Soviet party and statesman, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (1982-1984) Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov was born on June 15 (June 2, old style) 1914 at Nagutskaya station (now Stavropol Territory) in the family of a railway worker. He was left without parents early and was raised in the family of his stepfather. He graduated from a seven-year school in the city of Mozdok.
He started working at the age of 16, first as a loader, then as a telegraph operator. From the age of 18 he worked on various ships as a sailor in the Volga Shipping Company.
In 1936, Andropov graduated from technical school water transport in the city of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region. In 1946-1951 he studied in absentia at the Faculty of History and Philology of the Karelo-Finnish state university, graduated from the Higher Party School under the CPSU Central Committee.
Since 1936, Yuri Andropov has been at Komsomol work - he was the secretary of the Komsomol organization of the technical school from which he graduated, and the Komsomol organizer of the Rybinsk Shipyard. Volodarsky.
In 1937 he was elected secretary, in 1938 - first secretary of the Yaroslavl regional committee of the Komsomol. In 1939 he became a member of the CPSU(b)/CPSU.
In June 1940, he was sent to work in the Karelo-Finnish SSR. At the first organizational plenum of the Central Committee of the Leninist Communist Youth League of the Karelo-Finnish SSR, held on June 3 of the same year, Andropov was elected its first secretary.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War Yuri Andropov participated in the organization of the partisan movement in Karelia, and at the same time continued to head the Komsomol organization in the unoccupied part of the republic.
After the liberation of Karelia from the Nazis in 1944, he switched to party work. On September 3, 1944, Andropov was approved as the second secretary of the Petrozavodsk city committee of the CPSU (b), in 1947 - the second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Karelia.
Since 1951 he worked in the apparatus of the CPSU Central Committee. From June 1951 to March 1953 - inspector of the CPSU Central Committee, in 1953 - head of a department of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1953, Yuri Andropov went to work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. First he headed the 4th European Department, which was in charge of relations with Poland and Czechoslovakia. From October 1953 to July 1954 he was an adviser to the embassy, from July 1954 to March 1957 - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to the Hungarian People's Republic.
In 1957-1967, Andropov was the head of the department of the CPSU Central Committee for relations with communist and workers' parties of socialist countries. At the same time, from November 1962 to June 1967 - Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1967-1982 - Chairman of the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (since 1978 - KGB of the USSR).
In June 1967, Andropov was elected as a candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.
In May-November 1982 - Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
At the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee on November 12, 1982, Yuri Andropov was elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Since June 1983, he simultaneously served as Chairman of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR.
Andropov was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 3rd, 6th and 10th convocations.
Yuri Andropov - Army General (1976), Hero of Socialist Labor (1974), awarded four Orders of Lenin, orders October Revolution, Red Banner, three Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, medals.
On February 9, 1984, Yuri Andropov died. He was buried in Moscow on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.
In order to perpetuate the memory, his bust was erected in Andropov’s homeland - Nagutskaya station, and in the capital of Karelia, the city of Petrozavodsk - a monument, in Moscow, Petrozavodsk, Yaroslavl - memorial plaques. From 1984 to 1989 the city of Rybinsk bore his name. In 1984, the Krusavsky district of the Stavropol Territory was renamed Andropovsky (the name of the district has not changed since then). An avenue in Moscow is named after Andropov. There are Andropov streets in Yaroslavl, Petrozavodsk and other cities. His name was given to a number of enterprises, organizations, schools, and military units.
In 2004, management Federal service security (FSB) for cadets, students and adjuncts educational institutions FSB of Russia.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (June 15, 1914 – February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician, in 1967-1982 he was the head of the KGB, and from November 12, 1982 until his death fifteen months later, he was the General Secretary of the CPSU and the ruler of the USSR.
Andropov's childhood and youth
Yuri Andropov was born in the village of Nagutskaya, Stavropol province (now the village of Soluno-Dmitrievskoye) on June 2 (15), 1914. His father, Vladimir Konstantinovich Andropov, was a railway employee and came from a family of Don Cossacks. Yuri's mother, Evgenia Karlovna Fleckenstein, was the adopted daughter of the Moscow Jewish jeweler Karl Frantsevich Fleckenstein, a native of Finland. Karl Frantsevich and his wife Evdokia Mikhailovna owned the Jewelry Things store on Bolshaya Lubyanka (26) in Moscow.
Andropov's father and mother died early. At the age of 13, Yuri was left an orphan. After the death of his father, he and his mother moved to Mozdok, where they lived until 1932. There the future Soviet leader entered into Komsomol(1930) and became a “proletarian”: first he worked as a telegraph worker, and then as an assistant projectionist.
