Among the 27 KIM tasks in the Russian language in 2019, there will traditionally be questions on orthoepics, so at the preparation stage it is important to learn all the words included in the orthoepic minimum of the Unified State Exam compiled by FIPI.
Orthoepy is a section of the Russian language that studies the norms and rules of pronunciation of words and stress placement.
Orthoepic norms in oral speech
Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important parameter for assessing oral speech, because incorrect pronunciation of words and incorrect stress hurt the ears of others and characterize the speaker as an illiterate and uneducated person.
Among the millions of words that everyone knows, there is a small group that many people find difficult to remember.
It is worth noting that the norms of orthoepy are not something static. Over time, the pronunciation of some words changes under the influence of a variety of factors. All modern norms are collected in an orthoepic dictionary, but to successfully pass the Unified State Exam in Russian in 2019, 11th grade graduates will need to know the orthoepic minimum well enough, which includes about 300 words.
Structure of KIM 2019
The Unified State Exam in Russian lasts 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
The 2019 Russian language pass will include 27 tasks, 5 of which will be aimed at testing the graduate’s command of the language standards of oral speech. Among these 2019 Unified State Exam tasks there will definitely be questions on the placement of stress in words included in the spelling minimum.
All ticket tasks will be divided into difficulty levels as follows:
Thus, for correctly completing 27 tasks, the examinee will be able to score 58 primary points.
List of words for spelling tasks
Especially for 11th grade students preparing for the Unified State Exam 2019, FIPI has compiled an orthoepic minimum - a mini-dictionary that contains all the stressed vowels in words that are difficult to remember.
We bring to your attention such a dictionary with a convenient division of words alphabetically and indicating the correct stress.
Adjectives
Verbs
take-takeA take-under take-take take up turn on, turn on, turn it on, turn it on join in - join in burst-burst perceive-perceived recreate-recreated hand it over drive-drive chase-chased get-got get-got wait-wait get through - get through, They're getting through dose wait-waited live-lived seal borrow-borrowed, borrowed, busy, busy LOCK-LOCKED call-call Call, call, call, exhaust put-klaL sneak - sneak lie-lie pour-lila flow-flow Lie-lied endow-endow overstrained-strained to be called-to be called tilt-tilt pour-poured narvat-narwhal Litter-LitterIt start-started, started, started | Call-callIt Make it easier - make it easier wet yourself hug-hug overtake-overtaken RIP-RIPED encourage take heart, take heart aggravate borrow-borrow Angry surround-surround PREMIUM... vulgarize inquire - inquire depart-departed give-gave Unlock-Unlock revoke-revoked respond-responded Call back - call back overflow-overflow fruit Repeat-repeat call-called call-call-call-call water-water put-put I understand, I understand send-sent force tear-tear drill-drill-drill-drill remove-remove create-created rip off Litter-Litter remove-remove speed up deepen strengthen-strengthen Pinch-pinch, pinch Participles
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A.P. Chekhov once famously said: “In fact, for an intelligent person, speaking poorly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write.” And one cannot but agree with this. A person learns to speak from the first days of his life: first, he isolates his name from the general cacophony of surrounding sounds, then the words that are pronounced most often. Later, the child begins to reproduce words, repeating them exactly as he hears from loved ones.
But, unfortunately, not everything we learn from others corresponds to the norms of our native language! Science is here to help you understand the rules of pronunciation orthoepy(Greek orthos- “correct” and epos- “word”), one of the sections of which is the study of stress placement in Russian speech.
Words with accents to remember
Take a look at the spelling dictionary and you will be surprised to discover how many mistakes we all make in our everyday speech! Here and there we hear every day the ugly: “p ABOUT got it", "looked up I la", "sn I la."
Cake A x or t ABOUT mouths But, you just have to remember one simple rule: In feminine verbs in the past tense, the ending –a becomes stressed. Remember and enjoy the correct pronunciation of words such as: got it A, stripped off A, took A, lied A, lied A, waited A, drove A, perceived A, called A .
There are not many exceptions to remember: Art. A la, sl A la, cr A la, cl A la and all words with the prefix You-(you drink - in Y saw, in Y no - in Y zero).
