Jung type 4. Carl Gustav Jung and analytical psychology

Carl Jung also divided people into types based on psychological differences between them, which, however, he considered innate.

C. Jung identified two general types: - extroverted and - introverted.

Extroverts are characterized by a focus on an object; therefore, the opinions of other people, generally accepted norms, and objective circumstances determine their actions to a much greater extent than their own, subjective attitude to the surrounding reality.

For an introvert, the subjective always prevails over the objective, and the value of the subject is always higher than the object. When experiencing any emotion, an introvert pays attention not to the events or people that caused it, but to his own experiences. His own opinion is more important to him than the surrounding reality or the judgments of other people.

In addition to the conscious attitude, both types also have an unconscious one, which in relation to the first one performs a compensatory function.

Depending on the development of the four main mental functions - thinking, emotion, sensation and intuition - C. Jung identifies four types of extroverts and four types of introverts:

1. Extroverted thinking type. Subjects who make important decisions rationally, create schemes of objective reality and are invariably guided by them in their behavior, demanding the same from others. If these schemes (“formulas”, according to C. Jung) arise as a result of a deep understanding of reality, people can be reformers and innovators. However, the narrower the scheme, the greater the chance that a representative of this type will turn into a grouch, and serving the ideal will not stop him from any moral laws: the end for him justifies the means. People of this type are emotionally dull: they rarely sympathize with others and do not value friendship, aesthetic experiences are alien to them, and therefore they are not interested in art.

2. Extroverted emotional type. He is inclined to have a “correct” emotional assessment of everything that surrounds him. Such people like partners who meet certain criteria (for example, occupy a certain position social status). They go to the theater and experience there the emotions that they should experience there. Their feelings always smell cold, so they are perceived as a pretense.

3. Extroverted sensory type. Determines the value of objects by the strength of the sensation: the stronger it is, the greater the value. People of this type seek pleasure and pleasure. They give the impression of aesthetes enjoying life to others, if the sensations do not greatly dominate other functions. Otherwise, they become unpleasant to others.

4. Extroverted intuitive type. He has an unusually developed “sense of smell” for everything new and unusual. Such a person easily and violently becomes interested in a new object, can infect with his enthusiasm and inspire others, but as soon as the object of his affection exhausts its possibilities for development, he forgets about it without regret and switches to a new one. At the same time, his moral principles never bother him, so those around him consider him frivolous and even an adventurer. K. Jung writes about people of this type that they “spread” the fullness of life around them, but it is not they who live, but others.

5. Introverted thinking type. It is characterized by thinking that does not recreate real reality, but brings its unclear image to a clear and clearly formulated idea. Because of this, he tends to adjust facts to fit the idea or ignore them altogether. He creates theories for the sake of theories. Unlike the extroverted thinking type, he strives not to expand knowledge about the world, but to deepen it. He does not consider it necessary to captivate others with his own ideas and win their support. Convinced of the correctness of his ideas, he is indignant at a society that refuses to accept them. He's a bad teacher. He is perceived by others as arrogant and domineering. However, to those who know him closely, he looks naive and unadapted.

6. Introverted emog\ional type. He looks outwardly calm, even indifferent. His emotions are often invisible to others, although everything may be boiling inside him. Such emotional restraint is perceived negatively by others as a manifestation of coldness.

7. Introverted sensory type. In contrast to the extraverted sensory, it is oriented not to objects that cause intense sensations, but to the intensity of sensations caused by objects. Therefore, as soon as a sensation arises, the object loses value for it. Representatives of this type are incomprehensible to others and unattractive to them.

8. Introverted intuitive type. According to K. Jung, it gives birth to science fiction writers and artists, and, when deviating from the norm, mystics. The products of their creativity are incomprehensible to others.

It is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that when describing these types, C. Jung’s side is clearly visible negative characteristics. This is due to the fact that the source of creation of this typology was the clinical experience of its author.

The typological model of the famous Swiss scientist, psychiatrist and psychotherapist Carl Gustav Jung is associated with the movement of psychic energy in a certain direction in which a particular person is more accustomed or preferably oriented in the world. From this point of view, C. G. Jung identified eight typological characteristics: two personality attitudes - introversion and extraversion and four functions or types of orientation - thinking, sensation, intuition and feeling, each of which can operate in either an introverted or extroverted manner.

Introversion C. G. Jung called the turning of psychic energy inward, which is expressed in the negative attitude of the subject to the object and the direction of interest in the subject. In contrast to this extroversion denotes the circulation of psychic energy outward, outward, that is, the manifestation of positive interest in an object. It follows that a person with introverted attitude interest and mental activity are aimed at inner world, and the perception of the external world is refracted through internal models, and in a person with extroverted attitude external factors are the predominant driving force for judgments, sensory perceptions, affects and actions. As C. G. Jung believed, each person is more inclined to one of these attitudes and acts predominantly within its framework.

According to C. G. Jung, extroverted and introverted attitudes do not exist in isolation. A person's type membership is determined in relation to one of four functions, each of which has its own area of ​​competence.

Thinking- this is a psychological function that brings the data of the content of ideas into a conceptual connection, establishes a logical connection, and organizes the content of consciousness.

Feeling- this is a psychological function that gives value to content in the sense of its acceptance or rejection, organizes conscious contents according to their value for its bearer.

Feeling- this is a psychological function that characterizes perception performed through sensory organs, not subject to rational laws.

Intuition- this is a psychological function that conveys perception to the subject in an unconscious way, the content of which has the nature of a given.

	THINKING
INTUITION		FEELING

Basic functions of the psychological type

Any of the functions can be placed at the top; according to it, the most characteristic for a particular person, he orients himself in the world. The relative position of other functions that are on the sides and below is determined by the function located on top.

As C. G. Jung believed, every person has all four psychological functions, but they are not developed in the same way. Inevitably, one or another function turns out to be more developed - C. G. Jung called it primary or leading, dominant, while the rest remain subordinates and relatively less differentiated. According to K. G. Jung, functions that are lagging behind in development can be characterized as “inferior”, but in a psychological rather than a psychopathological sense.

Depending on the nature of the leading function, K. G. Jung distinguished two classes of types: rational And irrational. The first include the thinking and feeling types; to the second - intuitive and sensing.

According to the point of view of C. G. Jung, thinking And feeling are rational functions, since reflection and reflection have a decisive influence on them. The “thinking” function reflects intellectual judgment, since it establishes logical connections, and the “feeling” function also means a type of judgment, but differs in establishing subjective acceptance or rejection. The feeling is rational function, because it indicates the value of an object for a person, and values ​​are established according to the laws of reason in the same way as concepts.

