And different lighting designs. Light in the interior - successful use of light in design

The role of light in the formation of space is difficult to overestimate. Properly constructed lighting can visually transform the volume of space without affecting the structure and architecture. Incorrect lighting can completely destroy the designer’s entire idea.

Lighting design- the art of controlling light. The task of a lighting designer is to create an attractive and comfortable space, take into account interaction with the environment, consider the impact on a person’s emotions and mood. This art is based on a scientific understanding of the physical aspects of light, the principles of design and operation of light sources.

In his work, the lighting designer relies on 3 bases: aesthetic perception, ergonomic aspect and energy efficiency.

Today lighting design is a popular trend. Until the 18th century, people had only solar, lunar and fire light at their disposal. And this did not stop him from creating stunning works of architecture and interior design. Currently, lighting designers have the ability to solve almost any problem.

Modern lighting designers are able to create amazing illusions, change the perception of space, enhance and emphasize details. They care about the beauty and style of interiors and exteriors, and take into account the safety and energy efficiency of projects.

Lighting design- a complex and multifaceted science that is always in conjunction with creativity and art. Let's try to understand the basics of this direction and the features of proper planning of light in the interior.

Types of lighting

Type 1: basic (general) lighting. The goal is to provide a sufficient amount of light in the room, to display the overall design concept of the room. Basic lighting can be achieved using chandeliers, pendant, overhead and built-in lighting fixtures.

Type 2: accent lighting. It creates an atmosphere and a finished look in the room. Accent light is used when necessary to show the viewer the “content” of the interior, to form an idea of the spatial arrangement of objects. With its help, objects are emphasized: vases, figurines and other objects that deserve emphasis.

Type 3: local lighting. This light is used to solve functional problems: creating comfortable conditions for reading, working or cooking. For this purpose, built-in lamps, table lamps, sconces or floor lamps above the work area.

Types of luminous flux distribution

Direct light. The luminous flux comes from the emitter and is directed to the place that should be illuminated. Examples of direct light fixtures include spotlights, spots, downlights, pendant lamps, the luminous flux of which is directed in a certain direction (for example, in loft and minimalist interiors) or ceiling ones. They provide the necessary level of illumination on the surface without illuminating the rest of the space.

Scattered light. Soft and smooth, it reduces contrast levels and minimizes shadows. Light that has no direction or source fits the definition of diffuse light, but such light cannot exist in the real world. Therefore, dim, unsharp lighting is called diffused. Some types of chandeliers, ceiling and wall lamps will help to create such light in a room.

Reflected light. Reflected light is produced by the refraction of a beam that is directed toward walls, floors, or ceilings. This type of light is the most natural and soft. Manufacturers create lamps that shine only with reflected light, but there are models that combine direct and reflected light. Depending on the task, you can choose the most suitable option for yourself.

Types of lighting

Natural light. Its sources are the sun's rays and the diffused light of the sky. Spectral composition sun rays has a beneficial effect on emotional condition person. Using this type of lighting when working on a room project is one of the tasks of a lighting designer.

Artificial light. The main task of artificial light sources in room design is to create a comfortable level of lighting when there is a shortage of sunlight. Modern sources of artificial light are most often lamps. Lamps direct the light. Using certain light sources can create a semblance of natural light.

Combined light. An option when natural lighting is supplemented with artificial light sources. This will increase illumination in the right areas of the room and create a comfortable environment.

Use natural light where possible. Combine lighting to achieve beauty and comfort.

Key rules of interior lighting design

So, we have figured out the basic concepts of lighting design in an apartment and types of lighting. But how can they be properly organized and applied in practice?

Professional interior lighting designers have developed a general concept where the fundamental concept is light and its significance in human life.

Light to live. Light is vital for everyone. It supports the body's abilities and the flow of physiological processes. This role is played by natural lighting, which is why it stands at the top of the light pyramid.

Light to see. We need light to navigate space. dark time day - do not bump into each other in the corridor, do not step on the dog’s paw and move safely around the house. This is where artificial light comes into play.

