The State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom was founded on December 18, 2007. Its creation was preceded by the adoption of the federal law “On the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom,” which came into force on December 5, 2007.
The state sets 3 main tasks for the Rosatom State Corporation:
- ensuring sustainable development of the nuclear weapons complex;
- increasing the share of nuclear energy in the country’s energy balance (target: 25-30% by 2030) while increasing the level of safety in the industry;
- expansion of traditional niches of Russian presence in the global nuclear technology market, as well as conquering new ones.
Industry structure
Nuclear energy complex
One of the main goals of the Rosatom State Corporation is the sustainable supply of electricity to industry and the population of Russia while gradually increasing the share of electricity generated at nuclear power plants.
The Rosatom State Corporation today accounts for 17.82% of electrical energy production in Russia (according to IAEA data).
The Rosatom State Corporation is one of the few world-class companies possessing all nuclear technologies. One of the significant components of the Rosatom State Corporation is OJSC Atomenergoprom (full name is the open joint-stock company Atomic Energy Industrial Complex), which unites all civilian assets of the nuclear industry. 100% of the shares of the nuclear holding belong to the Rosatom State Corporation. In addition, the nuclear energy complex of the State Corporation Rosatom includes the engineering company Atomstroyexport and the national operator for the export and import of electricity, the company Inter RAO UES.
OJSC Atomenergoprom
In December 2008, a special Management Company OJSC “United Company “Separation and Sublimation Complex” was formed as part of Atomenergoprom, which united all four enterprises together. The company manages the production of enriched uranium, including the processing of customer-supplied raw materials from other countries, the enrichment of waste dumps accumulated over the years of previous activities, and also oversees work under the Russian-American HEU-LEU agreement.
In 2007, two more companies were founded on the basis of the Angarsk Electrolysis Plant - OJSC International Uranium Enrichment Center (IUEC), as well as the Russian-Kazakh joint venture CJSC Uranium Enrichment Center (UEC).
IUEC is a large-scale international initiative of Russia, carried out under the auspices of the IAEA. The IUEC was conceived as a mechanism for guaranteed access to low-enriched uranium for non-nuclear countries (for its implementation it is planned to create a guarantee reserve of 120 tons of low-enriched uranium). For such countries, the IUEC is a kind of “insurance” and a guarantee that a country, for some reason deprived of the opportunity to buy uranium on the free market, will be able at any time to provide itself with the necessary amount of low-enriched uranium and produce fresh nuclear fuel from it in order to its nuclear power plants continued to operate steadily. At the same time, the international community receives guarantees that uranium enrichment technology cannot be used for non-peaceful purposes.
The great international significance of this project determined the complex multi-level structure of the IUEC. Firstly, the accession of any country to the IUEC project is carried out only by concluding an intergovernmental agreement with this country. The first country to decide to participate in this project was Kazakhstan, which entered into an agreement with the Russian government in 2007. The decision to join the IUEC must be approved by all project participants.
At the second stage of joining the IUEC project, the country appoints an authorized company, which on its behalf buys and subsequently owns a certain stake in IUEC OJSC. Today, 90% of the shares of the IUEC belong to JSC Techsnabexport, 10% of the shares are owned by the company Kazatomprom (Kazakhstan). It is planned to transfer a stake from JSC Techsnabexport to the State Corporation Rosatom. In the future, the Russian share in the IUEC capital will decrease due to the accession of other countries to the project.
In the near future, the IUEC project will include Armenia and Ukraine, which have already signed the relevant intergovernmental documents. Negotiations on participation in the IUEC are ongoing with Finland, South Korea and Belgium.
The Russian-Kazakh project “Uranium Enrichment Center” (UEC), unlike the UIEC, is purely commercial in nature - the enterprise was created for the construction of new uranium enrichment facilities, which will be located at the production site of the Angarsk Electrolysis Plant. CJSC Uranium Enrichment Center was registered in 2007. 50% of the capital of the Center belongs to JSC Techsnabexport, 50% to the Kazakh company Kazatomprom.
The company plans to build a production facility with a capacity of 5 million SWUs (separation work units for uranium enrichment). The company expects to receive its first million SWU in 2011.
Division for trade in uranium enrichment services, enriched uranium and isotope products
The company gained particular prominence in 1993, after the conclusion of the Russian-American intergovernmental HEU-LEU agreement (the Megatons to Megawatts agreement to convert high-enriched uranium (HEU) extracted from Soviet nuclear missiles into low-enriched uranium (LEU), used as fresh nuclear fuel for American nuclear power plants). Since 1993, one in 10 light bulbs in the United States has been lit with fuel derived from Russian weapons-grade uranium. Over the 15 years of the agreement, more than 350 of the 500 metric tons of uranium that remain to be processed by 2013 (the expiration date of the HEU-LEU agreement) have been diluted. This is equivalent to 14 thousand nuclear warheads, due to the destruction of which American nuclear power plants received 10 thousand 200 tons of low-enriched uranium, which was used to make nuclear fuel. Over the past 15 years, more than $7.6 billion has been transferred to the federal budget from this contract.
Today Techsnabexport is consistently expanding its presence in the market for low-enriched uranium and uranium products. Thus, in the French market - the leader of the European Union in terms of the scale of development of nuclear energy - the company's share reached 30% and 40% in the African market (South Africa). Thanks to Techsnabexport, uranium products from Russia have become available on the Latin American market (supplies are carried out to Brazil and Mexico), and they are well known in Japan and South Korea, where representative offices have been opened. Direct contracts have been concluded for the supply of uranium products to US energy companies, which will be carried out after the end of the HEU-LEU agreement.
Techsnabexport's annual export volume exceeds $2.5 billion, and today accounts for three-quarters of Russian nuclear technology exports.
The export of isotopes is carried out by OJSC Izotop.
Division for the production of equipment for uranium enrichment
As an independent structure within the Rosatom State Corporation, the division for the production of equipment for uranium enrichment and the development of new models of gas centrifuges was born in 2008 - this year the management company OJSC Russian Gas Centrifuge was established. 100% of the company's shares belong to its founder - JSC Techsnabexport.
The control circuit of the Russian Gas Centrifuge includes the oldest machine-building enterprises in the domestic nuclear industry: Vladimir Production Association Tochmash OJSC (plant founded in 1933) and Kovrov Mechanical Plant OJSC (founded in 1950), as well as Uralpribor LLC "and LLC "Ural Gas Centrifuge Plant" (UZGC) and three design bureaus: ZAO "OKB-N. Novgorod", LLC "Novouralsk Research and Design Center" (NNCC), CJSC "Centrotech-SPb", related to the development of gas centrifuges and auxiliary equipment for uranium enrichment. Currently, OJSC Engineering Center “Russian Gas Centrifuge” owns shares of OJSC “Kovrovsky Mechanical Plant” (75.11%) and LLC “Russian Gas Centrifuge” (99.03%).
The enterprises of the Russian Gas Centrifuge are extremely diverse: they produce not only gas centrifuges themselves and other equipment for isotope separation, but also shut-off valves for general industrial purposes, valves for nuclear power plants, automotive electrical equipment, water, gas and heat meters, machines and equipment, printing boards, solar technology. One of the activities of Russian Gas Centrifuge is also the supply of metalworking, measuring and special equipment.
In 2008, another management company was also established - OJSC Scientific and Production Complex Khimpromengineering. This company merged its two subsidiaries: Argon LLC (Balakovo, Saratov region, 66% share in the authorized capital) and Carbon and Composite Materials Plant LLC (Chelyabinsk, 99% shares). Both produce carbon fiber and composite materials that are used in mass production of separation centrifuges, as well as in aerospace, shipbuilding, construction and other industries. OJSC NPK Khimpromengineering also owns shares of LLC SNV (99.9%) and CJSC Technological Center TENEX (99%).
In January 2009, both companies carried out an additional issue of shares in favor of the parent company Techsnabexport.
As a result of the additional issue of shares, Russian Gas Centrifuge will become the owner of 49.9% of the capital in ZAO Centrotech-SPb and ZAO OKB-N.Novgorod, as well as 50% of the authorized capital in LLC Novouralsk Research and Design Center and in Uralpribor LLC, since the additional issue of the Russian Gas Centrifuge will be paid for with shares of the capital of these enterprises. In addition, in order to pay for the additional issue of shares, shares in centrifuge production plants will be transferred to the Russian Gas Centrifuge: 75.1% of the shares of the Kovrov Mechanical Plant and 50% of the capital of the Ural Gas Centrifuge Plant LLC.
The additional issue of Khimpromengineering is also aimed at forming a full-fledged company for the production of carbon fiber: it will be paid for by shares of carbon fiber manufacturing enterprises (Argon LLC and Carbon and Composite Materials Plant LLC (ZUKM); as well as the manufacturer of polyacrylonitrile fibers - SNV LLC ", and shares of CJSC "Technological Center "TENEX" (99%) for a total amount of more than 4.2 billion rubles.
Mechanical Engineering Division
The mechanical engineering division is one of the youngest and actively developing divisions of Atomenergoprom. The core of the division is the holding company OJSC Atomenergomash, created in 2006. 63.58% of the company's shares belong to Atomenergoprom.