TO irrational functions C. G. Jung attributed intuition And feeling, because in order to achieve complete perception they must renounce everything rational as much as possible, and therefore their essence is pure perception. D. Sharp explains: sensation grasps and tells a person that something exists in the world external to him, and intuition comprehends what is in the internal world.

Since types can be divided not only depending on the dominance of the rational or irrational function, but also on the predominant movement of psychic energy (that is, on the predominance of an introverted or extroverted attitude), according to C. G. Jung, eight psychological types can be distinguished: extroverted thinking, extroverted feeling, extroverted sensing, extroverted intuitive, introverted thinking, introverted feeling, introverted sensing, introverted intuitive types.

The concept of C. G. Jung was developed in the 50s. XX century in the works of American researchers Katharina Briggs (K. Briggs) and her daughter Isabel Briggs-Myers (I. Briggs-Myers). They made an important addition to the theory of C. G. Jung: in addition to dominant process(perception or judgment), characterized by the predominance of a rational or irrational function, a person also has a developed auxiliary process, which provides balance between judgment and perception, and between extraversion and introversion. From this position it follows that if the dominant process is associated with judgment, then one of the processes of perception is auxiliary. If the dominant process is associated with perception, then one of the processes of judgment will be auxiliary.

According to the views of K. Briggs and I. Briggs-Myers, the preference for judgment / perception (rationality / irrationality based on the theory of C. G. Jung) finally complements the structure of the type. In this regard, the preference for rationality/irrationality was identified by them as the fourth dichotomy when assessing typological characteristics. As a result, C. G. Jung's typology of 8 personality types was expanded to 16 psychological types.

In further research, K. Briggs and I. Briggs-Myers developed a special technique for the practical application of C. G. Jung’s theory and identifying typological differences between people - the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) questionnaire. This technique allows you to diagnose preferences in each of four scales: "extroversion - introversion"(describes two opposing preferences regarding what a person tends to focus his attention on); "sensory - intuition"(describes ways of perceiving or obtaining information), "thinking - feeling" describes ways of making a decision or forming a judgment about something; "judgment - perception" describes a way of orienting oneself in the outside world.

Thus, according to the views of K. Briggs and I. Briggs-Myers, the personality structure is based on four preferences associated with the processes of perception and judgment. They expressed the idea that interests, values, needs and mindsets, which are formed naturally under the influence of a number of preferences, determine the development of a characteristic set of behavioral traits and potential abilities. It follows, in their opinion, that a person's personality can be described in part by means of four preferences that add up to a certain type.

The innovation of K. Briggs and I. Briggs-Myers was also that any type of judgment (thinking - feeling) can be combined with any type of perception (sensation - intuition), four combinations are possible depending on the combination of preferred psychological functions (preferred way of perception world and the preferred way of judging what is perceived). Each of these combinations creates a special kind of personality, characterized by certain interests, needs, mental habits and behavioral traits that are a natural consequence of such a combination.

American psychologist David Keirsey (D. Keirsey, 1989) also made an addition to C. G. Jung's personality typology. He came to the conclusion that 16 psychological portraits, identified by K. Briggs and I. Briggs-Myers on the basis of the theory of C. G. Jung, can be grouped into four more generalized psychological types, which are distinguished by differently directed motives and values, and at the same time each of types includes 4 psychological portrait.

The theoretical basis of D. Keirsey's approach was: 1) C. G. Jung's ideas about the presence of two attitudes towards the world around us (extraversion - introversion) and two pairs of psychological functions (sensation - intuition and thinking - feeling); 2) the theory of K. Briggs and I. Briggs-Myers, who, along with 3 pairs of dichotomous features identified by C. G. Jung, gave importance to a pair of polar qualities “judgment - perception”, characterizing the way of orientation in the surrounding world, and identified it as a separate dichotomous feature for determining psychological type; 3) ideas about the nature of E. Kretschmer’s temperament and the types of value systems of E. Spranger.

1. SP - type (“Dionysus”)(sensory-spontaneous type). Representatives of this type are united by the desire for freedom, expressed in the opportunity to follow their inclinations and desires. They are focused on the process of activity, not on the result. The activity itself is the highest value for them. They are not inclined to set themselves long-term goals. They are characterized by optimism, a sense of humor, as well as realism and a tendency to take risks. SP type includes 4 psychological portraits: ESFP, ISFP, ESTP, ISTP.

2. SJ - type (“Epimethyus”)(sensory-planning type). Representatives of this type are characterized by a sense of duty, a desire to be useful to others, and responsibility. They prefer clear rules that normalize relationships in all social organizations, including family, maintain traditions. They realistically assess the situation and can objectively predict the consequences of many events. They are focused on achieving practical goals, social status, authority and strive to take their rightful place in a certain social structure. The SJ type includes 4 psychological portraits: ESFJ, ISFJ, ESTJ, ISTJ.

3. NT-type ("Prometheus")(intuitive-logical type). Representatives of this type are united by the desire for scientific research, understanding the laws of nature and increasing their own competence. They want not only to understand, but also to explain, predict and control the phenomena of reality. In relationships with other people they are demanding and expect them to constantly improve their own competence. They are characterized by the development of ideas and innovation. NT type includes 4 psychological portraits: ENTJ, INTJ, ENTP, INTP.

4. NF-type (“Apollo”)(intuitive-feeling type). People of this type are united by spirituality, the search for the meaning of life, the desire for self-expression and perfection. In relationships with people they are distinguished by insight; they tend to observe the behavioral characteristics of other people, contribute to the realization of the potential of other people, and strive for harmonious relationships with them. The NF type includes 4 psychological portraits: ENFJ, INFJ, ENFP, INTP.

The “Psychological Portrait” questionnaire, developed by University of California professor D. Keirsey, was translated and adapted by Russian researchers B.V. Ovchinnikov, I.M. Vladimirova, K.V. Pavlov.

One of the main aspects of human existence is his self-realization in various fields activities, among which successful adaptation and productive interaction with other people are of key importance. Since time immemorial, philosophers, and then psychologists, have tried to establish certain patterns in human behavior and attitude in order to make relationships between people more understandable and mature.

Thus, even at the dawn of psychology, the Austrian psychiatrist S. Freud formulated a theory about the structure of the psyche, and the Swiss psychiatrist K.G. Jung, relying on this knowledge and his own many years of work experience, created the first concept about psychological personality types. This teaching today has become the basis for many competent socio-psychological theories and even entire areas of modern psychotherapy.

One of these modern theories Socionics is the doctrine of the interaction between a person and the outside world, depending on the personal characteristics of a particular person, which classify him as one of 16 socionic personality types.