Light to work with. We are talking about the light that is necessary for reading, writing, cooking and other daily activities without which a person cannot imagine his life.

Light to feel. Lighting plays a role decorative element interior With the help of light in the interior, it becomes possible to focus attention on details, change the space and implement bold design solutions. The pleasant atmosphere of the room and a favorable emotional state are the merit of well-designed lighting.

Recently, it has become fashionable and convenient to create lighting scenarios. This became possible thanks to modern technologies that allow you to control lighting, set up various scenarios for certain tasks or required conditions (watching TV, reading books, receiving guests, partying, etc.). This is a separate and interesting topic.

The article indicates general concepts concerning the issue of lighting design. to stay up to date with lighting planning features.

Lighting fixtures can transform any room beyond recognition when using their functionality in combination with the overall design. The right light in the interior it is able to create a unique atmosphere, and, if necessary, visually expand the space.

Electricity should not be wasted. The main requirement for chandeliers is their functionality. They are used for uniform distribution of rays throughout the entire volume, as well as individual, spot lighting of the required areas. Modern technologies allow you to illuminate any corner of the room by combining the energy of several lamps.

Types of light in the interior

Chandeliers and various lighting fixtures are used throughout the house. There are four main types of lighting, which, when combined correctly, will create a cozy and comfortable home. These include basic, working, spot and decorative. It is also important to correctly distribute light in the interior of the apartment at different levels, highlighting the necessary areas with a large number of directional sources.

Base sources are used to distribute artificial beams evenly. They should be as neutral as possible and not attract attention. Workers are employed in a separate area in which specific tasks are performed. Spotlights are used to focus attention on the main details. Decorative items do not have functional purposes, but serve as individual decorative elements.

Interior with second light

Modern designs of private houses very often imply the absence of overlap between floors. With this layout, it will be effective to use two sources. The interiors of houses with second light look more solid, while maintaining natural comfort. This option is especially suitable for the living room, conducive to receiving guests and creating a pleasant atmosphere for communication.

The advantages of this design also include the ability to focus attention on the dimensions of the apartment and the size of furniture, increasing them visually. It also encourages the creation of separate areas using columns, stairs and partitions. An excellent solution for them would be to use a chandelier. non-standard sizes, which will emphasize the scale of the apartments and will good source lighting.

Reflected light in the interior

Reflected illumination is the most comfortable and harmless to the eyes. This effect is achieved by installing special reflectors in the lampshades, to which the rays are initially directed, after which, reflected from the walls and ceiling, they are scattered over the entire area. Using this role of light in the interior, you can create both general and local lighting. For the main one, small ceiling soffits are used, placed around the perimeter. For local purposes, reflectors are used in floor lamps and bedside lamps.

Directional light in the interior

The use of concentrated rays makes individual objects more expressive. This way you can direct the rays to certain areas in the kitchen, office or bedroom. In addition, the directed use of light in the interior allows you to arrange various illumination images to create a unique perception of space.

Cornices located along the perimeter of the ceiling with lamps directed at the wall will visually expand the room. This method effective when the walls are decorated in light colors. By directing the rays upward, you can visually increase the height of the ceiling. And to reduce it, it is necessary to create intense illumination on the walls, leaving the ceiling itself a little darkened.

Spot light in the interior

Interior point light sources can be used in any room. Their popularity is due to the ability to highlight certain areas in the room or focus attention on unusual ones. design solutions or furniture. Thanks to various configurations, they are able to visually change the size of the space and create additional lighting various surfaces– kitchen countertops, household niches, cabinets or shelves with decorative elements.

Made of frosted glass, built into the ceiling, you can create a cozy seating area in the living room. In a country house, they can be used to illuminate staircase railings, paths in the yard or in an outdoor pool. By installing such sources in stretch ceiling, you can create a specific pattern or image of the starry sky. At multi-level ceiling Point sources highlight the overall design, visually highlighting each level.

