Most geography departments arose in the 60–80s. XIX century. The first independent geographical faculty in our country was the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, opened in 1938
Demand
Payability
Competition
Entry barrier
Prospects
Currently there are 24 geographical faculties and departments in Russia classical universities and 41 geographical departments pedagogical universities and institutions.
As a science, geography is divided into physical, which studies nature, and social, which studies population and economy. (It is customary to include the technical discipline of cartography as geography, although this has recently been disputed by some prominent scientists.) The two branches of a single geography consist of many narrower disciplines, each of which corresponds to one or another geographical specialty - there are about 50 of them in total. back at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. traditional specialties, most of them: geomorphology, geosciences, climatology, etc. And there are relatively recently appeared ones: bioclimatology, tourism geography or geographic planetology.
There are geographical specialties that are closest to nature. They can be called office-field. A geographer’s stay outside the walls of his home can last from one day to several months a year (mainly in the warm season). And the group of socio-geographical (according to the old terminology - economic-geographical) specialties is not so strongly tied to the natural environment, for the most part it is purely desk-based. When traveling, economic geographers prefer not expeditions, but single research trips. The object of research of such a specialist is the anthropogenic environment (created by man).
Study methods
In geography, the methods of exact and natural sciences are widely applicable: mathematics, statistics, physics (there is even a permanent debate about whether the departments of meteorology and oceanology should be transferred from the Faculty of Geology of Moscow State University to the Faculty of Physics), chemistry and biology.
And geographical specialties from the social geography block are especially closely related to a number of humanities disciplines.
Representatives of all geographical specialties without exception must high level know computer and information technologies.
Geomorphology
The unofficial name of this science is engineering geography. She studies the history of the Earth's topography. The branch of geomorphology is paleogeography - the reconstruction of the prehistoric relief of the Earth. The most promising areas in geomorphology are space geomorphology (the study of the relief of the planets of the solar system) and aesthetic geomorphology (the creation of artificial landscapes).
Geomorphology is a monetary specialty. Professionals are involved in the design of settlements, roads, airports and seaports, dams, reservoirs, parks, beaches, oil and gas pipelines (including seabed), work in geological parties. This is one of the most male-dominated geographical specialties. Much attention is paid to the physical training of the geomorphologist.
Labor market: research institutes, manufacturing firms, various geological exploration services, engineering design organizations.
Biogeography
Biogeography studies the flora and fauna of the Earth. Promising directions are environmental geography and medical geography (the study of the sources of occurrence and ways of spreading various diseases and their vectors). Biogeographers can be found in national parks and reserves, in arboretums; As part of expeditions, they look for wild plants and animals that are promising for domestication, and choose environmentally friendly places for the construction of new settlements (incl. country houses for the elite).
TV presenters Nikolai Drozdov (at one time an environmental expert under the UN Secretary-General) and Ivan Zatevakhin both graduated from the Department of Biogeography of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University.
Glaciology and cryolithology
Both sciences study the ice sphere of the Earth: glaciology - on the earth's surface (glaciers and snow cover), cryolithology - under the earth's surface (permafrost and seasonal permafrost). Promising directions - Antarctica as one of the future places on Earth for mining, the ice cover of Antarctica and Greenland as laboratories of the ancient climates of the Earth (mysterious Lake Vostok), oil and gas basins, communications and settlements in the permafrost zone in northern Russia, impact global warming to the polar regions of the Earth, the “ice planet” is Titan.
Glaciology is currently in a boom phase. World and “not so” powers, despite the international treaty of 1959, are ready to get involved in the struggle for the last undivided continent on Earth - Antarctica. In Antarctica, the number of scientific stations is increasing, with their research preparing the basis for contenders for the Earth’s ice shell.
These are the most male-dominated majors in geography: almost 100% of graduates are representatives of the stronger sex. Accordingly, students will need to intensively engage in sports (especially alpine skiing, swimming and mountaineering), gain skills in speleology, learn to drive all-terrain vehicles and snowmobiles, and drill ice and soil.
The “domains” of glaciologists and cryolithologists in the Far North of Russia are extensive. They are interested in the cover glaciers of the islands of the Arctic Ocean and permafrost on the mainland in the areas of large cities, oil and gas pipelines, railways and roads. They monitor the Northern Sea Route. On the glaciers of the Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Kamchatka and other mountain systems, glaciologists monitor and predict the movement of ice, snow avalanches and mudflows. And the most prepared, seasoned and courageous specialists go for romance and the opportunity to make good money at Antarctic research stations.
