheric pressure, temperature, air circulation and humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, intensity of solar radiation, features of the resort flora and landscape.
With this calculation the only solution is to escape to one of ten places in the world where temperatures are mild, sunshine and often even clear seas almost every day of the year. The top 10, compiled by the conservation network of ecologists, includes "predictable" destinations such as California, along with little-known places such as the 800-metre-above-sea-level city of Kunming in China and Durban on the east coast of South Africa.
In the USA San Diego is recommended 300 days in advance solar year, miles of beaches, waves and spectacular natural landscapes, as well as the historic city of Santa Barbara, founded by the Spanish. Hawaiian destination with the small town of Lihue on Kauai: a bath in the temperate waters of Kalapaka and an average temperature throughout the year of 27 degrees make the resort ideal.
The main methods of climatotherapy include: air baths, heliotherapy, thalassotherapy.
From the history of climate therapy
“Whoever wishes to study medicine well must, first of all, consider the seasons and their influence on man,” stated Hippocrates and warned: “be especially careful when the weather changes, during this period avoid bloodletting, cauterization and do not take up a scalpel.” In his famous treatise “On Airs, Waters and Terrains,” he outlined the essence of the influence of weather on humans. A parallel to this chapter can be considered the Chinese “Treatise of the Yellow Emperor on the Inner” (“Huang Di Nei Jing”, 3rd century BC), the oldest written monument of traditional Chinese medicine. One of the chapters examines the influence of climatic conditions, the nature of water and food on human health and illness. Chinese doctors paid special attention to movements, breathing and emotions during the changing seasons, then the “correct movement of breathing-qi... spring-summer-autumn-winter” occurs, ensuring health. The ancient healers of India paid great attention to the influence of climate. According to legend, the legendary ancient Indian doctor Jivaka advised his patient to change his place of residence in order to get rid of a chronic disease. The famous Indian doctor Sushruta mentioned among the causes of diseases not only “internal” but also “external” circumstances, including climate, the properties of water and air.“The sick person should not stay in the area where he fell ill,” believed Celsus, whom his contemporaries called the “Latin Hippocrates,” “to be cured, you must travel.” The works of Celsus, published in 1478, were the first scientific treatise on medicine. His fame and authority were so high that Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, the famous alchemist and physician, took the name Paracelsus, which means “superior to Celsus.” At the beginning of the 16th century. Paracelsus remarked:
“Whoever studies winds, lightning and weather knows the origin of diseases.”Scientific study of influence climatic factors health started only in early XIX c., after the main principles of meteorological observations were formulated and more specific connections between climate and weather and various diseases were established. One of the first works on medical climatology was the monograph by F. P. Barsuk-Moiseev “On the influence of air, seasons and meteors on human health,” published in 1801 by the printing house of Moscow University. A great contribution to the development and establishment of medical climatology was made by the Russian climatologist and meteorologist A.I. Voeikov, who summarized his views on the problems of medical climatology in his work “Study of climates for the purposes of climatic treatment and hygiene” (1893).
S.P. paid great attention to the influence of climate on health and the course of disease. Botkin, V.A. Manassein and many other domestic clinicians. One of the founders of domestic therapy and balneology G.A. Zakharyin, in the faculty therapy course, gave a separate lecture on climatotherapy, emphasizing its importance and at the same time pointing out the doctors’ insufficient knowledge of its provisions. Zakharyin said:
Even Sydney appears in the survey, although Australia is known as a land of excesses due to heat peaks recorded in the tropical north and central deserts. However, in the largest and oldest city on the continent, heat waves rarely exceed 35 degrees and its bay with a beautiful coastline creates a magical atmosphere for the city, not in Latin America: the top ten actually includes São Paulo in Brazil and Medellin in Colombia. The huge Brazilian metropolis has one of the most pleasant climates of any city in the country, with an average temperature that varies little throughout the year, barely touching 27 degrees.
“There are few diseases where the right climatic conditions would not have important. It cannot be admitted that most doctors would be well informed about climatic therapy and prescribe it correctly... on the contrary, one often sees that they expect from climatic therapy what it cannot give, and do not take advantage of what it can give.”Interest in medical climatology has increased dramatically since the 1920s. XX century when new resorts and sanatoriums were created in the USSR, which led to intensive migration of the population. In the established Scientific Research Institutes of Balneology, research began on the use of the healing powers of nature. In all resort areas, and especially where new sanatoriums were built, a detailed study of local climatic conditions was carried out in order to facilitate the processes of human acclimatization and the most effective use of climatotherapy procedures.