Cold light in the interior

In any living space, lighting creates the necessary mood. Cold light in a loft interior will allow you to focus on unusual, modern design solutions for spacious rooms with light walls. In addition, it is recommended to be used while solving problems when focus and concentration are needed, as it contributes to the creation of a working atmosphere. Due to their characteristics, directed cold rays can change color scheme the entire space or its individual parts.

Lower light in the interior

The use of downlight is not mandatory. In most cases, it is used as an additional solution at night or for the implementation of original design projects. Such light in a classic interior can also be used for convenience and safety. Lamps placed at the baseboard level illuminate a dark corridor or staircase.

Also, such lamps allow you to change the image of a room, creating a mysterious aura in it. Lighting fixtures placed in the floor will enhance the illumination of individual design elements or vertical surfaces. Thanks to this method, another visual layer appears, and the direction of the rays from bottom to top creates an unusual visual picture. To do this, use bright LEDs that do not heat up during operation.

Double light - interior

Double lighting is organized in country houses in which the living room or dining room does not have ceilings. The result of such architectural decisions is unique interior houses with double light and increased visible space. The second source is natural light entering the house through large panoramic windows. For artificial lighting, large ceiling chandeliers or table lamps with large lampshades are used.

Light in interior design

Lighting in modern house designs is created using various integrated solutions. The main task is to create a bright room at any time of the day. Proper lighting must meet these basic requirements: emphasizing all the design features, and combining soft and diffused rays in the optimal ratio.

Each room may have work areas that require additional lighting to create greater convenience and coziness. In parallel with this, decorative light is used in the interior, which brings additional elements decorations. Such lamps emphasize the overall design, focusing attention on particularly significant details, and also visually divide the space into several zones and visually adjust its dimensions.

Light in the living room interior

Because the living room does whole line functions, it is necessary to provide several types of lighting. General light is responsible for illuminating the entire room, which should spread well and not be too bright. To do this, use a chandelier, which is located in the central part of the ceiling. The interior of the living room with a second light is also equipped. Local springs in the living room create comfortable places for quiet rest and relaxation.

Light in the hallway in the interior

Natural rays often do not penetrate into the hallway, so you need to be careful about its lighting. When using light in the interior, it is necessary to arrange two sources: local and general. For local light, lamps are used that are placed near the mirror. And for general purposes – matte lamps that create diffused flows. The level of illumination in the hallway should be the same as in the other rooms.

Decorating the bedroom interior with light

Ceiling lamps in the bedroom should not be bright. Soft and diffuse lighting, reminiscent of daylight in the interior, will create a pleasant and calm atmosphere. To do this, it is recommended to use hidden lamps, experiments with which make it possible to obtain unusual lighting options. Sources of local lighting at the head of the bed should have the same properties.

Chandeliers play an important role in any design. Modern ideas are aimed at solving complex problems in which there must be sufficient light in the interior at any time of the day. Designers identify three main tasks correct use lamps: functionality, aesthetics and emotionality. They will emphasize all the design features and highlight individual elements.

Lighting a home is one of the fundamental principles of its design. You could even say that the lighting design of an apartment is the first of the fundamental principles of its project. A competent housing project begins with the development of lighting: when it comes to stone, concrete and metal, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to correct mistakes.

However, “lighting design” is a complex and multifaceted concept. Light should be healthy and comfortable, show the appearance of the room and express the individuality of its owner. Accordingly, lighting design consists of three disciplines stemming from each other:

General lighting design, or just lighting or lighting design. It creates a physiologically based background on which everything else is located. By analogy with construction, this is a supporting structure or, more precisely, a hall with a stage and acoustics, in which a violin quartet and a rock band can perform with equal success.
Light architecture emphasizes the conceptual orientation of the room and reveals the worldview of its inhabitants. Lighting architecture can be external, internal or interior. Some interior styles, such as modern and high-tech, are completely impossible to implement without appropriate lighting: the interior loses its expressiveness.
And finally lighting design in the interior, or interior lighting design- an analogue of furniture and decor: it expresses the individuality of the owner. Unlike the first two, interior lighting design is flexible, just like furniture, figurines and paintings can be changed and moved.

