Comfortable living without clean water is simply impossible. Buy regularly drinking water expensive and unprofitable. A limited family budget does not allow you to use the services of well drilling companies? There is always a way out. It's time to remember technical structure, accessible to everyone, and install an Abyssinian well at home with your own hands. This design was invented by the Americans, and in another way it is called a needle well.
At first, people called an Abyssinian well a shallow well that pumps clean water from an aquifer. hand pump. Special design allows you to get water without spores, runoff and pollution.
Before you start drilling, you need to carefully study the geology of the area. You can find out from neighbors who have already provided their site with water, or from a geological survey conducted during the development of the site. The construction of a needle well is possible if the first aquifer is no deeper than 8 meters. For a lower layer, you need to drill a wide well and lower the pump into it.
The Abyssinian well works well on an aquifer made of a mixture of sand and crushed stone or medium-grained sand. It will not be possible to install a needle well on a site if the geological map shows deposits of hard rocks, pebbles, and boulders. To reach the water flowing under such layers, you will need special equipment.
Advantages of using a needle well
- Simplicity of design and low price level.
- Possibility of installation without disturbing the landscape of the site.
- Large equipment is not used.
- Possibility of installing the pump indoors or directly on site.
- Drilling requires a maximum of 10 hours of working time.
- Installing a high-quality filter prevents silting of the well.
- The closed system does not allow contaminants to enter the well.
- High quality of produced water.
- Possibility of ensuring a constant supply of water in the required volumes.
- If necessary, the well can be dismantled and installed in another location.
Pay attention! Due to the shallow depth of the Abyssinian wells, practically no dissolved iron gets into the water.
Well drilling
Not everyone can afford to buy special equipment to drill just one well or call in specialists. You can make an Abyssinian well using not too complicated and expensive tools.
Tools required for work:
- Several pieces of gas keys.
- Grinder and drill.
- To slaughter a pipe, you need pancakes from a rod weighing 20 or 40 kg.
- Sledgehammer and hammer.
- Welding machine, pumping station.
- An inch pipe cut into meter pieces with short threads at the ends.
- One meter of ¾ inch pipe.
- Ten meters of ½ inch pipe.
- Garden auger, check valve.
- Bolts and nuts 10.
- Car clamps.
- A piece of mesh 16 by 100 cm of galloon weaving from stainless steel.
- Cast iron couplings for connecting and slaughtering pipes.
- Wire with a cross-section of 0.2-0.3 mm - 2 m.
- HDPE couplings and pipes.
Making a filter
- Weld a cone-shaped tip onto an inch pipe 1.1 m long. If you were unable to buy such a tip, you can use a sledgehammer to flatten the end of the pipe.
- Using a grinder, carefully cut slots up to 2.5 cm long on both sides of the pipe every 2 cm. You need to do everything slowly, trying not to damage the strength of the pipe.
- Wind the wire onto the pipe and put a mesh on top, securing it with clamps every 10 cm. If possible, it is advisable to solder the mesh.
Pay attention! Do not use solder with lead to avoid water poisoning. You need to work with tin solder and special flux.
Drilling technology
Using a garden auger, start drilling the soil, gradually building it up with prepared pipes. For this, ½-inch pipes are used, which are connected with couplings made from ¾-inch pipes and 10-point bolts through pre-drilled holes.
Continue drilling until wet sand begins to flow from the surface of the drill. There is no point in drilling further, the wet sand simply flows back into the well.
Installation of a pipe with a filter
Using couplings, connect the filter to the pipe sections. Be sure to wrap FUM tape around the thread. Lower the finished structure into the well down to the sand. Screw a cast iron coupling onto the top of the pipe and place the prepared pancakes from the rod on it. The axis must be passed through the center of the pancakes, this is necessary for them to slide when clogging the pipe. For the axle, use a ½ inch pipe 1.5 m long. There should be a bolt at the end of the pipe.
After each impact, the pipe is immersed in the ground by several centimeters. The tip with the filter should penetrate 50 cm into the sand layer. After this, you need to pour a small amount of water into the pipe.