Socionics as a science was created in the seventies of the last century by the Lithuanian scientist Ausra Augustinaviciute on the basis of computer science, sociology and psychology. In the scientific community, socionics is rather not a science, but one of the famous personality typologies, which serves as a diagnostic method in psychological counseling.

K.G. Jung - the forefather of socionics

In the 19th century, K.G. Jung created his famous theory about personality types, the definition of which is based on ideas about attitudes and basic functions of the psyche. He identified two main personal attitudes: introversion, when a person’s interest is directed into the depths of his own inner world, and extroversion, when a person is directed to the outside world. At the same time, there is a concept about a person’s inclination towards a specific attitude, but not about its complete predominance.

Jung considered thinking, sensation, intuition and feeling to be the main functions of the psyche. Sensation means interaction with the world based on the senses, thinking and feeling help to understand these sensations at the level of comprehension and emotional experience, and intuition answers the question of the origin of these phenomena at the subconscious level.

For each person, one of these functions is dominant, and the rest complement it.

These functions have been divided into two groups:

• rational, to which thinking and feeling belong;
• irrational (sensation and intuition).

In this case, rationality implies an orientation towards the objective norms of society. Based on these aspects, Jung created a classification consisting of 8 main personality types, which in socionics expanded to 16 psychotypes.

The birth of socionics

To create a new full-fledged typology and highlight more specific personality types, A. Augustinaviciute combined Jung’s concept with the theory of information metabolism of the Polish psychiatrist A. Kempinski. This theory is based on the concept of the exchange of information between a person and the outside world in comparison with metabolism in the body, when information is food for the human psyche, therefore mental health is directly related to the quality of incoming information. Thus, socionics calls personality types types of information metabolism. The presence of dominant characteristics should not be confused with.

Socionic personality types are not a constant, “frozen” characteristic of a person; their definition reflects only the way of information exchange, without affecting the individual characteristics of a person (education, culture, experience and character), which are studied by individual psychology. Accentuation is a pointed character trait of a person, which should be paid attention to as bordering on pathology, but accentuation is not the goal of research in socionics.

Formation of names

How did socionics get its name from specific personality types? The name of the type comes from the dominant attitude (extroversion or introversion), and the two most powerful functions of the four, while the names of the functions have undergone some changes: thinking and feeling became logic and ethics, respectively, and sensation was called sensory.

Rationality and irrationality are determined by the location of functions in the names of psychotypes. If we talk about rational personality types, then the first word in the name will be logic or ethics, and for irrational personality types – sensory or intuition.

The names of the 16 types were added over time by various scientists to provide a clearer accessible description of a person. The most popular names of these types are: formulaic names based on Jung’s theory, pseudonyms of famous historical figures - carriers of the designated characteristics, pseudonyms that characterize a person’s professional predisposition.

Basic socionic types

Jung owns a classification of 8 main psychotypes, on the basis of which socionics proposed a more detailed classification consisting of 16 psychotypes.

• Logical-intuitive extrovert(LIE), "Jack London", "Entrepreneur". He is able to clearly identify his own capabilities and abilities, is easily inspired and starts new things, and is interested in dynamic sports that give extreme sensations. Feels new trends, takes risks, relying on intuition. Confidently uses new technologies in his work, deeply analyzes himself and the world. Tends to communicate closely with people.
• Logical-sensory extrovert(LSE), “Stirlitz”, “Administrator”. A very efficient, socially adapted type, he always feels the need to bring the work he has started to completion. Plans activities and treats surrounding things practically. Tends to show love and care for loved ones, loves noisy fun and company. He is good-natured, but harsh, can be hot-tempered and stubborn.
• Ethical-intuitive extrovert(EIE), “Hamlet”, “Mentor”. A very emotional person, prone to empathy and displaying a wide range of emotions. He has expressive facial expressions and eloquence. Able to anticipate various events and prepare for them in advance. Picks up inconsistencies in other people's words and emotions. Often unsure of a partner's love and prone to jealousy.
• Ethical-sensory extrovert(ESE), “Hugo”, “Enthusiast”. Able to influence people through emotional pressure, he gets along well with them, can cheer them up, is inclined to sacrifice his own interests for the sake of another person and show love and care for loved ones. In his work he achieves everything on his own, loves when other people emphasize his merits.
• Logical-intuitive introvert(LII), “Robespierre”, “Analyst. He knows how to distinguish the important from the secondary, does not like empty talk, and is prone to clear, practical thinking. At work, this type likes to use unusual ideas while demonstrating their independence. Uses intuition where he does not know the exact answers. Does not like noisy companies, finds it difficult to establish relationships with other people.
• Logical-sensory introvert(LSI), “Maxim Gorky”, “Inspector”. Loves order and rigor, delves deeply into work, analyzing information from different angles. It is distinguished by a certain pedantry. He looks at things realistically and takes on a task only if he knows for sure that he can complete it. Inspires trust, but prefers short business contacts with other people.
• Ethical-intuitive introvert(EII), “Dostoevsky”, “Humanist”. He subtly senses the nature of relationships between people, attaches great importance to trust, and does not forgive betrayal. He is able to identify the hidden abilities of others and is endowed with the talent of an educator. He is passionate about self-education, people often turn to him for advice. We are very vulnerable, it is difficult to tolerate aggression and lack of love.
• Ethical-sensory introvert(ESI), “Dreiser”, “Keeper”. Recognizes pretense and falsehood in relationships, divides people into friends and strangers, managing psychological distance. He defends his views and principles. He knows how to stand up for himself and his loved ones, and cannot tolerate the moral superiority of other people. Able to deeply analyze himself and others.
  