This division is not at all far-fetched; it arises in the most natural way. Take a look at the picture: even without explanation, it is clear that on the left is lighting design, in the center is lighting architecture, and on the right is interior lighting design.

A full-fledged lighting design project includes all three components, but it is impossible to describe them in one article, so in this article we will talk about the initial and most important thing: the overall design of apartment lighting. Elements of lighting architecture and interior lighting design will be mentioned as necessary, when without them it is impossible to solve the overall lighting problem.

Types of lighting

All three types of lighting design work with natural, general (background), local, task and decorative lighting. We have to take the natural as it is, limiting ourselves to lighting design (see below): softening, reflection, scattering. By other means general rules are:

The background should be as shadowless and filled as possible. Our most ancient instincts see danger in the deep shadows, which creates psychological discomfort. In practice, for the sake of simplicity and economy, they achieve penumbra and openwork shadows.
Local lighting should highlight interior details and decor, so the main requirement for it is a suitable spectrum, see the section on the properties of light.
Working lighting is also local, but is no longer focused on the object, but on the eye: optimal brightness and spectrum are needed within the physiological limits of perception.
There is only one requirement for decorative lighting (for example, ceiling lighting): it should not have a harmful effect on health.

Note: There is an informal type of lighting - background lighting. We will talk about it later, and the requirement for it is opacity when viewed from the outside.

Rules and regulations

Lighting should have a beneficial effect on vision, psyche and general health, so let's start with sanitary and hygienic requirements. The rules for lighting an apartment are regulated by physical parameters and “Natural and artificial lighting”; SanPiN 1278-03 remains valid for old buildings, but is not valid for the design of new ones. Aesthetics are not prescribed anywhere or in any way. The basic requirements are:

illumination of common living rooms, kitchen and gym– 150 lux; children’s – 200 lux; office – 300 lux; hallway, toilet, combined bathroom - 50 lux; bath, sauna, swimming pool – 100 lux;
natural light factor KEO with side lighting for common living rooms, kitchen, swimming pool and gym – 0.5; children's – 0.7; work office – 1.0; hallway, toilet, combined bathroom, bathtub, sauna - not regulated;
for a swimming pool with a gym, the generalized indicator of psychological discomfort UGR is acceptable 60 with pulsations of artificial lighting up to 20% For the bathroom and toilet, it is not regulated; for other rooms UGR=0.

Notes:

All values are minimum acceptable. On a cloudy autumn day in the open air, the illumination is more than 10,000 lux, so there is no need to be afraid of “overkill” - there is no such thing as so much electricity in the wiring.

KEO for overhead natural lighting is not considered; the lateral KEO is measured in the horizontal plane of the floor.

But what are these KEOs and UGRs? Let's see, starting with KEO, it is simpler. To tackle UGR, you'll need to understand a little about the properties of light.

KEO

KEO, simply put, is a share natural light entering the room. If, for example, the lux meter on the floor of an open balcony showed 400 lux, and on the floor in the center of the room adjacent to it 250 lux, then the KEO will be 250/400 = 0.625. The norm has been met.

How to determine KEO?

At home, KEO is quite easily determined by a camera, if it is not exactly a point-and-shoot camera:

We take a white sheet of paper (not plastic or film) in a larger format, place it on the floor of the balcony or on the ground under the window on a clear afternoon, set the camera to aperture priority (mode A) and measure the shutter speed using it.
We do the same in the room, standing facing the window. The ratio of shutter speeds (and modern cameras measure them with an accuracy of 1/3 - 1/4 stop) will give the KEO.

Example: shutter speed on paper outdoors is 1/60 s, and in the room - 1/40 s. KEO will be 40/60=0.67.

