Which batteries provide better heating in an apartment? Which heating batteries are best to choose for an apartment?

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Rare cases of installing new batteries are invariably accompanied by the question, which heating radiator is better? There are several selection criteria: material of manufacture, design, what heating system the batteries are designed for. Studying the characteristics of various heating devices will help you navigate a wide range of products.

Types of radiators

The choice of radiators for heating an apartment is a multifaceted issue. The monotony of cast iron batteries is a thing of the past; now the market is saturated with products made from different materials that differ in design, shape and color. Of course, exclusive designer models will cost much more. But first of all, the performance characteristics of the batteries deserve attention, and only then their appearance and organic perception in the interior of the apartment.

Depending on the material of manufacture, heating radiators are divided into the following types:

• cast iron;
• aluminum;
• bimetallic, where the aluminum outer part has a steel coating inside;
• steel;
• copper.

The manufacturing material determines the quality parameters of the batteries. The operating pressure of radiators is a key criterion that people pay attention to when choosing.

Among the main indicators:

• heat capacity;
• heat transfer coefficient;
• period of operation;
• resistance to mechanical stress.

Among the entire assortment, as always, there are sales leaders and outsiders. The combination of quality characteristics and cost determines the popularity of a particular type of battery for heating an apartment.

The form of heating is another factor influencing the choice of material. A centralized heat supply system does not guarantee high quality coolant, so it is better to avoid aluminum models in an apartment. If the room is equipped with autonomous heating, there are no restrictions on the choice of material; aluminum appliances, on the contrary, come to the fore.

The design of heating devices also matters. All radiators are conventionally divided into two large groups - sectional and panel. The first option allows for the possibility of adjusting the number of sections. The second group is divided into tubular and panel heating devices.

When choosing a shape, preference is given to streamlined models. Sharp corners are especially avoided if children live in the apartment. The method of connection to the general heating system also matters. There are bottom, side and universal connections. Typically, modern radiators provide the opportunity to choose any connection method.

Traditionally, heating radiators are chosen in white. But this element of the interior can be accentuated if you choose a non-standard bright model. From an operational point of view, the most profitable are black batteries, the heat transfer of which is a quarter higher than their light counterparts. But such an element in the design of an apartment is not always appropriate, so it is better to focus on your own taste.

When purchasing a heating radiator, it is advisable to pay attention to the environmental friendliness of the materials used in production. The absence of formaldehyde on the internal elements and the surface with high-quality polymer coating are the best option for installation in an apartment.

A detailed description of each type will help you make your own choice.

Characteristics of cast iron batteries

The heating system of the old housing stock was equipped exclusively with cast iron radiators. Therefore, a standard picture of several white sections is imprinted in the memory of every inhabitant of the apartment. Modern battery models look much more aesthetically pleasing in an apartment. But at the same time, cast iron has not changed its characteristics, retaining all the advantages and disadvantages of the material.

Let's consider the advantages of cast iron batteries, why the builders of Soviet apartments loved them so much:

• Durability. Cast iron radiators can serve for 40 years without repairing breakdowns. Batteries made from other materials cannot boast of such indicators.
• Reliability. Cast iron batteries can withstand a working pressure of 25-30 atm, when the average varies within 16 atm.
• High heat capacity. Cast iron takes a long time to warm up and cools down slowly. The residual heat retention rate is 30%, which is 2 times more than in products made of aluminum or steel.
• The material is resistant to corrosion processes; at a water pH level of 7-9 units, the integrity of the radiators is maintained for the period declared by the manufacturer.
• Cast iron batteries are suitable for apartments with central heating, where there is low-quality coolant saturated with foreign impurities.
• Standard cast iron radiators are inexpensive and available to a wide range of consumers. The exorbitant cost is found on designer models, where the price of one battery reaches 1000 euros, and taking into account the shut-off valves, all of 1250 euros.

The good performance characteristics of cast iron radiators are accompanied by a number of disadvantages:

• heavy weight;
• prolonged heating of the metal;
• uninteresting appearance.

Comment! The large weight of cast iron radiators creates problems during transportation, during loading, unloading and installation of heating devices.

But, despite the negative aspects, the need for cast iron batteries remains. People are accustomed to trusting quality that has been tested for decades. And the standard configuration has been replaced by new stylish models that do not spoil the interior of the apartment. Coating the surface at the factory with a special protective paint eliminates the need for regular painting of radiators directly in the apartment.

The convenience of sectional models is the ability to expand radiators. Their number is determined taking into account the following factors:

• apartment area;
• number and size of window openings;
• Number of doors;
• climate zone of the region.

Comparative characteristics of cast iron batteries are given in the table below:

There are models where wall mounting is not required; the battery is equipped with stylish legs. Cast iron products are rarely chosen for apartments with autonomous heating, since the ability to quickly adjust the temperature is offset by the material’s ability to cool slowly.

Aluminum products

The topic of which heating radiators are best for apartments is continued by aluminum products. Perhaps this is the only material that is not suitable for rooms with central heating. If the apartment is equipped with an autonomous system, then installing an aluminum battery would be appropriate.

The reason lies in the characteristics of the material. Aluminum is thin in nature and is therefore susceptible to corrosion. Due to the low quality of water in the heating system, after 6-7 years there is a possibility of the radiator failing. Where there is no problem of impurities in the coolant, aluminum heating devices will become a worthy element of the apartment’s interior.

What is useful to know if the choice fell on installing aluminum heating radiators in an apartment:

• The service life, provided that it is filled with high-quality coolant, is 20-25 years. The pH level of the water should not exceed 5-6 units.
• The operating pressure declared by the manufacturer is 15-20 atm, although in practice the figure is usually limited to 12 atm.
• Conical shut-off valves are the best choice when installing aluminum heating radiators in an apartment. Attention! Copper, steel and brass fittings are not suitable for installing aluminum products in an apartment heating system. Otherwise there is a risk of corrosion.
• Light weight is an undoubted advantage of aluminum batteries. Transportation, unloading and installation are not difficult. The process can be organized by one person.
• If the radiator is connected to the central heating system, be sure to install a Mayevsky valve for manual air release.
• Aluminum has the lowest inertia, so the batteries have high heat transfer, which varies between 200-210 W per 1 section.
• One section contains 0.4-0.45 liters of water. The usual operating temperature for radiators is in the range of 70-80°C, the maximum limit is 90°C.
• A wide range of radiators is presented in models with a height of 25, 35 and 50 cm. If desired, you can order copies with a height of 70 and 80 cm.