• Intuitive-logical extrovert(ILE), “Don Quixote”, “The Seeker”. He has a wide range of interests, knows how to adapt to new conditions and easily switches to new methods of work. He is a generator of ideas and does not like traditions and routine. Knows how to explain complex ideas, being a pioneer in them. More prone to synthesis in thinking, creates new idea from ready-made ingredients.
• Sensory-logical extrovert(SLE), "Zhukov", "Marshal". Tends to use physical force in order to achieve victory at any cost. Obstacles only increase his desire to win. Likes to lead and cannot stand being subordinated. Analyzing the situation, he likes to draw up a specific plan of action and strictly follows it.
• Intuitive-ethical extrovert(IEE), “Huxley”, “Adviser”. He is able to subtly feel other people and has a developed imagination. Loves creative work, cannot stand monotony and routine. Sociable, loves to give good advice in the field of interaction with people.
• Sensory-ethical extrovert(SEE), “Napoleon”, “Politician”. Able to see the capabilities of others, using this knowledge for the purpose of manipulation. Leads over
  weak, clearly identifying their weak points. He likes to keep his distance; in communication he is more likely to be guided by his own interests. In the eyes of others he tries to look like an outstanding, original person, but often he is not.
• Intuitive-logical introvert(OR), "Balzac", "Critic". This type is an erudite with a philosophical mindset. He is careful, makes a decision only with confidence in its correctness, analyzing the vulgar in its connection with the future. Does not like violent manifestations of emotions, appreciates coziness and comfort.
• Sensory-logical introvert(SLI), "Gaben", "Master". Sensations are for him the main source of knowledge of the world. Shows empathy, subtly feels and loves other people, rejects artificiality and falsehood. He is distinguished by a technical mindset, loves to work with his hands, while always meeting the required deadlines.
• Intuitive-ethical introvert(IEI), “Lyric”, “Yesenin”. A dreamy and lyrical personality, he knows how to intuitively predict events, has a good understanding of people, loves and “feels” them. He has a good sense of humor and wins the affection of other people. Great importance this type gives appearance. He doesn’t know how to save money, and while working he likes to rest for a long time.
• Sensory-ethical introvert(SEI), “Dumas”, “Mediator”. Knows how to enjoy ordinary life, calmly enduring monotony and routine. Gets along easily with people, respecting their personal space, while demanding the same attitude from them. Likes to joke, entertain, avoids conflict situations. He is often a helper and loves to feel needed and significant in the eyes of other people.

Nowadays, developed technologies make it possible for everyone, without exception, to undergo testing and find out their socionic types, but we should not forget that a person’s personality is very multifaceted and ambiguous, therefore only a professional psychologist can qualitatively draw up and describe a socio-psychological portrait of a personality in the course of a multi-level psychological diagnostics, where socionics is one of the methods.

And on the predominance of one or another mental function, to which he referred thinking, feeling, feeling And intuition.

The purpose of psychological typology, according to Jung, is not to simply classify people into categories. Typology, in his opinion, is, firstly, a researcher’s tool for organizing the infinitely diverse psychological experience in some kind of coordinate scale (“trigonometric grid,” writes Jung). Secondly, typology is a tool of a practical psychologist, which allows, based on the classification of the patient and the psychologist himself, to choose the most effective methods and avoid mistakes.

To determine the Jung type, a typological examination (Gray-Wheelwright tests) and the “Jung Type Index” questionnaire are used. Jungian Type Index, JTI).

Classification according to “psychological attitude”

Jung believed that every person either strives to perceive objects in the external world or strives to abstract from them. He called this difference general type installations and divided by extroverted(aimed at perceiving the outside world) and introverted(directed primarily “inward”). Believing that there are neither pure extroverts nor pure introverts, he believed that each individual is more inclined to one of these attitudes and acts predominantly within its framework. “Every person has both mechanisms, extraversion and introversion, and only the relative preponderance of one or the other determines the type,” writes Jung. Nevertheless, this difference in attitudes, according to Jung, is “conspicuous” and “evident even to a layman in psychological matters.”

The concept of extraversion-introversion, introduced by Jung, received further development in the works of Eysenck ( Dimensions of Personality, L. 1947) and is widely used in modern psychology. In particular, it finds application in the Big Five classification.

Classification by predominant function

The concept of “mental function” was introduced by Jung and voiced at one of his lectures in 1923:

“The conscious psyche is a means of adaptation and orientation and consists of a number of different mental functions. Among them there are four main ones: sensation, thinking, feeling, intuition.

In sensation I include all perception through the sense organs; by thinking I mean the function of intellectual cognition and the formation of logical conclusions; feeling is a function of subjective assessment; I understand intuition as perception with the help of the unconscious or the perception of unconscious contents. So far as my experience allows, these four basic functions seem to me to be sufficient to express and represent all the many types of conscious orientation. For complete orientation, all four functions must cooperate equally: thinking facilitates cognition and judgment, feeling tells us to what extent and how this or that thing is important to us or not, sensation must convey to us through sight, hearing, taste etc. information about a specific reality, and intuition allows us to guess hidden possibilities in the background of what is happening, since these possibilities also belong to the holistic picture of this situation.”

Mental functions, according to Jung, “are not reducible to each other”; the work of all four functions is necessary for the holistic functioning of the individual. However, he argues that dominance of one function or another is normal and even necessary for achieving social success.

Thinking must carefully exclude feeling if it wants to be real thinking, true to its principle. This, of course, does not exclude the existence of individuals whose thinking and feeling are based on same height, and both have the same conscious force of motivation. But in this case we are not talking about a differentiated type, but about relatively undeveloped thinking and feeling. Uniform consciousness and unconsciousness of functions is, therefore, a sign of a primitive state of mind.

Jung defined mental functions as follows:

• Thinking is the function that, following its own laws, brings the data of the content of ideas into a conceptual connection.
• Feeling is a function that gives content a certain value in the sense of accepting or rejecting it. Feelings are based on value judgments: good - bad, beautiful - ugly.
• Sensation is perception accomplished through the senses.
• Intuition is a function that conveys perception to the subject in an unconscious way. The subject of such perception can be everything - both external and internal objects or their combinations.

The peculiarity of intuition is that it is neither a sensory sensation, nor a feeling, nor an intellectual conclusion, although it can manifest itself in these forms. With intuition, some content appears to us as a ready-made whole, without us first being able to indicate or reveal how this content was created.

In accordance with the predominant function, Jung distinguishes thinking, feeling, feeling and intuitive personality types. Taking into account the “type of installation”, each of them can be either extroverted or introverted. In this way, “eight visual psychological types” are formed.

Basic and additional functions

To more accurately describe the human psyche, Jung introduced the concept of an “auxiliary” or “additional” function.

He divided all functions into two classes - “rational”, that is, lying in the sphere of reason, this is thinking and feeling, and “irrational”, that is, lying “beyond the mind” - sensation and intuition. The dominance of any function requires the suppression of the opposite function (thinking excludes feeling, sensation excludes intuition, and vice versa).

In addition to the dominant function, an auxiliary function of another class may be developed. So, for example, with the dominance of rational sensual function, in addition to it, an irrational function can be developed Feel or intuition, and with the dominance of the irrational intuition rational function can be developed thinking or feelings. However, Jung himself did not further differentiate psychological types.

Influence of the unconscious

A significant difficulty in determining the type is created by the fact that the dominant attitude turns out to be compensated by the influence of the unconscious. The same applies to the predominant function, the suppressed opposite of which is repressed into the area of ​​the unconscious.

Notes

Literature

• Jung C. G. Psychologische Typologie // Suddeutsche Monatshefte. - 1936. - Vol. XXXIII. - No. 5. - P. 264-272.
• Sharp, Darel. Personality types. Jung's typological model / trans. Valery Zelensky. - ABC-classics, 2008. - 288 p. - 12,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-91181-823-4
• Jung K. G. Psychological types / ed. V. Zelensky, translation by S. Laurie. - St. Petersburg. : Azbuka, 2001.