Pumping water
First of all, you need to install a check valve, and then pumping station.
Pay attention! The entire structure must be sealed.
Fill the pumping station with water and connect a hose to the outlet. Start the pump. At first, air may come out of the well, and then dirty water. After a certain period of time a good one will appear clean water. To check the quality of the water, take it to the sanitary and epidemiological station for analysis.
It is better to make a concrete platform around the Abyssinian well to ensure outflow atmospheric precipitation. Now there will always be clean water on your site, and you will be able to grow your own vegetables and flowers.
Hello, dear readers. Let's start the story about organizing water supply suburban area using a needle well or an Abyssinian well. Wells of this kind are usually made by hand, since special equipment for constructing a well is not required.
This article is the quintessence personal experience author and hundreds of studied pages on specialized forums and is not theoretical material, but practical guide. As they say, smart man able to learn from other people's mistakes.
What you need to build an Abyssinian well
So let's begin. We will talk about the classic scheme for installing a needle well: driving it into the ground.
To plug an Abyssinian well we will definitely need:
- needle filter
- threaded pipe kit
- pipe couplings
- sanitary flax and paste for use in threaded connections
- two pipe wrenches
- well pump
- the tool that will be used to hammer in (we will discuss the options below)
Additional equipment that may be needed:
- Pipe clamp or die for cutting threads (if the thread gets damaged when driving)
- Two hydraulic jacks, if you need to raise a column of well pipes
Before we begin to present our personal experience, let us recall the basic principles of the Abyssinian well.
The diameter of the well is small - usually from one to two inches. This diameter does not allow the pump to be lowered inside the well, and water is pumped out using surface pumps - first when pumping with a manual column, then, after pumping the well, you can switch to electric pump, necessarily self-priming.
It is possible to raise water from an Abyssinian well only if the water surface is no deeper than 9 meters. If the dynamic level of the well is below eight to nine meters from the pump level, it will be possible to raise such water only by placing the pump in a caisson (pit), thus reducing the suction depth to the required value. It should be taken into account that only the highest quality self-priming pump can show the rated 9 meters of suction.
It is important to ensure complete tightness of the line from the water-suction filter to the pump - if a fistula forms in at least one coupling when clogged, water will not be sucked in from the depths.
A needle well is a pipe of small diameter, usually with an outer diameter of 1 inch (at construction markets and metal depots it is marked as a 25 pipe - by inner diameter) and 1? inches. The fact is that the column-well will be driven into the ground without any drilling, and driving a larger diameter pipe can be extremely difficult.
How does a well-needle filter work?
The very first and important element needle wells - filter. It is made as follows: a 1.2-2 meter section of pancake pipe is taken and a meter section is marked for the future filter. On this section, holes with a diameter of about 8-10 mm are drilled in a checkerboard pattern so as not to weaken the pipe. A steel cone is welded at the end of the pipe near the filter, which will facilitate the passage of the pipe in the ground according to the principle of a spear.
The next step is to wind under the filter. The purpose of the winding is to create a gap between the pipe and the filter mesh, which is mounted on top of the winding. Without winding, water would be sucked into each hole of the filter pipe only through the section of the mesh directly above the hole. With winding, water will be sucked from a much larger surface of the mesh into the created gap, and then into the holes on the pipe. Thus, by performing reeling, we significantly increase the well's flow rate. Winding is usually done from wire of the same material as the filter mesh - for example, stainless steel to stainless steel, to avoid the formation of a galvanic couple. To help you when choosing, here is a metal compatibility table:
When assembling the filter, pay attention special attention on the compatibility of metals: some of them create a galvanic couple, and upon contact as a result chemical reaction are quickly destroyed. For example, if you wind a pipe with aluminum wire and fasten a brass mesh on top, after a few months you will get holes where these incompatible metals touch. Therefore, in most cases, wire and mesh are taken from stainless steel, because... these materials are easy to obtain.