The development of medical climatology led to the identification of the main independent scientific directions in it - climatophysiology, climatopathology, climatotherapy and medical meteorology.
Climate as a natural healing factor
The climate is a universal healing factor at the resort. According to the rules of resort geography, the climatic and geographical characteristics of the resort are described first. All climatic factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, solar radiation, etc.) determined by altitude above sea level, latitude and longitude of the area, along with the features of the landscape, constitute the environment that affects humans in the aggregate. -climatic characteristics create the background against which other therapeutic resort factors operate most effectively.Of the geographical factors influencing the climate of a particular region, the most significant are: the geographical latitude and altitude of the area, its proximity to the sea coast, features of orography and vegetation cover, and the degree of atmospheric pollution.
Climate as a natural healing factor
The same situation applies to the Colombian city, which, despite being in tropical latitudes, at about 500 meters above sea level, produces almost ideal temperatures throughout the year. But you don't have to go all the way to the other side of the world to enjoy the ideal climate. There are also two Spanish destinations on the list: Malaga in Andalusia and the Canary Islands. According to an environmental website, the archipelago on the coast of West Africa has a pleasant climate all year round with summer highs rarely exceeding 27 degrees, and winter closer.
Geographic latitude determines the noon altitude of the Sun and the duration of irradiation. Solar radiation enters the upper boundary of the atmosphere and is distributed depending on cloud cover, albedo or reflectivity of the earth's surface, and the degree of air transparency. Based on geographic latitude, climates are distinguished: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate, subarctic, arctic, subantarctic, and antarctic.
In the small town in southern Spain that was the birthplace of Pablo Picasso, the thermometer hits 30 degrees in the summer, but with almost no humidity, and in the winter it settles around 15 degrees. Do you want to have a truly amazing holiday in Hungary? This is one of the most exciting countries in Europe if you know what time to go and what to visit. Hungary offers a mild temperate climate and some of the most charming cities in the world. The nature is beautiful, dominated by the legendary Lake Balaton and its exceptionally beautiful surroundings, which in the warm six months are covered with thick greenery and a carpet of Polish flowers.
The altitude above sea level largely determines the climatic features of the area. Moreover, climate changes with altitude are much greater than changes with latitude - in the horizontal direction, which are also determined by the proximity of large water surfaces: oceans, seas, large lakes and large rivers.
The division of climate types into marine and continental determines the distribution of land and sea, the proximity of the area to the coast of the sea or ocean.
General indications for climatotherapy
The capital of Hungary, Budapest, is one of the largest European cities. It is located on both banks of the Danube River and is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The most beautiful thing here is the unique architecture that rivals cities like Prague, Berlin, Paris, Madrid or Lisbon. Budapest is famous for the fact that the Parliament building is considered the most beautiful creature architecture in Europe. It is located in one of most beautiful places city on the banks of the Danube.
One of the biggest attractions in the Central European region is Lake Balaton. It covers a huge territory and for many Hungarians it is an alternative to the sea, since it is an inland continent. The lake quickly warms its waters in the summer, and due to its relatively small area against the seas and oceans, the water surface is mostly calm. Although the lake is deeper inside, the shores are quite shallow and make it quite an attractive beach destination.
Climate has a powerful therapeutic effect and must be considered as a potent factor.
Climatophysiology– a branch of medical climatology that studies the influence on the human body of a complex of various climatic and weather factors: climate, weather, individual climatic influences (climatic procedures).
This good alternative sea holidays, especially given the huge number of lovely small towns around it and the many fine golden sand beaches. Interestingly, if you don't have papyrus rising from the water, you can completely forget that this is a lake and plunge into the magic of a seaside holiday on the lake.
Hungary is a country with a very mild and pleasant climate, which is suitable not only for growing various types vineyards, fruits and vegetables, but also for relaxation and long walks. The climate is moderate, which means the best time to go is during the spring/summer season. This means that you will have guaranteed warm and solar time to navigate and explore the country in better light.