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As already noted, famous psychologist C. G. Jung divided people into two types - extroverts and introverts. People also differ in their dominant function, which may be thinking, feeling, feeling, or intuitive. Typical differentiation is noted with such early age, that we can talk about it as innate.

Psychosociotype of personality- an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange between a person and the environment, depending on the level of development of mental functions such as emotions, sensations, intuition and thinking and the specifics of preferences - extraversion or introversion.

Psychosociotypes are distinguished on the basis of personality typology developed by Jung. He argued that the apparent differentiation in human behavior is determined by different preferences that emerge very early, forming the basis of our individuality.

There are four main preferences that determine personality types:

1. The first has to do with where you get your energy from: from the outside world (extroverted) or from within yourself (introverted).
2. The second has to do with how you collect information about the world: verbatim and sequentially, based on current real sensations (sensory), or arbitrarily, trusting your intuition (intuitive).
3. The third relates to how you make decisions: objectively and impartially, carefully thinking through everything, analyzing and planning (mental-logical), or subjectively, at the behest of feelings (emotionally feeling).
4. The fourth concerns our lifestyle: whether we are decisive and methodical (decisive, rational type) or compliant, flexible, spontaneous, somewhat spontaneous (perceptive, rational type).

According to Jung's typology, types of people can be distinguished by the following characteristics:

1. Extroverted-introverted.
2. Rational-irrational.
3. Mental (logical) - emotional (ethical).
4. Sensing (sensory)-intuitive.

Extrovert charged with energy from people and actions, therefore directed towards the outside world, towards communication. (Let’s denote this type with the letter E.) An introvert draws energy from within himself, he is focused on his inner world, uncommunicative (after talking with an interlocutor, he wants to be left alone with himself and his thoughts, as if to “recharge”). (We will denote this type by the letter I.)

Both types of behavior are completely normal. Each of them remains primarily within their own boundaries, although extroverts are encouraged both at school and in work, stating, for example: “Your grade will depend on how you work in the classroom.” It should be remembered that an introvert must be given time to think - this is an objective condition. We see extroverts expressing their thoughts and feelings, while introverts only partially express themselves outwardly; they open up when they feel trust in others or in exceptional circumstances.

For people mental, logical type characterized by the desire to understand and explain the essential features and patterns of events and life. (We will denote this type by the letter L.) For representatives of the emotional type, the main thing is to express their attitude to an event, evaluate it, “accept or not accept it,” coming to a certain decision in accordance with feelings, taking into account how it will affect other people and relationships with them. (We will denote the emotional type with the letter E.) Scale L-E is the only one, which reveals gender differences. Six out of ten men are type L people; among women the ratio is exactly the opposite: 60% consider themselves to be category E.

For sensory (feeling) people type, the perception of events as reality, as sensory experience (sensations, perceptions) is inherent. They prefer concrete information: what they can see, hear, touch; focus on facts and details. The criterion for decision making is common sense and the experience of those around them, fantasy is alien to them, they prefer “a bird in the hands to a pie in the sky.” (We will denote this type by the letter C.)

Intuitive The type is distinguished by the ability to predict the future development of events, imagination, a tendency to collect information in an arbitrary manner, sometimes “spitting”, looking for its meaning and relationships between various phenomena, trusting intuition and premonitions. When making decisions, people of this type rely on their inner voice, their own intuition, without looking at how people around them act in similar situations. (We will denote the intuitive type by the letter I). When two people gather information differently, their relationship can be compromised. For example, a sensory type person asks: “What time is it?” - and expects to hear an exact answer, but the words of a person of an intuitive type are usually different: “It’s already late, and it’s time to go.” The first, losing patience, repeats the question: “Tell me specifically what time it is?” To which the second, confident in his rightness, can conclude: “You can’t be so capricious. I said, it’s time to go, it’s already past three.”

A person of a rational type, decisive, able to make a decision with minimal stress, clearly understanding why this particular choice was chosen. He consistently and persistently implements decision without changing it, he clearly plans and controls his life and even the lives of those around him. People of this type make a decision quickly, not always taking into account new information, even if it indicates that it needs to be changed. (We denote the rational-decisive type by the letter R.)

For the irrational, or perceiver, type characterized by accumulation of information instead of rushing to a decision. The latter can change repeatedly depending on the circumstances, and often the person himself cannot explain why he changed his decision. Such flexibility, spontaneity, some spontaneity of life and behavior are not always adequately understood by the people around us. (We denote the irrationally perceiving type by the letter B.)

People with a predominant sphere of sensations or intuition are classified as the irrational type, since they are able to flexibly change their decisions and behavior depending on current sensations or intuitive premonitions. People with a predominance of logic or emotions are classified as rational types, they tend to make clear decisions, for them “judgments are more important than sensations.”

The specificity of the thinking, emotional, intuitive, feeling types will manifest themselves in unique functions according to extraversion or introversion (Table 6.5).

There are four main mental channels of communication with the world, related to the functions of sensory, intuition, logic and emotion, the prevalence of which varies among people, which determines a person’s psychosociotype.

The first channel is the most powerful, it is most decisive: if a person is an extrovert, the channel is occupied by the “black function”, if an introvert, then it is occupied by the “white” function. Most of the time passes through it full information about the world.

The second channel is called “productive” or “creative”. This is an area of ​​active action directed outward.

The third channel is characterized by low energy, therefore the mental function located in it turns out to be very vulnerable to “external influence” - this is the “point of least resistance”, a person’s “sore spot”.

The fourth channel is suggestive, it is associated with a person’s suggestibility. The mental function involved here is the weakest of all.

All four functions (logical, emotional, intuitive, sensing) are present in every person, but with varying degrees of intensity. They are implemented on different channels and are manifested differently in human behavior.

The basic rules for this are as follows:

1. If an extrovert opens the first channel (conscious), all other channels are introverted (and vice versa).
2. The function of the second channel is opposite to the first on the basis of “rational - irrational”, i.e. if the first channel is represented by a rational function (logic, emotions), then the second is irrational (to ensure an approximate balance of the human psyche).
3. The fourth channel is occupied by a function opposite to that on the first.

Taking these rules into account, we can distinguish 16 psychosociotypes of people (Table 6.6). To make them easier to remember, let's call them by their names famous people and characters from literature.

We also use graphic and letter designations: E - extrovert, I - introvert, L - logical-mental, E - emotional, I - intuitive, S - sensory, B - perceptive, irrational, R - decisive, rational.