UGR

The discomfort coefficient UGR is calculated using the formula from the international standard EN 12464-1. It is based on the so-called hardness of light, which for some reason is called brilliance in regulatory documents (and who came up with such nonsense when Russian has a simple and understandable word? A sacred corporate language, or what?) Very bright light can be soft and favorable for vision, and dull hard - irritate and spoil it.

The hardness of light is determined by three parameters of the light flux: degrees of polarization, coherence and spectrum. The flow of light consists of a huge number of elementary particles from the class of bosons - photons, which are also quanta electromagnetic radiation with a certain frequency, phase and directions of the electric and magnetic vectors. UGR varies from 0 to 100.

Polarization

The degree of polarization shows what fraction of photons the directions of the field vectors coincide. For cloudy skies and incandescent lamps, the total polarization is about zero, for clear skies and fluorescent lamps - a few percent, up to 20%; glare from mirror surfaces and light from quantum sources - lasers, LEDs - can be polarized 100%. Light is considered soft when polarized up to 10%. Directional reflection and refraction of light increases its polarization.

You can check the polarization of light with a photographic Polaroid filter: while looking through it, the Polaroid is rotated 180 degrees. If the overall brightness does not change noticeably, the light is considered comfortable, and by the disappearance or weakening, you can immediately see the sources of the light becoming harder.

Coherence

The degree of coherence shows what proportion of light quanta have the same phase. The hardness of light is determined by the length of the coherence train - the length of the section of the light flux in which the degree of coherence exceeds 50%. It is because of the fairly high coherence of light that flash photographs come out lifeless. It is impossible to determine the length of the coherence train at home, but under normal lighting, the absence of noticeable polarization also indicates an negligibly small coherence train. The exception is the same quantum sources: the coherence of their light can reach up to 100% at a distance of several meters.

Range

The eye easily adapts to the effective color temperature of lighting: if on a clear day it is 5700 K for sunlight, then on a cloudy day it is 6300 K, and at sunset it drops to about 2000 K. But the spectrum of the Sun is thermal, smooth (in the figure on the left) , so for sight the best way fit thermal sources light: conventional incandescent lamps, xenon, krypton, freon, halogen. Unfortunately, they are not economical, so modern home lighting is increasingly based on the use of fluorescent lamps.

The luminescent spectrum (middle in the figure) is pseudo-white, there are noticeable dips in its envelope. Objects of colors that coincide with the dips appear visually darker under artificial lighting, which creates disharmony. In addition, obtaining pseudo-white light requires a slight increase in the intensity of the spectral zones, which is also not very good for vision.

Nevertheless, scientists and engineers are tirelessly working to improve fluorescent lamps, and their modern models with a three-layer phosphor provide light that is almost as comfortable as diffused sunlight.

How to check the quality of light?

At home, the quality of light from a saving light bulb can be roughly determined if the household has something low-power powered by a solar battery: a calculator, a receiver. The procedure is:

We “calibrate” the device with a 40-60 W incandescent light bulb: we detect at what distance from it the battery will give the operating current and the device will turn on.
We bring it to a fluorescent lamp: if the distance at which the battery “breathes” decreases by no more than 2.5 times, the light is comfortable. The power of the light bulb being tested can be in the range of 13-24 W; for 9-11 W, the battery operating distance is reduced by another 1.5 times.

Example: the device turned on 0.6 m from the incandescent lamp and 15 cm from the 11 W housekeeper. 60/15=4, and 2.5x1.5=3.75. The lamp is a crappy “alternative” one; Only suitable for local lighting.

Additions to SNiP 23-05-95 allow the use LED lamps subject to sanitary standards, but for general lighting of rooms they are completely unsuitable, not only in terms of polarization with coherence, but also in terms of spectrum: it is synthetic, island (in the figure on the right). The point here is not so much that objects caught in its deep holes will appear black.

The main disadvantage of the island spectrum is the high concentration of energy in the peaks of the envelope, which is necessary to create the desired overall brightness of white. Energy peaks overload the visual sensors of the eye, which spoils vision and health in general. By analogy: a blow to the head with a pillow will only make you angry, but a brick can kill you.