Labor market: relevant research institutes, permafrost stations in the North of Russia, avalanche and mudflow stations in the mountains, State Committee for Hydrometeorology, State Committee for Ecology, Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation.
Meteorology and climatology
Promising directions here are paleoclimatology (ancient climates of the Earth), biometeorology (impact climatic conditions on living organisms, Chizhevsky’s solar activity cycles), medical climatology (life and economic activities of people in different climatic zones Earth), weather forecast based on satellite meteorology, military meteorology (development of so-called climate weapons), planetary meteorology (study of the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and their satellites), problems of global warming and ozone holes on Earth, computer modeling of climate processes .
Specialists need to have a good knowledge of physics, mathematics and computer science - at the specialized department of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University, physics and mathematics are paid no less attention than geography itself!
Labor market: the bulk of meteorologists-climatologists - and often women - work as weather forecasters at ground-based weather stations scattered throughout Russia. Over the past 15 years, the number of these stations has decreased, especially in the Far North and Far East. The equipment installed back in Soviet times is morally and technically worn out, so our weather forecasters analyze mainly foreign (American and European) information.
Other possible places of employment are the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation, State Committee for Hydrometeorology, Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Meteorological Bureau of Moscow and other large cities of Russia, weather services at airports and seaports, research institutes, marine weather stations, scientific oceanographic vessels, cosmodromes.
There may be jobs for meteorologists-climatologists in a number of international structures.
Landscape science
This is a geography classic. It is here that they deal not with just one aspect of nature or human society, one natural or anthropogenic component, but with the entire set of connections between different components of one natural or anthropogenic complex (landscape), starting from the smallest (river, pond, park, forest, meadow) , mountain, settlement, field) and ending with the geographical envelope of the Earth. The task of a landscape scientist is not only to describe this or that landscape of the Earth, but also to find out the history of its origin and give a forecast of its further development, taking into account the influence of many factors. And here you need to know the basics of almost all other geographical sciences.
Promising directions - geophysics and geochemistry of the landscape (the influence of physical and chemical processes on the formation and dynamics of a particular territory), ethnocultural landscape studies (how different cultures and human settlements influenced different landscapes of the Earth and how nature influenced the mentality different nations), environmental assessment of terrain, aerospace sensing methods in landscape science, construction of artificial aesthetic landscapes (parks, etc.).
Landscape scientists are perhaps the most mobile people among geographers; After all, the subject of study for them is the entire surface of the Earth! Hence - numerous trips to different regions of Russia, and when good knowledge foreign language - and abroad. Our landscape specialists can be found in the jungles of Africa and the Amazon, in the Indian savannah, Australian deserts, and prairies. North America, on the coral islands Pacific Ocean, in industrial areas Western Europe and Japan, in the taiga and tundra regions of Eurasia, in the Cordillera and Tibet. The Russian landscape school, founded in the 19th century by V.V. Dokuchaev, is considered the strongest in the world.
Labor market: research institutes, public and private firms engaged in environmental design and expertise, the State Committee for Nature, nature protection committees of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, natural science museums, botanical gardens, nature reserves and national parks, urban planning organizations and architectural and artistic workshops (design of aesthetic landscapes ). Our landscape scientists are eagerly invited to work in France and Germany.
Speleology
This is a frontier science at the intersection of geology and physical geography. She studies internal cavities earth's crust(education, dynamics, current state), in a simpler sense - the study of caves.
Speleology can be studied in different ways: in relation to the rocks and minerals that make up the walls of caves (geological speleology); microclimate of caves (climatic speleology); living organisms present in caves (biospeleonology); hydrological regime of caves (hydrospeleonology); traces of material culture in caves (archaeological speleology); modern use caves (anthropospeleonology); cave mapping (topographic speleology). Sports and tourist speleology stand apart: some geographical faculties have corresponding clubs. The most interesting and promising direction in speleology is underwater speleology (studies cavities in the topography of the bottom of seas and oceans).
Speleology is for strong romantics. Try climbing caves without physical training and theoretical knowledge!