Atomenergomash began its history with the acquisition of a traditional power engineering enterprise - the company included a domestic monopolist in the production of steam generators and heat exchangers for power plants: this is the plant of JSC Machine-Building Plant ZiO-Podolsk and the engineering company Ziomar. In 2007, the company replenished its assets with a joint venture for the production of low-speed turbines, created with one of the world leaders in the field of power engineering - the French company Alstom - Alstom Atomenergomash LLC (50% plus 1 share in the capital of this company is owned by OJSC ZiO -Podolsk", on whose production base the joint venture was located). In 2008, to streamline the management of these assets within Atomenergomash, the company CJSC Russian Energy Machine-Building Company (REMKO) was created, in which Atomenergomash owns 50% plus 1 share.
In addition, Atomenergomash is forming a division for the production of pipelines and pipeline fittings on the basis of its subsidiary Stalenergoproekt LLC. The first Russian asset of the new division was the company Atomtruboprovodmontazh CJSC, which unites enterprises in the Orenburg and Tver regions for the production of shaped elements (bends, tees, transitions) and pipeline blocks for high and low pressure nuclear power plants. Through its subsidiary, Atomenergomash controls 51% of the capital of the CJSC. The Atomenergomash holding also included a manufacturer of water shut-off valves - the Czech company Arako spol s.r.o. (100% of the company’s capital belongs to a subsidiary of Atomenergomash - JSC Intelenergomash) and the Hungarian plant Ganz Energetika Kft., specializing in the development and production of hydraulic equipment (pumps, hydraulic turbines) and fuel reloading equipment (51% of shares belong to the subsidiary Atomenergomash company - CJSC "Transport-technological mechanical engineering").
Atomenergomash also includes a research and development segment - OJSC Sverdlovsk Research Institute of Chemical Engineering (SverdNIIkhimmash). SverdNIIkhimmash is the largest manufacturer of equipment for processing radioactive and other types of waste, equipment for desalination of sea water and desalination of mineralized water, and wastewater treatment.
The holding controls 51% of the authorized capital of SverdNIIkhimmash.
In addition to Atomenergomash, the machine-building assets of Atomenergoprom are also represented by OJSC Kaluga Turbine Plant (Atomenergoprom owns 25.1% of the shares). Kaluga Turbine Plant produces steam and gas turbines of medium and low power.
Nuclear fuel production division
The TVEL company is a monopoly supplier of nuclear fuel to all Russian nuclear power plants, as well as to all transport, industrial and research reactors in our country. At the same time, the products of the TVEL company are widely known abroad - fuel from the Russian manufacturer is supplied to 76 nuclear reactors in 14 countries, the geography of which is constantly expanding. Thus, TVEL is the only supplier of fresh nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants in Bulgaria, Hungary, Ukraine and Slovakia, and also supplies it to all European countries where nuclear power plants operating on Russian-design reactors have been built. Today, the TVEL company is entering the world market with a new type of fuel assemblies designed to serve nuclear power plants of Western design. The company's annual export volume exceeds $1 billion.
In addition to finished fuel assemblies, TVEL also exports nuclear fuel components - for example, fuel pellets. In addition, TVEL is working to create a fundamentally new type of mixed uranium-plutonium fuel (the so-called “MOX fuel”), which would significantly simplify the problem of providing the nuclear industry with raw materials and would significantly reduce the amount of waste in the nuclear industry.
Division for electricity production at nuclear power plants
Today, our country operates 10 nuclear power plants (a total of 31 power units with an installed capacity of 23.2 GW), which generate about 16% of all electricity produced. At the same time, in the European part of Russia the share of nuclear energy reaches 30%, and in the North-West - 37%. The operator of Russian nuclear power plants, Rosenergoatom Concern OJSC (part of Atomenergoprom OJSC, controlled by Rosatom State Corporation), is the second energy company in Europe in terms of nuclear generation volume, second only to the French EDF, and the first in terms of generation volume within the country.
Russian nuclear power plants make a significant contribution to the fight against global warming. Thanks to their work, the emission of 210 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is prevented annually. In total, global nuclear energy prevents the formation of 3.4 billion tons of CO2: about 900 million tons in the USA, 1.2 billion tons in Europe, 440 million tons in Japan, 90 million tons in China.
The priority of NPP operation is safety. Since 2004, not a single serious safety violation classified on the international INES scale above the zero (minimum) level has been recorded at Russian nuclear power plants. The number of unscheduled shutdowns of nuclear power plants from the network and unscheduled shutdowns of reactors is steadily decreasing - according to this indicator, Rosenergoatom ranks second in the world, ahead of the USA, England, France and second only to Japan. The radiation background in the areas where nuclear power plants are located does not exceed established standards and corresponds to natural values characteristic of the corresponding areas.
An important task in the operation of Russian nuclear power plants is to increase the installed capacity utilization factor (IUR) of already operating plants. To solve the first task, Rosenergoatom Concern OJSC developed a special program for increasing capacity, calculated until 2015. As a result of its implementation, an effect equivalent to the commissioning of four new nuclear power units (equivalent to 4.5 GW of installed capacity) will be obtained. In 2006-2008, due to the fact that the capacity factor increased from 76% to 80.9%, a significant increase in output was ensured.
Organizationally, all nuclear power plants are branches of Rosenergoatom Concern OJSC.
Operating nuclear power plants
The construction plans for the Nizhny Novgorod NPP (Navashinsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, 2 VVER-1200 power units), the Central NPP (Buisky district, Kostroma region), Seversk NPP (ZATO Seversk, Tomsk region, 2 VVER-1200 power units) are also at various stages of development. .
If we talk about the “decommissioned” status, then at the moment only the Obninsk NPP has it. This is the world's first nuclear power plant, which was launched in 1954 and stopped in 2002. Currently, a museum is being created on the basis of the station.
Division of design, engineering and construction of nuclear power plants
Historically, all three Atomenergoproekts have common roots: they all grew out of one design bureau - the All-Union State Design Institute "Teploelektroproekt", founded in 1924 in Moscow to implement the grandiose GOELRO plan. Initially, Teploelektroproekt built only hydroelectric power stations and thermal generation facilities throughout the entire Soviet Union: the design of nuclear power plants was separated into a separate project only in 1958, and Teploelektroproekt was approved by a special government decree as the general designer of the nuclear power plant. In 1982, the Teploelektroproekt Institute was transformed into the Atomteploelektroproekt Institute, from which three Atomenergoproekts subsequently crystallized - the predecessors of the current three engineering companies.
All Atomenergoproekts are general designers of nuclear power plants, carrying out a full range of design and survey work for the construction and modernization of nuclear power plants, including work on selecting a construction site, developing design and working documentation, designer supervision of the construction of the nuclear power plant and technical support for its operation, as well as the organization construction and installation works, supplies of equipment and materials, commissioning and commissioning of nuclear power plants - that is, they are able to build turnkey nuclear power plants. 100% of the shares of each of the three Atomenergoprojects are owned by the Atomenergoprom company.
The Moscow Institute of JSC Atomenergoproekt is the direct heir of the legendary Teploelektroproekt. On his account: the launch in 1964 of the first power unit of the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant (at that time the most powerful nuclear power plant in the world), the construction of nuclear power plants using domestic technologies in the countries of Eastern Europe and, finally, the unique project for the construction of the Bushehr nuclear power plant in Iran - no one else in the world has ever done so. did not undertake the integration of a “foreign” project (the Germans began to build nuclear power plants) into a domestic one and the combination of Western equipment with that used in Russian projects.
However, despite the inviolability of the genealogical roots, another institute was the first to start designing nuclear power plants in the country and in the world - the former Leningrad branch of the State Trust "Energostroy", founded in 1929 and later transformed into the Leningrad branch of the All-Union State Design Institute "Teploelektroproekt" (LOTEP) ). Now it is the engineering company OJSC St. Petersburg Research and Design Institute Atomenergoproekt (SpbAEP), which owns the laurels of the designer of the turbine hall of the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, launched in 1954, as well as the glory of the developer of the project of the second industrial nuclear power plant - Beloyarsk NPP, commissioned in 1963. In total, over the 80 years of the institute’s existence, 118 power plants, including 18 nuclear power plants, were built based on its projects in Russia and abroad. 100% of the company's shares are owned by Atomenergoprom.
The Gorky branch of the All-Union Teploelektroproekt, organized in 1951, later than its colleagues joined the “nuclear family”: the institute began designing nuclear power plants in 1968. However, the first project - the construction of the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant - turned out to be a real scientific invention: for it it was necessary to develop an earthquake-resistant reactor plant, which fully proved its safety. In the recent history of JSC Nizhny Novgorod Engineering Company Atomenergoproekt, it has also managed to distinguish itself - it was with the projects of the Nizhny Novgorod Atomenergoproekt that the revival of the domestic nuclear industry began. For the first time in post-Soviet history, the first unit of the Rostov NPP was commissioned in 2001 and the third unit of the Kalinin NPP in 2005.
Another honored member of the family of nuclear engineering companies is Atomstroyexport CJSC, an operator for the construction of nuclear power plants using Russian technologies abroad. The company was founded in 1998 on the basis of two large foreign trade associations that had many years of experience in constructing nuclear power plants abroad - VO Atomenergoexport and VPO Zarubezhatomenergostroy.