Psychosociotypes can be identified using tests. Their characteristics will allow us to analyze distinctive features and everyone's vulnerable qualities. As an example, we offer detailed description only three psychosociotypes, and brief information All types are listed in the table. 6.6.

“Yesenin” (IEIV) (intuitive, ethical, introvert, perceiver), or Seeker.

The first channel is intuition (forecast). This allows a person to sense impending danger and try to avoid it (this is a premonition in general, not specific - intuition with a minus sign). People of this type often remember past experiences, trying to learn a lesson from them; they remember negative experiences for a long time; get carried away the latest theories, directions, reflect on their abilities, strive to understand themselves. They feel the passage of time, but their daydreaming means that they are never in a hurry. Sometimes they strive to live natural life- in fusion with nature (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).

Table 6.5

Specificity of types depending on extraversion-introversion

The second channel is the emotional function (E). This means that emotions and feelings manifest themselves very noticeably, although the person tries to behave politely and with restraint. In his family, he can be capricious, unrestrained, and swear. But still, more often he prefers to agree, just not to quarrel. Tries not to force anyone, not to punish. Feeling the emotional state of other people, it can comfort them and help them. Emotionally receptive to art and can become interested in or engage in it.

The third channel is the mental function (L), manifested as business logic and activity. This is a vulnerable quality, and it is difficult for a person of this type to business activity: he needs to get carried away or force himself to work, although then he can still give up and put things off. This deficiency also manifests itself in everyday life: it is difficult for a person to maintain order in the house. Managing finances is also not easy (he throws money around and often makes spontaneous purchases). Low activity is also manifested in the fact that a person often hesitates in choosing a solution. He forces himself to be active, although in his heart he wants to relax and give up everything. He does not show any initiative for physical labor, but if he is asked to do something, he begins to work, for example, cooking, washing dishes, digging the ground, etc. Indoor installation for a person of this type to self-improvement says: “You have to work.”

People of the type “Yesenin” (IIEV) feel better when work touches their heartstrings, interests them and seems to them to be a purely human activity. The tendency to reflect (I) is combined with a predisposition to figurative and abstract perception of the surrounding world (I). They make decisions guided by their internal biases (E), but these decisions are aimed at maintaining order in their souls and affairs and only then at leading other people. They are malleable, able to adapt to the most different conditions(IN). As a result of the combination of all this, a reserved, but good-natured and sympathetic person appears who follows the principle: “Live yourself and let others live.” However, as their sphere of influence grows, so does their need for control.

Such people are completely indifferent to the fact that his colleague works poorly. “It’s none of my business, everyone pays for themselves,” a person whose character is defined as IIEV will think. However, if he finds himself in the position of a boss, and also if the behavior of a colleague influences him in some way, he begins to pay much more attention to what is happening around him. His introversion prevents open confrontations and clarification of relationships, he carefully avoids conflicts, but if he gets hurt, the intensity of his experiences immediately increases and his reactions become unexpected.

“Yesenin”, as a leader, knows how to turn his subordinates into his devoted supporters, since they are free to choose means to solve the tasks assigned to them; they receive active support and their every proposal will be listened to with attention. Even if you fail in a way that doesn't touch too deeply on the IIEV-type value system, you will be encouraged and thanked for your efforts. If you sin against his value system, then forgiveness will not come by itself. The situation is complicated by the fact that the introverted-sensitive side in “Yesenin” leads to the fact that he never forgets or forgives anything, while the mobile, intuitive-perceiving side allows him to continue to remain good-natured and pretend that nothing happened .

Men of the IIEV type achieve high positions when their ability to foresight is happily combined with a sense of reality in choosing ways to solve problems. In this case, they can be leaders who inspire subordinates, although everyday little things can poison their existence. To hide their innate kindness, which causes criticism from someone else, they can behave deliberately harshly, adamantly, trying to demonstrate their character. If the situation in the workplace becomes tense, “Yesenin” (IIEV) becomes uneasy; then he seems to move away: he becomes slow, passive, succumbing to a gloomy mood, interrupted by unexpected outbursts of criticism. Past circumstances emerge in his memory (“And that’s not all! I’m already fed up...”).

Such behavior is not inherent in IIEV, which means the approach of stress, which results in a variety of somatic, stomach diseases. This can be avoided if this type of person speaks out directly, overcoming the reluctance to talk about what worries him. His introversion prevents frank confessions even when he himself considers it necessary. Thanks to his intelligence and competence, a person of type IIEV successfully climbs the organizational ladder, wanting to improve, sometimes falling into self-criticism, because, in his opinion, the work can never be done flawlessly. Expanding the scope of his activities, he must prepare for difficulties and come to terms with the reluctance of others to live and act according to his expectations.

"Dostoevsky" (IEIR)(introverted, emotional, intuitive, decisive), or Writer, Inspirational Leader. The first channel is emotional (E). A person of this type immediately senses people’s attitudes, tries to avoid conflicts, quarrels, and is patient. He never makes a scandal and distances himself from a person who is unpleasant to him. She behaves dryly and formally with him. Helps people in trouble (both morally and through actions). He is fair with children; if he feels that he himself is wrong, he asks the child for forgiveness. Assumes in people positive traits, strives to establish warm, friendly relations, can forgive the evil done to him.

The second channel is intuition. People like “Dostoevsky” sense the potential capabilities and core personality of others, anticipate looming conflicts, but hope that everything will work out on its own. Think that main value- morality, moral principles; they are demanding of themselves, experiencing pangs of conscience for the slightest deviations from the ideal. Sometimes they are called “walking virtue”, “boring moralists”.

They are also interested in the inner world of another person and become excellent educators and teachers. They are characterized by a feeling of love for one’s neighbor and humanism. Among them there are many religious thinkers and philosophers (Confucius, N. Berdyaev, etc.).

The third channel is sensory (C), which manifests itself as will, demandingness. Their absence is considered a vice, so a person of this type purposefully forms his will (“Do not what you want, but what you need”). He forces himself, but not other people. Can't stand it when others put pressure on him. Then he prefers not to have anything to do with them. The internal attitude of people of this type is: “Don’t give in to pressure and don’t push yourself,” but if necessary: ​​“You have to force yourself!”

Whatever area of ​​work requires diligence and reliability, no one can do it better than “Dostoevsky” (IEIR). These people are thoughtful and prone to reflection (I), life seems to them to be a testing ground of limitless possibilities, filled with endless meanings and meanings that they associate with the whole (I). Symbols and general concepts are transformed by them in accordance with their person-oriented decision-making function (E), which forms a lifestyle characterized by order, regularity and regularity (P). The combination of these preferences forms a rich inner world of the individual, which manifests itself as care and concern for others. At the same time, he is quite clearly organized, his words do not remain just words.

