In the minds of a person inexperienced in blacksmithing, a blade made of “stainless steel” is considered the best. But a professional will say that the quality of a metal is largely influenced by its structural composition, which depends on the ratio of various chemical compounds and special additives used in production.

Before considering all the “pros” and “cons” of steel grades for knives, we should at least briefly recall what effect chemical elements have on the blade material (its properties). Then everything else will become much clearer.

It should be noted that not every steel, no matter what good properties it has not been characterized as suitable for making knives, especially kitchen knives.

C (carbon) – increases strength.
Mn (manganese) – improves the quality of metal calcination and the formation of its structure. This increases the wear resistance of the blade.
Cr (chrome) – provides resistance to corrosion. But an excess of this element makes the metal more brittle.
Ni (nickel) – increases corrosion resistance and blade strength.
Mo (molybdenum) is one of the “universal” elements in its effect on the material. In addition to the listed properties (strength, “anti-corrosion”, hardenability) it gives some “elasticity” to the blade. The metal becomes less brittle, which reduces the risk that it will break if bent too hard.
V (vanadium) – increases strength and promotes good hardening.
Si (silicon) – improves various properties of the material (similar to Mn).

In addition to the above chemical elements, steel may contain tungsten (W), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and a number of others. But they, as a rule, “don’t make a difference.”

An assortment of knives that are manufactured for household use, quite impressive. It is clear that rarely will anyone specifically search in stores for a product with a blade made of a specific grade of steel, wasting time on this. Therefore, let's briefly analyze characteristic features the most commonly found models of knives on sale, depending on what material their blade is made of. Well, what is better to buy, the thinking reader will determine for himself.

This information will also help beginners who do not yet have much practical experience.

Inexpensive brands

420 – this series contains the highest quality blades made of Japanese steel. The designation also has a letter abbreviation after the numbers - J2.
440. The 440A model is the least susceptible to corrosion, but in terms of strength it is inferior to knives made from 440C steel.
2C27 is a Scandinavian brand. In particular, famous Finnish knives are made from such steel. As they say, no comments.
14C28N Sandvik – this is Swedish steel, also characterized by high performance characteristics.
1050 – 1095 – most inexpensive kitchen knives made exactly from it. How larger number in the designation, the higher quality the blade is considered.
Chinese "stainless steel" - 8Cr13 (or 14) MoV and 9Cr13CoMoV. For their price range they have quite good indicators in terms of strength, bending limit and sharpening.

Medium-priced products

AUS (6, 8 or 10) . Japanese stamps. If we evaluate them from a practical point of view, then the quality is quite consistent with the price - average indicators. The difference between the analogues is that the “eight” has better wear resistance, and the “ten” is more “hard”.
95X18 - reviews of this domestic brand are mostly good. But it is somewhat “capricious” in the sense that only a specialist can perform the sharpening process efficiently.
4116 – this “German” is ideal for kitchen knives, as it is considered “hygienic”. In addition, the chemical composition of the material makes it possible to reduce the thinness of the blade without sacrificing strength.

Dear models

VG-1. There is often a prefix San Mai III (“three layers”). In essence, this is a kind of alloying when the “base” (softer metal) is coated on both sides with stripes of a harder one. These knives are good for such types of work as chopping or slicing (meat, fish, small bones). But such products do not differ in bending flexibility (due to the hardness of the blade). There are “10” models, which, due to their higher viscosity, are somewhat easier to sharpen.
154CM is an American and quite expensive material. But the quality is at the “upper limit”. The same can be said about the ATS-34, although it is hardly advisable to make such an expensive kitchen knife out of it. In a word, not for everyone.
CPM3V – characterized by increased strength. Produced using “powder” technology and is a worthy alternative became instrumental.

It is enough to just list the remaining brands for premium knives, since they are all distinguished by high performance parameters - Japanese Hitachi Blue Super Steel (used for the manufacture professional models), CTS (very expensive products), Elmax (holds an edge perfectly, but you can’t make it yourself), Vanax (does not corrode) and a number of others.

If the reader prefers to make a knife from steel characterized by certain dominant qualities, then this issue will have to be studied deeper, since this article is only a general, “superficial” overview of part of everything model range steels on the market.

A knife can be made from anything

Today, I would like to continue the topic dedicated to accessible material, from which you can quickly and easily good characteristics. Many people are interested in the question of what can be used without resorting to complex technologies. This is written about in some detail in. Here we will try to further highlight some of the details of suitable material for knives. The easiest thing is to use old broken stainless steel kitchen knives. Knives should preferably be Soviet-made, and not Chinese consumer goods. From such a fragment you can make a good knife with excellent cutting characteristics.

Also, good knives can be made from high-speed steel, which is used in production hacksaw blades for mechanical saws. The disadvantage of this material is that it is quite fragile and tends to rust. But it holds an edge well.

An excellent material is knives for a wood planer. This metal is very well processed and polished. The planing knife gets burned blowtorch red hot and then cools. After annealing, the metal can be easily sawed with a hacksaw, shaped, or sharpened with a file. After the knife is given its final shape, it needs to be either in oil or water. But, unfortunately, knives made of this metal also rust.