In 1932 Andropov left Mozdok for Central Russia and entered the Rybinsk Technical School of Water Transport. He graduated in 1936.
Yuri Andropov. "The truth, which is scarier..." (2014) Documentary film
The beginning of Andropov's party career
In 1935, Yuri Andropov successfully married the daughter of the manager of the Cherepovets branch of the State Bank, Nina Ivanovna Engalycheva, who studied at the same technical school as him. It is possible that it was thanks to this advantageous marriage that at the end of his studies he became the released secretary of the Komsomol organization of his technical school. Soon he was promoted to the Komsomol of the Rybinsk Shipyard named after Volodarsky. Andropov's wife went to work at the Yaroslavl archive NKVD.
In those years the great Stalinist purge of 1936-38. freed up many responsible positions for young, ambitious people, from which former functionaries went to prison and execution. Careers were made very quickly back then. In December 1938, Andropov was already the first secretary of the Yaroslavl regional committee of the Komsomol and lived in an elite house for “responsible workers.” After the new Karelo-Finnish SSR was created in the spring of 1940, Yuri Andropov was appointed (in June) head of its Komsomol. His first marriage, in which children Evgenia and Vladimir were born, broke up. In Petrozavodsk, Andropov met Tatyana Filippovna Lebedeva, who soon became his second wife.
In the years Great Patriotic War Karelia was a front-line region. However, Andropov did not accept active participation neither in front-line nor in partisan actions against Finnish troops, citing, according to the recollections of people who knew him then, sick kidneys and a child recently born from his second wife. At the same time, Yuri Vladimirovich’s first wife, who remained in Yaroslavl, bombarded all authorities with complaints that he was not helping her and her two children much, that they were starving and walked without clothes and shoes.
In 1944, Yuri Andropov switched from Komsomol work to party work: he became the second secretary of the Petrozavodsk city committee of the CPSU(b). The already quite old official received and higher education: graduated (in absentia) from the Faculty of History and Philology of the Karelo-Finnish State University (studied there in 1946-1951). In 1947, Andropov was appointed second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR. In the late 1940s, they say, they tried to attract him to “ Leningrad case", but these attempts were quickly abandoned. The Jew Andropov had little association with the “Leningrad” group, which was accused of intending to strengthen the Russian national stream in communism.
Andropov not only escaped prosecution in the Leningrad case, but also received a crucial promotion. In 1951 he was transferred to Moscow, to the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. According to some reports, the patronage of O. Kuusinen played a decisive role in this increase. Andropov received the post of inspector of the Central Committee, responsible for party work in the Baltic republics. Then Yuri Vladimirovich worked as the head of a subsection of the Department of Party, Trade Union and Komsomol Bodies of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov
Andropov and the Hungarian Revolution 1956
Certificate of KGB Chairman Yu. V. Andropov
Andropov and the defeat of the Prague Spring
During the events " Prague Spring“In Czechoslovakia, Andropov was the main supporter of “extreme measures.” On his orders, false reports were fabricated about what was happening in the Czech Republic. The KGB deliberately fanned the fear that Czechoslovakia might become a victim of aggression NATO or a coup d'etat. Andropov gave the order to carry out a series of active measures against the Czechoslovak reformers, known as Operation PROGRESS.
Y. Andropov, E. Honecker and L. Brezhnev
To be completely objective, it should be noted that his tenure as Secretary General for less than one and a half years Soviet Union Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov did not leave a big mark on the history of the country, and could not leave it. He got to the helm of the state machine in his declining years, completely ill, and fate simply did not give him a chance to correct or change anything. However, this man was truly interesting; he walked around the world with his head held high, and his illness became a reminder of his difficult youthful attempts to make money unloading barges. Let's figure out together who Andropov is and how his difficult fate turned out.
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich: a short biography of a man with big plans
The figure of General Secretary Yuri Andropov, if we put him on a par with the eight Soviet rulers who successfully succeeded each other for more than seven decades, seems the most incomprehensible and mysterious. History gave him a difficult role and did not give him enough time to unfold. The years of Yuri Vladimirovich's reign were very limited; he had to rule the country for only fifteen months, of which he spent a third in hospitals and clinics.
Modern historians are divided in their assessment of his activities from a historical perspective. Some believe that he would definitely restore order and take the USSR to a completely new qualitative level. Others call him a second Stalin, who if given free rein, the country could be mired in repressions, mass arrests and murders. Let's figure out what this man really lived and breathed.