The scope of work for speleologists is wide: expedition teams, topographic and geodetic surveys of the internal cavities of the Earth, fulfilling orders from the military and special services regarding the suitability of certain caves as sites where military-industrial complex enterprises and secret facilities could be located.
City halls of large cities attract speleologists to study the underground urban environment, where there are many voids of both natural (karst) and anthropogenic origin (mined out adits, bunkers, foundations of ancient buildings, rivers hidden in pipes, underground warehouses and communications).
Speleologists can also work as instructors in sports and tourism organizations that specialize in organizing routes to different caves.
Oceanology
The old name for oceanology is oceanography. And it would be more correct to call planet Earth Water or Ocean, because since school we know that most of the Earth’s surface is covered with water (the World Ocean).
In oceanology, ocean physics is distinguished (it is interested in the interaction of the ocean and the atmosphere, acoustics, optics, radioactivity and the electromagnetic field of sea water), ocean chemistry (salinity, chemical composition water), ocean geology (what rocks and minerals make up the seabed and seamounts, minerals); ocean biology (study of aquatic fauna and flora, including identification of habitats of organisms of food importance); topography of the ocean floor (underwater relief mapping).
The program for oceanographers includes a lot of mathematics, physics and chemistry. After the 2nd year, students go to industrial practice to a marine station or research vessel to conduct research. You will not only take a free ride on the seas and oceans and enjoy the beauty of the sea and the places where the ship will moor, but you will also harden yourself, turning into a real “sea wolf”. And if you're lucky, you'll find yourself on board the bathyscaphe!
And oceanology itself is a promising geographical science. Planets solar system studied better than the depths of the World Ocean. And oceanographers and submariners are deservedly compared to astronauts. Even a new term has arisen - aquanauts.
Labor market: various hydrographic services, research institutes, underwater and coastal laboratories, marine hydrological and biological stations, oceanographic vessels, private companies teaching diving, travel agencies.
With a high level of professionalism and good knowledge of English, Russian oceanographers can try to work in oceanographic institutes in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan and in the Mecca of all oceanographers on Earth - the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, created by Master Cousteau.
Land hydrology
In the 21st century, fresh water has become such a valuable resource that military conflicts between countries even occur over the possession of its sources and projects are being developed to deliver icebergs to the arid regions of the Earth. People who have chosen terrestrial hydrology as their profession are called upon to optimize and rationalize the water flows and water balance of the country.
Hydrologists study the water cycle in nature and the influence of human economic activity on it; analyze the regime of water bodies and the water regime of individual territories; give an assessment and forecast of the condition and rational use water resources; participate in the design and monitoring of reservoirs, hydroelectric power stations, canals, irrigation structures, sea dams, river dams and bridges, ports, beaches, water intakes for settlements and enterprises; compile catalogs of water bodies on land.
Hydrology is closely related to physical geography, physics (hydrodynamics), mathematics, biology, chemistry, ichthyology, hydraulic engineering and navigation.
A promising direction for Russian hydrologists is the study of the future ocean: Lake Baikal, the deepest on Earth.
Labor market: research institutes, lake and river stations, hydrological posts and hydroobservatories, hydroelectric power stations, water transport department of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, fish breeding companies, water parks, river canal departments, river ports, Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.
TV presenter A. Belyaev received his education as a hydrologist at the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University.
Soil science
The world's largest tracts of the most fertile soil lie in our country. And it is not for nothing that soil science appeared in Russia. It is a biological and geographical science about the origin, dynamics, current state, future development of soil and the rational use of soil resources. There are also departments of soil science in the faculties of biology, but in the faculties of geography they are mainly engaged in spatial analysis of soils, their mapping, quantitative and qualitative assessment of soil resources in different territories for entering this data into the Unified land Registry RF.
Soil geographers study the geography of soils, their morphology and genesis, geochemistry, colloid chemistry and biogeochemistry, mapping, physical and biological chemistry, biology, hydrology and hydrogeology!
Graduates solve problems in agriculture of increasing soil fertility and using necessary fertilizers, participate in land reclamation (irrigation, drainage, gypsum, soil liming) and in the fight against soil erosion, draw up maps of soil and land resources for agronomic farms. A good soil scientist is right hand manager of an agricultural enterprise. The role of the soil geographer has especially increased now that large-scale land reform is being carried out and the services of people in this profession are needed to assess soil and land resources and, accordingly, to compile a Unified catalog of all agricultural enterprises and a Unified Land Register, which in turn is needed to determine the land tax rate for different regions Russia.