The influence of climatic factors on the state of the body is carried out reflexively through the central nervous system and neurohumoral pathway. Under natural conditions, a person is under the simultaneous influence of many natural factors, which together create the concept of weather. The most painful periods of change in weather types are tolerated, and the more contrasting and sharp this change is, the more clearly expressed are the pathological meteotropic reactions of the body.
The basis of the physiological and therapeutic effect of climate therapy is the training of thermal adaptation mechanisms, normalization of metabolic processes, changes in immunological reactivity, improvement and normalization of impaired functions of the respiratory system, hemodynamic parameters, improvement of bioelectrical activity of the brain. The aeroions that make up the air regulate the inhibitory activity of the cerebral cortex and contribute to the normalization of all physiological functions of the body.
The main types of climatotherapy are:
- and air baths,
- heliotherapy,
- thalassotherapy.
Duration of acclimatization at the resort(adaptation period) is determined individually, depending on the characteristics of the disease and the contrast of the shift climatic regions. Adaptive changes have a phase character - a short-term decrease in the functions of many systems is replaced by their gradual strengthening and, finally, stabilization of functions.
During acclimatization (adaptation to climatic conditions resort) there may be tension and breakdown of adaptation systems, especially when moving from climate-contrasting zones, early overload with climatic procedures, weakening of adaptive capabilities, in particular with incomplete remission of the disease. In these cases, states of asthenia, vegetative-vascular dystonia, and exacerbation of the underlying disease occur. Adaptation to resort climatic conditions turns out to be insufficient until it fails - disadaptation.
During the period of adaptation (acclimatization), strong medical procedures, including climate therapy, should not be prescribed. Patients must follow a regimen that would reduce the intensity of stimuli caused by changes in climatic regions and contribute to the proper training of adaptive mechanisms.
An acclimatization period at a resort inevitably occurs when climatic conditions change, even those favorable to health. Acclimatization is always accompanied by short-term adaptive physiological changes functional systems to ensure the necessary level of life in new conditions - an adaptation reaction. Adaptation reactions occur when changing climatic zones, time zones and when taking climatic procedures during the period of spa treatment.
Desynchronosis– painful disorders, which most often manifest themselves as sleep disorders, decreased performance, and worsening of the underlying disease, which develops when the time zone shifts by 3 hours or more. The most pronounced manifestations of desynchronosis occur when moving from west to east, when the usual course of daily time is inverted.
Along with daily desynchoronosis, when moving to unusual climatic conditions, the structure of the seasonal rhythm may also be disrupted. The unfavorable effect on the human body is not the accelerated onset of the seasonal rhythm (when moving from middle zone in the summer conditions of southern resorts), and its inversion, which is usually observed when traveling in the fall in the summer conditions of southern countries.
Climatopathology is a branch of medical climatology that studies the dependence of various pathological conditions on climate change, unusual (abnormal) weather changes in the usual climate.
Climatopathic reactions And meteopathic reactions most often observed during a sharp change in climate in persons asthenized by acute or chronic diseases, as well as in the elderly and children. The predominance in climatopathic and meteopathic reactions of various symptom complexes (cerebral, cardiac, vegetative-vascular, arthralgic) or disorders of certain types of metabolism depend on the specifics of the diseases and the characteristics of the unusual climate. Pathological reactions to climate change usually develop at the beginning of acclimatization and sometimes occur acutely (like stress) or gradually (like an adaptation disease (disadaptation meteoneurosis).
CHOOSING A CLIMATE RESORT
When choosing a resort, first of all, take into account the climate, since it affects the human body differently. Particular care should be taken when choosing a resort climate for weather-sensitive people.
