Physics is the science that created modern world. Thanks to the discovery of the laws of physics, our homes are equipped with a variety of appliances, and everyday life is simplified with communal amenities. Therefore, when asking a question regarding the relevance of studying physics, it is worth looking at the root of this science and understanding where it all began.
Patterns of the surrounding world
Many natural patterns were noticed by the first people. At that time, these phenomena were inexplicable and therefore remained useless or even dangerous. Gradually, by solving problems and conducting experiments, scientists collected information about how the world works. The accumulated experience and further discoveries led to the fact that man subjugated many elements and made his life safe and comfortable.
Even those who are not interested in science use knowledge of physical laws in everyday life and everyday life. Operation electrical appliances, usage hot water and heating - all this requires knowledge of basic physical laws. Computers, phones, TVs and everything home equipment appeared as a result of the study and application of physics.
Practical benefits
Thanks to physics, we know the origin of almost all natural phenomena. Over the years, solving problems in physics has opened up enormous prospects for scientists. Man has learned to receive energy and use it in own purposes. Physical formulas are necessary for large-scale construction, industrial development and production.
Speaking about theory, it is worth mentioning that physics is useful for development logical thinking. By studying this science, a person improves in many areas, learns to correctly calculate strength and use all his mental potential. In the process of solving physical problems, a connection is established between cause and effect, a solution is found for important issues and an analysis of current conditions is carried out.
Expanding your horizons
The laws of physics underlie astronomy and the study of celestial bodies. Knowledge of physics has allowed humanity to achieve tangible results in the conquest of outer space. This has made satellite communications and global forecasting a reality for most people.
Physical calculations underlie the invention of all types of transport, including aircraft And spaceships. Communication between people is also ensured thanks to knowledge of physics - radio, television and the Internet are completely dependent on correct use waves and signals.
Physics has allowed man to go beyond the familiar world and discover new horizons. With her, life became richer, richer and more interesting. Therefore, when wondering about the need for physics, it is worth remembering that almost the entire world known to us was created on the basis of this amazing science.
In 1687, the famous English scientist Sir Isaac Newton published a book "Mathematical principles of natural philosophy". This book describes the three laws of motion that formed the basis of classical mechanics.
But most people don't even realize that Newton's laws can be used to increase productivity, simplify work, and achieve success. How? Now we'll tell you!
Newton's first law.
Every body continues to be maintained in a state of rest or uniform and rectilinear motion, until and as long as it is not forced by applied forces to change this state.
Inertia is the fundamental law of the universe.
In other words, a body in motion tends to remain in motion - and vice versa, if the body is not moving, it tends to remain motionless.
This law fully applies to our productivity. If bodies in a state of rest tend to remain at rest, then without getting up from the couch, we will achieve nothing!
It turns out that the main thing is to start doing something? Yes! The most important thing is to take it and start. And once you get started, it will be much easier to stay on track.
To overcome inertia, find a way to get started on a task in less than two minutes.
Please note that this is not about finishing the job. In fact, you don't even need to work directly. But thanks to Newton's first law, you'll often find that once you've started that small part of a task within two minutes, it's much easier to keep going.
Motivation often comes after starting work. Find a way to start small. Once you get up to speed, you will be surprised how easily everything works out for you!
Newton's second law.
The change in momentum is proportional to the applied driving force and occurs in the direction of the straight line along which this force acts.
In other words, force equals mass times acceleration. Let's look at how this equation can be applied to productivity.
It is important to understand: force is a vector. And the vector is made up of the magnitude (efforts applied) and the direction of these same efforts.
That is, if you want to accelerate an object in a certain direction, then the situation is influenced by both the amount of effort and their direction.
All this can be applied in life!
If you want to be more productive, you need to think about not only how hard you work, but also where you direct your efforts. This applies equally to major life decisions and small everyday tasks.
Simply put, you have a strictly defined amount of force to do work. And the direction of this force is as important as the quantity.