The production of aluminum heating batteries is carried out in two ways: extrusion and casting. The choice of technology significantly affects the quality characteristics of radiators.

Budget items are produced using the extrusion method. It is based on recycled aluminum alloy and silicon additives. The presence of additional impurities worsens the performance of heating radiators. The material becomes more brittle and susceptible to corrosion damage.

Casting ensures each section of the aluminum battery is perfectly sealed. The working pressure of such products is higher. The smooth surface of the heating device makes cleaning easier.

When performing a comparative characterization of the quality of heating radiators, those with anode coating are in the lead. The oxidized anode increases the resistance of products to corrosion processes, so low-quality coolant does not pose a threat to them. In this case, the working pressure increases to 20-25 atm. Externally, anode heating radiators are no different from ordinary products made by casting, but their cost is incomparably higher. A quality certificate and passport are evidence of the special coating. It is better to purchase such batteries for heating in an apartment at trusted sales points.

Comparative characteristics of aluminum heating radiators from various manufacturers are shown in the table:

Types of steel radiators

The production of steel radiators is made from low-carbon steel. Special enamel creates a good protective layer on the surface, preventing damage from aggressive mechanical and chemical influences.

Advice! When purchasing, pay attention to the uniform application of the protective layer of paint. Poorly treated areas are susceptible to corrosion.

The consumer is offered tubular and panel models of steel radiators to choose from.

Panel

The heating device consists of two ribbed plates made by casting. There is a sealed circuit inside. The coolant moves along the circuit, providing heating in the apartment. The ribbed surface of the radiator panels promotes efficient heat transfer. The thermal conductivity of steel is equivalent to cast iron, but due to the thin walls of the batteries, heating takes less time.

Main characteristics of panel-type steel batteries:

Type 10 is characterized by maximum simplicity. But its heat transfer efficiency is extremely low due to the lack of a convector. The cost of the product is also low.

Steel models vary in size. Depending on the size of the apartment for heating, you can choose batteries with a height of 20 to 90 cm, a length of 40 cm to 3 m. When considering the question of how to choose a radiator, the type of connection is not ignored. Steel appliances have a side or bottom version.

Despite the numerous advantages of steel panel heating radiators, there are also certain negative aspects:

• It is better not to install small-sized structures in an apartment with autonomous heating. A small volume of coolant provokes frequent shutdowns of the boiler, which will increase energy consumption. With central heating, the dimensions of the batteries are not particularly important.
• If the inner surface of radiators does not have a protective layer, there is a risk of corrosion due to damage from abrasive particles that are found in low-quality coolant.

The installation of a panel radiator with a bottom connection for heating an apartment is shown in the photo:

Tubular

The design consists of several pipes, hermetically connected to each other by welding. Unlike cast iron radiators, tubular steel models cannot be expanded or individual sections removed. The operating pressure of the batteries is only 8-10 atm, so it is better to equip the heating device with a reducer that smoothes out pressure drops.

Important! A significant advantage of tubular radiators compared to panel models is their greater resistance to abrasive substances and corrosion processes.

A wide range of tubular steel batteries allows you to select a product that best suits the area of ​​your apartment, taking into account the number and size of windows. Manufacturing options:

• the height of tubular radiators varies from 20 to 60 cm;
• depth from 10 to 25 cm;
• the length is selected based on the power requirement of the heating radiators.

The numerous advantages of steel batteries are accompanied by an acceptable cost of the products. Transportation and installation are not difficult. Low coolant requirements allow installation in an apartment with centralized heating.

A comparative table of models from well-known brands will help you understand which radiator is best to install in your own apartment:

Bimetallic specimens

Bimetallic radiators are considered a practical symbiosis of steel and aluminum heating devices. Combining the advantages of two materials, they are excellent for heating an apartment with centralized heating. The only obstacle may be the high cost of the products.

A striking representative of functional heating devices are models from the Stoup brand. Main performance characteristics of radiators:

• working pressure reaches 100 atmospheres;
• withstand coolant temperatures up to 135°C;
• the manufacturer provides a 10-year warranty;
• models include batteries with a number of sections from 4 to 14, which allows you to choose the best option for an apartment of any size.

Radiators are produced from steel and aluminum with the addition of silicon compounds, which improves the technical properties of heating devices. The internal structure of the structure is shown in the photo below:

Comment! In some models, the steel core is replaced with a copper one, which is especially valuable for autonomous heating, where there is a need to add antifreeze to the system.

Advantages of bimetallic radiators for heating an apartment:

• Ribbed panels increase heat transfer efficiency.
• Low weight facilitates the installation procedure.
• The smooth surface is easy to clean; dust practically does not accumulate on it.
• The internal protective layer prevents damage to the coolant by abrasive particles and prevents the development of corrosion.

The strength and reliability of bimetallic radiators is especially valuable in apartments with central heating. According to manufacturers, the service life reaches half a century. The table presents comparative characteristics of individual models of bimetallic radiators:

Copper batteries

The high cost of copper radiators is the main reason for the low demand for such heating devices for apartments. The technical characteristics of the products are not inferior to bimetallic and aluminum batteries. Among the undeniable advantages of copper models:

• The efficiency is 5 times higher than that of cast iron batteries. Fast heating takes place with minimal energy consumption.
• High strength. The working pressure reaches 20-25 atmospheres. This indicator is always important for apartments with a centralized heating system.
• Ideal for regions with harsh climates, it can withstand coolant temperatures up to 140°C.
• A copper radiator is resistant to antifreeze, so it is often chosen for autonomous heating.
• Long period of operation. This indicator is not inferior to cast iron and bimetallic batteries.

In addition to the high price, among the negative aspects is the need to connect the heating system exclusively to copper pipes.

Conclusion

Each of the presented types of radiators has undeniable advantages and some disadvantages. Steel and aluminum heating devices lead among competitors due to their high technical characteristics combined with an affordable price. The choice of batteries takes into account the area of ​​the apartment. What matters is the operating pressure that the device can withstand and its resistance to negative influence factors.