Political geography
This is a branch of human geography that studies the alignment of political forces in different countries ah, or in some particular country, or in part of this country. Its tasks include analyzing interethnic relations in different territories; identification of factors (purely political, military, economic, cultural, ethnic, mental-psychological and even natural) influencing the territorial distribution of political forces, phenomena and processes; comprehensive analysis and detailed assessment of the political situation in the country and the world; participation in the construction and editing of political maps and directories; recommendations to government agencies and politicians, assistance in the development of political science schemes, technologies and political and military-political doctrines of the state. (A branch of political geography dealing with various aspects election campaigns, is called electoral geography.)
Political geography is studied together with socio-economic geography, since these two areas are closely interrelated. Graduates receive a diploma in geographer-political science. They have studied political science, regional studies, regional studies, economics of different countries, psychology and culture of different peoples, and, of course, foreign languages - at least two.
Often in the media, political geography is confused with geopolitics. But the subject of geopolitics research is the whole world, all countries in their interaction, in particular the processes of globalization. And in political geography, as a rule, specific territories are considered - more often at the level of a single country or some region within this country. And geopoliticians may not be geographers at all, but representatives of other spheres of human activity (politicians themselves, heads of great states, foreign ministers, diplomats, military officers, philosophers). But among the famous professional political geographers we can mention the scientists - L. Smirnyagin, S. Blagovolin, D. Oreshkin.
Political geographers may work primarily as analysts and experts.
Economic and social geography
Economic geography is one of the branches of human geography. It studies the spatial distribution of productive forces (population and economy) and is located at the intersection of geography and economics. And social geography lies in the plane of interaction between general geography and a number of humanities disciplines - history, ethnology, sociology, cultural studies, even psychology (studies the mentality of the population of a particular territory).
Economic geographers consider the natural resource and economic potential of a territory (from a locality to the country as a whole); identify specific features and problems of territory; assess the value of land; looking for the optimal location for the construction of national economic facilities; give recommendations for government and economic structures on the integrated development and solution of problems of the territory; determine the degree of environmental risk in the process of economic development of the territory; give a forecast for the development of the territory. The entrepreneurial climate of an object determined in this way is important for future investments in this object.
Sociogeographers participate in assessing the labor and intellectual potential of a territory; study lifestyle, traditions, customs, behavior (mentality) different groups population, social classes and ethnic groups; collect and systematize information about migrants; give government agencies recommendations on the optimal distribution of migration flows of the population; help in settling refugees; analyze population censuses; take part in ethnographic expeditions; help plan settlements and recreation areas; identify national problems and provide advice on how to resolve them; participate in determining the human development index (quality of life of the population).
Both economic and sociogeographers participate in the zoning of a large territory: in accordance with certain criteria and on the basis of certain indicators, they divide this territory into component parts (districts, regions, zones, areas). The zoning process can be carried out either according to one indicator or according to their combination. For example, the territory of a country can be zoned according to the quality of life of the population or the degree of investment attractiveness (a lot of initial information and several indicators are taken). But you can use only one indicator - for example, the provision of cars per 1000 people. The results of economic and sociogeographical research are presented in different shapes- from memos to computer presentations. But in any case, a map is attached to the report - so the specialist needs to have a good knowledge of the cartographic method.
I will list promising directions in economic geography. This is the geography of globalization processes, transnational companies, foreign economic relations, the financial sector, the fuel and energy complex, innovation and scientific and technological progress. And in the field of social geography this is cultural geography, psychological geography (the so-called phenomenology), geography social groups population, quality of life, small nations, human ecology.
Economic and sociogeographers mainly work in economic and financial structures - both public and private. For example, banks willingly hire highly qualified economic geographers who can think broadly and comprehensively and see the problem as a whole. Such people also make good marketers (work in commercial and industrial companies). IN government agencies Economic geographers are needed primarily as regional planners and evaluators of territorial potential.
Here is an approximate labor market for economic and sociogeographers: work in research institutes, teaching economic geography in economic, financial and tourism universities, in high school and colleges. Also, their place of work can be cartographic factories (editors of socio-economic maps), planning, land and socio-cultural departments of federal, regional and local authorities.