Newton's third law.
An action always has an equal and opposite reaction, otherwise the interactions of two bodies on each other are equal and directed in opposite directions.
Each of us has our own average speed of doing something. Your level of productivity and effectiveness is the balance of productive and unproductive forces in your life.
What are the forces of productivity and unproductivity?
The powers of productivity are focus, positivity and motivation. And the forces of unproductivity are stress, lack of sleep and trying to do ten things at once.
If you want to become more efficient and productive, you have two options:
1.Put in more effort, that is, increase the amount of force. You'll push yourself, drink another cup of coffee, and work harder.
Obviously, this will only work until you burn out. Increasing strength can work well, but only for a short period.
2. Eliminate opposing forces. Simplify your life, learn to speak "No", reduce the number of responsibilities.
In other words, eliminate everything that is holding you back. Having gotten rid of opposing forces, you will see that now your efforts (the same, not increased!) are enough to do a much larger amount of work.
The second option is much simpler and more effective. But most people instinctively choose the first one because they don't think about Newton's laws.
So:
1. A moving body tends to continue moving. Find a way to get started within two minutes.
1. Strive not only to work hard, but also to work hard the right things. Your powers are limited. The direction of their application is also important.
3. Productivity is a balance of opposing forces. If you want to be more productive, you can either "push through" obstacles or eliminate opposing forces. The second option is less stressful.
The text of the work is posted without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Work Files" tab in PDF format
Introduction
Physics is not a woman’s science” and “All blondes are stupid” - these phrases can often be heard from men. Such statements, in my opinion, are groundless. Women are the pearls of this world, who make it more perfect, more beautiful and more harmonious. The female gender is called weak for no reason. Absolutely any woman can become strong, successful and famous by choosing her own path. A woman always knows what she wants from life and does everything to achieve her goal. Faith in own strength, the ability to set priorities correctly, hard work, determination and feminine charm - these are the rules that will help on the path to heights.
IQ tests appeared about 100 years ago, and all this time women lagged behind men by 5 points. However, for recent years this gap between the sexes began to narrow, and this year women gained the upper hand in matters of intelligence. IQ level is influenced by several factors, including heredity, environment(family, school, social status of a person). The test result is also significantly influenced by the age of the test taker. At the age of 26, as a rule, a person’s intelligence reaches its peak, and then only declines.
For example, Madonna (blonde) has an IQ of 140 points, the smartest model in the world in 2002, Iris Muley, has an IQ of 156 points, Nadezhda Kamukova has an IQ of 156 points. The owner of the high level IQ according to the Guinness Book of Records for 1986, Marilyn vos Savant is known for her talent as a writer. Its coefficient level mental development amounted to 225 points. Robert Jarvik, the husband of a brilliant woman, created the first working artificial heart. The couple's constant scientific research and successes have earned them the title of "New York's smartest couple."
Scientists are increasingly coming to the conclusion that beauty and intelligence in many cases go hand in hand.
Due to this, target of this work: to prove that physics is a science necessary for both boys and girls.
To achieve this goal, the following were decided tasks:
1. find out how many women have contributed to the development of physics and mathematics;
2. conduct a sociological survey among girls;
3. find out how to use physics to improve a girl’s appearance;
4. describe one day in the life of a girl from a physics point of view;
5. draw a conclusion about the role of physics in a girl’s life.
Object of study are girls 15-17 years old and their lifestyle.
During the work the following were used research methods: survey, analysis, experiment, comparison, generalization.
Main part
1.A heart dedicated to science.
There are many women who have made discoveries in the field of physics or mathematics. In total, you can count 42 great women who contributed to the development of technical sciences.
For example, Mileva Maric was not just the wife and mother of Einstein’s children, but also a co-author of his most important works.