Interesting
To get to the post of General Secretary Andropov, whose years of life were already limited by a real “bouquet” of serious, if not fatal, illnesses. He turned to Academician Chazov with a specific question about how long he had left, to which he received the answer that he could still live for five to seven years. Then he took the minimum, five-year plan, and began to lead the country along a completely new path for it. The main goal was to achieve the well-being of the people, and not the fight against world imperialism. He was not understood, he was condemned, and he never received the time allotted by the professor.
Many people call Andropov’s main achievement his fierce fight against corruption, and this the real truth. He came into conflict with nepotism and resolving issues for gifts and bribes as soon as he assumed the post of head of the KGB, which he was under Brezhnev. His subordinates were promoted salaries, a lot of bribes were provided, but there was no smell of corruption there, this is the truth and it is impossible to refute it. However, while “dear Leonid Ilyich” was at the helm, with his triple kisses, corruption cases did not receive publicity, but when Yuri Vladimirovich himself began to govern, thunder roared even for such famous personalities, like the director of the Eliseevsky store, Yuri Sokolov, who, after being caught red-handed, was sentenced to death.
All this affected not only trade or supply workers, party members also suffered a lot. In the capital alone, about a third of management employees were replaced, 34% in Ukraine, and also more than 32% in Kazakhstan. Agriculture, industry and national income have moved sharply upward, but one should not idealize this mysterious man Back in the seventies, he created the so-called “five” of his adherents, embedded in different areas state activities, in the manner of a Masonic lodge. Andropov lifted the “iron curtain”, but brought to power people like Ligachev, Shevardnadze, Ryzhkov, with whom he replaced Brezhnev’s outdated cadres, and even promoted Gorbachev, which ultimately led to the collapse and collapse of the country into separate “principalities.”
Origin, childhood and youth of the dreamer and poet
It’s strange, but researchers call the origins and information about Yuri Vladimirovich’s early childhood scattered and incomprehensible; his origins are covered in a network of secrets and mysteries that hardly anyone will be able to unravel. Already in power, Andropov complained to his attending physician, Professor Chazov, that he was being haunted by investigations into the details of his biography, the secret of his birth and his surname. In fact, the Secretary General had to hide it, so it’s worth delving into the issue. In adulthood, in numerous questionnaires and biographies that had to be filled out, he gave a wide variety of information about himself, which cannot be trusted, due to the large number of discrepancies.
Official version
The mother of the future leader of the USSR was called Evgenia (Genya), and her surname was “purely Russian” (German, Jewish?) - Fleckenstein, she was a music teacher. She came from Jewish burghers, but she herself said that in infancy she was thrown into their house and good people They raised the orphan as their own child, gave him a last name and arranged a future. She married the Don Cossack Vladimir Konstantinovich Andropov.
However, at the age of sixteen it is difficult to choose the “right” person and this marriage fell apart, and soon after the birth of her first child she married again, to Viktor Alekseevich Fedorov. In 1919, the woman died during a typhus epidemic, and ten years later, the father also died.
How it really was
IN official version there are many inconsistencies and inconsistencies that are difficult to overlook. In addition, it was changed and rewritten so often that it is not possible to find out which of the options is true. More “research” in this regard was carried out by party investigator Kapustina, who long time was dealing with the matter of the origin of the secretary of the Yaroslavl regional committee of the Komsomol, which he was at that time. What did this meticulous and persistent woman manage to find out? The girl Genya was indeed taken into the house of the Jews Fleckenstein, but her origins are not known for certain. There is a version that sixteen-year-old Evgenia suffered from her own benefactor, which is why she was kicked out of the house by the wife of the above-mentioned man.
Study and work
With a small child in her arms, and Yura was born on June 2 (15), 1914, Genya moved first to Moscow from the village of Nagutskaya, Stavropol province, and then to Tver, where she married Vladimir Andropov (Andropulo), who gave the name to her and her baby Yurochka. Since childhood, the boy grew up savvy, smart and punchy, adored Mayakovsky, and also wrote poetry himself, which could also have brought him fame if he had taken up creativity in earnest. But the guy had other ideas, and for some reason at school they called him Grigory. To this day it remains unclear why he hid this and why he changed his name.
After completing the standard seven-year school, he did not stop and went to the Rybinsk River School named after V.I. Kalashnikov, where he received his first qualification - a fishing boat technician. In 1930 he became a member of the Komsomol, and in 1936, after graduating from college, he began working at a shipyard, but he didn’t last long, he “followed the party line”, became the head of the Komsomol cell of the shipyard, and was removed from the military register in the same year due to diabetes and enormous vision problems. By the thirty-seventh, he was appointed secretary of the city committee of the Komsomol of Rybinsk, and a year later, first secretary of the Yaroslavl regional committee of the Komsomol, which gave him the opportunity to live in a nomenklatura house until the fortieth year.