Choice future profession- an important and responsible decision in the life of any graduate. After all, it determines a person’s future activities and his prospects. If you were always interested in geography at school, and you decided to choose it as a profile exam, then it’s time to decide where you can enroll in this discipline. Today there are not many specialties where geography is a core subject, since it is a very narrowly focused discipline that requires specific knowledge and skills.
Directions of training for applicants
Regional studies and international tourism
The last decade has seen significant growth in tourism. That's why this direction very relevant and in great demand. Having mastered the profession, you will be able to actively work in the tourism industry. Here you will study tourism resources and regional studies, as well as the basics of the functioning of tourism enterprises. Having received the necessary knowledge, graduates of the direction quickly find work in travel companies, and sometimes open their own companies.
Physical Geography and Landscape Planning
You can enroll in this direction if you have points in the certificate not only in Russian, mathematics and geography, but also in physics. Teachers of the profile prepare specialist geographers, landscape scientists and landscape planners. As a rule, experts in this field work in nature reserves and environmental organizations, but many often prefer research activities and teaching at universities.
Oceanology
Another direction that you can enroll in with the results of the Unified State Exam in Geography. Only truly talented applicants are accepted here. This is a very interesting, but rare profession that requires candidates to be in good physical shape and have deep scientific and technical knowledge.
The work of an oceanologist involves constant expeditions in which experts study the sea and ocean depths and protect the ecology of ocean waters.
This is not to say that the profession is in great demand, but qualified specialists always find highly paid jobs in research centers.
Ecology and environmental management
If you are taking Geography, the topic of protecting nature is close to you and you would like to make your own contribution to ensuring safety environment, then this is exactly the direction you should go. Future environmental specialists work in organizations related to environmental technologies and the use of natural resources. Many environmental graduates devote themselves to scientific activity and teach ecology in schools and universities.
Cartography
The profession speaks for itself. Applicants to this specialty must have good drawing and sketching skills. Experts in this profile are engaged in the design and compilation of various maps in the field of geography, history, climatology, etc. The activities of a cartographer are often associated with business trips to different corners planets where he makes maps on the terrain itself. Today, space cartography is becoming more and more widespread, where specialists create maps of planets and stars using computer technology. This is a very unique and sought-after profession, indispensable in design and research institutes, as well as in publishing institutions.
Professions related to geography are very diverse. Specialists various directions apply their knowledge in this area.
In their work, knowledge of geography is used by geologists, archaeologists, pilots, navigators, meteorologists, surveyors, guides, and tour operators.
Associated with the discovery of natural resource deposits. He studies the features of the occurrence and location of various rocks.
Geologists take part in research work and expeditions related to the study of the earth's interior.
Knowledge of geology is also used in construction to identify soil features before developing an area.
They study the culture of ancient civilizations with the help of remains and traces of their life activities. Basically the work consists of excavating and finding a place to carry out research.
Archaeological scientists devote entire years to their discovery and piece by piece recreate the life and culture of ancient civilizations. Excavations of archaeological monuments help to learn about peoples who lived thousands of years ago.
The pilot is the navigator. This is an ancient maritime profession. The safety of navigation depends on the pilot, or more precisely on his knowledge of coastal features, the fairway of a certain area and maritime geography.
The pilot studies maps of the seabed and guides the vessel along the optimal route, taking into account the depths and features of the sea relief.
The profession of a navigator is very similar to that of a pilot. The navigator controls air, land, water and underwater transport.
He studies the course, calculates the routes of transport, marks it on the map and monitors the operation of navigation devices. In addition, it takes into account the influence of weather conditions on movement and transport routes.
Meteorologists study the factors that influence weather. They constantly monitor changes in weather conditions, record, evaluate, process and take into account what such changes may affect. Meteorologists also make weather forecasts and study the climate of different geographical zones.
They study the territory using measurements, calculating coordinates and compiling maps that are used by motorists, builders and geologists. Such specialists take part in various engineering and construction work, and also map the area.
A guide or tour guide must accompany tourists during hikes, excursions or cruises. The guide knows well the cities and countries in which he conducts the excursion, as well as cultural and historical monuments, and knows foreign languages.
The work of translators is very diverse. They know many languages and translate texts, documents of various types, films and books.