Hypatia (370 AD - 415 AD) - mathematician, astronomer, philosopher. Her name and deeds have been reliably established, and therefore it is believed that Hypatia is the first female scientist in the history of mankind. She was actively involved in educational and polemical activities. Hypatia died in 415 at the hands of religious fanatics. During Hypatia’s lifetime, Socrates, a contemporary, said: “She reached such heights of knowledge that she surpassed all the philosophers of her time.” In the 20th century, one of the craters of the Moon was named after Hypatia.
Caroline Lucretia Herschel is a British astronomer, sister and assistant of William Herschel. Born March 16, 1750 in Hanover. The first woman astronomer who discovered 8 comets and several nebulae. In 1828, the Royal Astronomical Society of London awarded her the Gold Medal and elected her as an honorary member. Her name is included on the map of the Moon.
Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya - an outstanding Russian mathematician; the world's first woman professor and corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Kovalevskaya is written scientific work- “The problem of rotation solid near a fixed point." This work was a true scientific triumph for Kovalevskaya. She solved a problem that scientists had been struggling with for years without success.
Sofya Yanovskaya held great job to improve mathematical culture in our country, especially on issues of mathematics methodology and logic. Thus, with its prefaces and comments, “Fundamentals of Theoretical Logic” by D. Hilbert and W. Ackerman and “Introduction to Logic” by A. Tarski were published.
Nina Karlovna Bari - Soviet mathematician, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor at Moscow State University. She was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1935, when she was already a well-known scientist who had great merit in the study trigonometric series and set theory.
Lise Meitner 1938 became a member of the Nobel Institute. Lise Meitner's work relates to the fields of nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry. Meitner explained the observed phenomenon as a new type of atomic fission - the division of a uranium nucleus into two fragments, thereby introducing the term “fission” into nuclear physics and predicted the existence of a nuclear fission chain reaction.
Maria Skłodowska-Curie. Thanks to his extraordinary abilities and hard work, he received two diplomas - in physics and mathematics. In 1895 he worked in the laboratory of her husband Pierre Curie at the Institute of Physics. Awarded in 1903 Nobel Prize Pierre and Marie Skłodowska-Curie for studying the phenomenon of radioactivity. In 1911, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Marie Sklodowska-Curie in recognition of her contribution to the development of chemistry, which she made with the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, for her experiments with these elements.
We should not forget about women cosmonauts, who made a huge contribution to the development of modern science.
Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova is a Russian cosmonaut and political figure. Hero of Russia. Pilot-cosmonaut Russian Federation. 1st woman to make a long flight.
Svetlana Evgenievna Savitskaya - Soviet cosmonaut, test pilot, teacher. The world's second female cosmonaut after Valentina Tereshkova. The world's first female astronaut to go into outer space and the first woman to fly twice.
Elena Olegovna Serova is a Russian cosmonaut, a test team member of the Yu. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. 1st Russian woman, which flew to the ISS.
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova - Soviet cosmonaut, the world's first female cosmonaut, also the woman who had the smallest age at the time of orbital flight (26 years) Hero Soviet Union. Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, 10th cosmonaut in the world. The only woman in the world to fly solo in space.
Peggy Annette Whitson (USA), 1st woman - expedition commander at the orbital station (ISS), holder of the women's record for the duration of an orbital flight (289 days) and the total duration of space flights (666 days).
Number of women astronauts different countries and their flight activity (Appendix 1).
2. One day in the life of a girl.
It's easy to imagine one day in the life of a girl. Let's look at it step by step.
Physics in the bathroom. So, the girl gets up early in the morning and gets ready for school. Having gotten up, the first thing she does is go to the bathroom, where she prepares herself for the working day. First, she washes herself, standing in front of the mirror and understanding that mirror reflection is a reflection in which a beam of light falling on the surface is reflected by it in the same way in the form of a beam. Physical principle The work of a mirror is to reflect the rays falling on it, i.e. when a light flux falls on an object, part of it is absorbed, and part is reflected. In this case, the reflected stream of light carries information about the object.