Classification of climatic resorts
In accordance with natural landscape and climatic zones, all resorts are divided into the following types:I. Lowland continental resorts
climate type
temperate continental
sharply continental
Subtropical
monsoon
a.taiga resorts
b.forest temperate zone,
c. forest monsoon climate of temperate latitudes
d.subtropical forests
e.steppe and forest-steppe
f.semi-desert
II.Seaside resorts, with predominance
a. forest climate of temperate latitudes
b. steppe climate
c.Mediterranean climate
d.humid subtropical climate
e.monsoon climate
f.semi-desert climate
III.Mountain resorts
a. foothills (from 100 to 500 m above sea level)
b.low-mountain resorts (from 500 to 1000 m above sea level)
c. mid-mountain lower zone (from 1000 to 1500 m above sea level)
d. mid-mountain upper zone (from 1500 to 2000 m above sea level)
e.alpine (above 2000 m above sea level)
for foothills and low mountains:
−in the temperate forest zone
−in the subtropical forest zone
− in the zone of steppes and deserts
−seaside
IV. Climatic resorts of other landscapes climatic zones
Depending on the location of the resort in the listed areas full characteristics climatic resort includes landscape and climatic features and altitude above sea level.
Belokurikha is a balneoclimatic foothill resort in a forest zone at an altitude of 250 m above sea level
Continental climate of forest and forest-steppe zones The European part of Russia has a mild stimulating effect. It enhances inhibition in the cerebral cortex, increases the tone of subcortical structures and centers (nervous autonomic system and thermoregulation), and increases the reduced performance of the body. Slowing and deepening breathing in the forest leads to increased pulmonary ventilation and oxygen utilization, and increased tissue respiration. G.A. Zakharyin believed that harsh climate Russia serves the people well, strengthening them physically, and Russian nature, with its expanse of fields and fragrant forests, with its frosts and blizzards, contributes to the development of a healthy and active person; only the gifts of the climate should be used wisely. This climate has a beneficial effect on patients with diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system (coronary heart disease, hypertension), recovering from infectious diseases, and patients with functional disorders of the nervous system.
Taiga climate of coniferous forest zone, the air of which is saturated with phytoncides and terpenes, is especially indicated for patients with respiratory diseases, but is contraindicated for patients with unstable blood pressure (blood pressure), prone to hypertensive crises. The best time for rehabilitation in cardiac sanatoriums in the pine forest zone is from January to April, as well as from the end of July to December, excluding May and July, the period of maximum release of resinous substances. In summer, areas of broad-leaved forests, especially oak forests, are beneficial for cardiac patients, since oak phytoncides have a beneficial effect on blood pressure.
Steppe climate(semiarid climate of temperate latitudes) is characteristic mainly of inland regions remote from the oceans - sources of moisture - and usually located in the rain shadow of high mountains. Hot summers and cold winters are due to the inland location in temperate latitudes. At least one winter month has an average temperature below 0 °C, and the average temperature of the warmest summer month exceeds 21 °C. The steppe climate is less dry than the arid climate proper. The average annual precipitation is usually less than 500 mm, but more than 250 mm. The steppe climate differs from the desert climate (arid climate) by sharper temperature changes between day and night. In the steppe resorts of the European part of Russia, kumis treatment is additionally used.
The main indications for treatment at resorts with the continental climate of the steppe zone: respiratory diseases. Koumiss treatment is effective in the complex therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis.
The main regions of Russia with a semiarid climate are intermountain basins and steppes Southern Urals, Volga region, Siberia. The most famous resorts in the steppe zone are: Yarovoe in the Altai Territory, Sol-Iletsk in the Orenburg Region.
Semi-desert and desert climate– arid climate (lat. aridus– dry) temperate latitudes, – is characteristic mainly of Central Asian deserts. Temperatures are the same as in areas with a semiarid climate, however, precipitation here is insufficient for the existence of a closed natural vegetation cover and the average annual precipitation usually does not exceed 250 mm. The desert climate is characterized by long, hot and dry summers with very high average air temperatures, low humidity, and intense solar radiation. The climate of steppes and deserts promotes easier regulation of heat exchange between the skin and lungs, profuse sweating, facilitates kidney function, while the hemoglobin content and the number of red blood cells in the blood increase.
The main indications for treatment at resorts with an arid climate: kidney diseases (nephritis), respiratory diseases. Resorts of the semi-desert zone in Russia: Elton, Volgograd region, Baskunchak and Tinaki in the Astrakhan region.