2018-09-26

An important link in any heating system is the radiator, which is installed in each of the heated rooms. It is this device that is responsible for how comfortable living conditions will be created in your apartment or private house.

Unfortunately, not every sales consultant will provide you with adequate assistance in choosing, so let’s figure it out one by one: how to choose the right heating battery so that it heats well, looks beautiful and doesn’t “bite” at the price? So it’s not easy to answer this question right away - you need to take into account many nuances. We will tell you how to avoid basic mistakes.

Comparative characteristics of heating radiators

On the heating equipment market, heating radiators are represented by products that differ from each other both in design and in materials of manufacture. When choosing them, you can use the table of comparative characteristics of the most popular heating devices. The manufacturer indicates data on a specific model in the technical data sheet.

Comparative table of modern heating radiators

Very often, when choosing, the main criteria are price and appearance. Undoubtedly, these points are very important. And yet they should not be decisive. First of all, you should pay attention to compatibility with the heating system in terms of parameters such as the type of coolant. Equally important is the corrosion resistance and durability of the radiator. Ultimately, making the right choice will save you money, time and stress. Next, we will consider the features of each type.

Aluminum radiators have a stylish, interesting design and do not require special care during operation.

High heat transfer is combined with low weight, convenient sectional design and excellent performance. If we consider that these factors are complemented by ease of installation and elegant design, then it is not difficult to understand the reasons for the popularity of products made of aluminum alloys when arranging individual heating systems.

Comparative table of aluminum heating radiators of the most popular brands

When choosing an aluminum radiator, one should not forget that such equipment places higher demands on the quality of the coolant (water). Water with a high alkaline content causes metal corrosion, and the chemical reactions that occur during this process lead to gas formation. As a result, the service life of radiators is reduced and the risk of intersections increases. For this reason, you should abandon cheap Chinese-made products in favor of products from well-known European manufacturers.

The likelihood of intersectional leaks is virtually reduced to zero in the design of aluminum radiators from the STOUT brand. The equipment is produced at the Italian GLOBAL plant, heating devices are adapted for operating conditions in Russia. The working pressure of each radiator is 16 atmospheres, they are suitable for working with antifreeze and have a 10-year warranty from the manufacturer. Modern design in Italian traditions will fit into any interior, and the increased heat radiation area will increase indoor comfort.

According to statistics, aluminum radiators have almost the same service life as steel ones - no more than 25 years, while bimetallic batteries can be used for 30-35 years, and cast iron products easily survive the half-century mark.

The destruction of aluminum radiators most often occurs due to poor water quality and exceeding the permissible pressure in the system

Steel radiators

Like other heating equipment with open welds, they require stable coolant pressure. For this reason, they are most often used for installation in private homes and other buildings with autonomous heating. In this case, the closed heating circuit helps slow down oxidative processes, and also does not suffer from constant contamination of the coolant with alkali and other aggressive impurities. When using purified water and regularly monitoring the pressure, steel radiators do not require replacement for 20 years or more.

Technical characteristics of steel radiators from famous European manufacturers

When installing steel radiators in buildings with central heating, you should be aware of the danger of water hammer and low quality coolant. Sudden pressure changes and water containing salts and alkali reduce the battery life by more than half. In this case, you should not expect the equipment to last more than 10 years.

Such deposits in the central heating pipe indicate severe contamination of the coolant with impurities - it is better not to use steel radiators in this case.

You can find two types of steel radiators on sale:

• tubular,
• panel.

The advantages of the former stem from a simple and reliable design, which resembles a ladder of parallel vertical tubes.

Tubular radiators are experiencing a second youth, being the object of attention of designers and lovers of modern trends in the interior.

Tubular radiators are more resistant to water hammer than panel radiators. Their design allows for the implementation of any wiring scheme and arbitrary placement in space. The range of tubular batteries includes both monolithic and sectional models, from which you can easily assemble a battery of the required power. The simple manufacturing technology is reflected in the affordable cost, and the appearance of the radiator from many vertical elements provides a wide field for design research. Unpretentious at first glance, tubular radiators are not so bad in practice, if you write your opinion about it in the comments, we’ll be happy to discuss?

The flat, smooth surfaces of panel radiators make maintenance much easier. That's why housewives love them so much

To manufacture panel radiators, steel zigzag plates are used, which are spot welded to each other. The cavities formed in this case serve as channels through which the coolant circulates. To increase heat transfer, manufacturers complicate the design by assembling a radiator from three panels. The downside of this improvement is that the structure becomes heavier - the weight of multilayer steel heat exchangers approaches that of cast iron.

To manufacture a panel radiator, profile steel plates are used, the space between which acts as the water circuit of the heat exchanger

As you can see for yourself, the advantages of panel radiators, such as low price and attractive appearance, are overshadowed by the disadvantages of low performance. Most often, these heating devices are chosen for undemanding heating systems in the budget category.

The appearance of copper radiators is suitable only for fans of industrial design, which is why manufacturers complete heating devices with decorative screens made of wood and other materials.

A pipe with a diameter of up to 28 mm is complemented by copper or aluminum fins and decorative protection made of solid wood, thermoplastics or composite materials. This option provides efficient heating of the room due to the unique heat transfer of non-ferrous metals. By the way, in terms of thermal conductivity, copper is more than 2 times ahead of aluminum, and steel and cast iron - 5-6 times. Possessing low inertia, a copper battery provides quick heating of the room and allows the use of temperature control equipment.

In terms of its thermal conductivity, copper is second only to silver, far ahead of other metals

The inherent ductility of copper, corrosion resistance and the ability to come into contact with contaminated coolant without harm allows the use of copper batteries in apartments of high-rise buildings. It is noteworthy that after 90 hours of operation, the inner surface of the copper radiator is covered with an oxide film, which further protects the heater from interaction with aggressive substances. Copper radiators have only one drawback - they are too expensive.

Comparative table of technical characteristics of copper and copper-aluminum radiators

Plastic radiators

At the moment, heating radiators are made entirely of plastic, a kind of know-how. Russian engineers in Skolkovo are also working on this type of heater. Contrary to popular belief, in terms of reliability, plastic radiators are close to metal products, and in terms of corrosion resistance, they have no equal. Products made from thermoplastics have high mechanical strength, good thermal conductivity and wear resistance. Plastic radiators are not very heavy, so they are easy to transport and install.