Standing in the shower chamber and singing her favorite songs, the girl knows that sound waves are elastic waves that can cause auditory sensations in a person. The human ear is capable of perceiving mechanical vibrations occurring with a frequency of 16 - 20,000 Hz. The walls of a bathroom or shower stall form a good reflective surface, as they have a smooth surface.
Our girl knows how to use cosmetics correctly and remembers that in physics there is such a thing as optical illusions. They directly play a major role in the process of applying makeup, i.e. facial correction.
Optical illusions (optical illusions) - errors in assessing and comparing the lengths of segments, angles, distances between objects, in the perception of the shape of objects, relief, etc., made by an observer under certain conditions.
There are a considerable number of such illusions in makeup:
1. The illusion of attracting attention
2. The illusion of decreasing/increasing the vertical.
3. Muller-Lyer illusion. A segment that has inward-facing corners at its ends appears shorter than a segment that has outward-facing corners at its ends.
4. The illusion of an acute angle.
Even physics in the manufacture of cosmetics plays an important role. For example, the cosmetics that some girls use combine many physical properties. Let's take, for example, polar crystalline powder “Tourmaline”. Tourmaline is considered precious stone and in Japan is called electric, since upon contact with the skin it is capable of producing a weak electric current, and when applied in the form of powder, it can produce specific infrared radiation that has a beneficial effect on the skin. Tourmaline contains: magnesium, which activates skin cell renewal; iron, which improves microcirculation and silicon, which has an antioxidant effect.
Physics in the kitchen. After taking a shower, she goes to the kitchen to have a little snack before a hard day at work. But before she started cooking, she decided to count the number of calories in the omelet.
To prepare the omelette, 2 eggs were required, each weighing 50.5 g.
When these products are oxidized in the body, energy is released: Q=q m
Q I =6 900 · 103 J/kg · 0.110 kg = 759 · 103 J/kg =759 kJ
After beating the eggs a little, she took out a cast iron frying pan with wooden handle and started cooking. While preparing breakfast, she had a question: why, after beating the eggs, most of the whites turned into foam and why is it easier to cook on cast iron frying pan, and not on steel. The foam appears because the molecules in the egg white are tangled like pasta. When a protein is beaten or heated, the molecules spread out and begin to attract each other more tightly, so the protein becomes tougher. It has been experimentally established that any substance has specific heat capacity. In cast iron specific heat more (540 Jkg) than steel (500 J/kg), so the bottom of thick, massive cast iron frying pans and pots heats up more evenly than those made of thin steel. Then she began to prepare the sandwich, having first counted it energy value and not forgetting the milk.
V = 200 cm 3 = 0.002 m 3;
ρ = 1,030 kg/m3;
m = ρ · V = 1,030 kg/m 3 · 0.002 m 3 = 0.206 kg.
Q M = 2,800 · 103 J/kg · 0.206 kg =576.8 · 103 J = 576.8 kJ
To prepare the sandwich, it took 100 g of loaf and 20 g. butter. When these products are oxidized in the body, energy is released:
Q B = 10,470 103 J/kg 0.12 kg = 1,256.4 103 J = 1,256.4 kJ
Q SM = 32,700 · 103 J/kg · 0.03 kg = 981 · 103 J = 981 kJ. Total: 3573.2 kJ, which translated into kilocalories is 893.3 kcal. This is enough to not feel hungry until lunch, even with vigorous activity.
In order to drink a cup of hot coffee with milk, the girl first pours hot coffee into the cup, but does not immediately dilute it with cold milk. She knows that according to the law of thermodynamics, heat exchange between bodies goes with that more intense, the greater the difference in their temperatures. So, since all the energy of coffee goes into milk, we can create a heat balance equation. If you don't add milk right away, the coffee will cool faster. She also knows that there is also one type of heat transfer present here - convection: the transfer of energy by jets of liquid or gas. Heated layers of liquid that are lighter and less dense are displaced upward by heavier (cold layers).