Another pitfall was the use of plural nouns. Here the error awaits us even at the stage of formation of the plural. For some reason, many people turn the word “Dogov” ABOUT p" to "agreement A", and "professor" and "doctor" turn into monstrous "professor A" and "doctor A" In fact, everything " easier than steamed turnips»:
- Most masculine nouns take the ending -ы in the plural.
- The ending -ы is always unstressed!
Do you remember? Now you shouldn't have any problems with words like: aerop ABOUT rt – aerop ABOUT mouths, prof E quarrel - prof E quarrels, d ABOUT ctor - d ABOUT ctors, bow – b A nts, scarf - sh A rf, dogov ABOUT r – dogov ABOUT ry, elevator – l AND ft, cake – t ABOUT mouths, buhg A lter – buhg A lters
We are all proud that the Russian language is rightfully considered one of the richest languages in the world. But the penetration of foreign words into speech is an inevitable and completely natural phenomenon. Few people know that in the true Russian language there are no words beginning with the letter “ A «.
Most words starting with the first letter of the alphabet AND that one is of Greek origin, and some came to us from Turkic (for example: watermelon, arshin, argamak). The fashion for using French among representatives of the upper classes, which began during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and ended during the Napoleonic Wars, has enriched our speech with a huge number of Gallicisms.
The current generation is observing how the Russian language is actively enriched with words of English origin. Alien words that have settled in our dictionaries, for the most part, retain stress in their usual place.
Thus, French borrowings are characterized by stress falling on the last syllable, while Latin ones - on the penultimate one. It is best to check the correctness of stress in words of foreign origin in dictionaries, but those words that have become firmly established in our everyday life must be remembered: alphabet AND t, apostrophe ABOUT f, def AND s, blinds AND , rolled ABOUT g, necrol ABOUT g, quart A l, desk E r, esp E rt, fet AND w, f ABOUT rzats, fax AND mile.
You should also remember the norms for placing stress in the following adjectives: to U honny, sl AND vovy, gr U sewn, stolen AND English, Mosa AND private, wholesale ABOUT how long ago AND shny.
The most popular words with accents at the Olympiads
Learning how to place accents correctly can be a fun activity. Often, just knowing the rules of the Russian language is not enough. Many accents need only be remembered by referring to special spelling dictionaries.
When preparing high school students to take the Unified State Exam, up to 500 of the most common word forms are usually offered for study, which can cause difficulties with the correct placement of stress, but their number is not limited to this. Studying stress norms is a labor-intensive process, but the result can exceed all expectations: our speech will not be full of illiterate “voices.” I la", "pr ABOUT cents", "contract A“, which means we will not be ashamed in front of the classics of Russian literature.
The Unified State Examination in the Russian language is mandatory for school graduates. Many schoolchildren are confident that passing it will not be difficult, since for the majority Russian is their native language. Despite this, we still recommend showing responsibility and devoting several hours to studying the rules and repeating spelling norms.
The main stage of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language will traditionally begin at the end of May and will last until the beginning of June 2018.
The early stage will take place from mid-March to mid-April. You can take the exam in advance:
- graduated from school in 2017;
- those who received a certificate instead of a certificate of secondary education;
- graduates of schools with evening classes;
- planning to continue their studies abroad;
- 2018 applicants who completed the curriculum in advance;
- schoolchildren who, during the main stage of the Unified State Exam, must participate in events of national or international significance;
- eleventh graders who require treatment or rehabilitation scheduled for the date of the main exam.
At the beginning of September, students who received a low score or missed the Unified State Exam due to a valid reason are allowed to take the exam (documentary evidence is required).
Main stages of the exam
Each ticket includes 26 tasks, including test questions and writing an essay on a given topic. Next year it is planned to add a task that will reveal knowledge of lexical norms. Since 2016, the Russian Academy of Education has increasingly talked about the need to introduce the “Speaking” stage into the exam.
It is possible that in 2018, in addition to all of the above, schoolchildren will be tested on their ability to verbally express their thoughts, draw conclusions and argue their position.