Mountain climate characterized by low atmospheric pressure, partial pressure of oxygen and water vapor in the air, increased intensity of solar radiation, low temperatures in summer, clean, transparent air. A large number of negative ions in mountain air has a positive effect on the body. The air is ionized when water is sprayed (near waterfalls, stormy mountain rivers). Ionization is promoted by ultraviolet rays. At a slightly lower temperature of mountain air, performance significantly improves, attention, accuracy and coordination of movements, reaction speed, and the ability to switch from one type of work to another increase, which is used in sports medicine in preparation for competitions. Training in the mountains significantly increases the physical capabilities of athletes. The mountain climate promotes deep breathing, increased lung capacity, and improved blood composition. In a person who first reached an altitude of over 1500 m, with physical activity Some symptoms of hypoxia - mountain sickness - appear, which is characterized by rapid breathing and pulse, somewhat elevated mood, increased gestures, and accelerated speech. After some time, the body adapts (acclimatizes): it increases, metabolism increases, it recovers and improves performance.
The most famous mountain resorts in Russia are the low-mountain resorts of Belokurikha in Siberia and Kislovodsk in the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody. The resort is distinguished by constant atmospheric pressure, a large number of clear and sunny days a year, moderate humidity, and the amount of air ions twice as high as in Davos in Switzerland - all this allows us to rank them among the best climatic resorts in the world. The air of resorts is saturated with phytoncides coniferous trees the famous Sosnovaya Mountain in Kislovodsk and Elovaya Mountain in Belokurikha. An important resort factor is the beauty of the surrounding landscapes: the snow-white caps of the Altai Mountains, immortalized in the paintings of N.K. Roerich, and the peaks of the Caucasus, sung by A.S. Pushkin, and of course, mountain rivers - the rapid Terek, where the heroes of M.Yu. Lermontov, and rebellious in the upper reaches and majestic and unconquered at the mouth, the queen river Katun, where V.M. drew inspiration and strength. Shukshin.
Maritime climate is the main active factor in thalassotherapy. The climate of seaside resorts is characterized by relatively high atmospheric pressure, uniform temperature, clean and fresh air with a high content of ozone and sea salts, intense solar radiation, and the absence of sudden temperature changes. Staying near the sea helps to increase metabolism, enhance the secretion of the epithelium of the bronchial tree, and has a tonic, restorative and hardening effect.
Temperate maritime climate typical for seaside resorts on the Baltic Sea coast: the resort area of St. Petersburg on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, resorts of the Kaliningrad region - Svetlogorsk, Zelenogradsk, coast Pacific Ocean- on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
On the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus there are resorts of three different types: with a temperate steppe climate from Taman to Anapa, a dry subtropical zone from Anapa to Tuapse and a humid subtropical zone from Tuapse to Adler and further beyond Russia. The reason for the formation of such zoning is the height of the mountains. Up to Tuapse they are not an obstacle to moisture-carrying flows of air masses from the northwest since their height does not exceed 1000 m; from Tuapse to Sochi the mountain ranges rise to 3000 m and higher, the amount of precipitation increases, which turns the coast into a zone of humid subtropics.
The 750-kilometer Black Sea coastline of the Crimean Peninsula is also located in different climatic zones: dry subtropical zones - the resorts of the Southern Coast of Crimea, zones of a temperate marine steppe climate - the West Coast resorts of Evpatoria and Saki, the resorts of the South-Eastern coast - Feodosia and Sudak.
Primorsky steppe climate features a large number of sunny days in summer, drier air than in other coastal areas. In summer, rain is rare; the rainy season begins in October. In Russia, seaside resorts with a steppe climate are located in steppe zone Crimea - Evpatoria, Feodosia, Sudak, on the Azov coast Taganrog, Yeysk, the coast of the Taman and Kerch peninsulas. The features of a steppe climate are inherent in the resorts on the Black Sea coast - the Taman Peninsula and the resort of Anapa.
Mediterranean-type maritime climate With mild winter and dry hot summers, warm, with low humidity, with long sunny days, with a long swimming season, are characteristic of the resorts of the Southern Coast of Crimea - large Yalta, Alushta, the resorts of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Anapa to Tuapse, the resorts of the Caspian coast of the Republic of Dagestan.
Maritime climate of the humid subtropics zone– resorts on the Black Sea coast from Tuapse to Sochi – the only region of humid subtropics in Russia and the world’s northernmost region. Sochi is considered a city of “three seasons” - summer in Sochi begins in early May, ends at the end of October, smoothly flowing into autumn, which lasts from November to mid-January, already in February, with the flowering of many trees, spring begins, lasting until the end April. Temperatures rarely drop below 0°C in winter.