Unknown Andropov: years of USSR rule
Andropov's reign began when the years of his life came to an end, and his health was completely undermined. However, the ascent was preceded by a long and difficult path to the top, which cannot be kept silent about. It was a difficult period, when the most painful issue for Yuri Vladimirovich was proper organization own labor and ensuring error-free and systematic operation of the KGB flywheel. But let's not get ahead of ourselves.
The long way to the top or steps of power
At the conclusion of the peace treaty of the fortieth year, the Karelo-Finnish Republic became part of the Soviet Union and it was there that Yuri Vladimirovich was sent to lead Komsomol work. However, by that time he was already married and had two children, whom he successfully left at home in Yaroslavl, and “forgot” there, and subsequently divorced and recalled this period of his life very reluctantly. By mid-summer, he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
No matter what Andropov said later, during the Great Patriotic War, he sat in the rear, not bothering to sort out his personal life. In Karelia, he married a second time and in the fall of '41 he had a baby. At the same time, the first wife tirelessly wrote letters begging for help, and his colleagues had to force Yuri to help their own children. At the same time, complaining about his health and problems, Andropov never asked to go to the front or join the partisans, this is a fact.
In 1944, Andropov was appointed second secretary of the Petrozavodsk City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and three years later he already occupied a seat in the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of the KFSSR. After the end of the war, the “Leningrad Case” was opened regarding the work of underground workers, who were not only prohibited from rewarding, but were also openly persecuted, but Yuri Vladimirovich himself disowned any connections with them. Moreover, he also received two orders for participation in the partisan movement, in which, according to his own words, he did not take any part. The paradoxes of Soviet power continued.
KGB and fifteen months “on the throne” of the USSR
By the beginning of the fifties, Andropov, under the patronage of his former Finnish and Karelian teacher and mentor, and in addition, good friend Otto Kuusinen was transferred to Moscow, where he first worked for the CPSU Central Committee, and then moved to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, after which he went as ambassador to Hungary in 1953. Later he became head of the department for relations with communists different countries, and from May 1967 until the death of “dear Leonid Ilyich” he was Chairman of the Committee state security USSR (KGB).
After Brezhnev's death, despite the politically difficult transition from the KGB-ist to the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, it was completed and already in November 1982 he was elected general secretary, and in fact the head of state. By that time the man had already turned sixty-eight, he was old, sick, but determined to do at least something to arrange life for people in the USSR. His aspirations were indeed high, and his ideas were bright; it would be stupid to argue with this, but there was only one year and three months left ahead, a third of which he spent in a hospital bed.
Andropov immediately set about improving the economic condition of the country, first reducing the apparatus of the Central Committee, then introducing increased disciplinary control. At the height of the working day, raids appeared on cafes, parks and cinemas. Lacking workers were caught, fired, and given fines and other penalties. A real war was declared on unearned income and the corruption component, and high-profile cases of famous personalities frightened mere mortals to the point of stupor. In fifteen months, which was the length of Andropov's reign, eighteen different ministers were purged and replaced. By the beginning of the eighty-third year, Yuri Vladimirovich ordered Ryzhkov and Gorbachev to develop economic reform, which was no longer destined to be brought to life.
Personal life and death of Andropov: not appreciated, but remembered
Like his origin, the family and personal life of Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov is covered with a dense and impenetrable veil of secrecy and the mystery is aggravated by the fact that all eyewitnesses of the events refuse to talk about it in one way or another. Some have already died, some have no time for such trifles, and some openly ignore questions of this kind. Let's find out what we can find out to clarify the situation as much as possible.
Family life: wives and marriages
Yuri Vladimirovich entered into his first marriage in 1935, and Nina Ivanovna Engalycheva became his bride and wife. Family life could not be called happy, and the woman turned out to be quite quarrelsome, poorly educated, and, on top of everything, scandalous, which is why Andropov later did not like to talk about her. But she gave birth to two children, with whom dad also chose not to communicate.
- Evgenia (1936), subsequently graduated from medical school and still lives in Yaroslavl.
- Vladimir (1940), whose fate was not in the best possible way. When he was a child, he was imprisoned several times for theft, after which he went to Tiraspol, where he became an alcoholic and died at the age of thirty-five. His father never helped him, neither during his conviction, nor in the hospital, he did not even come to the funeral, believing that the guy himself deserved such a fate. However, he regularly helped the family with funds, perhaps due to the troubles of his colleagues.