How to choose a mesh for an Abyssinian well filter
The mesh for the needle hole needs a special one - galloon weaving. This mesh looks like metal fabric. Galoon weaving implies diamond-shaped cells - they are not clogged with grains of sand, which are basically cube-shaped. There are various types filter meshes, with different sizes cells - for different sands. Ideally, the mesh should be selected based on the sand fraction in the aquifer. The filter should pass about 30-40% of sand. Then, when pumping the well, small sand fractions will come out with water, while larger ones will form a natural filter around our needle.
Filtration meshes are metal and synthetic. The finest-grained metal meshes are marked P60 and are designed for dusty sand. Synthetic meshes come in even finer weaving - up to P200. At the same time, it is not recommended to take the finest mesh “with a reserve” - the finer the mesh, the worse the well’s flow rate will be. The finest sand under the pressure of water is compressed around the needle filter, preventing the movement of water.
The pipe is cut into pieces of 1-1.5 meters, external threads are cut at the ends. The pipes will be connected using couplings of the appropriate diameter. Short pieces of pipe are needed to make it easier to drive it into the ground.
What tool is used to drive the Abyssinian well needle?
Sledgehammer
The simplest and most barbaric way to hammer a needle is with a sledgehammer. If you have experience in carefully handling this powerful tool, perhaps everything will end well and no threaded connection under your ground will crack. Pros this method– a sledgehammer is easy to find; you don’t need to bother with special hammering equipment. Disadvantages - when striking with a sledgehammer, it is impossible to direct all the impact energy downward, strictly along the axis of the borehole needle. This means that the pipe will bend to one side and flatten. The load on threaded connections increases. If you decide to hammer the needle with a sledgehammer, do not hit the piece of pipe that you are planting in the ground. Screw a steel coupling onto the pipe and use a piece of threaded pipe to screw it into the coupling. These pipe ends are sold in construction stores under the name “thread” and cost pennies. They flattened one, replaced it and continued to score further.
Grandma and the womanizer
Hammering with a headstock is the preferred method. The design of the headstock can be different. Most often this is a thick-walled pipe, one of the ends of which is welded. Handles are welded to the side; any iron can be welded to make it heavier. The weight of the headstock is usually 20-50 kg. At the upper end of the pipe to be driven in, a “grandfather” is also attached through a coupling - a piece of pipe with a thread, which will receive the blow. The headstock in this design is put on the pipe being driven, and then rises 40-60 cm and is thrown down. Since the headstock is fully dressed on the pipe being hammered, it moves almost perfectly up and down, and all the energy of the impact propels the needle towards the target.
There is another option for the headstock design. This is a heavy cylinder with a hole not much larger than the diameter of the needle being driven. A coupling is screwed onto the pipe being driven in, and the next similar pipe is screwed into it. When hammered, this pipe will serve as a guide for the headstock to move up and down. And it will hit the cradle - a steel cylinder, tightly fitted onto the needle tube, and resting on the coupling, which has a diameter several mm larger than the needle. The grandmother gets up and throws herself down onto the support. This, in turn, pushes the pipe string down.
Let us note a very important fact - in order not to damage the threads on pipes and couplings, you need to select the length of the thread on the pipes in such a way that the pipes, screwed into the coupling, are docked inside it. Thus, the load from blows from the headstock will be placed not on the threads, but on the ends of the pipes.
Rod
Clogging a needle with a rod is also very common. The rod needs to be of such thickness that it fits freely inside the pipe of the Abyssinian well. We will hit the bottom of the lowered pipe column with a rod - into the opposite part of the cone that crowns the filter. The cone must be firmly welded to the filter pipe. Gradually, as the column is lowered, you can lengthen the rod (by welding, or by pre-arranging the threaded connection of the rods). If the mass of the rod is sufficient for impact, and its length is already shorter than the column being lowered, you can tie a steel cable to it and hammer in the needle, lifting the rod inside the pipe column by this cable and throwing it from a height. Hammering with a rod is considered more preferable from the point of view of safety threaded connections pipes
Hammering a needle hole with a hammer drill or jackhammer
Unfortunately, you cannot simplify your task by using a power tool. The reason for this is the large mass of the lowered pipe column. The hammer drill and the bumper will simply bounce off the structure that has a larger mass. This fact has been verified more than once, so don’t waste time.