The climate of humid subtropics is contraindicated during periods of stuffy weather.
Monsoonal maritime climate typical for resorts in the south of the Far East - the Vladivostok group of resorts.
The coastal climate is indicated for diseases of the musculoskeletal, nervous and endocrine systems.
River cruises or travel have a high healing effect, which is due exclusively clean air saturated with air ions, as well as the absence of pitching, inevitable during sea travel. Professor N.F. thought so. Golubov, who from 1884 to 1891 monitored the health status of travelers along the Volga. At the resort congress of 1915, Golubov made a proposal that special sanatorium ships should sail along the Volga and Kama in the summer months. 100 years later, the four-deck sanatorium-motor ship “Mikhail Frunze” sails along the Volga. The priority is still to use natural factors and drug-free methods in treatment: hydrotherapy, manual therapy, reflexology, massage. Clean river air, gradual, consistent changes in climatic zones along the route, picturesque natural landscapes create all the conditions for recovery.
General indications for climatotherapy
Respiratory diseases (for respiratory allergies, the flowering season must be taken into account);Diseases,
;
Conditions after severe illnesses;
Asthenic syndrome, states of immunocompromise.
Consulting a doctor when choosing a vacation spot is required!
Climate change is contraindicated
Patients with severe atherosclerosis of cerebral and coronary vessels, with heart failure;For diseases (thyrotoxicosis);
For kidney diseases (nephritis);
For any disease in the acute stage;
For patients with vitiligo, as well as gynecological diseases, climatic resorts with high insolation are contraindicated.
Manshina N.V. Spa therapy for everyone. For health at the resort
Part I. Spa therapy methods
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Manshina N.V. . For health at the resort: M, Veche, 2007, p. 596 (29—34)
Photos from open sources
Climatic resort areas of southern Russia- areas where the complex physical and geographical conditions of the South of Russia create within this territory a wide variety of landscape and climatic zones (from humid subtropical east coast in the west of the named territory to the sharply continental dry Caspian semi-desert in the east and from the high-mountain climate of the Caucasus Mountains, covered with eternal snow, in the south to the moderate continental climate of the Don steppe plain in the north) with their unequal effect on humans, which allows the creation of climatic resorts in this territory various profiles. The south of Russia is famous for its first-class climatic conditions: Teberda, etc. Depending on the natural and climatic conditions in the territory of the south of Russia, three climatic resort areas can be distinguished, differing in their therapeutic profile: 1) sea, 2) mountain, 3) semi-desert.
Sea climatic resorts of the South of Russia located on the coast of the Black and Caspian seas. They differ significantly in climatic conditions. The Black Sea coast is divided into two regions: South - Sochi and North - Anapa. The resort area of Sochi occupies the Black Sea coastline from the city of Adler to the village. Glubokoye. The main Caucasus ridge, with an altitude of more than 2000 m, protects this area from continental north-east winds, and south-west sea winds create a humid subtropical climate with sunny, very warm and very humid summers and very mild winters. Evergreens grow in this area subtropical plants(palm trees, citrus fruits, etc.). The resort area of this area is different beautiful views to the sea and the surrounding Caucasus mountains, covered with rich forest vegetation. The following data characterize the climate of this area: the duration of sunshine is 2250 hours per year, the average annual temperature is 13 - 14 ° C, relative humidity 76%, cloudiness 55-60%. Precipitation ranges from 1650 mm (Sochi) to 1350 mm (Tuapse). Summers are sunny, very warm, and there are frequent cases of very hot and very humid weather. Winter is very mild, cloudy with frequent and heavy lingering precipitation. Data from equivalent effective temperatures (EET) show that air baths can also be carried out from the beginning of May to the end of October. High air temperatures and plenty of sun cause the water to heat up quickly, and swimming in the sea can last from June until the end of October. The northwestern part of the Black Sea coast is the Anapa region, which occupies a