Now CJSC Atomstroyksport is one of the world leaders in the number of power units built abroad (the company is currently building two power units in India, two in Bulgaria and one in Iran). In general, Atomstroyexport today controls 16% of the global market for nuclear power plant construction services. For the first time in post-Soviet history, in 2007, Atomstroyexport fulfilled a foreign order - two units of the Tianwan NPP were commissioned, which immediately became the most powerful nuclear power plant in China. New contracts for the construction of Russian power units in China, India and Slovakia are currently being worked out. In addition, Atomstroyexport plans to participate in tenders for the construction of nuclear power plants in Turkey, Jordan, Ukraine and Morocco.
The Rosatom State Corporation owns 78.54% of the shares of Atomstroyexport CJSC. Another 9.43% of shares and 1.33% of the company's shares belong to structures controlled by Rosatom: Zarubezhenergostroy OJSC and TVEL OJSC, respectively.
Research and development work
Research organizations that are part of OJSC Atomenergoprom carry out a wide range of applied research and design and survey work in various fields, including the creation of structural materials, technologies, equipment for nuclear energy and other industries (metallurgy, mining, chemical and oil and gas industry, medicine and agriculture). In particular, the All-Russian Research Institute of Inorganic Materials named after Academician A. A. Bochvar (VNIINM) carries out a significant amount of research in the field of creating fissile and structural materials and production technologies for products operating under extreme conditions in various fields of technology. In addition, JSC VNIINM is entrusted with the functions of the Central Head Organization of the Metrological Service of the State Corporation Rosatom (TsGOMS). The All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Technology (VNIIHT) carries out a full cycle of research and development work in the field of technologies for producing uranium and nuclear-pure metals, processing uranium and rare metal ores. The All-Russian Research and Design Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering (VNIIAM) specializes in creating equipment for thermal and nuclear power plants, chemical engineering, and the construction industry. The State Scientific Center - Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Reactors (SSC RIAR) conducts comprehensive research in the field of reactor materials science and testing methods for materials and elements of nuclear power plants, studying the physical and technical problems of nuclear reactors and safety issues, and developing promising technologies for the fuel cycle of nuclear reactors.
Division for management of foreign energy assets, assets in thermal generation and export-import of electricity
The nuclear weapons complex is functioning stably: the State Armament Program for 2007-2015 has been adopted, the federal target program “Development of Nuclear Weapons for 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015” is being implemented, and the state defense order is being formed annually.
The nuclear weapons complex is the founder of domestic nuclear energy, since it was during experiments to create an atomic bomb that scientists proposed the option of peaceful use of energy to generate electricity. And today the nuclear weapons complex is one of the main sources of innovation for the civilian part of the industry. The civilian products of the complex's enterprises are in high demand; its main consumers are the oil and gas, railway and automobile industries.
Nuclear and radiation safety
Ensuring nuclear and radiation safety is one of the main functions assigned by the state to the Rosatom State Corporation.
The problem of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety can be divided into two parts. The first is to ensure the current trouble-free operation of nuclear power facilities and other potentially nuclear and radiation hazardous facilities. Achieving this goal is facilitated by licensing all stages of design, construction and operation of such facilities, as well as the enterprises of the Rosatom State Corporation and third-party organizations involved in this. Licensing, as well as supervision of the current activities of design, construction and operating organizations, is carried out by an independent state body - the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision. In addition, nuclear fuel cycle organizations receive conclusions on nuclear safety and permits to commission nuclear hazardous facilities from the Rosatom State Corporation.
A set of systemic measures allows us to achieve a high safety culture when working with nuclear materials and radioactive substances and good indicators of the safety level of industry facilities. Thus, over the past 5 years, not a single serious safety violation classified above the zero (minimum) level on the international INES scale has been recorded at Russian nuclear power plants. In terms of the reliability of nuclear power plants, Russia has taken second place in the world among countries with developed nuclear energy, behind only Japan and ahead of such developed countries as the USA, England, Germany, and France.
The second global problem of nuclear and radiation safety is the problem of the legacy of the “Soviet atomic project”. In addition to significant monetary costs, it will require from the Rosatom State Corporation new, often non-standard approaches to solving problems that have accumulated since Soviet times: new methods for reprocessing and storing spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and radioactive waste (RAW), new methods for rehabilitating contaminated territories and so on. To solve these difficult problems, the Government of the Russian Federation, back in 2007, approved the federal target program “Ensuring nuclear and radiation safety for 2008 and for the period until 2015” with a budget of 145.3 billion rubles, including 131.8 billion rubles from federal sources.
Currently, the Rosatom State Corporation is financing priority measures in such areas as the dismantling of spent nuclear submarines (NPS), as well as floating technical bases of the nuclear fleet and nuclear maintenance vessels, reconstruction of the “wet” and construction of a new “dry” spent fuel storage facility at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Mining and Chemical Combine" (Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory), construction of a storage facility for solid radioactive waste in the Leningrad region, as well as a complex for handling spent nuclear fuel in Andreeva Bay and a long-term storage facility for nuclear submarine reactor compartments in Sayda Bay (Murmansk region) , conservation of Lake Karachay and the creation of the first stage of a sewerage system with the removal of purified water to the Mayak Production Association (Ozersk, Chelyabinsk region) and many others. Priority projects in the field of nuclear and radiation safety are also the following: creation of an Experimental Demonstration Center for SNF reprocessing based on innovative technologies at the Mining and Chemical Combine; creation of a facility for the disposal of high-level waste in the Nizhnekansky massif (Krasnoyarsk Territory); construction of a cementation complex for low- and intermediate-level waste at PA Mayak, as well as the creation at the same enterprise of plants for processing low-level waste with a high degree of purification.
In total, the nuclear and radiation safety complex of the Rosatom State Corporation includes a number of specialized federal state unitary enterprises. These are enterprises engaged in the processing and storage of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste: Mining and Chemical Combine, Northern Radioactive Waste Management Enterprise, Far Eastern Radioactive Waste Management Enterprise, Federal Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety, Scientific and Production Association “Radium Institute named after V.G.” Khlopin", and also partially - FSUE Atomflot. In 2008, 15 specialized Radon plants were transferred from the jurisdiction of the abolished Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services (Rosstroy) to the State Corporation Rosatom, which were merged into a single company - the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Radioactive Waste Management Enterprise" RosRAO "
The Rosatom State Corporation also has its own specialized emergency rescue units. These are the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Emergency Technical Center of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia" (St. Petersburg) and the "Center for Emergency Rescue and Underwater Technical Works "Epron" (Selyatino village, Moscow Region). Rosatom regularly organizes emergency rescue exercises at nuclear power plants in Russia, and Rosatom experts take part in similar exercises abroad.
Applied and basic science
Fundamental science was the founder of the entire nuclear industry. The fundamental stages of the implementation of the Soviet “atomic project” and the subsequent development of domestic nuclear energy are associated with intensive nuclear physics research and discoveries. The starting point can be taken as 1918, when the State X-ray and Radiological Institute was created in Petrograd, and in 1921 the Radium Laboratory at the Academy of Sciences was created. The research carried out in these institutions formed the basis of the “nuclear project”. And in 1954, the works of industry scientists were embodied in the world’s first nuclear power plant, launched in the city of nuclear physicists Obninsk.
Since then, for more than six decades, a wide range of research has been carried out in the nuclear industry in such areas as atomic and nuclear physics, plasma physics, quantum optics, gas, hydro and thermodynamics, radiochemistry, acoustics and many others. During these years, a system of scientific and design organizations was created that were capable of fully implementing the scientific plan, starting with fundamental research and ending with design developments and prototypes of products.
In the Rosatom State Corporation, the main centers providing research in the field of fundamental nuclear physics are and. Both institutes were created as an all-Union experimental base for research in high energy physics and nuclear physics and still remain the main Russian research base in the field of fundamental nuclear physics, as well as the training of young scientists. A significant amount of fundamental and applied research is also carried out at federal nuclear centers: the All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics in Sarov and the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics in Snezhinsk.
In addition, Rosatom's subsidiary, Atomenergoprom, includes more than 20 research institutes and design bureaus. Among them are such recognized leaders in their fields as developers and designers of reactors OKB Gidropress and OKBM named after I. I. Afrikantov, developer of the latest technologies for the extraction and processing of uranium and other metals at the All-Russian Research Institute of Chemical Technology, developer of new types of nuclear fuel and structural materials All-Russian Research Institute of Inorganic Materials named after A. A. Bochvar, a research site for reactor technologies and a developer of advanced technologies for handling spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, and many others.
The Rosatom State Corporation takes an active part in international research projects, in particular, in the international project implemented at the initiative of Russia to create a thermonuclear experimental reactor - ITER, which is based on the Russian Tokamak installations. Through cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Rosatom participates in three international innovative research projects: these are projects to create new generation nuclear reactors INPRO and Generation IV, as well as the Global Nuclear Energy Initiative project, the goal of which is is the creation of a nuclear reactor with a closed fuel cycle with a minimum amount of radioactive waste.