A caring, sympathetic, affectionate man of this type sometimes does not meet with understanding from other representatives of his sex. If we exclude church activities, as well as the practice of a private psychologist or teacher, the “Dostoevsky” man (IEIR) will have a hard time at work. His work style is characterized by his ability to maintain schedules and take care of the needs of those around him. Such a person is very restrained during conflicts and usually has a better feeling than others when a clash is just brewing - he seems to anticipate events. Unfortunately, this ability only attracts conflict situations whom he fears. As a result, he wastes his energy and hides his turmoil under a mask of introversion, hoping that everything will soon work out.

The increased emotionality and sensitivity of people of this type sometimes leads to gastric, somatic, and nervous disorders. To maintain health and inner balance, they require some form of meditation - be it some kind of yoga or ordinary solitary reflection for a few minutes.

In the workplace, they value order and neatness, unanimity, and would like everyone to be encouraged for their contribution to the common cause, so that everyone strives for harmony in industrial relations. The virtues of such people include their mental abilities, creative imagination, devotion to their ideals and humanity. They love to dream, love to learn and improve themselves, and encourage others to do the same. They first think about the issue from a more general point of view and put everything into perspective. Their strong character and ability to understand have an inspiring effect on others.

“Dostoevsky” (IEIR) can act very realistically when his ideals are at stake. For example, if we are talking about increasing teachers' salaries, then he is the one who will best cope with the task of presenting the issue in a form acceptable to the general public. And suddenly this compliant, kind, caring person becomes strong-willed and concrete-minded, meeting opponents fully armed with his intellectual power. Justice, honesty, mutual understanding - these are the moral values ​​for which he is ready to fight both in private life and at work.

He also has weak sides. If any of his ideals remain unfulfilled, he falls into deep depression. He tends to overly deeply experience any event or remark that does not even concern him, since he believes that everything that happens in the office has the most direct relation to him and he is absolutely responsible for everything. It also often complicates the most simple thing and gives it an inappropriate meaning, that is, makes “a molehill out of a molehill.”

“Huxley” (EIEV) (extrovert, intuitive, emotional, perceiving), or Journalist. The first channel is intuition. Such a person understands people well, their motives, he is a born psychologist, he senses the abilities and dignity of others, loves to inspire and admire their talents, and activate those around him (including to solve his problems). Captures the whole perspective. Loves novelty in everything. He is humorous, playful, and has many friends.

The second channel is emotions. People of this type try to maintain a good relationship with others, seek compromises, demonstrate friendliness, willingness to help, although they are often unnecessary, frivolous, and joke excessively. They feel exactly what others expect from them, fulfilling the “social order” with pleasure. They know how to control the emotions and sympathies of others, to convince and persuade a person to do something. Among them are many journalists, politicians, and psychologists.

The third channel is vulnerable logic. Logical analysis is difficult for them; There are a lot of ideas, but they don’t like to substantiate and actually test them (let others do the testing). This type is distinguished by a wild imagination, but as a result of weak analysis, everything is scattered into little things and the most essential is missed. A person of this type does not like being told that he does not understand something.

A zest for life combined with sociability (E) is coupled with a sense of limitless possibilities and options (I), which are viewed in terms of interpersonal dynamics (E) and translated into flexible, multi-choice behavior. The dexterity with which he performs a wide variety of tricks often takes his less trained colleagues by surprise. He brings inspiration to any activity, although sometimes excitement, enthusiasm, unpredictability, sensitivity are mistakenly perceived as frivolity.

Thanks to the ability to convince and inspire others, the EIEV type perfectly copes with the main task of a boss - “getting things done with the hands of his subordinates.” At the same time, he helps subordinates feel in their place and know that their overall success depends on their efforts. He prefers to encourage people rather than control their every move. Another strong point"Huxley" (EIEV) is the ability to generate various options and ways to solve several problems at once, but sometimes he is more interested in considering options than in completing the undertaking he has begun.

Dejection and nervous breakdown engulf people of this type when they are unable to turn a serious problem into a game. If it comes to responsibility, then they become thoughtful, gloomy, even stern. Their craving for the new and unexpected can lead to complete neglect of their regular responsibilities. Having many plans and not bringing most of them to completion, such people turn out to be unreliable, fickle, and unsure of themselves. It is said about them: “The road to hell is paved with good intentions.”