Looking at the cup of coffee, the girl saw strange patterns, as if the surface of the coffee was dotted with some kind of polygons. She knew that if the temperature at the bottom of the liquid is significantly higher than in upper layers, then the liquid becomes unstable, and convection currents are formed in it, in which the hotter liquid rises up and the colder liquid goes down. In this case, the structures shown in the figure may appear.
Physics in the dressing room. After breakfast, the girl went to get dressed. First of all, she was going to do her hair. While doing her hair on her head, she remembered that her hair has such physical and mechanical properties as:
Hygroscopicity (dry hair has about 18% moisture content); . capillarity, that is, the ability to absorb and transfer liquids and liquid bodies; stability and strength, which allow certain chemical, physical and mechanical operations to be carried out on the hair; sensitivity to alkalis;
Elasticity and stretchability, which are very significant in working on hair (formation and even transformation of the internal structure of the hair, especially with permanent hair).
Having done her hair and makeup, she began to choose an outfit. It turns out that optical illusions are present not only in makeup, but also in clothing, which has an important role in appearance girls. Forming a certain visual perception of the figure, modern girl can hide his shortcomings and demonstrate his strengths using various ways and techniques.
1. The illusion of overestimation of the vertical
2. The illusion of filled space
3. The illusion of overestimation of an acute angle
4. The illusion of contrast
5. The illusion of trimming (assimilation)
6. The Illusion of Striped Fabric
7. The illusion of a reduction in volume when dividing a figure vertically.
8. The illusion of spatiality with gradual reduction, compression, reduction of the fabric pattern.
9. The illusion of psychological distraction
10. The phenomenon of irradiation. It consists in the fact that light objects against a dark background seem enlarged compared to their actual size and seem to capture part of the dark background. In the picture, due to the brightness of the colors, the white square appears larger than the black square on a white background.
Then the girl had another question: what shoes should she choose, and most importantly, what should the heel height be?
p = = , since m = 52 kg, S = 0.008 m 2 2, then p = = 31850 Pa for high-heeled shoes and with S = 0.2 m 2 2, p = = 1274 Pa for low-heeled shoes or solid sole. The pressure in a high heel is 25 times higher than the pressure in a low heel. Without thinking, she chose boots with not very high heels. She understood perfectly well that it was necessary to take care of her health.
If we look at the human foot from an anatomical point of view, we will see that it is entwined with seven powerful ligaments and tendons, somewhat reminiscent of ancient sandals. When walking barefoot, ¼ of the weight falls on the toes, and the remaining ¾ falls on the heels. As soon as we put on shoes with a heel of more than 2 cm, the picture changes radically: ¾ of the weight of the body begins to fall on the fragile forefoot, which is unsuitable for this, which over time inevitably leads to deformation of the toes. But this negative impact Heels on the body are not limited. The center of gravity when wearing high-heeled shoes moves forward. And in order to maintain balance when walking, we begin to strongly strain our neck, lower back and legs. Daily increased stress on the lower back can cause congestion in the uterus, ovaries, bladder and intestines. Moreover, the uterus tilts back and remains in this position for quite a long time even after changing shoes to more comfortable shoes. And this, in turn, can lead a woman to infertility. Even during pregnancy, a skewed pelvis can cause complications during childbirth.
Carrying heavy loads puts a lot of pressure on the skeleton, as well as on its formation. Our girl remembers this, so she only puts notebooks and an e-book in her school bag. Knowing the adverse effects electromagnetic waves, during long-term interaction, the girl also carries a cell phone in her bag.
When going outside, a girl should also remember about the coefficient of friction of shoes depending on weather conditions. The higher the coefficient of friction, the less slippery the shoe. The diagram shows the dependence of the sliding friction coefficient of the sole material on the type of surface.
This diagram shows that soles made of rubber, rubber and thermoplastic elastomer have the highest coefficient of friction, and those made of leather and plastic have the lowest. Good quality Shoes with soles made of polyurethane have traction.