narrow coastal strip of the Black Sea from the village. Glubokoye to Anapa and is continuous. In this area there are famous resorts:, and others. The Main Caucasus Range, starting from Tuapse, continuously decreases; in Novorossiysk its height decreases to 600 m, and in the Anapa region it turns into a plain. As the mountain range descends, northeastern winds penetrate the coast more and more, their speed increases and in the Novorossiysk region they reach storm speed, especially in the cold half of the year. Therefore, the climate of this area, along with well-defined coastal features, bears clearly pronounced signs of continental, intensifying to the north-west: the amount decreases from 1100 mm (Dzhubga) to 750 mm (); The duration of sunshine increases to 2400 hours per year. Subtropical vegetation disappears and is replaced by temperate vegetation. Winter is mild, damp and windy. Temperatures in January range from 2.6°C (Dzhubga) to 1.8°C (Anapa), humidity on average 80%, cloudiness low 50%. Summer is sunny, very warm, in July the air temperature ranges from 22.6°C to 23.4°C. The hot weather observed in this area is relatively easily tolerated due to low humidity and sea breezes, and there is little precipitation. Autumn is much warmer than spring: September and half of October - best time of the year. Sun and air baths in the open air can be carried out from May to mid-October, when the daytime EET is above 15°C, sea bathing is possible from June to the end of September. In terms of climatic conditions, the entire region represents a resort area for the summer-autumn season. The coast is a wide low-lying coastal strip stretching from Taganrog Bay to the Taman Peninsula. Most of it is occupied by floodplains and estuaries of the river delta. Kuban and only in the northern part of the region the North Caucasus steppes reach the Sea of Azov. There is a resort located in the Azov region. In this area, the average annual temperature is 10 - 11 ° C, relative humidity 76 - 79%, low cloud cover 30 - 35%, wind speed 5 - 6 m/sec, sunshine duration 2400-2100 hours/year, precipitation amount from 450 up to 500 mm. Summer is sunny, very warm - in July the average temperature is 24.1 ° C (Temryuk) - up to 21.6 ° C (Yeysk), humid in the south - 72% and less humid in the north - 66%, low cloudiness - 10 - 15%, significant wind speed - from 4 to 5.5 m/s. Winter is moderately mild, rainy, damp, and windy. January temperature is from 1.1°C (Temryuk) to 3.7°C (Yeysk), low cloudiness - from 24% in the south to 60% in the north. The holiday season lasts from late April to mid-October. The period favorable for EET air baths begins in May and ends at the end of September. The season favorable for swimming in the sea is from mid-May to the end of September. This entire area is promising for organizing seaside resorts in the summer and autumn. Coast of the Caspian Sea. The resort area of the western coast of the Caspian Sea is located on the territory of Dagestan from the city of Makhachkala to the river. Samur. The climate of this area is formed under the general predominant influence of the semi-desert surrounding the Caspian Sea, with its characteristic continental climate and the local direct influence of the Caspian Sea. Average annual temperature 12°C, relative humidity 75 - 78%, wind speed from 3.2 in the south (Derbent) to 6 m/s in the north (Makhachkala), annual quantity precipitation 355 - 400 mm, duration of sunshine from 1900 hours (Derbent) to 2000 hours (Makhachkala). Summer is sunny, very warm (July 24 - 25°C), moderately humid (62%), low cloud cover (20 - 26%), wind speed from 5 m/s (Makhachkala) to 2.8 m/s (Derbent ). Air baths, according to EET, can be carried out from May to September, sea bathing - from mid-May to early October. The data presented show that the resort areas of the three seas are in different climatic conditions: on the coast of the Caspian Sea the features of a continental climate are clearly expressed, on the Black Sea coast there are humid subtropics. The climate of the Black Sea coast in the cold half of the year is warmer and drier, and in the summer, on the contrary, it is colder and more humid than in the Caspian lowland. In summer, tropical humid conditions that are unfavorable for humans are often observed on the Black Sea coast. Therefore, the climate of the Primorsky Lowland of Dagestan is more favorable in summer and more severe in winter than on the Black Sea coast. This area is favorable for the development of resort construction.