Therefore, the main areas of application of LEDs in residential lighting are ceiling lighting design and backlighting/lighting, and it is highly desirable to place light strips behind the eaves so that at least polarization and coherence due to diffuse reflection are reduced.

About surface brightness

According to sanitary standards, the surface brightness of light sources should not exceed 200 cd/sq.m. Halogen lamps, which provide a thermal spectrum that is very favorable for vision, go far beyond this threshold, representing point sources of light. Therefore, when lighting the work area, they must be hidden behind a visor or recessed into furniture, and for general lighting, use lamps with matte caps or diffuse re-reflection of light, directing it to a white ceiling or walls.

Video: mistakes in lighting design

Fuck the lighting design

Designing room lighting begins with natural lighting. Then, according to KEO, an artificial one must be attached to it: light shock from turning on too bright a light is also harmful. The binding is done to determine the required power of light sources.

Then, based on the original interior design layout, the types and range of lighting fixtures and their technical characteristics are selected. In this case, it is often necessary to modify the layout.

The next stage is, and based on its result, a electrical diagram apartment lighting. And only after this the light is “glued” into the construction project, which again may require various kinds of modifications.

About the concepts of light

There are two general approaches to lighting: European and American.

The basis of the European is as an element that unites people, that same cozy, brightly lit place that Hemingway yearned for.
The American concept is economical and individual, based on sconces. To hell with all sorts of gatherings, I’ll hide in my corner with a glass of whiskey and stop the meter from moving.

Both approaches make it possible to obtain background almost shadowless lighting, and a lampshade or halogen lights scattered across the ceiling instead of a chandelier allow you to use a synthetic approach: ceiling light sectionally through double switch, and sconces - with individual switches. The problem of many wires is solved by covering the walls and ceiling, with electrical cords hidden under it.

Independent proper lighting of an apartment comes down to lighting it room by room, and that’s what we’ll do.

Video: an alternative subjective view of types of lighting

Natural light

When passing through glass or reflecting off a mirror, direct natural light can become too harsh. In addition, the light from the window should not be too harsh or overly directed.

Hard light is softened by translucent or openwork barriers - tulle, organza. They also diffuse light, which has long been used to optimize natural lighting.

Nowadays, there is a means that, in addition, allows you to direct the light where you need it without using mirrors that polarize it: vertical fabric blinds. Even if their panels are located parallel to the rays, due to diffraction they reduce the hardness of light to an acceptable value. Rotating the panels gives a diffuse reflection in the desired direction, and by moving them apart, you can intercept part of the light flux and direct it to a dark corner. You can already find “smart” blinds on sale that automatically support optimal mode room lighting, but also for DIYers familiar with electronics, here huge field unplowed.

Artificial lighting

General rules

To connect interior design with lighting, it is useful to remember the following:

Light and color give space if they are coordinated along the spectrum: highlighting red with blue will only give a failure.
The planes visibly stretch in the direction of the light flow.
Premises with common in a light tone design should be illuminated evenly, and dark areas - in zones.
Zones are illuminated evenly.
The work light should be white.
Local light for colored objects also needs white, but for white objects colored light is possible.
Deep shadows are undesirable in any case.

About halogens

Halogen lamps create decent shadow-free lighting with low power consumption, because... evenly distributed across the ceiling, they form a kind of radiating plane. But the shadows under the furniture will be deep, so living rooms halogens need to be deprived of their “spotting”, as described above. IN small rooms(kitchen, hallway) you can’t really look down, and there you can use halogens for general lighting without any need.

Determining the intensity of light

We take as a support a house-saving light bulb that has been tested for light quality. To determine the total power for lighting a room, we measure the illumination created by it alone, suspended from the ceiling, on the floor in the center. If it is not possible to use a lux meter or submit an application to the SES to measure the illumination, the same camera will help out: set it to mode S (shutter priority), and measure the exposure on a white sheet. A value of approximately 100 lux corresponds to 0.5 s at aperture A = 2.8, 1 s at A = 4 and 2 s at A = 5.6.