The creation of a technological basis for a new fast neutron nuclear energy platform with the closure of the nuclear fuel cycle is the basis of the Federal Target Program “New Generation Nuclear Energy Technologies” being developed. The program is designed for 2010-2020 and is aimed at developing the next generation of nuclear technologies. Russia is a recognized world leader in the development of sodium-cooled fast neutron reactors, as well as the only country in the world that has been industrially operating a high-power reactor of this type for many years (BN-600 at the Beloyarsk NPP). The scientific director of this topic is. The program also contains the development of the fundamentals of industrial thermonuclear energy. The leading organization in the field of plasma research and laser physics is.
Fundamental research lays the foundation for the emergence of new applied nuclear technologies. The Rosatom State Corporation occupies a leading position in Russia in creating an innovative economy. Rosatom is especially intensively developing three innovative areas: innovations in the field of water purification and water treatment (the [Water Technologies] company), the development of new isotopes for medicine and in the field of superconductivity.
The State Corporation Rosatom pays special attention to nanotechnologies and closely cooperates in this area with the State Corporation Rusnano. Now scientists of the State Corporation "Rosatom" are developing pilot industrial technologies for the production of functional substances and products using nanotechnologies and nanomaterials for nuclear, thermonuclear, hydrogen and conventional energy, medicines, materials and products for the national economy.
Another important partner of the Rosatom State Corporation in the field of fundamental research is. Together with scientists from the Rosatom Institute, he conducts plasma research, creates methods for using synchrotron radiation for materials science problems, and carries out work to justify the safety of industrial reactors VVER and RBMK. The results of such research serve not only to improve technologies, but also to create new promising technical areas.
Nuclear icebreaker fleet
Russia has the most powerful icebreaker fleet in the world and unique experience in the design, construction and operation of such vessels. The Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet consists of 6 nuclear icebreakers, 1 container ship and 4 service vessels. Its task is to ensure the stable functioning of the Northern Sea Route, as well as access to the Far North and the Arctic shelf.
In 1933, the First All-Union Conference on Nuclear Physics was held in Leningrad. It gave a powerful impetus to further research. A year later, Alexander Ilyich Brodsky received heavy water for the first time in the USSR. In 1935, Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov and a group of colleagues discovered the phenomenon of nuclear isometry. Two years later, the first beam of accelerated protons was obtained at the Radium Institute at the first cyclotron in Europe. In 1939, Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich, Yuliy Borisovich Khariton, Alexander Ilyich Leypunsky substantiated the possibility of a nuclear fission chain reaction occurring in uranium. And on September 28, 1940, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences approved the work program for the first Soviet “uranium project”.
During the war years, the State Defense Committee recognized the need to resume interrupted work in the field of atomic nuclear physics. On September 28, 1942, secret GKO decree No. 2352ss “On the organization of work on uranium” was signed. In it, the USSR Academy of Sciences was ordered to “resume work on the feasibility of using atomic energy by splitting the uranium nucleus and submit a report on the possibility of creating a uranium bomb or uranium fuel by April 1, 1943.”
A Special Committee was created to direct all work in the field of uranium mining and the development of the atomic bomb. On April 12, 1943, Laboratory of Measuring Instruments No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Kurchatov Institute RRC) was formed. In February 1943, the State Defense Committee (GKO), by order No. 2872ss dated February 11, 1943, transferred this laboratory to Moscow and appointed Professor I.V. Kurchatov as scientific director of work on uranium. Responsibilities for the day-to-day management of these works were assigned to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the USSR, Mikhail Georgievich Pervukhin, and the State Defense Committee Commissioner for Science, Sergei Vasilyevich Kaftanov. From the top leadership of the country, the uranium problem began to be supervised by the first deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, deputy chairman of the State Defense Committee, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov.
During these years, intelligence data was analyzed in the USSR, issues of uranium fission physics, isotope separation, radiochemistry and uranium metallurgy were studied. In particular, in 1944, Kurchatov first isolated “indicative amounts” of plutonium at the M-1 cyclotron to study its chemical properties, and the 9th department (mining and processing of uranium ores) was created as part of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR. But the Great Patriotic War was going on, this required the highest effort of the entire country, and attention to the uranium problem was insufficient.
The test of the atomic bomb in the United States (July 1945) changed everything. The country's top leadership is taking decisive measures to organize nationwide work on the nuclear issue. By Decree of the State Defense Committee No. 9887ss of August 20, 1945, a Special Committee of senior statesmen and physicists was created. General administrative leadership passes from V. M. Molotov to Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria for direct management of organizations and enterprises for the study of intra-atomic energy of uranium and the production of atomic bombs. The First Main Directorate (PGU) under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Boris Lvovich Vannikov (1887-1962). In fact, he became the first head of the industry.
Plant No. 12 (now OJSC Mashinostroitelny Zavod, Elektrostal, Moscow Region) is transferred to the PGU from the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, which is being repurposed for the processing of uranium ores and concentrates. Later, Plant No. 48 (now the Molniya Machine-Building Plant), the Moscow Mechanical Institute of Ammunition (now -) and other facilities were also transferred.
Thanks to the enormous efforts of scientists, work progressed at a rapid pace. In 1946, for the first time on the Eurasian continent, a self-sustaining chain reaction of uranium fission was carried out in the F-1 reactor under the leadership of Kurchatov. These works made it possible two years later to launch the first industrial reactor “A” for the production of plutonium with a capacity of 100 MW. He earned money at plant No. 817 (now PA Mayak in Ozersk, Chelyabinsk region).
On August 29, 1949, the first Soviet nuclear charge (RDS-1) was successfully tested at the Semipalatinsk test site. Thus, the most intense four years of heroic work of large scientific and production teams (1945-1949) allowed the Soviet Union to achieve nuclear parity with the United States.
In 1953, on the basis of the Special Committee, the First, Second and Third Main Directorates under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Ministry of Medium Engineering of the USSR was formed. Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malyshev was appointed minister. He also became the chairman of the State Commission for testing the first domestic thermonuclear bomb (RDS-6s), carried out in 1953 at the Semipalatinsk test site.
The successful development and testing of nuclear weapons gave impetus to the development of peaceful nuclear energy. In 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant, built under the leadership of Kurchatov in Obninsk near Moscow, was launched. The station was equipped with a uranium-graphite channel reactor with water coolant AM (Atom Mirny) with a capacity of 5 MW. The ideas for the design of the station's core were proposed by I.V. Kurchatov, and Academician Nikolai Antonovich Dollezhal became the chief designer.
In June 1955, I.V. Kurchatov and Anatoly Petrovich Aleksandrov led the development of a program for the development of nuclear energy in the USSR, providing for the widespread use of atomic energy for energy, transport and other economic purposes. In 1955, the world's first fast neutron reactor, BR-1, with zero power, was put into operation, and a year later, BR-2, with a thermal power of 100 kW. During these same years, the most important facilities in the industry were founded: the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (in Moscow), (in Dubna), (in Obninsk) and the All-Russian Research Institute of Inorganic Materials (in Moscow).
Under the scientific leadership of the Kurchatov Institute, the first nuclear submarine was built (1957, project K-3) and a new branch of nuclear shipbuilding was developed, ensuring year-round shipping in the northern regions of Russia. In 1959, the world's first ice drift with a nuclear power plant (Lenin) was put into operation.
Large-scale construction of powerful nuclear power plants for the needs of the national economy continued. In 1964, the first unit of the Novovoronezh NPP with a design capacity of 210 MW was launched. In 1973, the world's first fast neutron power reactor, BN-350, was launched (Shevchenko, now Aktau, Kazakhstan). In 1974, the first RBMK reactor with a capacity of 1000 MW was launched (Leningrad NPP). Large-scale construction of nuclear power plants was launched in Eastern European countries.
Then it was necessary to revive the broken production and economic ties, create replacement industries, and get used to the new conditions of domestic and foreign economic activity. The industry's work was focused on the main priority areas, and the distribution of financial resources for the tasks performed was optimized. As a result, the industry managed to survive and preserve its accumulated potential and human resources.
In February 2001, the physical start-up of power unit No. 1 of the Rostov NPP took place. And in March 2004, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 314, the Federal Atomic Energy Agency was formed. Alexander Yuryevich Rumyantsev was appointed its leader. On November 15, 2005, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation, he was replaced as head of the agency by Sergei Vladilenovich Kiriyenko.
The agency was given new large-scale tasks. On October 6, 2006, by Resolution No. 605 of the Government of the Russian Federation, the federal target program “Development of the nuclear power and industrial complex of Russia for 2007-2010 and for the future until 2015” was approved. According to it, 26 nuclear power units should be commissioned in the country by 2020.
In December 2007, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom (abbreviated name - State Corporation Rosatom) was formed. On March 26, 2008, the powers of the abolished Federal Atomic Energy Agency were transferred to it. S.V. Kiriyenko was appointed general director. In August 2008, FSUE Atomflot was transferred to the State Corporation.