To what level should the needle be hammered?
The needle is driven deep until the filter is in the aquifer. Ideally this is coarse sand or pebbles, but usually the aquifer is fine sand. As we mentioned earlier, water from a well can only be raised from a depth of 8-9 meters. Does this mean that it is pointless to drill a well deeper than 9 meters? Of course not. It is not the depth of the well that is important, but the water level in it. Experienced drillers know that the water of the second aquifer often rises to the groundwater level (level groundwater). It even happens that from a well depth of 15-30 meters, water flows spontaneously.
The second question when hammering a needle is how not to miss aquifer? There is an easy way. Every half a meter, when driving needles into the pipe, add water. If the filter is located in an aquifer, the water will quickly flow into the pipe. The main thing here is that when passing through a layer of clay, the mesh does not become clogged with it. Otherwise, you simply will not understand that you have entered an aquifer. Water will not escape through a mesh clogged with clay in any case.
There is another way to determine which layer the needle filter is in. When you hammer a needle, top tube Constantly, every 10-20 blows, you need to tighten it clockwise with a pipe wrench. This way we compensate for the self-unscrewing of the threaded connections of the column. If you can rotate the column completely so that the filter moves in the ground, it is easy to hear the friction of the soil against the filter cone.
Thus, clay makes almost no sound when turning the filter, coarse sand clearly creaks, and pebbles grind.
What to do if the filter mesh is clogged with clay or the pipe becomes clogged with sand when clogged
If the filter mesh of an Abyssinian well is clogged with clay, you can clean the filter mesh by pumping water under pressure into the pipe. It will wash away the clay. If flushing does not help, you will have to remove the entire column and clean it. Then a clean needle can be lowered into the finished hole without the risk of contaminating the filter.
It also often happens that if the filter mesh is chosen too large, or the pipe is used without a filter at all (some soils allow the use of Abyssinian without a filter mesh, if the aquifer is pebbles or very coarse sand). If the inside of the pipe is clogged with sand, it should be washed by lowering a narrow hose into the pipe, feeding water into it from outside the well and moving it so as to lift the turbidity from the sand in the pipe. This turbidity will come out of the pipe around the hose to the outside, washing away the sand.
How to prevent pipe clogging with sand and clay when plugging an Abyssinian well
There are a couple of ways to avoid filling the needle with sand and clay. The needle can be filled with salt or tightly stuffed with rope while hammering. The end of the rope must be constantly passed through all the pipes so that after driving to the desired depth it is easy to get it out. Naturally, these two methods are only suitable if there are several Abyssinian wells nearby and the depth to which the needle needs to be driven is known in advance.
How to pump a well with a needle?
For pumping, a manual pump-column is best suited. Such pumps are not afraid of sand in the water, and at first there will be a lot of sand inclusions in the water. Depending on how well the mesh used matches the sand fraction in the aquifer, the well build-up time can range from half an hour to several months. At the same time, we repeat once again, a mesh that is too fine will clog faster and reduce the flow rate.
In principle, when using a sufficiently fine galloon (twill) mesh, it is quite possible to use a self-priming surface pump for pumping. It is desirable that the impeller be metal, because... The plastic one will quickly wear off with sand.
The hand pump is also good because it can easily cope with the initial low flow rate of the well. An electric pump cannot work if the water supply is poor; the water column in the Abyssinian well breaks and the pump stops working. The situation can be partially corrected by placing a tap at the outlet of the pump and choking the water outlet.
For easy starting of the pump, a check valve is installed in front of it. Under no circumstances should you place a check valve at the bottom of the column; it will quickly become clogged, and it will be impossible to replace it without raising the well column. In this case, the “extra” check valve will create additional resistance to the movement of liquid and “conceal” the meter of the potential suction height of the pump.
What to do if the connections poison the air, i.e. there is no tightness of the column?