Example: camera lens with a maximum “hole” of 4. The metering gave a shutter speed of 4 s. Illumination – no more than (1/4) x 100 = 25 lux. To create a total illumination of 150 lux, you need at least 6 of these bulbs.

Selecting sources

The overall lighting design of a room is determined not only by the properties of their light, but also by the directional patterns of the radiation patterns, see fig. Cardioid pattern is preferred for general lighting of any medium-sized room.

Cardioid is produced by one lamp or a group of lamps in a lampshade. If the lamp bulbs are positioned horizontally, the cardioid will be pulled down; if vertically with the flasks down, the DN will stretch to the sides. The first is preferable for rooms with dark furniture; the second is for light ones.

A figure eight is obtained from a cardioid if the lamp is equipped with a lower reflector (“pallet”). Similar in properties to cardioid, but more suitable for illuminating large areas or rooms with high ceilings.

Lamps in the reflector have a fan pattern. The narrower and deeper the reflector, the smaller the fan opening. Used for local, task and area lighting. Lamps with a fan pattern, adjustable in height, can successfully solve the problem of general lighting studio apartment: by raising and lowering them, you can adjust the size of the zones with light.

DN-petal is given by sconces. The “ear” of the petal can be directed up or down, depending on the location of the lamp: with the bulb up or down, respectively. In the horizontal plane, the sconce design is cardioid. IN American system It is customary to use sconces with the ear facing upward; in European - ear down and lower power, for temporary working lighting.

The cosecant square (beacon, radar) pattern has the most important advantage: within the light spot, the illumination is theoretically ideal, but in practice it is almost uniform. Achieving CC DN is technically difficult, but a table lamp with a bulb with the bulb facing up and a large hemispherical reflector lampshade above it gives almost this. Have you seen Lenin's table lamp in the pictures? Whoever he was, having spent his entire life processing mountains of documents, he didn’t feel the need for glasses.

About raster lamps

Raster lamps are suitable for large public spaces with high ceilings. In living rooms, this is exactly the case when the light that is optimal in brightness turns out to be unacceptably hard.

Placement of lamps

We will look at the placement of lamps using examples, because... It is impossible to give a universal recipe for all tastes and needs. There is only one thing in common – European lighting. The American light did not take root anywhere except in the extremely utilitarian USA, and in Puritan England too.

Living room

The lighting is based on the center of the ceiling, see pic left and center. DN for bright living rooms - cardioid; for big ones, complex shape and darkish - eight; This allows you to illuminate walls and corners without wasting extra power. If the arrangement is light plasterboard ceiling(right), an even more economical shadowless background can be achieved with halogens, and a decorative one will also fit into it LED lights.

Bedroom

- the only room where it is not only acceptable, but also recommended: by changing its color, you can change the mood of the room for sleep, waking rest, or whatever else they do in the bedroom. For the “bed” area, lighting from sconces or floor lamps at the head of the room is sufficient (see figure), but the ceiling lamp needs to be moved to the center of the waking area. A fan-shaped one with a wide opening, adjustable in height, is very suitable: the size of the waking area can be changed according to the current use of the bedroom.

The bedroom lighting is perfectly complemented by LED window lighting. Ribbons are placed around the perimeter of the window opening so that they shine along the glass, and are curtained from the inside with organza. On a bed in such a bedroom, with the window open, you can do incredible things, and spies will not see anything except, perhaps, vague shadows.

Children's

Hard light hits children's eyes especially hard, so on the ceiling you need a matte lampshade or halogen lamps with matte caps. Lighting options are shown in the figure; on the right - formally correct, but psychologically unacceptable. All dark decorative cloud cornices spoil. Who feels comfortable living under stormy skies all the time? Certainly not for children.