The State Corporation ensures the implementation of state policy and unity of management in the use of atomic energy, the stable functioning of the nuclear power industry and nuclear weapons complexes, nuclear and radiation safety. It is also entrusted with the tasks of fulfilling Russia's international obligations in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the non-proliferation regime of nuclear materials. The creation of the Rosatom State Corporation is intended to contribute to the implementation of the federal target program for the development of the nuclear industry, to create new conditions for the development of nuclear energy, and to strengthen Russia’s existing competitive advantages in the global nuclear technology market.
Nuclear industry leaders
The first head of the industry was the head of the First Main Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, Boris Lvovich Vannikov. A man of dramatic fate, coming from a cohort of creators of conventional weapons, People's Commissar of Armaments, demoted and arrested seventeen days before the start of the Great Patriotic War, and soon released from prison and appointed People's Commissar of Ammunition. He worked, as they say, tirelessly, and already in 1942, for exceptional services to the state in providing the front with new types of artillery and small arms, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
On August 20, 1945, during the organization of the Special Committee and the First Main Directorate, Boris Lvovich was appointed deputy chairman of the Special Committee and head of the PGU.
The most intense four years of heroic work of large scientific and production teams (1945-1949) allowed the Soviet Union to achieve nuclear parity with the United States. For his great personal contribution to the organization of work on the production of plutonium and the creation of the first domestic atomic bomb, Boris Lvovich Vannikov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time in October 1949, he was the first to become twice Hero of Socialist Labor.
In June 1953, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malyshev was appointed Minister of Medium Engineering. Throughout the war years, he headed the People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry. His tireless titanic work in this post was appreciated by awarding him the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. It is interesting to note that during the war V. A. Malyshev was at receptions with I. V. Stalin 107 times! There are no other such examples of leaders who are not members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
As Minister of Medium Engineering, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich put a lot of effort into expanding the activities of the largest knowledge-intensive industry: weapons affairs were supplemented by the development of nuclear energy and the creation of underwater and surface nuclear fleets.
V. A. Malyshev was the chairman of the State Commission for testing the first domestic thermonuclear bomb RDS-6s, carried out on August 12, 1953 at the Semipalatinsk test site. Immediately after the test, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich, together with other leaders (including Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov), visited the epicenter of the explosion, where, even a year later, the radiation dose rate exceeded 400 roentgens per hour. This “walk” (as A.D. Sakharov noted in his memoirs) could not but affect the health of its participants.
In 1954, V. A. Malyshev was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR without being relieved of his post as Minister of Medium Engineering. In February 1955, he was removed from both posts and appointed chairman of the State Committee on New Technology. In 1956, due to health reasons, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich left his job. He died in 1957 and was buried in Moscow near the Kremlin wall.
In February 1955, Abraham Pavlovich Zavenyagin became the Minister of Medium Engineering. He is not new to the industry; as Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, he was included in the Special Committee on the Uranium Problem, and ten days later he was appointed first deputy head of the PGU under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
Working at PSU as first deputy (1945-1946 and 1949-1953) and deputy head (1946-1949), Avraamy Pavlovich was responsible for research, production and construction complexes. For his significant contribution to the development of the atomic bomb in 1949, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and in 1954 he was awarded this title a second time for his outstanding contribution to accelerating the development of thermonuclear charges.
On February 28, 1955, A.P. Zavenyagin was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Minister of Medium Engineering. He worked in these positions for almost two years. He is credited with leading the design and construction of the industry's most important facilities - (in Moscow), (in Dubna), (in Obninsk) and the All-Russian Research Institute of Inorganic Materials (in Moscow).
Abraham Pavlovich died on December 31, 1956 at the age of 55. He was buried near the Kremlin wall.
From December 1956 to April 1957, the duties of minister were performed by Boris Lvovich Vannikov. The industry worked like a well-oiled mechanism, but the party and state leadership were attentive and sometimes picky about appointments to key positions in executive authorities. After the death of A.P. Zavenyagin, it took four months to make a decision on the appointment of the first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Mikhail Georgievich Pervukhin, to the post of Minister of Medium Engineering.
For the first time, M. G. Pervukhin was involved in the atomic problem back in 1942, when V. M. Molotov instructed him, as deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1940-1946), to understand the reports of intelligence agencies on projects of uranium-graphite reactors and methods for isotope isolation of uranium -235. In 1943-1945. he was the curator of the atomic project on the part of the Council of People's Commissars.
In August 1945 he was included in the Special Committee, and on November 31 of the same year he became chairman of the engineering and technical council under the Special Committee. For his contribution to the development of the first atomic bomb in 1949, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In the nuclear project, M. G. Pervukhin was responsible for ensuring the operation of the first enterprises for the production of heavy water, uranium hexafluoride and many chemical reagents.
He served as Minister of Medium Engineering in 1957 for less than three months - from April 30 to July 24.
In 1956-1958 worked as Chairman of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Foreign Economic Relations, in 1958-1962. was ambassador to the GDR, then worked in the State Planning Committee. Died in 1978.
For success in his work, Vitaly Fedorovich was awarded four orders of the USSR and the Russian Federation, he is a laureate of the USSR State Prize and the Peter the Great Prize; Candidate of Technical Sciences.
After being released from the post of Minister of Atomic Energy and Industry of the USSR in the period 1992-1996. worked as First Deputy Minister of the Russian Federation for Atomic Energy, President (1996-2000), First Vice-President of TVEL JSC (2000-2002), Advisor to the President of TVEL JSC (2002-2007).
From November 1991 to March 1992, the industry operated in transition mode. On January 29, 1992, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (No. 61) was signed on the formation of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Atomic Energy. This ministry now owned about 80% of the enterprises of the former Ministry of Medium Machine Building of the USSR, 9 nuclear power plants with 28 power units; the number of workers was almost a million people.
During the period from 1998 to 2001, Evgeniy Olegovich was appointed Minister of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation by six decrees of the President of Russia, which was due to the frequent changes of the Russian Government that took place at that time.
A. Yu. Rumyantsev was a member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences for a long time, and the connections between the industry and applied science were not indifferent to him. He himself initiated joint research programs between RAS institutes and industry research institutes and supported the proposals of others in this direction. Thus, in 2002, he personally headed a joint (Minatom - RAS) materials science program with the leading role of RFNC-VNIITF with the participation of institutes of the Ural Branch and other branches of the Academy of Sciences.
In March 2004, after the transformation of Minatom into the Federal Atomic Energy Agency (Rosatom), Alexander Yuryevich was appointed head of the Agency and worked in this position until November 2005. Since June 2006 - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Finland.
On November 15, 2005, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation, Sergei Vladilenovich Kiriyenko was appointed head of the Federal Atomic Energy Agency. On December 12, 2007, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, S.V. Kiriyenko was appointed General Director of the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.
Story
At the beginning of 2011, the American publication Fast Company, specializing in the topic of innovation, compiled a rating of the leading innovative companies in Russia. In this rating, Rosatom took 5th place. Wikipedia
The building of the former Federal Atomic Energy Agency (Moscow, Bolshaya Ordynka str. 24/26) State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom is a Russian state corporation created for the development of the nuclear industry. Contents 1... ...Wikipedia
Rosatom- Federal Atomic Energy Agency since August 11, 2004 earlier: FAAE http://www.minatom.ru/ energ. Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation organization, energy.
The State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom is one of the global technology leaders with the resources and competencies to successfully operate at all levels of the nuclear energy production chain. The state corporation combines assets in a wide range, from nuclear waste processing and processing.
Rosatom's scope of activity also includes the production of equipment and isotope products for the needs of nuclear power plants, materials science, supercomputers and software, and the production of various nuclear and non-nuclear innovative products. Rosatom's strategy is to develop green energy generation projects, including wind power.
The state corporation was created on December 18, 2007. The state corporation unites, including the only one in the world. They employ a total of about 250 thousand people.
Key performance indicators (based on 2018 results):
- Electricity generation at nuclear power plants: 204.275 billion kWh (202.868 billion kWh in 2017);
- Share of nuclear power plant output from electricity generation in Russia: 18.7% (18.9% in 2017);
- The portfolio of foreign projects includes 36 units, 4 nuclear power units and a floating nuclear power plant are being built in Russia.
- 3rd place in the world in the fabrication of nuclear fuel (17% of the world market).
- 1st place in the world in uranium enrichment (36% of the world market).
On November 23, 2007, at a meeting, the Federation Council approved the law on the creation of the state corporation Rosatom, as well as related amendments to the legislation. According to the document, a structure will be created on the basis of the Federal Atomic Energy Agency to implement unified management in the field of nuclear energy. For the law to come into force, only the signature of the president is now required.
Background
The Federal Atomic Energy Agency (Rosatom) was formed on March 9, 2004 on the basis of the abolished Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation (Minatom). In the structure of the Government, Rosatom occupied one of the lowest positions, along with the federal agencies for tourism, physical education and sports and others.
Thus, the once most powerful ministry of the USSR, Minsredmash (later Minatom), turned into an agency with very limited functions and capabilities. Many organizations of the former ministry practically left the agency, becoming JSCs, state unitary enterprises, regional and local organizations or business structures of various forms of ownership.