It is not so rare that after a column is clogged, it turns out that water is not pumped out, despite the fact that it is not far from the water surface. If a working self-priming pump is used, this means that there is air leakage in the line, which does not allow creating a vacuum inside the pipe and raising water. In this case, it is recommended to raise the pipe string (the method is described below) and seal the connections. If this is not possible, you can use the “imperfect well” design. A pipe of smaller diameter is lowered inside the Abyssinian well and water is sucked out through it. The problem is that since no vacuum is created in the pipe when water is pumped out, the water flows into the filter by gravity rather than being sucked in. Because of this, the well's production rate drops sharply.
How to raise the pipes of an Abyssinian well from the ground
It happens that you need to lift the pipe column if you have penetrated the aquifer, or you need to completely remove the well. This can be difficult to do, because... the soil tightly grips the pipes. To fix the pipe, you can use a specially made vice, which consists of two strong steel plates, tightened with bolts. You can simply put a cradle or a suitable washer on the pipe sticking out of the ground, fix its upward movement with a coupling screwed onto the thread, and pull it evenly upward with two jacks installed on both sides of the well. IN clay soils You can use the following technique: strongly strain a column of pipes upward, even if it does not move, and leave it like that overnight: under tension, the clay gradually opens up and releases the pipes.
If it is possible to supply good water pressure into the well, this can also help, to the point that the water will erode the soil around the well pipe and flow to the surface outside the pipe.
This article will be developed and supplemented. Please write your ideas and suggestions in the comments.
Water supply country house- this is one of the primary tasks that must be solved for a comfortable temporary or permanent residence in it, if there is no way to connect to central system water supply If you need a source of water and a very limited budget, you can install a well, which is called an igloo. In addition, the installation work will not be so labor-intensive, and the technology will not be as complex as the process. The Abyssinian well, as this well is also called, was invented in the century before last, but has not lost its relevance today.
An igloo well is a well equipped with a hand pump and the water extracted comes from a sandy aquifer. This well differs from a traditional well clean water. This is due to the fact that dirt, spores, runoff, and water do not get into the water. Before starting to drill a well, you should collect information about the geology of the area in which the site where work is proposed to be carried out is located. It will be important to know at what depth the aquifer is located.
Tools and materials
- drill;
- hammer;
- Bulgarian;
- weight plates;
- sledgehammer;
- keys;
- welding machine;
- garden auger;
- pipes;
- nuts;
- bolts;
- car clamps;
- couplings;
- wire;
- check valve;
- HDPE pipes;
- pumping station;
- Bulgarian;
- net.
Features of the needle well arrangement
Arrangement Abyssinian well can only be done if the upper aquifer is no deeper than 8 m from the surface. At greater depths, water rises through surface pump may already be problematic. If the aquifer is located below the marked mark, it is necessary to install a needle of a larger diameter on the sand; alternatively, you can bury the pump lower.
The aquifer, which will act as a source for the needle well, must contain medium-fraction sand or a mixture of crushed stone and sand.
Water will move through soil with the above composition freely, and for this reason it will be easy to pump out. Those layers that are located above the aquifer will be of interest to the master when drilling solely for the quality of their permeability. It is worth remembering that the tool that is supposed to be used during the work will not be able to overcome deposits of pebbles and boulders; rocky hard layers will also not be affected. In order to carry out such drilling operations, special drilling equipment should be used.
An Abyssinian well can be installed on your site with a high degree of probability if one already exists on a neighboring site. One of the main advantages of such a well is that it can be installed on a site or in a house. In addition, such a well will not take up much precious space, and the construction will not violate the integrity of the landscape. To install most other types of wells, it is necessary to provide access roads and leave areas for work. The needle well does not require special equipment when installing; the work process will take approximately 10 hours. The latter circumstance will be determined by the depth of the aquifer and the hardness of the soil.
Before you begin, you should prepare a high-quality filter that will prevent silting and guarantee long-term operation. This ensures that contaminants from the surface do not enter the well. Igloo is also chosen because the quality of its water is comparable to spring water. The needle well will provide the house and site with a continuous supply of water. The flow rate of an average well is equal to the limit of 0.5-3 m 3 /hour. If necessary, the device can be easily dismantled and installed in another location.