Kitchen

Halogens are optimal for lighting. Shadows under the furniture here are not noticeable, and halogen lamps will not only put less strain on the kitchen wiring (which is already the busiest in the apartment), but also clean themselves of settling fumes, because... They get very hot during operation. How to get rid of halogen dots is described above; An example of successful kitchen lighting design is shown in the figure on the left - in the kitchen the work area should dominate in terms of light.

Hallway

The lighting of the corridor should, first of all, be uniform: - the face of the house, and, I beg your pardon, decent citizens with a distorted face do not show themselves in public. Economical LED lighting due to the cornice with reflection from white matte ceiling, on the left in the figure, is completely justified: they don’t stay in the hallway for a long time, but the most ordinary matte lampshades in the center will also work.

But elaborate lighting solutions, as in Fig. on the right, should be avoided: a visitor, a conversation with whom may be fundamentally important for you, may have the subconscious impression that he has come not to a promising subordinate or potential partner, but to Dracula’s castle.

Bathroom

Optimal lighting – even, soft, almost shadowless, as in Fig. left. Deep shadows, highlights, spots, as in two figs. on the right, and the skin pores will not be allowed to open properly when washing, and intestinal motility will be made sluggish. This is usually solved with just one lamp on the ceiling - bathrooms are finished with light, highly reflective materials.

The lamps contain incandescent lamps. The light in the bathroom does not burn for days, so saving is not important, but there are more than enough glare surfaces. In addition, for housekeepers hidden in moisture-proof lamps, the electronics quickly fail due to overheating.

The working lighting of the mirror is matte halogens (second position from the left in the figure), as in the nursery, but the reason is different: the dots that hurt the eyes will not allow you to see minor flaws in appearance, which will then be noticeable to others.

Studio apartment

The lighting of a studio apartment is based on the principle of promoting zoning. Good example shown in the figure on the left. The highlight is the ceiling lamp with a figure-of-eight pattern shifted to the center of the recreation area. In combination with the directional flow of light from the window, such general light makes any other methods of zoning a room effective.

About stretch ceilings

Lighting suspended ceilings technically comes down to the selection of lamps and ceiling materials that are compatible in terms of heat release and energy flux density (PED), but this is a separate topic that is not related to lighting design. As for it as such, stretch ceilings were invented precisely for the sake of complete light self-expression (see figure), therefore the methods of lighting them are not regulated anywhere and in any way, and to give instructions would mean to emasculate the idea.

But one piece of advice still needs to be given: in case the unspeakable beauty in the inter-ceiling space is turned off, provide a weak backlight to match overall design, as follows. rice. left. Otherwise, the reflective ceiling can spoil the peaceful comfort of the room, as can be seen there on the right.

Video: examples of ceiling lighting

What about warmth? Don't forget!

Even the most economical energy-saving light bulbs produce quite a lot of heat. Installation of lamps must be carried out taking this circumstance into account. Instructions are attached to the lighting fixtures (or they can be found by brand name), which indicate the permissible power of the lamps, the distance to the walls, etc. These instructions must be followed, but there is a caveat for housekeepers: their heat output in watts is calculated separately. The mains voltage is known, and the current consumption is indicated on the base.

The fact is that the housekeeper's electrical circuit has a fairly high reactivity, and the power designation on the packaging shows the effective power consumption, how much the meter will wind. For some time after turning on the heat, the housekeeper will release more, and then will release less. Housekeepers that burn out quickly are the result of placing them in dull, cramped lampshades, so let the generally good bulbs breathe freely.

Organizing lighting in an apartment is one of the primary tasks that must be solved at the interior planning stage. When choosing lighting fixtures, you need to think about more than just aesthetic appeal. Remember that the level of illumination in a home directly affects the health of people, pets and even flowers.

Correct lighting

Two factors influence lighting efficiency:

Lamp power
Number of light sources

By varying the number of lamps, you can successfully reflect the light scenario of the room.

To arrange functional areas, for example, for relaxation, eating, work, games, etc., lighting fixtures of different brightness are combined. The skillful use of light and shadow emphasizes all the advantages and hides the flaws of the room.