At the end of 2005, Sergei Kiriyenko was appointed head of Rosatom. Apparently, the appointment of a “non-systemic” person as head was prepared for the purpose of radically transforming Rosatom. From the very first days, the new leader stated that the goal of his new team was to recreate the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. At that time, this intention was not entirely clear, since it was clear that it was no longer possible to restore a Soviet structure like the Ministry of Medium Machine Building today.
Today, after the approval of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom” (hereinafter referred to as the Corporation), as well as after other transformations carried out in the atomic department, some results can be summed up.
Target
Sergei Kiriyenko defined it as follows: “...Inside Russia, Rosatom’s task is to organize a normal market. Rosatom is interested in developing the market - the more participants there are, the better. And on the global market, Rosatom itself will be only one of the market participants..."
In the Law, the purpose of creating the Corporation is declared to be quite pathetic: ... “The Corporation is created and operates for the purpose of pursuing state policy, implementing legal regulation, providing public services and managing state property in the field of atomic energy use, development and safe operation of nuclear power and industrial organizations and nuclear power plants. weapons complexes, ensuring nuclear and radiation safety, non-proliferation of nuclear materials and technologies, development of nuclear science, technology and education, international cooperation in this area.”
Thus, the Corporation was officially created to pursue state policy in the field of nuclear energy use. On the other hand, the transformation of Rosatom took the path of creating another powerful Russian business company through the privatization of the nuclear industry.
It should be noted that in Russia in the 90s, all the “tidbits” (oil, gas, metallurgy, etc.) had long been privatized and today there are practically no opportunities to participate in this business. Therefore, those who did not manage to grab basic resources at one time are now looking for other areas and opportunities. And nuclear energy remained one of the non-privatized areas.
It is clear that privatization today cannot be carried out “according to Chubais,” especially in such an industry as the nuclear industry. Therefore, the option of forming a state corporation is the most acceptable. In addition, for Sergei Kiriyenko and his team, this is also an additional opportunity to rise to a new career level. Today, the head of the Rosatom agency is not even a member of the government. According to the new law, the head of the state corporation is appointed by the President and, accordingly, is assigned to him. The corporation is not part of the government and exists under a specially adopted law. This makes it possible, for example, to carry out privatization outside the usual control procedures of the Federal Property Management Agency and with minimal participation from the White House.
At the same time, privatization according to the “state corporation” option does not look entirely complete, so many experts regard the institution of a state corporation as intermediate at the new stage of privatization. The essence of this privatization is clear - it is to acquire state property to a non-profit partnership without membership (NPO), with a single founder (the state), and a status described only by a “registered” federal law. Here the main thing for a business group is to “stake out” a place, but time will tell what will happen next. For example, in Germany, the USA and other Western countries, nuclear energy, including military programs, is private. Today we see how property transferred to a state corporation (NPO) ceases to be state-owned and becomes the property of the corporation. Perhaps the time will come when the state corporation Rosatom will be transformed into a public-private or even a private corporation.
Structure
The new Corporation includes the entire structure of the nuclear industry, which operates from the extraction of natural uranium and its enrichment to the decommissioning of nuclear facilities and waste disposal.
The structure of the Corporation consists of three main blocks - the nuclear energy complex (Atomenergoprom), the nuclear weapons complex (NWC) and the nuclear and radiation safety and fundamental science block (NRS).
The law determined that the Corporation, as a property contribution to the Russian
Federal JSCs, state unitary enterprises and state institutions, together with all property, will be transferred to the Federation, by order of the President and the Government, as a property contribution to the Russian Federation.
Economy
As can be seen from the structure, the main economic hope that will earn money for the Corporation is Atomenergoprom, which includes the Rosenergoprom concern with all nuclear power plants, TVEL OJSC, as well as other economically stable enterprises.
The problems of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste (deferred problems) were artificially separated from the responsibility of Atomenergoprom and moved to the nuclear and radiation safety unit. Obviously, the idea is that Atomenergoprom, having received state property, will begin its commercial activities with a clean slate, without having any debts or obligations for past activities. And responsibility for deferred problems (i.e. for accumulated spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, contaminated territories, ruined human health) will be assumed by the state and international programs within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Nuclear and Radiation Safety”. In other words, Kiriyenko’s team shifted this responsibility onto Russian and foreign taxpayers. The NRS block includes problematic enterprises, such as the Zheleznogorsk Mining and Chemical Combine, SevRAO, DalRAO, etc.
The nuclear weapons complex will also be financed from the budget. This block includes such clearly unprofitable enterprises as, for example, PA Mayak.
The Law on the Corporation provides funding from the budget for state orders, safety measures, fundamental research, as well as all federal targeted programs that have already been adopted until 2015.
The law provides for the creation and management of special reserve funds by the Corporation. The Corporation's special reserve funds include:
Fund for financing expenses for ensuring nuclear, radiation, technical and fire safety, maintaining and equipping emergency rescue units, paying for their work (services) to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergency situations;
Fund for financing expenses for ensuring physical protection, accounting and control of nuclear materials, radioactive substances and radioactive waste;
Fund for financing the costs of ensuring the decommissioning of nuclear installations, radiation sources, storage facilities for nuclear materials, radioactive substances and radioactive waste and financing research and development work to justify and improve the safety of these facilities;
Fund for financing expenses to ensure the modernization of organizations of the nuclear energy-industrial and nuclear weapons complexes, the development of nuclear science and technology, carrying out design and survey work and implementing other investment projects.
The Law establishes that special reserve funds of the Corporation are created from funds allocated by organizations operating particularly radiation-hazardous and nuclear-hazardous production and facilities.
The only question that remains unclear is how long, for example, is it necessary to accumulate funds in the fund’s accounts sufficient to decommission at least one nuclear power plant?
The law establishes that financial support for the Corporation’s long-term activity program is carried out through:
Income from the activities of the Corporation;
Subsidies from the federal budget;
Federal budget funds allocated for the implementation of tasks of the state defense order;
Property contribution of the Russian Federation from the federal budget;
Funds from the Corporation's special reserve funds;
Other funds of the Corporation and organizations of the Corporation.
As can be seen from the article of the law, the financing of the created Corporation will generally be related to the budget in one way or another. In addition, the Law provides for a so-called transition period of three years, during which budgetary allocations allocated to the Corporation until 2010 are not subject to reduction. In the next 10-15 years, there will most likely not be enough funds in the accounts of the created funds to finance the purposes for which the funds were created. It is still difficult to estimate what the income from the Corporation’s activities will be.
Authority
The Corporation Law significantly expanded the powers of the nuclear department and its management.
Firstly, as already noted, the corporation is not part of the government, and its management is appointed (dismissed) by the president. In addition, the Corporation, with the help of the Law, which it prepared for itself, decided for itself three main issues - obtaining a special status, including one that practically does not allow the government to interfere in its affairs, obtaining state property into ownership and obtaining permanent access to the distribution of state investments (for example, through the Federal Targeted Program).
Secondly, the law significantly expanded the powers of the Corporation in the field of licensing and control over the activities of legal entities engaged in the development, production, testing, transportation, storage, liquidation and disposal of nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants for military purposes. Previously, these powers belonged to the Inspectorate of the Ministry of Defense. In addition, the law entrusted the Corporation with state control over ensuring safety during the transportation of nuclear materials, over the radiation situation, as well as over the implementation of measures to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents. Thus, we see a significant expansion of the Corporation’s control and supervisory functions compared to the powers of the Atomic Energy Agency. The regulations on the Agency clearly stated that it does not have the right to exercise control and supervision functions in the area of its activities, and the Corporation received not just the right of control (departmental), but the right of state control. There was a redistribution of control and supervisory functions in favor of the Corporation. Inspections of the Ministry of Defense retained control and supervisory functions only in relation to enterprises and military units of the ministry.
The law gave the Corporation broad powers to protect information. In this regard, it should be expected that the nuclear department will become more closed and inaccessible to the public, following the example of such large companies as, for example, Gazprom or Lukoil.
Conclusion
1. The Russian Atomic Agency, having transformed into the Rosatom State Corporation, has become the largest state monopoly with a special legal status. The corporation united almost 130 enterprises, associations and concerns, including Rosenergoatom, which includes all ten nuclear power plants in Russia.
In fact, Sergei Kiriyenko managed to recreate the Soviet Ministry of Medium Machine Building and go much further. The corporation became the owner of huge state assets while, in fact, not being subordinate to the government. Formally, the state can return all the assets back to itself, but if it has time, since the Corporation, unlike a federal state unitary enterprise, can do whatever it wants with the property contribution of the state, if this does not contradict its statutory goals. There are big doubts that the creation of a state corporation is aimed at ensuring a state monopoly on some type of activity. Most quickly, this is today’s form of privatization of state assets.
Having an absolute monopoly in Russia, Rosatom will strive to create powerful competition with global nuclear companies such as Toshiba Corporation, Westinghouse, Areva, Siemens, General Electric, Hitachi, etc.
2. The nuclear monopoly Rosatom will exist in the next 5-10 years mainly due to budget financing and the sale of uranium remaining from the dismantling of warheads. At the same time, in an effort to build the promised ten reactors for nuclear power plants, the Concern will use political lobbying to put pressure on businesses (aluminum, gas, oil, etc.), trying to involve them in this activity.