Abyssinian wells are not as deep as compared to ordinary wells, which are built on sand, for this reason the likelihood of dissolved iron getting into them is much less. This circumstance indicates that there is no need to use an expensive well filter.
The Abyssinian well is easily equipped using special equipment, however, purchasing it is unprofitable, and inviting professionals is very expensive. Eat alternative solution for well construction, which involves using exclusively the tools that are available.
Preparatory work
To construct an Abyssinian well, you should use a drill, an angle grinder, a hammer, a sledgehammer, and 2 gas keys. In order to clog the pipe, it will be necessary to use pancakes from the bar, the weight of which can vary between 20-40 kg. For the work, you will need to prepare a garden drill, the diameter of which should be 15 cm. You will need to prepare pipes, one of them (½ inch) should have a length of 3-10 m, the second (¾ inch) - 1 m. A pipe will be needed for the well (1 inch), it must be cut into pieces, each of which must be limited to 1-1.5 m and have a short thread on 2 sides. You will need a mesh made of stainless steel, it must have P48 galloon weaving, the width of the piece should be 16 cm, length - 1 m. You will need couplings made of cast iron in the amount of 3-4 pieces. They are to be used when clogging a pipe. But steel couplings will be needed to connect pipes.
During the work, you will need a wire whose diameter is equal to the limit of 0.2-0.3 mm, its length should be 2 m.
Making your own filter
In order to make a filter, you need to use an inch pipe, the length of which is 110 cm, and a tip must be welded to it, which should have the shape of a cone. It is precisely called a needle for a well. If such a tip is not available, it is permissible to flatten the end of the pipe using a sledgehammer. On 2 sides of the pipe, using a grinder, you should cut slots located lengthwise and having a total length of 80 cm, the step between them should be 2 cm, and the length of each should be 2.5 cm. In this case, the strength characteristics of the pipe must not be violated.
You have to wind the wire onto the pipe, then you need to put a mesh on it and strengthen everything with clamps spaced 10 cm apart from each other. The mesh can be strengthened by soldering. Sometimes a filter for such a well is made with a mesh located inside, as well as wire located above and below the mesh. You should not use solders with lead, as otherwise toxic substances will get into the water. During the work, it is recommended to use exclusively special flux, as well as tin solder.
Features of drilling
Drilling the soil should be done using a garden drill; if necessary, it should be expanded using pipe structures. For this purpose, pipes of ½ inch and a length of 1 m should be joined with couplings made of pipes with a diameter of ¾ inch; bolts should be used as fasteners. In those places where fastening is supposed to be done, it is necessary to form holes in advance. Drilling work should continue until wet sand appears and begins to flow down the base of the drill. At this point, continuing drilling will be pointless, because... sand will return to the well. At the next stage, you can proceed to plugging the pipe with the filter. The pipe sections must be connected with couplings, screwing FUM tape onto the threads. The resulting structure must be lowered to the sand, and a coupling made of cast iron must be screwed onto the pipe on top. You need to place pancakes on top of the coupling, through the central holes of which you should pass an axle; the pancakes will slide along it, driving the pipe. The axle consists of a 1.5 piece of pipe (½ inch) and a bolt at the end.
One blow of the pancake will allow you to immerse the pipe several centimeters. After 0.5 m from the sand layer has been overcome, you can pour some water into the pipe. If it disappears, it will indicate that the sand has accepted it. The aquiferous sand layer will absorb moisture at the same rate as it releases it.
Now you can proceed to pumping the well. It is necessary to install a check valve and a pumping station. In this case, HDPE pipes should be used; it is important to monitor the tightness of the structure during this. You need to fill the station with water by connecting the hose to the outlet. Now it is permissible to start the pump.
There should be no manure pits or drains near the water intake site.
You can decorate the well with a canopy with your own hands; it is recommended to build a platform around it. The site should be small in size, and its purpose will be to separate rainwater from the well. For effective outflow, the site should be located slightly above the ground surface. Rejection of rainwater will ensure the purity of the water in the well.