For those who doubt the thermophysical properties of plastic, we recommend that you remember the contours of water-heated floors made of cross-linked polypropylene. Its thermal conductivity is lower than that of rigid thermoplastics, and, nevertheless, this does not prevent the use of plastic pipes to build reliable and efficient underfloor heating systems.

Simplicity of manufacture and, as a result, low cost make thermoplastic batteries an excellent offer for those who have set themselves the task of saving money. A significant disadvantage of plastic heat exchangers is that they can only be used in systems with a stable pressure of up to 3 atm and a coolant temperature not higher than 80 °C. For this reason, the promotion of plastic batteries in our market is difficult.

Electric radiators

In addition to the heating devices discussed above, there are others - those that do not require connection to the heating system. You probably already guessed that we are talking about.

Modern electric radiators combine high efficiency, reliability and safety.

Depending on the design, there are several types of heat exchangers operating from the electrical network:

• oil radiators;
• convectors;
• infrared devices.

The design of the oil radiator most closely resembles a traditional heating battery. Mineral oil is used as a coolant, and heating is carried out by a tubular electric heater (TEH). The closed design contributes to fire safety and mobility of the device, and the oil heater does not burn oxygen and dust. The disadvantages include bulkiness, low efficiency and the possibility of getting burned when touching a metal surface.

Oil radiators differ from traditional heating batteries in their mobility - if necessary, they can be easily moved from place to place

Electric convectors also use heating due to ohmic losses, only their design uses an air heating element rather than a liquid one. Thanks to their closed design, heaters of this type have the same advantages as oil radiators. As for the design, it is optimized so that the device uses convection as efficiently as possible. The only disadvantage of a convector is low mobility - most often such devices are intended for stationary use.

Simple design and heat transfer by convection contribute to the reliability and efficiency of electric convectors

Infrared radiators are the most modern type of heating equipment. Unlike any other equipment, their design is based on the principle of heat transfer by radiation.

The principle of operation of infrared radiators is borrowed from the Sun - it is not the air in the room that is heated, but reflective objects

By heating not the air, but the surrounding objects, IR heaters are highly efficient and at the same time have the highest efficiency. The only disadvantages of devices that operate similarly to the Sun are their relatively high cost.

Unlike other radiators, infrared devices work most effectively on the ceiling - in this case, the radiation penetrates into the most remote corners of the room

How to determine the optimal radiator size

The dimensions of the radiator affect not only whether the heating device can heat the room to a comfortable temperature, but also the efficiency of the heating system.

When determining the size of the heating radiator, among other factors, you should take into account the width of the window opening and the height of the window sill

The size of the battery is directly related to its thermal power, so the first step is to calculate the heat loss of the room. To do this, the volume in cubic meters is multiplied by 41 W - the amount of heat required to heat 1 cubic meter. m of building located in mid-latitudes. You should add 20% to the desired value - this reserve will not be superfluous when extremely low temperatures occur. Knowing the heat costs that will be needed to maintain a comfortable temperature in the room, you can choose a monolithic battery of the required size or calculate the number of sections of a modular radiator. In the latter case, the resulting figure should be divided by the power of one section.

When determining the number of sections of heating radiators, you can use a special table.

For rooms with non-standard ceilings, a larger heating battery will be required. In this case, a table that takes into account the height of the ceilings will help you determine the number of radiator sections.

The table enlarges when clicked.

It must be remembered that the radiator installed under the window must cover ¾ of the length of the window opening. In this case, cold air will not accumulate near the windows and they will not fog up.

For those who do not want to deal with power calculations, there is a convenient one on our website. All that is needed in this case is to enter the room parameters and the heat transfer of one section of the selected radiator. The program will do all the necessary calculations for you.

To summarize the comparative characteristics of various types of heating devices, we can highlight the following main points:

1. For a centralized open heating network, present in high-rise buildings, as many years ago, a cast iron radiator remains the best option. It is resistant to the poor quality water that circulates through our pipelines and will last for many years. The “accordion” will withstand pressure drops and water hammer, while effectively heating the air in the room. The low price of this type of heating device makes it quite affordable for everyone. However, the high inertness of cast iron will not allow combining such a radiator with a thermostat.
2. A good alternative to a cast iron battery in apartment buildings is a bimetallic battery based on steel with aluminum or copper. Steel has sufficient rigidity and corrosion resistance to withstand water hammer and the unfavorable chemical composition of water in the central system, and aluminum or copper compensate for the less than outstanding heat transfer of steel. However, the high cost does not allow us to say that this will be the best option.
3. For closed heating systems found in private homes, choosing batteries is usually easier - there is no overpressure in the heating system, and the water is treated before it enters the pipeline. Therefore, the optimal type of heating device for a home is aluminum. Its price is affordable, the design is good, and the heat dissipation is high. The low inertness of this will allow it to be used in conjunction with a thermoregulation system.
4. A good alternative to aluminum batteries in conditions of autonomous heat supply is steel radiators. Having lower heat transfer than aluminum, steel heating devices have many advantages - low weight, low inertia, nice design, attractive price.
5. Steel and aluminum batteries are produced primed along the inner plane of the heating element to prevent corrosion from the aggressive coolant environment. Scale and rust particles present in the coolant of open heating systems lead to mechanical destruction of the primer layer inside the devices, so manufacturers recommend using them in closed heating systems of private houses. A copper radiator can be a good option for open centralized systems, but not everyone will be happy with its cost.

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No matter how high-quality batteries are in the apartment, sooner or later there comes a time when they have to be replaced with new devices. And immediately there is a problem - which heating radiators are best to choose for an apartment? Another case when there is a desire to install new batteries is if the apartment has had old cast-iron “accordions” for a long time, which do not want to fit into the interior created by the owners.

The modern market offers a wide range of radiator models made from various materials and having a completely aesthetic appearance. Comparing the design of modern appliances with rough cast-iron radiators or inefficient and low-quality convectors that were previously installed in apartments, of course, you want to see such new items in your possessions.