3. Most likely, one should not expect a quick solution to the deferred problems with spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. International and Russian practice shows that solving problems with waste is not effective if the agency responsible for waste management is in the same structure with the organizations operating nuclear power plants. In addition, the Corporation quite cleverly shifted the financing of deferred problems to the state budget. In the next 10 years, it is unlikely that nuclear power plants will be decommissioned, since there are no basic solutions, and most importantly, no funds. The decision to create funds is correct in form, but ineffective, since there is nowhere to get money for these funds in the near future. Thus, the Corporation actually avoided resolving the main issue that the public poses to the atomic department, about the safe management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste.
4. Redistribution of control and supervisory powers, as well as licensing issues, does not contribute to improving safety. The Corporation's new capabilities to suppress information can be used to further wean society away from solving nuclear problems.
Rosatom is preparing to count down its second decade of existence and, on the threshold of its anniversary, is launching a transformation program. Its contours were discussed in detail at a conference of industry leaders.
“Safety and science are systemic conditions for the existence of the industry. I will not get tired of talking about this and ask you to think about these issues very seriously,” said the head of Rosatom, Alexei Likhachev, at the conference. Having identified two absolute priorities, he focused on the future. We were talking about three levels of planning, figuratively defined as “today”, “tomorrow” and “the day after tomorrow”. Taking into account the duration of the industry’s technological cycles, “today” for Rosatom is 2017–2019, “tomorrow” is 2020–2029, “the day after tomorrow” is the time period from 2030.
Today
The primary task is to quickly carry out structural changes. “If we leave tactics and strategy at the current level, we will stand still. We are making more and more efforts, but the acceleration is still minimal. Sluggishness, a complex system of relationships, planning - all this hinders acceleration,” the general director emphasized. 
The industry management system will change within the framework of the Horizon project - as the name suggests, it is aimed at developing horizontal connections in the industry. The project was presented at the conference by First Deputy General Director of Rosatom Kirill Komarov. He recalled that the industry has been continuously changing over the past 10 years. The formation of the contours of the state corporation (consolidation of assets) began in 2006. At the second stage, in 2008–2011, divisions were created and their structure as a whole was formed. In 2012–2015, divisions and management companies were given greater powers and responsibilities. “The time has come when it is necessary to configure the system,” said Kirill Komarov.
The prerequisites for the Horizon project are external challenges and internal limitations. The market is waiting for new products and solutions, and customers are looking for a flexible offer tailored to individual needs. To meet market challenges, decisions need to be made quickly based on uniform rules and standards.
At the same time, the industry still has high transaction costs between enterprises and divisions and a relatively low speed of processes. The current management system limits the ability to implement projects in which several divisions are involved, especially if at some points the interests of individual organizations conflict. As a result, a decision was made to build an updated organizational structure around the key products that Rosatom offers to its clients. This will also make it possible to estimate the cost of final products and individual stages. In addition, organizations need to stop haggling over internal prices and components and competing with each other in the external market.
The first and main product of Rosatom is nuclear power plants. Now First Deputy General Director Alexander Lokshin is personally responsible for it. In the future, responsible persons (“product owners”) will be identified from among the top managers of the industry for all key products. The configuration of the new industry structure will soon be fully determined, Alexey Likhachev promised. The pilot will be Atomenergomash, where the transfer of some subsidiaries to the status of branches has already begun. The mechanical engineering division itself came up with such an initiative: reducing the number of subsidiaries, according to preliminary estimates, will save AEM 5–6 billion rubles.
“Changes must be carried out urgently, step by step, publicly, with the involvement of divisions and enterprises. And just as carefully and promptly, we must analyze the effectiveness of decisions. “We have a complex structure at Rosatom: it is a single company, but also a full-cycle industry, a kind of ministry, and a set of brands and organizations - players in the global market,” emphasized Alexey Likhachev. “Of course, this requires adjustment and taking into account all the nuances.”
The transformations will also affect the motivation system and key performance indicators for managers and enterprises. “Motivation and stimulation will depend on where in the short term the main point of development of the enterprise is - inside the industry, in creating an optimal product, or outside the industry, in selling the product on the market,” added the general director.
Tomorrow
Updating the structure and management system will allow Rosatom to prepare for the main challenge of tomorrow. The portfolio of foreign orders of industry enterprises for 10 years is more than $130 billion. The amount is amazing. But what is even more striking is the scale of construction. By 2023, it will grow more than five times compared to the current one, mainly on foreign sites. The head of Rosatom compared this challenge to the Soviet nuclear project. 
It is necessary to take a fresh look at the distribution of responsibilities during the implementation of nuclear construction projects, to clarify the roles of their participants and the motivation system for designers. It is important to seriously improve the quality of design. Great hopes are placed on the AKP. For each of the listed points, industry leaders have determined an action plan - they will be implemented in the near future.
“The main challenge for us is increasing construction efficiency. The engineering component of the industry has been revived. But we need to radically reconsider the organization of work. By the end of the year, we should launch a time and cost management system no longer manually, but automatically,” said Alexey
Likhachev.
Day after tomorrow
A separate session, in a foresight format, was devoted to a conversation about the more distant future. Representatives of the scientific division, the top 30 of Rosatom and members of the personnel reserve were looking for points of technological growth - what the industry can offer to the market after 2030. According to Alexey Likhachev, several projects should soon appear in the industry, comparable in level and depth of development to Proryv. “Without interaction with industry science, without rebooting the innovation management unit, nothing will work,” added Alexey Likhachev. - Two requirements for projects of the day after tomorrow. Firstly, they must be comparable to the national program - the industry must be loaded with capital-intensive scientific projects. Secondly, they must be economically justified.” 
Here are some examples of promising areas, the development of which was supported by many session participants: additive technologies and energy storage devices, closed fuel cycle and next generation reactors. But the emergence of new, non-core areas for the state corporation does not at all mean the rejection of traditional activities.
Rosatom Director of Strategic Management Sergei Petrov expressed hope that foresight will become a regular annual event. In his opinion, Rosatom has unique competencies, scientific and production resources that should be relied upon when determining new directions for development. And the desire to take into account all the fashionable technological trends can result in a waste of resources, a grueling pursuit of two birds with one stone.
“There is and never will be any alternative to Rosatom’s two main missions - defense and nuclear energy. But is there a third mission? I see it as technological leadership in Russia and in the world. There are a number of issues that need to be resolved for the development of the nuclear industry. Often, exactly the same issues are important for the development of a country. In a certain sense, we are shaping the future of Russia, and what it will be depends on us,” the head of Rosatom summed up the conference.
COMMENTS
Andrey Nikipelov
General Director of Atomenergomash
- We think about internal efficiency all the time. And the idea arose to remove legal boundaries in companies that are primarily involved in the creation of a nuclear steam generating plant - our main product for the industry. There are several participants in the production of nuclear power plants. After signing the external contract, we need to divide it up and distribute it. During this period, we spend quite a lot of time completely unproductively - on corporate, procurement procedures, registration and contracting. In an amicable way, it is necessary to ensure that after the conclusion of the first contract for complete supply no more additional documents appear.
As a result, we came up with the idea to consolidate to the point where there is Atomenergomash and there are branches. AEM must, on the one hand, be responsible for contracting, financial results, and work with the client, and on the other hand, provide production with everything necessary. Branches are engaged in reducing costs and deadlines, and nothing should distract them from this.
A rather interesting task will be to divide our activities into profit centers and cost formation centers. We sell not just equipment, but complex technical solutions that involve the work of designers, technologists, production workers, workers, corporate services, and the loading of our equipment. For example, Atommash manufactures not only the reactor plant and main reactor equipment, but also many different products for the gas and petrochemical industry. The main difficulty is to correctly divide the labor of people and the loading of equipment. The main thing here is to set goals in such a way that there are no contradictions in achieving them.
Oleg Kryukov
Director for State Policy in the field of radioactive waste, spent nuclear fuel and decommissioning of Nuclear and Disaster Protection Plant "Rosatom"
- I will vote with both hands for the constant improvement of processes, but we cannot rush along this path, we must find the optimum. Our control system is complex. There are difficulties in interdivisional interaction, determining end-to-end costs, forming transfer prices, etc. If Horizon helps to resolve these issues or begin to resolve them, to act in one direction, and not to protect local interests, it will be very good.
At the first stage, divisions were built according to the product-production principle. But the situation is changing, we are moving to the technological principle and logic of technology life cycle management. This forces us to take a fresh look at our production and its place in the corporation’s product strategy.
For example, an organizational contradiction has now arisen: the MCC is mastering the production of MOX fuel for BN-800. Fabrication work has traditionally been and is carried out by TVEL. But MOX fuel is a completely different fuel; it is a product of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. And the method of calculating the economy is completely different. It is now more correct to build the production chain from the gas chemical complex.
Another example is SNF reprocessing as a separate service. It is clear that the more spent nuclear fuel our plants reprocess, the lower the cost of reprocessing. If Mayak is maximally loaded, the cost of processing will drop by one and a half to two times. But in order to organize large-scale processing, it is necessary to ensure the use of useful processed products, and the resulting waste must be quickly and efficiently processed and disposed of. And this must be linked to the activities of factories for the fabrication of traditional fuel.