II. A study of the prestige of technical education among girls.
Purpose of the study- find out whether technical education For a girl, the priority is the need for knowledge of the laws of physics in life. Participants in the study were a group of girls aged 15-17 years (9-11 grades at school No. 4 in Aleysk) in the amount of 53 people. The questionnaire (Appendix 2) consisted of 6 questions.
Research results
During the survey it became known that - hair color (natural) mostly brunettes - 33 people;
- 23 people consider technical education prestigious for a girl;
A non-technical direction was chosen for admission - 37 people;
GPA 3.5 and above 4.5 - 42 people;
- knowledge about some physical laws helps in life - 37 people;
A girl can master a “male” profession - 47 people.
These data allow us to conclude that: the prestige of technical education in our time has decreased significantly among girls, only 7 people enter technical university. And despite this, almost half of the girls surveyed (23) consider technical education prestigious and did not choose a technical direction for some other reason.
Conclusion.
After conducting research and analyzing one day in the life of a girl, it becomes obvious that a person’s IQ does not depend on gender or hair color. Every girl, like a boy, is inextricably linked with physics. Every day a girl encounters a thousand physical phenomena and processes, but she knows how to use them just as well as a guy. Unfortunately, only dozens of women and girls were able to cross the threshold of ordinary life and provide the world with new knowledge in the field of physics and mathematics, but such a small number in science does not give the right to say that women do not understand anything about it at all! The conducted research can be used both in physics and technology lessons, and in extracurricular activities.
In my opinion, this work is of interest from a cognitive point of view, will help develop interest in such a complex academic subject as physics, both for boys and girls.
Literature
1.Physics textbooks:
physics 10th grade. G.Ya.Myakishev, B.B.Bukhovtsev.
physics 7th - 9th grade. A.V. Peryshkin, E.M. Gutnik.
Internet resources:
https://ru.wikipedia
https://sibac.info
https://www.liveinternet.ru
Appendix 1.
The number of women cosmonauts from different countries and their flight activity
|
Countries |
Number of women astronauts |
1 flight |
2 flights |
3 flights |
4 flights |
5 flights |
|
Russia/USSR |
||||||
|
United Kingdom |
||||||
|
Republic of Korea |
||||||
Appendix 2.
Questionnaire for girls in grades 9-11 (______________ years)
1.Hair color (natural)
A. blonde B. brunette C. other
2. Do you consider technical education prestigious for a girl?
A. yes B. no C. don’t know
3.Which direction did you choose for admission?
A. technical B. other C. don’t know
4.What is your average grade point average?
A. below 3.5 B. 3.5 - 4.5 C. above 4.5
5.Can knowledge about some physical laws in life help you?
A. yes B. no C. don’t know
6.Can a girl master a “male” profession?
A. yes B. no C. don’t know
Physics in modern life
Speaking about the role of physics, we highlight three main points. Firstly, physics is the most important source of knowledge about the world around us. Secondly, physics, continuously expanding and multiplying man’s capabilities, ensures his confident progress along the path of technical progress. Thirdly, physics makes a significant contribution to the development of a person’s spiritual image, shapes his worldview, and teaches him to navigate the scale of cultural values. Therefore, we will speak accordingly about scientific, technical And humanitarian potentials of physics.
These three potentials have always been contained in physics. But they manifested themselves especially clearly and powerfully in the physics of the 20th century, which predetermined the extremely important role that physics began to play in the modern world.
Physics as the most important source of knowledge about the world around us
As you know, physics studies the most general properties and forms of motion of matter. She is looking for answers to the questions: how does it work? the world around us; What laws are the phenomena and processes occurring in it subject to? In an effort to understand the “first principles of things” and the “root causes of phenomena,” physics, in the process of its development, first formed a mechanical picture of the world (XVII-XIX centuries), then an electromagnetic picture (second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries) and, finally, a modern one. physical picture of the world (mid-20th century).