Radiator selection criteria

It is necessary to approach the choice of modern radiators with all responsibility, since not all of their varieties are suitable for installation, for example, in a central heating system. Some types have characteristics that are designed for pure coolant and a certain maximum load, so they simply will not be able to withstand water hammer, which, alas, is not uncommon in our utility networks. Other radiators, on the contrary, in an autonomous heating system will not demonstrate their full potential.

In addition to selecting radiators based on performance indicators, it is necessary to correctly calculate the number of sections in the batteries for each individual room, otherwise their operating efficiency will be very low, and the apartment will not be comfortable enough.

So, the effect of installing new heating devices will be expectedly high if all their operational nuances are taken into account and all recommended technological installation rules are followed.

Today, several different types of radiators are produced, differing in material and design:

1. Cast iron batteries, both old models and improved ones, with an elegant modern or retro design.
2. Steel radiators – tubular and panel.
3. Bimetallic heating devices made from two types of metal.
4. Aluminum of various quality levels.

When choosing batteries for installation in an apartment, you need to consider the following criteria:

• The maximum pressure in the central heating system in the local heating network, and the possible limit for which the radiators you like are designed..
• The maximum temperature and composition of the coolant in the system, as well as the endurance of radiators to these influences.
• Material of manufacture of devices and its main physical characteristics.
• Battery design.
• Required radiator power - based on this parameter, the number and size of sections required for efficient space heating are calculated. These calculations are made based on the recommendations of building codes and regulations, and can be carried out in various ways, which will be discussed later in the article.

To begin with, you can give a small table, which, although briefly, but quite informatively characterizes the main types of heating radiators. Well, then let's look at the main types more closely.

Types of radiators	Pressure limits: working (Pb), test pressure (Op), destruction (Pz), bar			Limitation chemical composition coolant by pH (hydrogen indicator)	Corrosive effects: oxygen (Ok), stray currents (Bt), electrolytic vapors (Ep)			Section power at h=500 mm; t=70°С, W	Warranty, years
	RB	Op	Rz		OK	Bt	Ep
tubular or panel steel	6÷10	15	18÷25	6.5÷9	Yes	Yes	weak	85	1
cast iron type MS÷140	10÷12	12÷15	20÷25	6.5÷9	No	No	No	160	10
aluminum	10÷15	15÷30	30÷50	7÷8	No	Yes	Yes	175÷199	3÷10
bimetallic	35	50	75	6.5÷9	Yes	Yes	weak	199	3÷10
anodized aluminum	15÷20	25÷75	100	6.5÷9	No	No	No	216,3	30

Types of heating batteries and their main characteristics

Cast iron radiators

Cast iron radiators are “long-lived”, but do not lose their relevance today, especially since they acquire an elegant appearance and improved characteristics. Batteries of domestic and foreign production are on sale, and there are certain differences between them - more on them later.

• Batteries made from this material have not lost their popularity, despite the fact that other, more modern heating devices have appeared, primarily due to the technical characteristics of cast iron. It is not subject to corrosion, radiators are not afraid of water hammer, as they have fairly thick walls. Another advantage of cast iron over other materials from which radiators are made today is its high heat capacity, that is, the ability to maintain temperature for a long time, even when external heating is turned off.
• It is also positive that cast iron batteries will function perfectly not only in an autonomous system with high-quality coolant and controlled pressure, but also in a central heating system. True, it’s worth mentioning this right away. That it is not advisable to install them in autonomous systems operating with electric boilers - operation may turn out to be too expensive in terms of high energy consumption.
• Cast iron radiators, for example, are quite suitable for installation in an autonomous open-type heating system, where the coolant is inevitably saturated with oxygen. This is not a problem for cast iron - the material is not subject to oxygen corrosion.
• The thick walls of cast iron heating devices not only maintain the temperature of the coolant longer, but also increase the batteries’ resistance to abrasive wear.

• If old batteries had one standard size range, and to properly heat a room it was necessary to select a radiator solely by varying the number of sections, today devices with different power parameters are produced. This expands the possibilities for a comprehensive selection of the necessary radiators, both in terms of the required power and in terms of the design of the premises.
• In order to install old cast iron batteries, it was necessary to drive brackets into the wall, which meant damaging its finish. Modern batteries are produced in both wall-mounted and floor-mounted versions, with reliable legs. The latter are simply installed on the floor near the walls and connected to the heating circuits.

• Many modern models of cast iron radiators do not have to be periodically painted, as was necessary with older battery options. They go on sale ready for installation, and already have a treated and painted surface, which does not need to be refreshed with a layer of paint every year. To care for these devices, you only need a damp soft cloth to wipe off or wipe off dust. You can also notice that the absolutely smooth surfaces of modern batteries are radically different from the rough sections of the old model, so dust practically does not collect on them.

• Some cast iron battery models are produced in very original design styles, which allows them to fit into any interior, be it modern or retro. It is possible to choose heating devices in such a way that they will also become a decorative element of the room’s design, complementing and transforming it.

The main disadvantage of all radiators made of cast iron is their heavy weight. If you plan to hang them on brackets, the latter must be securely fastened to the wall - and not every partition is even able to withstand such a load. In addition, to lift and hang such a battery, you will definitely need an assistant.

Cast iron radiators from domestic and foreign manufacturers

On the Russian market you can find both domestic and imported cast iron radiators. European countries - Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Spain and others - present their products in a fairly large assortment. These products differ significantly from Russian ones in some characteristics:

• Unlike the traditional domestic MS-140 or MS-90, foreign products have smoother, well-processed outer surfaces, and the original retro versions are decorated with castings in the form of floral relief ornaments.

• Imported products have higher thermal power with small dimensions. So, for example, with the same heat transfer, the volume of filling the coolant section of a domestic battery section is 1.3 liters, and that of a Czech-made battery is only 0.8 liters. Therefore, this option will be more compact and neat.
• Foreign products have internal perfectly smooth cavities, which promotes normal coolant circulation, without high hydraulic resistance, and prevents the formation of dirt and scale deposits on the walls of the channels.
• Domestic batteries go on sale with primed surfaces and require painting, while imported ones are immediately ready for installation.

• The “disadvantage” of foreign products is their very high cost, several times higher than the price of Russian-made batteries.

To be fair, it must be said that the production of more modern cast-iron batteries is gradually being established in our country. In addition, excellent cast iron radiators of European quality are also produced in neighboring Belarus at the Minsk Heating Equipment Plant.