What words are included in the orthoepic minimum of the Unified State Examination?
One of the differences between the Russian language and others is that the stress in words can fall on different syllables, and not as, for example, in French - only on the last one. Therefore, only a few can correctly place emphasis in words. To successfully pass the orthoepic minimum in the Russian language, you will have to remember about 300 words.
A complete list of words that are included in the spelling minimum of the Unified State Exam 2018 can be found on the FIPI website. We will list only those that cause difficulties in most schoolchildren: alphabet, airports, bows, verba, religion, on time, long -standing dispensary, to the top, get through, Doniza, blinds, enviable, spontaneous, catalog, quarter, kilometer, more beautiful, more beautiful garbage chute, facilitate, seal, wholesale, adolescence, parter, rights, dowry, drills, orphans, plum, means, carpenter, cakes, chain, scarves.
How to get the maximum score
The first part of the ticket consists of 25 tasks. Successful completion will allow you to receive 34 points, which is 59% of the overall Unified State Examination result in the Russian language. Assignment number 26 is an essay, the maximum score for it is 24 points, i.e. the remaining 41%. Responsible preparation for the exam, concentration during the exam and confidence in your own abilities and knowledge will help you get the highest score.
Video lesson about stress in Russian:
Task formulation:
4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
accepted
kitchen
dispensary
Answer: drills.
What do students need to know to complete the task correctly?
ORTHOEPHICAL STANDARDS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its diversity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of a word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, spelling - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes place (compare: tonn - tons and stena - stEnu - stENam and stenam).
Stress in adjectives.
In full forms of adjectives, only fixed stress is possible on the stem or on the ending. Low-frequency and literary words are often stressed on the base, while high-frequency, stylistically neutral or reduced words are stressed on the ending.
The degree of mastery of a word is manifested in the variants of the stress place: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-earth and near-earth, minus and minus, clearing and clearing. Such words are not included in the Unified State Examination tasks, since both options are considered correct.!!!
1. Choosing the place of stress most often causes difficulties in short forms of adjectives. The stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful; unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable, etc.
2. The emphasis often falls on the stem in the form of masculine, neuter, and more. numbers and endings in the feminine form: right - right - right - right - right; gray - gray - gray - gray - gray; slim - slim - slim - slim - slim.
3. It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in the comparative degree. There is such a norm: if the emphasis in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix -ee: strongA - stronger, sick - sicker, zhiva - lively, slender - slimmer, right - righter; if the emphasis in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative degree it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, opposite - more disgusting. The same applies to the superlative form.
Stress on verbs.
1. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, groan - groan. hide - hid, start - started.
2. The group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the emphasis in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are verbs to take. be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - pour - pour - pour - pour - pour. Derivative verbs are also pronounced in the same way (to live, to take, to finish, to spill, etc.).
3. Verbs with the prefix you- have stress on the prefix: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, CALL - called out.
4. For the verbs put, steal, send, send, the emphasis in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis: krAl, slAl, sent, stlA.
5. Quite often in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the emphasis in the past tense form shifts to the ending: begin - began, began, started, began; accept - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.
6. About the pronunciation of the verb to call in the conjugated form. Recent spelling dictionaries quite rightly continue to recommend the emphasis on the ending: calling, calling, calling, calling, calling.
Stress in some participles and gerunds.
1. The most frequent fluctuations in stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles. If the emphasis in the full form is on the suffix -yonn-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it goes to the ending: carried out - carried out, carried out, carried out, carried out; imported - imported, imported, imported, imported.
2. A few notes on the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -t-. If the suffixes of the indefinite form -o-, -nu- have stress on them, then in participles it will move one syllable forward: polot - hollow, prick - pricked, bend - bent, wrap - wrapped.
3. Participles often have the stress on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: investing, asking, filling, occupying, washing down, exhausting (IMPOSSIBLE: exhausted), starting, raising, living, watering, putting, understanding, betraying, having undertaken, arrived, accepted, sold, cursed, shed, permeated, drunk, created.
Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to a spelling dictionary.
I provide a list of words that appear in task No. 4 (you need to learn it).