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Budget-friendly manufacturing option autonomous source water supply is a do-it-yourself well without equipment for several existing technologies. This refers to methods that allow you to do without renting a drilling rig. However, the home craftsman will still need some equipment and tools.
Making a well without equipment with your own hands
Purpose, nuances of the device
Compared to a well, the well has smaller dimensions, allowing you to save the working space of the site. The mouth of the source is sealed much easier; precipitation and dirt do not get inside. There is no need to remove large amounts of soil or transport it from the construction site.
You can build a well yourself without equipment in several ways:
- by eroding the soil with water;
- extracting rock with a hand drill auger;
- flushing - usually 2 - 3 buckets are pumped out very dirty water, then 1 - 2 cubes of liquid with sand follow, after which the quality returns to normal;
Advantages of the method:
- low construction budget – purchase of a drill + production of rods with locks for extension;
- speed of penetration - the auger is an Archimedes screw through which the soil independently moves upward.
When choosing a drill with replaceable blades, labor costs increase sharply. After several revolutions, the tool must be lifted to shake off the rock. Anyway home handyman can do without helpers. The disadvantages of the technology are:
- complex vertical positioning;
- numerous descents/ascents.
Tooling diameter hand drills limited to 40 cm; if desired, you can find 50 cm augers produced by 3–4 Russian manufacturers. This sharply limits the diameter of the casing, allowing low-power submersible pumps to be lowered into it.
Useful advice! As soon as the drill reaches the aquifer, the soil ceases to linger on the auger and blades. Further penetration is carried out by washing, for which water is supplied to the face under pressure.
Abyssinian needle hole
There is a method for constructing a water intake source without excavating soil. A hole in the ground is made by compacting adjacent rocks by driving a small diameter pipe. That is, the working tool, after reaching the aquifer, simply becomes a casing string.
Therefore everything necessary equipment mounted on the pipe before driving:
You can make a well needle with your own hands without equipment, but it is necessary special tool- grandma. An Abyssinian well does not require a tripod, drilling auger, or flushing pump. However, impact penetration with a sledgehammer flattens the upper part of the pipe, so a different scheme is used:
- a traveling block is attached to the very top of the pipe with clamps;
- ropes/cables are attached to the headstock and thrown over the pulleys of the block to different sides.
After which, one or two workers simultaneously lift the headstock up to the traveling block and release the cable. The headstock hits the platform, the pipe is driven into the ground, the operation is repeated until the platform is at the ground. Then the pipe is extended, the headstock and traveling block are raised higher.
Despite the low construction budget (5 – 7 thousand rubles), the technology has some disadvantages:
- difficulties in finding a headstock, a support platform or making these devices with your own hands;
- polymer pipes cannot be used for impact drilling, steel pipe has fewer resources.
Useful advice! If necessary, you can secure the headstock with clamps on the pipe, pull out the column with jacks to clean or replace the filter or check valve.
Bailer drilling
In addition to the listed methods, you can make a well with your own hands without equipment using the bailer method, which is also called percussion-rope drilling.
To do this, use the following sequence of operations:
- tripod - 1.5 - 2 m high, mounted on the mouth, a traveling block is fixed in the upper part;
- drilling - the bailer is lifted by a cable to the traveling block, released, falls to the ground, filled with rock, after removing the earth, the operation is repeated.
The bailer is made of a pipe, the lower edge of which is sharpened (chamfered) or has teeth to destroy the formation. There is a round plug installed inside the hinge to fit internal diameter pipes. When it hits the ground, the plug opens on a hinge; when removed, it closes under the weight of the soil that has accumulated inside.
On dense soils, after an impact, the pipe additionally rotates using levers welded or inserted into the holes. This allows you to increase productivity and reduce labor costs.
Useful advice! The main advantage is the ability to extract the rock once it reaches the aquifer. The well is deeper, which provides a higher flow rate than with manual drilling.
The disadvantage of the method is the need to purchase thick wall pipe 1 – 1.5 m long. Since the drilling efficiency depends on the weight of the tool.