At the beginning of our century it was created theory of relativity- first special, and then general. It can be considered as a magnificent conclusion to the complex of intensive research carried out in the 19th century, which led to the creation of so-called classical physics. The famous American physicist W. Weiskopf described the theory of relativity as follows: “This is a completely new set of concepts within which mechanics, electrodynamics and gravity are united. They brought with them a new perception of concepts such as space and time. This set of ideas is, in a sense, the pinnacle and synthesis of 19th century physics. They are organically connected with classical traditions"
At the same time, at the beginning of the century, another fundamental physical theory of the 20th century began to be created, and by the end of the first third of the century it had acquired sufficient coherence. quantum theory. If the theory of relativity effectively completed the previous stage of development of physics, then quantum theory, decisively breaking with classical physics, opened up a qualitative new stage in man's knowledge of matter. “Quantum theory is characterized by a break with the classics,” wrote Weiskopf. “This is a step into the unknown, into the world of phenomena that did not fit into the framework of the ideas of physics of the 19th century. It was necessary to create new methods of thinking in order to understand the world of atoms and molecules with its discrete energy states and characteristic features spectra and chemical bonds»
Using quantum theory, physicists made in the 20th century. literally a breakthrough in the understanding of issues relating to moles and matter, the structure and properties of crystals, molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei, interconversions of elementary particles. New branches of physics have emerged, such as solid state physics, plasma physics, atomic and molecular physics, nuclear physics, and elementary particle physics. And in traditional sections, such as optics, completely new chapters have appeared: quantum optics, nonlinear optics, holography, etc.
Physics studies the fundamental laws of phenomena; this predetermines its leading role in the entire cycle of natural and mathematical sciences. The leading role of physics was especially clearly revealed in the 20th century. One of the most convincing examples is the explanation of the periodic table chemical elements based on quantum mechanical concepts. New scientific disciplines have emerged at the intersection of physics and other natural sciences.
Chemical physics studies the electronic structure of atoms and molecules, the physical nature of chemical bonds, and the kinetics of chemical reactions.
Astrophysics studies the variety of physical phenomena in the Universe; He widely uses methods of spectral analysis and radio astronomical observations. The following sections of astrophysics are divided into: physics of the Sun, physics of planets, physics of the interstellar medium and nebulae, physics of stars, cosmology. Biophysics examines physical and physicochemical phenomena in living organisms, the influence of various physical factors on living systems. At present, bioenergy, photobiology, and radiobiology have emerged as independent fields from biophysics.
Geophysics explores internal structure The Earth, the physical processes occurring in its shells. There are physics of the solid Earth, physics of the sea and physics of the atmosphere.
Note also agrophysics, studying physical processes in soil and plants and developing methods of regulation physical conditions crop life; petrophysics, exploring the connection between the physical properties of rocks and their structure and history of formation; psychophysics, r looking at the quantitative relationship between the strength and nature of the stimulus, on the one hand, and the intensity of irritation, on the other.
Ecology of life: Armed with this knowledge, you will definitely not fall into the trap of myths, you will not buy a charlatan device, and you will be able to confidently answer children’s questions like “Why is the sky blue?”
Louis Bloomfield's book “How Everything Works” has appeared on sale. Laws of physics in our lives." Let's talk about why it's worth reading - especially if physics seems boring and incomprehensible to you.
Rising in the morning from a spring mattress, including electric kettle While warming our hands with a cup of coffee and doing dozens of other everyday things, we rarely think about how exactly all this happens. Perhaps Ohm’s law or the gimlet rule sticks out like a lonely fragment in someone’s memory (it’s good if you even remember that “gimlet” is a screw, not a surname).
It is not always clear at what moments in life we encounter current strength and momentum.
Of course, there are scientists, technicians and geeks. We are even ready to believe that there are people who simply studied physics very well at school (our respect to them). It will not be difficult for them to tell you exactly how an incandescent lamp works or solar battery and explain, looking at a spinning bicycle wheel, where there is static friction and where is sliding friction. However, let's be honest, most people have very vague ideas about all this.