Conclusion: For apartment conditions, cast iron radiators are quite suitable, especially when connected to a central heating system, of course, taking into account their characteristic disadvantages.

Prices for cast iron radiators

cast iron radiator

Steel radiators

Modern steel radiators vary both in their design and design. They are usually made in the form of panels or pipes arranged together, which is why such heating devices are called tubular or panel. To understand their design and characteristics, you need to consider each type of battery separately.

Panel steel radiators

Panel radiators consist of two steel sheets, which are given the desired shape by stamping. Then the blanks are welded into a hollow panel and, if necessary, equipped with special convector elements in order to create a vertical directional movement of heated air, thereby forming a kind of thermal curtain against the cold coming from the window.

Painting of such a battery occurs after all the elements are assembled into a common structure. The paint is applied using a special technology that ensures the strength and durability of the coating.

Prices for heating radiators ELSEN

Heating radiators ELSEN

In order for steel batteries to last as long as possible, the protective paint layer must be applied evenly. Therefore, when purchasing this type of device, you need to pay special attention to the coating, since in damaged areas not protected by paint, steel sheets may be susceptible to corrosion.

Panel batteries are designed for coolant having a temperature of up to 85÷95 degrees, as well as for standard pressure created in a centralized heating system.

The number of panels and heat exchange convector “accordions” can be different

This type of heating device usually has its own classification, which is based on the number of panels and convection heat exchangers in the finished assembly. An example is given in the table:

Panel radiators can vary quite a lot not only in the number of panels, that is, in the depth of the structure, but also in other dimensions. Their length can range from 400 to 3000 mm, and their height usually varies from 200 to 900 mm.

In addition, panel batteries are produced with bottom or side connections. The choice for this parameter is made depending on how the heating circuit pipes are routed.

Panel heating radiators have their advantages and disadvantages, which you should definitely familiarize yourself with before making a purchasing decision.

The positive aspects of panel radiators include the following:

• Relative ease of installation of devices in the heating circuit. The radiator has a one-piece design and does not need to be assembled from separate sections.
• Panel radiators tend to warm up quickly. A sufficiently large area of ​​the panel itself and the fins of the convector heat exchangers contributes to effective heat transfer, so the room warms up quite quickly.
• The compact size and aesthetic appearance allow this radiator to fit into almost any interior.
• To fill an autonomous system with panel radiators installed in it, a fairly small amount of coolant will be required.

Panel radiators also have their significant disadvantages, which include the following:

• They are reliable at normal pressure in the central heating system, but are not designed for powerful water hammer, which often occurs when the system is filled with coolant before the start of the heating season. The panels may simply not withstand such a test. Therefore, if they are chosen for installation in an apartment, it is necessary to use a special device to protect against excessive intra-system pressure - a reducer, which will smooth out the load on the panels, taking the blow upon itself.
• The internal surfaces of the panels often do not have an anti-corrosion coating, although they are in direct contact with the coolant, and the durability of their use will depend on its quality. As you know, the coolant in a central heating system is often not of high quality and may contain very active impurities that contribute to metal corrosion. Therefore, as a rule, the panel type of radiator cannot be used in such conditions for a long time, since unprotected steel surfaces are not resistant to aggressive environments.

Based on the above considerations, it follows conclusion that the installation of panel steel radiators in apartment conditions with a central heating system is undesirable.

Tubular steel batteries

Unlike panel radiators, tubular radiators consist of several sections, but “tightly” connected to each other by welding. Therefore, they also do not require assembly, since they are purchased ready-made, representing a complete structure from a certain number of sections. Therefore, in order for heating to be effective, before purchasing such radiators, you need to calculate the required total power required for a specific area, and from these considerations select the optimal model.

Batteries of this type are designed for an internal system pressure of 8–10 atmospheres, so it would be useful to install a reducer, since water hammer when filling the central system with coolant can lead to emergency situations.

Steel radiators have a wall thickness of only 1÷1.5 mm, so the coolant quickly heats them up, and the metal begins to transfer heat to the room. However, it should be noted that thin walls are also the weak point of such batteries, as they are easily susceptible to mechanical damage.

Tubular structures are more resistant to the aggressive environment of low-quality coolant than panel ones, since they usually have an internal protective coating made of polymer materials. Therefore, they are less susceptible to corrosive effects and, accordingly, with normal other system parameters, they can last longer.

Tubular radiators can have very different, sometimes even “unexpected” dimensions. Thus, their height varies from 200 to 2500 mm, depth - from 100 to 250 mm, and width can vary widely depending on the need for total thermal power.

Tubular radiators are produced in a wide variety of design solutions and can be wall-mounted or floor-mounted. Moreover, they are installed either near a wall or window, or even in the middle of the room. For installation in the center of the room, radiators are used with a height equal to the height of the ceiling, taking into account the support legs. This option is used when the room needs to not only be heated, but also divided into separate zones.

• Some radiator designs feature wooden panels mounted on top, essentially creating a bench designed for different needs, depending on the location of the heating device. For example, if it is installed in the hallway, it can be used as a stool for putting on shoes, since it will be comfortable to sit on. In the evening, shoes can be placed on a wooden surface to dry.

Since tubular batteries are produced in a variety of colors and in a variety of, even sometimes unexpected, design delights, they can be matched to any interior design.

The disadvantages of batteries with a tubular design include only two main points, but they are quite serious and negatively affect the efficiency and safety of the apartment heating system:

• Quite low heat transfer leads to increased energy costs if batteries are installed in an autonomous heating system. The design heats up quickly, but also tends to cool quickly, so the heating boiler will operate almost constantly, with short breaks. Conclusion - installing them in the autonomous heating system of a private house is unprofitable.
• The radiator elements are connected by welding, the seams of which will become a weak point if water hammer occurs. Therefore, installing them in an apartment circuit connected to a central heating system is also undesirable. If they are nevertheless chosen because of a suitable design, then it is necessary to install a reducer that will take the load from the sudden pressure drop on itself.

Conclusion from what has been said : Tubular steel batteries, despite their visual appeal, are far from an ideal option. Installing such radiators in an autonomous system will lead to unnecessary energy costs, and in a central heating system - to an increased risk of emergency situations.