The Abyssinian well is also called a needle well due to its small diameter, 25-40 mm.
Americans began to use this drilling technology at the beginning of the 19th century. But it became known throughout the world in the middle of the last century, when the British carried out a military operation in desert Ethiopia. While extracting water, they learned to dig shallow, narrow wells using a Norton drill. Ethiopia was then called Abyssinia, which is why the wells began to be called “Abyssinian”. Let's take a closer look at the advantages of this type of well.
Mini well in a well
And the Bissin well is plugged both on the surface and inside the old well. This is why owners of private houses and summer cottages choose an igloo well:
It is possible to do it yourself. And if you invite craftsmen, it will cost less than digging a new well or deepening it with wells with a casing pipe.
An Abyssinian well, plugged in compliance with all the rules, will provide you with clean water. Melt and rain streams will not fall into it (although, of course, a filter is placed inside the well).
The average service life of Abyssinian wells is 30-40 years. By the way, there are still active wells in Ethiopia from the time of the “Abyssinian operation” of the British!
Disadvantages of Abyssinian wells
- It is demanding of the aquifer - the layer of soil that contains water. It makes sense to drill a needle hole only in soil consisting of coarse sand or crushed stones. It is much more difficult to drill an Abyssinian well if the soil is rocky. In this case, you will need the help of professional drillers and special equipment.
- Limitations on pump selection. Due to the small diameter it will not fit into the Abyssinian well submersible pump. Therefore, surface pumps, manual or electric, are used, but they are less productive.
- The Abyssinian well must be used constantly, otherwise it will silt up. This problem is eliminated by cleaning the well with a bailer.
Install deep and fine water purification filters
Place for drilling a needle well
- The first thing you need to do is find out how deep the aquifers are in your area. “Abyssinian” technology allows you to drill shallow wells, 10-15 meters. Therefore, if the water in your area is lower than 15 meters, choose a different type of well.
- It is possible to learn about the depth of water layers by studying geodetic maps. Communication with neighbors, owners of wells and wells will also help.
- Then evaluate the soil, and depending on its composition, decide whether to make a well yourself or resort to the services of master drillers.
- On hills and slopes (due to risk of landslides)
- Closer than 1 kilometer from cemeteries, cattle burial grounds, etc.
- Closer than 15 meters from a residential building, barn and other buildings (the soil may shrink)
- Closer than 30 meters from the cesspool
- Closer than 3 km from factories, settling tanks and chemical production
If your old well is in danger zone, it is better to abandon it and drill for another source of water.
Drilling Abyssinian wells in a well
Now let’s take a closer look at the technology of drilling a needle well. IN general outline This is the deepening of a drill string into the ground using the percussion drilling method.
Drilling a well in a well follows the same principle as drilling an “Abyssinian” from the surface. The only difference is that the drill string for driving a well in a well is longer. It is also more convenient to drill wells in a well using a tripod drilling derrick.
Important detail: casing pipe is not used when drilling an Abyssinian well.
Needle hole drilling tools
The drilling tool for the Abyssinian well consists of the following parts:
- Norton drill, which is a pipe with a filter and a sharp tip
- Drill string made of pipes
- Bottom clamp
- Cast iron or concrete frame
- Rope
- Upper clamp
The process itself takes place in several stages
INSTALLATION
The Norton drill is installed strictly vertically in the place at the bottom of the well where you decide to make a well. If the well is dry, first dig a small pit.
LET'S SCORE
The rubble is driven into the ground most often with the help of a woman. To do this, the first piece of pipe is inserted into the plugged drill bit. A headstock is put on it, then a woman and a collar. The cable is threaded through the pulleys, with its help the woman is raised and sharply lowered down, gradually deepening the drill string into the ground.
DRILL COLUMN
You gradually build up the drill string with new pipe sections. It is recommended to cut them 1-2 meters long. The headstock, headstock and clamp are moved onto them, continuing to drive. Make sure that the connections between the pipes are tight. Tightness can be achieved using threaded connections with seals or by fastening pipes with couplings.