When Andropov was transferred to Karelia from Yaroslavl, Ninochka completely refused to go with two children in her arms, after which the couple divorced. The second time, Yuri Vladimirovich more carefully selected a candidate for the role of his wife and settled on Tanya Lebedeva, whose beauty, openness of character, utmost honesty and integrity were known to everyone. She also gave birth to her husband and two children.
- Igor (1941), who became an ambassador and a great Soviet lawyer.
- Irina (1947), future wife of actor Mikhail Filippov.
The children from his second marriage were interested in art, which Andropov himself considered a frivolous activity, although he himself loved music and even wrote good poetry. However, they were not accepted into the theater school, for which Andropov was grateful to its director until the end of his life.
Death and memorialization
In the second half of the summer of eighty-three, the health of the Secretary General, already far from ideal, began to rapidly deteriorate. He worked mainly in country house, and when Helmut Kohl arrived, the guards had to take him out of the car to take him to his office in the Kremlin. In September, he held his last meeting, after which he went on vacation to the South Coast, after which he caught a cold and, in addition to all the “charms,” also developed phlegmon. A successful operation was carried out, but the weak body was never able to fully recover. On February 9, 1984, he died around five in the evening, according to the official version due to kidney failure. This fact was questioned by Alexander Korzhakov, the former head of the security service.
After six days, which were allocated to say goodbye to the body of the deceased, a funeral was held. He was buried in Moscow near the Kremlin wall, which has already become a good tradition of the leaders of the USSR. His funeral was attended by such prominent political figures as Margaret Thatcher and George Bush Sr. And to replace him, Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko was already walking, climbing and crawling, promising to continue his work, to whom the authorities also reached too late, but this is a completely different story.
Many streets and squares were named in honor of Andropov, and one of the capital’s avenues still bears the name of Yuri Vladimirovich. There is a motor ship "Andropov", orders and medals in his honor. Many documentaries have been made about this strange and mysterious man, and even his image has been used in feature films. In addition, collections of Andropov’s speeches were published in a separate publication, but his poems are not in the public domain to this day, although it would be worth making them public.
Good afternoon, dear readers!
This time we will look at brief description activities of Andropov Yu.V. and K. Chernenko. Their time of “reign” was very short and was not marked by any grandiose events and changes, but, nevertheless, it is necessary to consider their small role in the history of our Fatherland.
It is worth saying that both figures have the same attitude towards the concept of “gerontocracy” in the Soviet period. Andropov became a leader of the country at the age of 68, Chernenko at the age of 73, and both ceased their activities due to death.
Yu.V. Andropov became General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in November 1982. From the very beginning of his activities as the head of the Union, he began to act actively. In his reports and works, he spoke positively about the work of the previous General Secretary (Brezhnev) and pointed to his plans to continue government work in the same direction, but with greater zeal. “Labor productivity is growing at a rate that cannot satisfy us,” Andropov emphasized in one of his reports. In order to stimulate the lazy Soviet society to work productively, he took the following measures:
- Committed personnel reshuffle at the top of the party
- Announced the beginning of an intensified fight against corruption, which proliferated due to Brezhnev’s connivance (the fight against this type of crime soon subsided)
- Strengthened measures to strengthen discipline (they caught latecomers walking in working hours along the streets and shops, etc.)
- In June 1983, the law “On Work Collectives and Increasing Their Role in the Management of Enterprises, Institutions, and Organizations” was adopted (but the law remained nominal, since command-administrative methods of management continued to be a priority in the economy)
Konstantin Ustinovich was already ill at that time. He was distinguished by a soft character and indecisiveness, and was an ideal candidate for an “intermediate figure.” The new leader continued his activities in line with the previous head of government. At the end of 1984, the program “To the level of requirements” was published developed socialism. Some current problems of the theory, strategy and tactics of the CPSU”, which noted the lag of the USSR behind capitalist countries, and gave instructions for improving socialism and raising the country’s economy. During his short tenure as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, he tried to fight the shadow economy, initiate a policy of acceleration and undertake some reforms. It is worth noting that it was under Chernenko in 1984 that our beloved holiday, Day of Knowledge (September 1), was introduced. Also under him, the Union team refused to take part in the 1984 Olympics, held in Los Angeles, in response to the boycott of America in 1980.
On February 10, 1985, Chernenko died of cardiac arrest. His departure marked the end of the era of the rule of the elders, and the young and energetic Gorbachev was appointed in his place.