Aluminum radiators

Aluminum batteries have an aesthetic appearance, but it must be said right away that their technical characteristics are not very suitable for installation in a central heating system.

For autonomous heating systems, the optimal choice is high-quality aluminum radiators

Aluminum radiators are very popular among homeowners with autonomous heating due to their elegant appearance and high heat output. In an autonomous system with stable pressure and high-quality coolant, aluminum heating devices can last from 15 to 25 years - this is the period that manufacturers usually indicate in the technical data sheet as the minimum.

Radiators are designed for intra-system pressure up to 15 atmospheres and coolant temperature of 80÷90 degrees. They have excellent power (heat dissipation), reaching up to 200÷210 W, and the volume of each battery section is only 450 ml and weighs 1÷1.5 kg. The sections are fastened using a coupling threaded connection.

Aluminum batteries can vary in size. Thus, the standard distance between the lower and upper axis of the radiator can be 500, 350 and 200 mm. If desired, you can find or order devices with a non-standard distance of 700 millimeters or more.

The schematic drawing shows an interaxial connection of 500 mm with a total battery height of 573 mm.

This type of battery is made from an aluminum alloy and silicon additives, which give the metal extra strength, but in two different ways - extrusion and casting.

Prices for aluminum radiators ROMMER AI

Aluminum radiators ROMMER AI

When using casting technology to make parts, each section of the battery is cast separately by filling a special mold with the prepared alloy. This manufacturing technique guarantees tightness of each section.

• Batteries produced by casting technology are designed for heating system pressures of up to 16 atmospheres. During factory tests (pressure testing), the coolant is usually supplied under a higher load, which reaches 25 atmospheres, which indicates that the manufacturer provides consumers with an additional margin of safety for its products. Cast radiators can come in a variety of shapes, but generally they have a smooth outer surface that promotes higher heat transfer.

• The second, manufacturing method, using extrusion technology, consists of molding sections by pressing the melt through special nozzles that set the configuration of the products. As a rule, the raw material used here is the so-called secondary aluminum - a product of scrap processing. The quality of the metal is certainly worse, since the composition of the alloy is not so balanced, and the presence of impurities cannot be ruled out. Such aluminum turns out to be more brittle and more susceptible to oxygen corrosion.

The finished sections are assembled into a common structure, which during operation cannot be increased by extension or reduced - a ready-assembled battery arrives from the factory, which is a finished product. Such radiators also cannot be repaired - this should be taken into account when planning a purchase. Conditions of high pressure in the system, poor-quality coolant, and the likelihood of water hammer are clearly not for such radiators. True, the price for such heat exchange devices is significantly lower than for cast ones.

• Another type of radiator is produced from aluminum, but with a high degree of purification of the raw materials and with anodic oxidation of surfaces. They are often called anodic. During the production of the original alloy, aluminum changes its structure several times - this process is carried out to achieve maximum resistance of the material to any type of corrosion. Therefore, such batteries are not afraid of the aggressive environment of any coolant.

Anode radiator sections are manufactured using injection molding technology and then assembled using threaded couplings and reliable seals. Such products can, if necessary, be disassembled, for example, to remove a damaged section, or built up to obtain the required total thermal power.

The internal surfaces of the batteries, made of anodized aluminum, are perfectly smooth, which promotes unhindered coolant circulation. The working pressure of such radiators is much higher than that of conventional aluminum ones, and can reach up to 20–25 atmospheres.

Externally, anode batteries do not differ from ordinary aluminum ones, but their cost is much higher. Therefore, when purchasing this version of radiators, it is imperative to check the product data sheet, which is always attached to such high-quality products.

All aluminum batteries have common pros and cons, which you also need to know if you decide to choose this type for installation in an apartment.

So, the advantages of aluminum radiators include the following qualities:

• High heat dissipation.
• Light weight, which significantly simplifies the stages of transportation and installation work.
• A variety of sizes from which you can choose the one you need.
• Aesthetic appearance, allowing you to “introduce” such radiators into the interior of any style.
• Relative safety of operation. When hitting flat and smooth aluminum surfaces, it is more difficult to get injured than, for example, angular cast iron batteries - this quality is especially important if small children live in the apartment.
• Aluminum batteries work well with thermostatic devices - this allows you to accurately regulate the temperature. This quality is especially important if an autonomous heating system is created in the apartment, since thermoregulation devices for radiators help save on energy consumption.

The following factors are considered to be the negative aspects of these heating devices:

• High risk of gas formation in the internal channels of the structure (applies to conventional, non-anodized aluminum batteries, cast or extruded).
• Possible leakage at the connection of sections without the possibility of repair - for extrusion radiators made of recycled aluminum.
• Heat concentration in the area of ​​the fins of the device elements.

Some possible problems that arise during the operation of aluminum batteries can be circumvented. For example, in order to prevent gases from accumulating inside the structure, it is recommended to install a special air vent on each radiator.

General conclusion: If aluminum batteries are installed in an apartment with an autonomous heating system, then any will be suitable, based on the financial capabilities of the owners and taking into account all the listed disadvantages. If the apartment is connected to central heating networks, it is recommended to choose exclusively radiators made of anodized aluminum - it is more resistant to aggressive environments, elevated temperatures, and pressure drops in the system.

Bimetallic radiators

Bimetallic radiators are now the most popular of all types of modern batteries, second perhaps only to traditional cast-iron batteries.

These heating devices are produced according to a combined principle - they are assembled from parts made from two different materials, which, in fact, is clear from the name. Thus, the outer part of the battery is made of aluminum, which has maximum heat transfer, and the internal channels for coolant circulation are made of high-quality steel alloy that is not subject to corrosion. Aluminum external surfaces have a protective enamel coating, which gives the radiators an aesthetic appearance.

Of course, if you plan to purchase a non-separable radiator, which is a one-piece structure, then divide by the specific power of the section Pc- is not necessary, that is, this part is simply excluded from the formula. The resulting value will show what total radiator power is needed for a given room.

However, these formulas will only be valid for standard average statistical conditions. Therefore, when calculating a radiator based on the area or volume of a room, it is important to take into account correction factors, which are determined by the minimum winter temperature in the region of residence, the location of the room, the quality of wall insulation, the number and type of windows, and the presence of a door to the street or balcony. Moreover, even the location of the batteries and the pattern of their insertion into the heating circuit can be of considerable importance for calculating the thermal power.