What to do - collect the entire nuclear fuel cycle into one division? I’m not sure that simply enlarging the fuel division will resolve all the issues. Such a colossus of technology and people will be difficult to manage.
Andrey Petrov
General Director of Rosenergoatom
- The decisions made at the conference are quite tough. Everything is defined - areas of work, responsible ones. And the pain points are clear. How to implement a nuclear power plant construction program that is not just planned, but contracted? Without absolute control, this will be impossible. The risks are big, but we need to cope - there are no options. So, of course, we need to change, and very quickly.
As for the concern, our next step is to enter international projects. The first is the Akkuyu NPP, where the concern will take on the functions of a technical customer, as well as everything related to commissioning, personnel training, and ensuring readiness for operation. Rosenergoatom is the bearer of critical knowledge and functions regarding the NPP product, without which the fulfillment of international orders will hardly be possible.
The concern has launched a program to improve the quality of design. In my opinion, one of the key problems is the large number of design changes during the implementation of the project. Our task is to minimize them, primarily by typing the base project.
Valery Limarenko
ASE President
- We have been integrating design organizations within the engineering division for a long time. We chose a single brand and name, and all contracts are collected under this brand. In the future we will switch to branches, but here we need to very carefully re-issue all licenses. It will take a year to a year and a half to complete this work. We are already actually a single team. Our directors are not the people who command legal entities, but those who manage production processes.
We report on the economic effect annually. Enterprises are being integrated, overhead costs are being reduced, and the number of people employed in the real sector is increasing. Labor productivity grows by 11% every year. We are among the leaders in turnover and cost reduction.
Vyacheslav Pershukov
Deputy General Director of Rosatom, Head of Innovation Management Unit
- The world is changing very quickly, and we must adapt. The product change cycle in nuclear technology takes years. The market can change faster. In the scientific division, until recently, we commercialized the groundwork of the Soviet Union. Many products have been introduced into small-scale production, now we need to go to an industrial scale. For example, we recently transferred nuclear medicine assets to integrator Rusatom Healthcare. Shall we stop there? I think no. The structural development of the electrical engineering division is ahead. We have developed a large program on high-temperature superconductivity. Now we need to think about how to transfer these technologies to the industrial level.
A separate challenge relates to intellectual property. Rosatom's entry abroad means, first of all, protection in this regard. We are seriously thinking about bringing the IP operator to the industry level, similar to Greenatom in IT. The scientific division also contributes to increasing the efficiency of construction. For example, NIIgrafit’s composite materials make it possible to reduce the time needed to construct foundation pits by half. There are separate solutions for digitalization and diagnostic systems for nuclear power plants, especially for the BN reactor. IPPE and OKBM are working well on reducing the cost of the BN-1200 project.
As for futurism, this is a good thing if it is scientifically substantiated. It is a recognized fact: up to 50% of scientific ideas in the world are pseudoscientific. Humanity has reached such a level of knowledge that it is impossible to concentrate the completeness of information in small groups - everything is done at the junctions, and there are not enough competencies. So this is not malicious intent, but rather a gray area at the junctions of areas.
Foresight is important work. Here we are still at the stage of assessing markets. Next, it will be necessary to decide what exactly can be implemented and what the role of Rosatom will be. We need to decide and formulate scientific and technical programs. To understand whether we have enough competencies or whether we need to increase them. In general, marketers are not yet ready to give a forecast for future markets. But Rosatom’s product line has already been formed. I believe that by the end of the year we need to decide on a promising R&D program.
The divisional structure, of course, interferes with science, because production solves the problem of reducing the cost of technological processing. And who will give orders to institutes for the technologies of the future? Corporate R&D centers will help. We are already creating them.
Vladimir Verkhovtsev
General Director of Atomredmetzoloto
- There is no doubt that we need to change. But you need to change wisely: weigh everything, think it through, without delaying it. And the mining division also needs to change and rebuild. I believe that our field is the expansion of the mineral resource base to support Rosatom’s new technological initiatives. We need to deal not only with uranium, but also with gold, scandium, zinc, lead, lithium, beryllium - other minerals. Our range is very wide.
Obviously, we are not a profit center right now. We are considering transferring subsidiaries to the status of branches. This is one of the tasks we set for ourselves. Many problems will immediately disappear, at least in the area of procurement: there will be no need to hold competitions, which take so much time. We are studying the possibility of creating a single center with the accumulation of all competencies, licenses, etc.
State Corporation "Rosatom" combines commercial activities in its work, ensuring the development of nuclear energy and nuclear fuel cycle enterprises, and the performance of the functions assigned to it by the state - ensuring national security (nuclear deterrence), nuclear and radiation safety, as well as the development of applied and fundamental science. In addition, the State Corporation is authorized on behalf of the Russian Federation to fulfill Russia’s international obligations in the field of peaceful use of nuclear energy and the non-proliferation regime of nuclear materials.
The Russian nuclear industry is building modern foreign projects according to the “build-own-manage” scheme. Starting from the technical development of the sketch until the moment of its future disposal, including maintenance, spare parts, modernization and extension of operational life. Each of these stages is extremely complex in itself, and the “supply” of fuel is accessible only to a few companies in the world.
Assets
At the beginning of 2019, the company included more than 350 enterprises and organizations, including:
Rosatom produces its own nuclear fuel and builds innovative reactors and nuclear power plants around the world.
State Corporation Rosatom is the largest generating company in Russia, which provides more than 40% of electricity in the European part of the country. Rosatom occupies a leading position in the global nuclear technology market, occupying:
- 1st place in the world in the number of simultaneously constructed nuclear power plants abroad;
- 2nd place in the world in terms of uranium reserves and 5th place in the world in terms of its production;
- 4th place in the world in nuclear power generation, providing 40% of the world market for uranium enrichment services and 17% of the nuclear fuel market.
In 2019, Rosatom is building plants for the production of PAN precursor, which makes it possible to create carbon fiber based on its own raw materials. Opens production facilities in a number of countries for processing lithium, which is necessary in the manufacture of batteries for computers, tablets and smartphones, and the scope of activity of the Russian state corporation is actively expanding to hydropower and wind generation, nuclear medicine and the construction of science centers, equipment for gas and petrochemicals and thermal energy, and composite materials
Performance indicators
In 2018, 67% of the entire global nuclear power plant construction market was sold by Moscow.
By 2017, Rosatom's 10-year portfolio of foreign orders amounted to $133.6 billion. By the end of 2018, the company signed foreign contracts for another 26 billion, at the same time becoming the undisputed market leader in the number of simultaneously implemented nuclear reactor projects.
Projects
Rosatom is the world's leading corporation in the construction of nuclear power plants. Important customers for such work are China and India.
- Belene Nuclear Power Plant (Bulgaria)
- Paks NPP (Hungary)
By 2018, using breakthrough technologies and solutions, Russia offered the world the most reliable nuclear projects by that time. Floating nuclear power plants, the latest reactors, the best protective systems, construction schemes and commercial cooperation that others simply do not have.
Informatization
A separate article is devoted to the issues of creation, development and operation of Rosatom information systems on TAdviser:
Competence center of the national program “Digital Economy”
Rosatom is one of the competence centers within the framework of the national program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation”.
On March 1, 2019, Rosatom announced competitions for the development of roadmaps for the development of nine “end-to-end” digital technologies for a total amount of 109 million rubles. The relevant notices were published on the government procurement portal. Read more.
Story
2012: Cumulative volume of orders - $69 billion
In October 2012, it became known that the total volume of contracts of the state corporation Rosatom was about $69 billion over the next ten years. This was stated by Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin during a meeting of the Rosatom supervisory board, according to the official press release of the state corporation. As Rogozin pointed out, as of January 1, 2012, the volume of contracts reached $50.2 billion.
The Deputy Prime Minister also noted that in previous years Rosatom met “and even exceeded” efficiency indicators. In 2012, as Rogozin pointed out, the corporation’s state defense order had already been virtually completed one hundred percent.
Rogozin recalled that since 2006, the Russian authorities have allocated about four trillion rubles for various programs for the development of the nuclear industry until 2020. In 2011, Russian nuclear power plants generated a record amount of electricity - more than 170 billion kilowatt-hours. This level is expected to be exceeded in 2012.
2011: Head of the company Sergei Kiriyenko: By 2030, Rosatom's revenue will grow 5 times to $75 billion
At the end of 2011, the head of Rosatom, Sergei Kiriyenko, stated that by 2030, the state corporation’s revenue would grow fivefold and reach $75 billion.
2007: Creation of the company
In 2007, the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy quietly and quietly created an unknown specialized company. Unlike private foreign corporations, Rosatom was and remains a vertically integrated state company. This is largely why, just a few years later, the conglomerate managed Russian nuclear industry facilities at all stages of the nuclear cycle.
In contrast to the Western strictly capitalist model of doing business, which is entirely built on the scheme of private profit-making, the business strategy of the Russian company was developed based on the goals of the country itself. In other words, the tasks for the civil sector of the Russian industry are approved by the president and the government, and even if they are financially unprofitable, but important for Russia’s plans, they will be implemented no matter what. Western private competitors are unable to do anything like this, except for copying this approach