Mountain climatic resorts of the South of Russia. Of the wide variety of climates in the North Caucasus, the mid-mountain region stands out for its exceptionally favorable climate for humans. In this area there are first-class climatic resorts: Teberda, Tsey, etc. Natural conditions and the relief of the mid-mountain region is characterized by great diversity: the entire territory, stretching from southeast to northwest along the northern slope of the Caucasus Range, consists of mountain ranges dissected by gorges and river valleys. The advanced mountain range (Pasture Range), separating the mid-mountain region and part of the low-mountain region (above 800 m) from the foothills of the Caucasus, protects this territory from unfavorable winds - cold in winter, accompanied by fog, ice and frost, and hot and dry in summer. The mid-mountain region of the North Caucasus is characterized by high purity and transparency of the air, increased intensity of solar radiation with a relatively high content of biologically active UV radiation, long duration of sunshine (Bermamyt 2350 hours), a large number clear days with low clouds (142, Teberda 134), moderate humidity (70%), weak winds from 1.7 m/sec (Arkhyz) to 2.4 m/sec (Kislovodsk). In the mid-mountain region, climatic conditions vary depending on altitude, relief, vegetation, etc. With increasing altitude, air pressure decreases from 992 mb at an altitude of 890 m (Kislovodsk) to 810 mb (Usengi 1900 m), the air temperature decreases on average by 0.4 - 0.5°C per 100 m. The average annual temperature, depending on the height, varies from 3.3°C (Usengi) to 8.0°C. Local mountain-valley winds are observed in the valleys. Winter is especially favorable in this area - relatively warm, sunny with little rain, and windless. IN winter period Inversion phenomena and hair dryers are often observed. In January, air temperature varies from -1°С (Gunib) to -5.2°С (Arkhyz), cloudiness from 12% (Gunib) to 31% (Arkhyz), wind speed from 1.9 m/s to 2. 5 m/s (Teberda). The amount of precipitation is from 10 mm to 60 mm (Arkhyz). Summer's climatic conditions are less favorable than winter - in July the air temperature varies from 19°C (Kislovodsk) to 13°C in the highest places (Arkhyz), relative humidity is moderate - 70 - 80%, low cloudiness is low - about 40 %, often observed rains fall in the form of short-term downpours, mainly in the afternoon, weak winds of 1 - 2 m/s. Spring is the windiest time of the year, with unstable and sharp temperature fluctuations, frequent precipitation and significant cloudiness. Autumn is sunny, dry, windless, air humidity is moderate. Autumn is the most favorable time of the year. Due to exceptionally favorable winter climatic conditions, the mid-mountain region is an area of winter climatic resorts. This area is promising for organizing mountain climatic resorts everywhere.
Resorts of the Caspian semi-desert. The territory of this area is a lowland adjacent to the Caspian Sea in the northwest. This entire vast area is a completely flat semi-desert and lies below sea level from 0 to 29 m. The landscape of this area is a saline-clay steppe with wormwood-cereal vegetation. The climate of the region is continental, dry with moderately cold winters and hot summers, strong winds and low precipitation: from 186 mm per year in the east to 300 mm in the west, average annual temperature from 8 - 9 ° C in the north to 10 - 11 ° C in the south, relative humidity 60 - 64%, cloudiness in winter and little cloudiness in summer, wind speed is 5 - 6 m/s. Winter is cold, air temperature in January is 9 - 10°C in the north, and 3 - 4°C in the south; relative humidity is very high, on average 86 - 88%, fog is observed with eastern winds, low clouds are 57 - 76%, wind speed is from 3 to 5 m/s. Summer is sunny, very dry, hot: the average temperature in July is 23 - 27 ° C, relative humidity is low 45 - 55%, cloudiness is slight 18 - 23%, rain falls in small quantities and only in the form of short showers, wind speed 3 - 5 m /With. A characteristic feature of the summer season are dry winds and, less commonly, dust storms. Spring is short, initially with cold, wet, unstable weather, soon turning into summer, dry and warm weather. In the first half of autumn, cloudiness and humidity increase, fogs appear, and already at the end of September the first frosts are observed. The warm period, favorable for climate therapy, begins in the second ten days of April and ends in the second ten days of September. During this period the weather is very hot. The beginning of this period is the end of May, the end is the second ten days of September. EET, favorable for air baths, continues from the first ten days of April until the beginning of October. The period of hot weather, when the daytime EET is above 22°C, lasts from mid-June to the end of August. Resorts can be established here to treat certain diseases that require a hot and dry climate.