There is probably no point in listing all the correction factors and presenting a rather cumbersome calculation formula in this article. It is better to invite the reader to use a convenient calculator, which already contains the basic dependencies.

Calculator for calculating the required thermal power of heating radiators

To make a calculation, it will be enough to provide the requested data. The calculator will allow you to determine the number of sections of the selected type of radiator. If the calculation is made only to determine the total thermal power required for high-quality heating of the room (for example, to select non-separable models of steel or aluminum batteries), then the field with the requested specific rated power of one section is left blank.

Heating radiators are usually used as heating devices in apartments and private houses, and the first question that arises when installing heating systems is which batteries are best to install in the apartment? The answer to this question depends on many factors, and in order to thoroughly understand it, it is necessary to consider the design features and operating conditions of all types of radiators currently on the market.

Today there are four most popular types of radiators:

• Cast iron;
• Aluminum;
• Steel;
• Bimetallic.

Based on the differences in shape and material, each type of radiator has its own characteristics, and it is these that determine their use.

Cast iron radiators

The familiar bulky cast iron batteries painted with paint are becoming a thing of the past. They are being replaced in stores by modern varieties of cast iron radiators, which have not only an attractive appearance, but also reliability, proven over decades.

Features of cast iron radiators:

• Working pressure from 6 to 10 atm., test pressure – up to 18 atm.;
• Can work in systems with any pipes;
• Can be used for a long time in central heating systems with a pH value of 7-9;
• The sectional structure allows you to select the required number of sections, and in case of reconstruction, add or remove them.

Cast iron radiators have a number of advantages. They are slightly susceptible to corrosion - as a result of the initial interaction with water, a black insoluble precipitate is formed on their inner surface, which prevents the penetration of oxygen dissolved in water to the metal. When properly used, the destruction of cast iron pipes from the inside occurs extremely slowly. The outside of the radiators are covered with durable paint and are reliably protected from destruction. Cast iron radiators have extremely low gas formation, they do not bubble, and do not require constant bleeding of air.

One of the main disadvantages of cast iron batteries is their heavy weight, which makes their installation difficult. The disadvantages of cast iron radiators also include inertia - cast iron heats up slowly and cools down slowly, so quickly regulating the air temperature in a room with cast iron radiators is impossible.

Steel radiators

Steel radiators have the shape of a ribbed plate, inside of which there is a hermetically sealed circuit filled with coolant. The large area of ​​the radiators and the ribbed shape of the surface provide good heat transfer and warm air convection conditions. The material is steel, it has almost the same thermal conductivity as cast iron, but the wall thickness of steel batteries is smaller, so they warm up faster. Steel radiators are designed for operating pressure from 6 to 10 atm.

Advantages of steel radiators:

• The shape and appearance allow steel radiators to successfully fit into any modern interior;
• Steel radiators, like cast iron ones, with proper water treatment in centralized heating systems last 15-25 years;
• Can be used in systems with any pipes. Both in single-pipe and double-pipe;
• They have a low price and are easy to install.

Before installing steel radiators, it is necessary to do this - a closed loop does not allow them to be expanded and the thermal characteristics to be changed.

Under high pressure conditions, steel panel radiators may lose their seal. Therefore, you should not use them in houses with more than 5 floors - the system in them is designed for a pressure of more than 6-8 atmospheres.

Aluminum radiators

Aluminum radiators have a neat, compact and modern appearance; they are also sold in the form of stacked sections, so you can choose the optimal number of them, determined by calculation. The height of aluminum radiators also varies, so they can be placed in convenient places in the room. The working pressure of aluminum radiators is from 6 to 12 atm, test pressure is up to 25 atm.

The advantages of aluminum radiators are obvious:

• Have a modern appearance;
• Heat dissipation is high compared to other radiators and can reach 200 W per section;
• Aluminum radiators are much lighter than other types of batteries, making them easy to install;
• You can select the required number of sections;
• On the outside they are protected with a polymer coating that protects the radiators from damage.

The main disadvantage of aluminum radiators is that they can only be used for a long time in closed systems with strict control of the pH of the coolant. In this case, pipes and fittings made of other metals cannot be used. Aluminum is an extremely reactive metal, and when interacting with copper and brass, it forms a galvanic couple, which can cause electrochemical corrosion and the appearance of surface currents. Therefore, to implement coolant supply systems to aluminum radiators, it is better to use plastic pipes and ground the radiators themselves.

In addition, upon contact with fresh, oxygenated water, aluminum reacts, the product of which is hydrogen gas. Gas bubbles entering the system cause unpleasant sounds. Because of this feature, when installing aluminum radiators, it is necessary to provide a gas exhaust system and install a Mayevsky valve.

Based on these features, we can conclude: despite their low price and excellent heat transfer, it is better not to install aluminum radiators in city apartments with centralized heating. If it is impossible to control the quality of the coolant, one cannot be sure of their long service life.

Bimetallic radiators

As the name suggests, these radiators are made of two metals - steel and aluminum, using the advantages of both of these metals. The internal circuit conducting the coolant in bimetallic radiators is made of steel, which allows them to be used in systems with any pressure and with various types of pipes and fittings. The external plates that transfer heat into the room are made of aluminum and, thanks to its high thermal conductivity, perfectly heat the room.

Advantages of bimetallic radiators:

• High working pressure – up to 35 atm.;
• Resistance to corrosion at any quality of coolant;
• Low inertia - radiators quickly heat up and cool down just as quickly, and by regulating the coolant supply you can quickly reduce or increase the temperature in the room;
• Attractive appearance;
• Light weight, easy to install;
• Sectional design allowing you to select the desired number of ribs.

The disadvantages include, perhaps, the higher price of bimetallic radiators. This is soon compensated by their reliability and long service life. It should also be noted that when installing bimetallic radiators, it is necessary to maintain distances from the wall, floor and window sill - it must be at least 4 cm.

To summarize, we can say: for installation in an apartment with centralized heating, it is better to choose cast iron or bimetallic radiators, and for low-rise buildings - also steel ones. Aluminum radiators are best used in closed systems connected to a heating boiler, that is, where it is possible to check the quality of the coolant.