Table 6.6

Brief characteristics of psychosociotypes

Name of psychosociotype	The first channel is the main one	Second channel - additional	The third channel is a “weak spot”	The fourth channel is suggestive
"Yesenin", or the Seeker (intuitive, emotional, perceptive, irrational, introvert) “Live yourself and let others live!”	Introvert/Intuition: Premonitions (forecast in general terms, absorbs new ideas)	Emotions/Extroversion: Feels the emotions of others, tries not to quarrel, but is sometimes emotionally incontinent	Business logic sometimes fails, it is difficult to make decisions, maintain order in business and everyday life "Need to work"	Sensory/Feelings: Disconnects from real sensations
"Dostoevsky" or Writer, Inspirational Leader (emotional, intuitive, decisive, introvert) “Do not give in to pressure and do not put pressure on others!”	Introvert/Emotions: Feels people's attitude, does not quarrel, endures for a long time, forgives, helps people	Intuition/Extroversion Anticipates people's potential, moralist, humanist, educator	Sensory, will, demanding: “Do not what you want, but what you need!”; order, plan: “You have to force yourself”	Logics: Tendency to think and dream
"Huxley" or Journalist (intuitive, emotional, perceiving, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert/Intuition: Understands people well and activates them; foresees perspective, novelty; playful	Emotions/Introversion: Feels what people expect from him, knows how to manage the emotions of others, convince them; seeks compromise; excited	Logic/Introversion: Logical analysis is difficult; many ideas, flexible behavior, but may miss essential "Be logical!"	Sensory: Inattentive to real sensations, creates chaos
"Hamlet", or the Actor	Extrovert/Emotions:	Intuition/Introversion:	Sensory:
"Robespierre", or the Scientist	Introvert/Thinking:	Intuition:	Sensory-volitional channel: “You have to force yourself”
"Balzac" or	Introvert/Intuition:	Business logic:		Sensory, will: Weakened
"Don Quixote", or the Innovator	Extrovert/Intuition:			Sensory:
"Hamlet", or the Actor (emotional, intuitive, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Emotions: Feelings are violent, unrestrained, loves to be the center of attention; feels the emotions of others, knows how to convince -	Intuition/Introversion: Good at predicting events and people's actions, decisive, goes into conflict	Sensory: Loves comfort, does not tolerate discomfort and pain well “Look the way they want you to look.”	Weakened, conflicting judgments
"Robespierre", or the Scientist (logical-intuitive, decisive, introvert)	Introvert/Thinking: Analytical, interested in general patterns, ideas, not facts	Intuition: Feels the perspective, the essence of things, is capable of non-standard solutions	Sensory-volitional channel: Does not tolerate strong-willed pressure, defends her opinion, does not like routine work “You have to force yourself”	Uptight, blaming others for conflicts
"Balzac" or Creator, Interpreter of Life (intuitive-logical, irrational, introvert)	Introvert/Intuition: Anticipates the future even in details; breadth of perception of the world, unpredictability of ideas and behavior	Business logic: Efficient, can foresee everything, pedantic, careful, economical	Poorly senses people's emotions, can be tactless and turn people against themselves; gloomy, impartial appearance “Don’t express your feelings openly!”	Sensory, will: Weakened
"Don Quixote", or the Innovator (intuitive-logical, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert/Intuition: Intuition for problem solving, recognizes people's abilities; global thoughts, everyday distraction	Theoretical, data analysis, construction of theories, classifications	Weak emotional sensitivity to others, therefore tactlessness, inappropriate behavior; mood swings.	Sensory: Sensations are weakened, disconnected from the real world, resides in a fantasy world
"Jack London" or Businessman, Natural Leader (logical-intuitive, decisive, extrovert) “The work must be done!”	Extrovert/Logic: Business logic, concrete thinking, practicality “I don’t invent hypotheses”	Intuition: Sees prospects, strategic planning, risks are thought out to achieve a practical result; knows how to make money	Sensory: Realistic, can tolerate discomfort, taste in clothes fails “Look the way others want you to look!”	Sometimes anger splashes out, does not understand people's feelings well, is insensitive, arrogant, straightforward, criticizes others
"Dreiser" or Guardian, Dedicated (emotional-sensory, decisive, introvert)	Introvert/Emotions: Powerful emotions; outwardly restrained, avoids quarrels; values ​​the interests of other people above his own, helps people, can repel boorish people	Sensory/Extraversion: Will, demandingness towards oneself, towards others; realism, practicality, ability to work with hands, endurance, efficiency, diligence, planning, determination	Intuition: Lets down; has poor understanding of people and possible changes “Don’t talk about bad things, it’s better to talk about pleasant things”	Weakened; does not highlight the essential; “can’t see the forest for the trees”, prefers clear instructions
"Maksim Gorky", or Trustee, Born Organizer (logical-sensory, decisive, introvert) "Work comes first"	Introvert/Logic: Classifies, analyzes “piece by piece”, practical, business-oriented thinking	Sensory/Extraversion: Strong will, realism, rigidity, practicality, exactingness, desire for order, discipline, controls, delving into details	Intuition: fails; he does not foresee events, the possibilities of people, does not see the whole picture, suspicion, caution	Weakened; ignores the feelings and interests of other people, his emotions are suppressed, restrained, and can be irreconcilable
"Hugo" or Seller, Friend to everyone (emotional, sensory, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Emotions: He senses people’s moods well, lives by emotions and hobbies; friendly, sociable, knows how to approach people	Sensory/Introversion: Appreciates the feeling of coziness, comfort, dresses with taste, is a realist; pays attention to details, punctual	Intuition: weakened; poorly captures trends in events and the overall picture "Plan everything in advance"	Weakened; poorly distinguishes between the secondary and the main
"Stirlitz" or "Sherlock Holmes", Administrator, Born Leader (logical-sensory, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Logic: Business logic, practicality; analyzes many details; "scout"; " skillful hands"; develops a clear action plan	Sensory: Realism, attention to detail, “sees, hears, notices everything”; punctual, neat, esthete; notices other people's mistakes, is critical of others	Intuition: Distrustful of changes, analyzes mistakes so as not to repeat them. "Plan everything in advance"	Can't always be controlled
"Dumas", or the Artist (sensory, emotional, irrational, introvert) "Live and let others live"	Introvert/Sensory: Strives to get positive feelings, values ​​comfort, aesthetics, and enjoyment of life	He senses people's mood well, knows how to manage them, does not quarrel, does not criticize, resolves conflicts	Business logic fails, it is difficult to force yourself to do anything beyond your desires, it is difficult to make decisions and follow instructions "Need to work"	Intuition: Weakened
"Gabin" or the Master (sensory-logical, irrational, introvert) "Live today!"	Introvert/Sensory: Determined to distance oneself from unpleasant sensations, sensitive to touch; appreciates coziness, comfort	Business logic: Strives for practical results, is inventive; his decisions are logical and objective	Hides, but can “explode”, remembers grievances for a long time “Don’t express your feelings openly!”	Intuition: Unpredictability and inconsistency of behavior, flexibility
"Zhukov" or "Macedonian", Encourager (sensory-logical, irrational, extrovert) “Seize the moment!”	Extrovert/Sensory: Strong will, determination, practicality, flexible decisions, independence from people, toughness	Logic/Introversion: Logical and concrete analysis of reality; plans the work in detail; shows tight control	Restrained in expressing emotions; in order to achieve a goal, he can ignore feelings, interests, even the lives of other people	Intuition: Flexibility and unpredictability of behavior; looks for alternative solutions, changes decisions “at the last moment”
"Napoleon", or Politician (sensory, emotional, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert/ Sensory: Strong will, confident leader, quick, decisive practical and tactical decisions; concreteness of perception, sociability	Emotions/Introversion: Understands people’s feelings, knows how to manipulate them, win them over; knows how to demonstrate the intensity of his feelings	Lets down; may miss the main logical meaning of events; impulsiveness, voluntarism, illogical behavior "Be logical!"	Intuition: Flexibility, unpredictability of behavior; is not able to look forward, to foresee the long-term consequences of his actions, which are unexpected for him

To ensure the plasticity and survival of a person, his psyche includes all eight functions: extroverted and introverted logic, intuition, emotions and sensory, although their combination is different, it depends on their location and degree of expression.

There are upper (active) and lower (passive) rings of mental functions (the given descriptions of psychosociotypes included characteristics of the first, second, third and quadruple channels from the upper ring). The lower ones are the remaining mental functions that require additional energy for their implementation (a person’s attention is usually not directed to them).

Rice. 6.4.

The first channel is the strongest, through it a person navigates the world. The second is creative: it is active interaction with others. The third is the point of least resistance (the person cannot stand the pressure associated with this function). The fourth is role-playing, adaptive (thanks to it, a person focuses on the requirements of his environment). The fifth is suggestive (a person perceives information uncritically). The specificity of the sixth channel is that a person needs the help of a partner in providing comfortable conditions. The seventh implements the current function; in this case, the person works “extremely” for praise. The eighth channel is what people respond to subconsciously.