Source: Pinterest
Because of this, it seems as if natural objects and mechanisms behave in one way or another due to some magical powers. A basic understanding of cause and effect can protect against some mistakes (for example, not putting foil-wrapped food in the microwave), but a deeper understanding physical and chemical processes allows you to better understand what’s what and justify your decisions.
Louis Bloomfield is a professor at the University of Virginia and a researcher in atomic physics, condensed matter physics, and optics.
Even in his youth, he chose experiments as the main method of exploring the world, drawing inspiration for doing science from everyday things. Striving to make knowledge accessible to many people rather than a few, Bloomfield teaches, appears on television, and writes nonfiction.
The main objective of the book “How everything works. The laws of physics in our lives" - to refute the idea of physics as a boring and detached science, and make it clear that it describes real phenomena that can be seen, touched and felt.
It has always been a mystery to me why physics is traditionally taught as an abstract science - after all, it studies the material world and the laws that govern it. I am convinced of the opposite: if you deprive physics of countless examples from the living, real world, it will have neither a basis nor a form - like a milkshake without a glass.
Louis Bloomfield
We are talking about the movement of bodies, mechanical devices, heat and much more. Instead of starting with theory, the author starts from the things around us, formulating laws and principles with their help. The starting points are carousels, roller coasters, water pipes, warm clothes, audio players, lasers and LEDs, telescopes and microscopes...
Here are some examples from the book in which the author explains the mechanics of simple things.
Why do speed skaters move fast?
Skates - convenient way talk about the principles of movement. Galileo Galilei also formulated that bodies tend to move uniformly and rectilinearly in the absence of external forces, be it air resistance or surface friction. Skates can almost completely eliminate friction, so you can glide across the ice with ease. An object at rest tends to remain in place, while an object in motion tends to move on. This is what is called inertia.
How scissors cut
By moving the rings of the scissors, you produce moments of force, under the influence of which the blades close and cut the paper. The paper tends to move the blades apart due to moments of forces that “spread” the blades. If you apply a sufficiently large force, the “shearing” moments of force will prevail over the “pushing” ones. As a result, the blades of the scissors will acquire angular acceleration, begin to rotate, close and cut the sheet of paper.
Source: PexelsWhat's going on in the skewers
If you heat one end of a metal rod, the atoms in that part of the rod will vibrate more intensely than those at the cold end, and the metal will begin to conduct heat from the hot end to the cold end. Some of this heat is transferred due to the interaction of neighboring atoms, but the bulk of it will be transferred by mobile electrons, which carry thermal energy over long distances from one atom to another.
How nails are hammered
All the downward momentum that you impart to the hammer when you swing is transferred to the nail during the brief strike. Since the impulse transmission time is short, a very large force must be applied from the hammer in order for its impulse to transfer to the nail. This impact force drives the nail into the board.
For what balloons heat up
Filling a balloon with hot air requires fewer particles than filling it with cold air. The fact is that, on average, a particle of hot air moves faster, collides more often, and takes up more space than a particle of cold air. Therefore, a ball filled with hot air weighs less than the same ball filled with cold air. If the weight of the ball is small enough, the resultant force is directed upward and the ball rises.
Why does the shuttlecock always fly the same? O
The badminton shuttle always flies head first because the resultant force caused by the pressure is applied at its center of pressure, some distance from the center of mass. If suddenly the tail accidentally ends up in front of the head, air resistance will create a moment of force relative to the center of mass and return everything to its place.
What makes water hard
Water is considered hard if the content of positively charged calcium and magnesium ions exceeds 120 mg per liter. The ions of these and some other metals bind the negative ions of soap and create insoluble foam, which settles as a dirty residue on the sink, shower head, bathtub, in the washing machine and on clothes. If you start washing with soap in hard water, be prepared for unpleasant surprises. published
This might interest you:
Daniel Kahneman: Consider and Think - what's the difference?