Can also accompany delegations and translate oral speech. While learning the language, the future translator also studies the customs, culture, history and geography of the country.
Well versed in geographical and climatic features tour operators from different countries. They will help you choose the most suitable tour based on your preferences, interests and capabilities.
Professions related in one way or another to geography are increasingly gaining popularity in the modern world and are becoming in demand. Therefore, when choosing a future specialty, you should pay attention to them. You can study at the Geography Faculty in 24 classical universities in the country and 41 pedagogical universities, which is not so little. This means that there is a high probability of finding a place to study in hometown or nearby.
Geography as a life's work
The science of geography itself is divided into 2 types:
- Social geography (studies the population of a country and its economic structure)
- Physical Geography (studies natural processes and terrain features)
There are about 50 geographic specialties in total. Among them are some quite old and traditional, and some that have appeared quite recently. Geography is closely related to mathematics, chemistry and biology. So upon admission, you may be required to take exams in these subjects. Professions related to social geography also require knowledge in the field of social studies and computer science.
If you choose physical geography, be prepared for constant travel and expeditions. Moreover, they can last from several days to several months. If you love this lifestyle and you can’t sit still, then you will like this kind of work. But if you prefer to work in the office or at home, then it is better to turn to social geography.
In the future, perhaps, the most highly paid sectors will be those related to gas and oil production and the compilation of astronomical maps.
List of professions related to geography
Physiography
. The science that studies the relief of the Earth and even other planets of the solar system, including the history of the creation of the relief. It is used in the construction of new settlements, sea and river ports, airports, beaches, roads, and in the creation of reservoirs and dams. This profession is more masculine - it requires good physical characteristics of a specialist. The work is carried out mainly in design construction organizations and manufacturing companies, as well as in research institutes.- Biogeography. As the name suggests, this specialty is close not only to geography, but also to biology. She studies animals and vegetable world The earth, simply put, flora and fauna. This includes the environmental and medical branches of geography. They include the study of foci of new types of diseases in animals, plants and humans. You can work in national parks and reserves; during expeditions, biogeographers look for certain types of wild animals and plants suitable for domestication, and also select places that are environmentally suitable for the construction of new cities and settlements, as well as mansions.
- Meteorology and climatology. These concepts include quite a few different areas, for example, paleoclimatology (the science of the Earth’s climate in Antiquity), biometeorology (studies the effect of climate on the life and development of living organisms), satellite meteorology (preparing a weather forecast based on data received from a satellite), military meteorology (engaged in the development of climate weapons), planetary meteorology (studies the climate and atmosphere on others and their satellites). Women meteorologists most often work at weather stations throughout Russia; weather forecasters are also needed at airports, seaports, scientific oceanographic vessels, and cosmodromes.
Landscape science. This is perhaps one of the most famous destinations in the field of geography. And this is quite justified, because landscape science studies not only a specific area, but a set of landscape components. These are both small objects and the whole geographic envelope Earth. Specialists must be able not only to describe the landscape of a certain area, but also to find out the history of its origin and predict further development. This includes such specialties as geophysics and landscape geochemistry, ethnocultural landscape studies, construction of artificial aesthetic landscapes (parks, etc.). The profession of a landscape scientist provides the opportunity for numerous trips throughout Russia and even abroad. And the Russian school of landscape is considered the strongest in the world. Possible locations work: environmental firms, landscape design and examination, nature conservation committees of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, natural science museums, botanical gardens, landscape workshops, architectural and urban planning organizations, nature reserves.- . Science deals with the study of caves, the study of rocks and minerals that make up their walls (geological speleology), the microclimate of caves (climatic speleology), living organisms living in caves (biospeleonology), the hydrology of caves (hydrospeleonology), traces of primitive and ancient periods of life humans in caves (archaeological speleology), modern use of caves (anthropospeleonology) and cave mapping (topographic speleology). The work is varied and very interesting, filled with expeditions and research. Speleologists work for the military and special services, perform topographic and geodetic surveys, and can be instructors in sports and tourism organizations that organize routes to various caves.
- Sports and tourist speleology, underwater speleology (studies caves at the bottom of seas and oceans) are also found. Of course, one of the main requirements for a specialist is excellent physical fitness.