Nouns
AIRPORTS, stationary stress on 4th syllable
bows, motionless stress on 1st syllable
beard, vin.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable
accountants, gen.p.pl.h., immovable stress on 2nd syllable
religion, confession of faith
water pipes
gas pipeline
citizenship
Hyphen, from German, where the emphasis is on the 2nd syllable
cheapness
dispensary, the word comes from English. language through the French language, where the blow. always on the last syllable
agreement
document
blinds, from French language, where is the blow. always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
Iksy, im.p. plural, motionless emphasis
catalogue, in the same row as the words dialogueOg, monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from it. language, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
kilometer, on a par with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter...
conus, conus, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural.
CRANES, stationary stress on 1st syllable
Flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire
lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow(s)
localities, gender, plural, on a par with the word form of honors, jaws..., but news
garbage pipeline, in the same row as the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline
intention
obituary, see catalog
hatred
pipeline
NEWS, NEWS, BUT: SEE LOCALITIES
Nail, nail, motionless. stress in all singular forms
provision
Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager
partEr, from French. language, where is the blow. always on the last syllable
briefcase
dowry, noun
call, on a par with the words call, review (ambassador), convocation, but: Review (for publication)
orphans, im.p.pl., emphasis in all forms of plural. only on the 2nd syllable
means, im.p.mn.h.
stolYar, in the same poison with the words malYar, doYar, shkolYar...
convocation, see call
shorthand
dancer
Cakes, cakes
fluorography
Christian
scarves, see bows
driver, in the same row as the words kiosk, controller...
expert, from French a language where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives
true, short adj. w.r.
pear
old
significant
most beautiful, excellent.st.
kitchen
dexterity, short adj. w.r.
salmon
mosaic
insightful, short adj. zh.r., on a par with the words cute, fussy, talkative..., but: gluttonous
plum, derived from plum
Verbs
Pamper, on a par with the words pamper, spoil, spoil..., but: darling of fate
favor
take-takeA
take-under
take-take
take up
turn on, turn on,
turn it on, turn it on
join in - join in
burst-burst
perceive-perceived
recreate-recreated
hand it over
drive-drive
chase-chased
get-got
get-got
wait-wait
get through - get through
They're getting through
dose
wait-waited
live-lived
seal
borrowed, borrowed, borrowed, borrowed, borrowed
locked-locked (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
call-call
Call-call, call, call, call
exclude-exclude
exhaust
put-klaL
sneak-sneak
bleed
lie-lie
pour-lila
flow-flow
Lie-lied
endow-endow
overstrained-strained
to be called-to be called
tilt-tilt
pour-poured
narvat-narwhal
Litter-LitterIt
start-started, started, started
Call-callIt
Make it easier - make it easier
wet yourself
hug-hug
overtake-overtaken
RIP-RIPED
encourage
take heart, take heart
aggravate
borrow-borrow
Angry
surround-surround
seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort...
To be defiled - to be defiled
inquire - inquire
depart-departed
give-gave
Unlock-Unlock
revoke-revoked
respond-responded
Call back-call backIt
overflow-overflow
mold
fruit
Repeat-repeat
call-called
call-call-call-call
water-water
put-put
I understand, I understand
send-sent
arrive-arrived-arrivedA-arrived
accept-accepted-accepted - accepted
force
tear-tear
drill-drill-drill-drill
remove-remove
create-created
rip off
Litter-Litter
remove-remove
speed up
deepen
strengthen-strengthen
moveSecure
It's a pinch-it's a pinch
Participles
spoiled
included-included, see demoted
delivered
folded
busy-busy
locked-locked
populated-populated
Spoiled, see spoiled
feeding
bleeding
profited
acquired-acquired
poured - poured
hired
started
brought down-brought down, see included...
encouraged-encouraged-encouraged
aggravated
definite-determined
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
accepted
tamed
lived
removed-removed
bent
Participles
sealed
starting
Adverbs
Don't
enviably, in the meaning of the predicate
ahead of time, colloquial
after dark
more beautiful, adj. and adv. in comparative art.