. It consists of ocean physics (the interaction of the ocean and the atmosphere, acoustics, optics, radioactivity and the electromagnetic field of sea water), ocean chemistry (salinity, chemical composition of water), ocean geology (rocks and minerals included in the structure of the seabed, minerals) , ocean biology (study of aquatic fauna and flora), bottom topography (underwater relief mapping). The ocean floor has been studied no better than the neighboring planets of the solar system, so oceanology is a very promising geographical science. Labor market: hydrographic services, research institutes, marine stations, oceanographic vessels, travel companies.- Hydrology of land. This is the science of fresh water and the distribution of its reserves on planet Earth. She studies the water cycle in nature, analyzes the rational use of resources fresh water, helps in the design of various water bodies, such as hydroelectric power stations, dams, canals, beaches, water intakes, ports, etc. In Russia, a large number of land hydrologists work on the deepest lake in the world - Lake Baikal.
- Soil science is a science that originated in Russia, it belongs to the biological-geographical sciences and studies everything related to soil. Experts in the industry work Agriculture and in construction. This includes the use of fertilizers, the selection of soils for growing various crops, and the assessment of terrain for the construction of facilities.
Human Geography
- Political geography. Studies politics in a particular country or part of it.
- This also includes economical geography . It studies the spatial distribution of the population and economy of the country, and is close to economics. Economic geographers estimate the value of land, look for optimal places for construction, identify the features and problems of the area.
- Social geography– a combination of history, sociology, cultural studies and geography. Sociogeographers assess the labor and intellectual potential of a territory, study the lifestyle, customs, traditions, and mentality of the population, keep records of migration and assess the quality of life of the population.
Any high school student faces a choice: “Where to go to study? Who to become? The most important and complex question, on the answer to which further depends life path. To give the correct answer to this, it is very useful to seek help from specialists working in career guidance centers. However, this often happens due to various reasons impossible, and then you have to look for the answer yourself. Where to start?
I would advise you to take the first two steps: firstly, think about which academic subjects are most interesting to you, and secondly, take a short course. This way you can determine the main direction of searching for your life path.
In my article I want to address those who love geography lessons. This subject is very interesting and many people like it, but when the question arises: “Who will I work if I study this science in depth?” many are stumped. Today I will try to help answer this question.
If, based on the results of the Klimov test, you turned out to be inclined towards professions like “person - artistic image,” then the profession of a photojournalist who will be able to prepare reports about the amazing corners of our planet is suitable for you. And if you have artistic or literary abilities, then perhaps you will become an excellent landscape artist or poet, glorifying the beauties of your native land.
If, based on the results of the Klimov test, you turned out to be inclined towards professions of the “man - technology” type, then you can think about professions that allow you to develop or create geodetic instruments and equipment. The mining industry is developing very quickly, and there is always a need for good engineers and mid-level specialists. And if you are not afraid of difficulties, and your health allows you to do so, then this is for you!
If, according to the results of the Klimov test, you turned out to be inclined towards professions like “person - sign system”, then this is exactly the profession that will suit you. Modern geographic information systems need specialists who daily create digital maps that reflect all current events on Earth, so a cartographer with knowledge of modern digital technologies will definitely find a job.
If, according to the results of the Klimov test, you turned out to be prone to professions of the “person-to-person” type, then you can become a specialist in the field of tourism business.
If, according to the results of the Klimov test, you turned out to be inclined towards professions like “man - nature”, then the choice of profession will be the widest: hydrobiology, ecology, soil science.
Once you have decided on a range of professions that will suit your psychological make-up and will correspond to your interest in geography, you have to take the third step - decide what level of education you need - secondary or higher. If you look carefully at the list of professions that I gave in my article, you will see that among them there are professions that can be obtained in a college, and there are those. which will require higher education. Among them there are also those that can be obtained both at secondary and higher educational institutions, for example: soil scientist,.
Now let's move on to the fourth step in choosing a profession - turn to the reference book educational institutions and choose those in which there is an opportunity to get a profession that will be interesting to you. Find out what exams you need to take at the institution of your choice, what special conditions for admission there are, and start the path to your dream! Find and read books about people in your chosen profession, watch films whose heroes are specialists in the field of geography, if possible, visit specialized institutions - this way you can learn more about your future profession.
These are the tips I want to give to those who love geography, but do not yet know where and how this wonderful science can be useful.
______________