The next metal we'll look at is a regular file. It is very easy to make a knife from a file, without any special machines. Take a file, heat it well, again with a blowtorch until red-hot, and let it cool. After this, it is very well processed with another file, sawed with a hacksaw to give it the desired shape. Next, hardening is carried out again in oil or water. The main thing is that in order to get a good knife from this metal, you need. There is no need to unforge this metal. We just burn, sharpen, file, remove excess metal hand tools or on sandpaper. And we get a pretty good knife.

You can also make it from an ordinary hacksaw for wood. It is also very easy to process, very elastic steel. It can be adapted, for example, to make a kitchen knife that will cut well and hold an edge well.

A car spring is also well suited for manufacturing. The only bad thing about a spring is that it needs to be unchained and properly heat treated. This is quite a time-consuming task. But if you build a homemade forge on your property, you can make a good knife from a piece of spring. Or just take it to the blacksmith, who will forge anything for you for a bottle of vodka.You can make a knife from a car valve. It turns out good too stainless steel. The valve is heated to high temperature and hammered on an anvil. Then you need to shape the blade and harden it.

Drills make very good knives large sizes. Clamp the drill in a vice, heat it to a soft state, take the gas keys and begin to slowly unscrew it. After this, you heat it up again and begin to unforge the resulting part, giving it the desired shape. The drill will not be sharpened with a file. All work must be done on sandpaper.

The knife can be made of spring steel. There is no need to anneal this metal. You can immediately make a knife blade from the workpiece. With a regular drill This steel cannot be drilled. It is necessary to use a pobedit drill.

Now let's talk about rust, which is present in most metals. If you want to prevent your knife from rusting, you can treat it with sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.

The article uses material from a video on YouTube

One of the most important challenges that arises when creating a new steel for knives is finding the optimal balance of strength and hardness. You can develop an alloy that has very high hardness characteristics, but on the other hand it will be very brittle and if dropped on a hard surface it will shatter into pieces. parts. On the contrary, if the blade is very flexible and durable, it will become dull very quickly. Which knife steel is better? To choose the right knife steel, you should definitely decide on the purpose of the knife.

Use of additives in different knife steels

The mechanical properties of steel for knives are largely determined by various alloying additives in the form of chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, and other elements. Included in the steel composition in different proportions, these additives affect wear resistance, hardness, and other characteristics of the alloy. One of the valuable additives in knife steel is molybdenum. Thanks to it, the steel becomes more ductile and stronger. Molybdenum increases heat resistance and reduces blade brittleness. Japanese steel grades contain up to 8% molybdenum, which is why Japanese knives are known for their high quality.

Vanadium, chromium, and tungsten provide high hardness to steel, but at the same time reduce its strength. Alloys with a high chromium content are highly resistant to wear and corrosion, and the blades retain their sharpness for a long time. At the same time, such steel is characterized by increased brittleness when compared with conventional carbon steels.

The presence of additives in carbon steel can greatly affect its properties. For example, they sharpen well and retain their sharpness for a long time. But steel of this grade is very significantly inferior in hardness, wear resistance, toughness, and elasticity to alloys such as BG-42. These steels contain chromium in a smaller percentage, while at the same time they contain up to 4% molybdenum.

To increase the strength, rigidity, and wear resistance of steel, manganese is added to its composition. This alloy has a granular structure. Almost all knife steels contain manganese. Nickel gives the alloy greater viscosity, hardness, and increases corrosion resistance. The addition of this element is typical for such grades of knife steel as AUS-6, L-6. Silicon increases the strength of the blade.

Steel grades and their application

Each grade of steel differs in a certain composition - and, as a result, properties.

The best steel for a knife

M390 is a steel containing chromium and vanadium, which is characterized by wear resistance and high anti-corrosion properties. Blades made from this alloy are distinguished by a balance of easy sharpening and long-term sharpness. This steel is often used in production.

ZDP-189 is a Japanese steel that combines high hardness and ductility. This alloy lends itself well to polishing, and knives made from it have excellent cutting properties. Steel is used for the manufacture of expensive and limited editions. On the other hand, this grade of steel is characterized by some brittleness and a tendency to crumble where it hits hard surfaces.

CPM S30V is a grade that was invented by American steel manufacturers. This alloy combines high strength and hardness, which is why it is often used to make expensive blades.

CPM S35VN - development of the S30V steel grade. Renowned knifemaker Chris Rav added niobium to the S30V steel; To produce new steel, they were offered the use of powder of a finer structure. Knives made from new, improved steel are highly durable and have good edge retention. In 2009, Crucible Particle Metallurgy began producing knives from this steel.

Elmax is a powder knife steel that is widely used in the European market. Chromium, vanadium and molybdenum in an optimal ratio provide high abrasion resistance and anti-corrosion properties.

BG-42 - blades made from this grade of steel retain their cutting edge for a very long time and are highly resistant to wear. However, such knives are difficult to sharpen.

154CM - the main difference of this brand is its high hardness and at the same time good sharpening ability. This American-made steel is used to make knives for various purposes. This alloy is also used to produce Benchmade blades. The composition of this steel is similar to the CPM grade, but they differ in manufacturing technologies; CPM includes carbon of a finer structure.

ATS-34 is a Japanese analogue of 154CM steel; these alloys are very similar in quality characteristics. ATS-34 is used by many manufacturers to produce various types of blades.

Steel D2 - this steel contains about 14% chromium. It has a higher hardness than grades 154CM and ATS-34, which ensures long-term retention of blade sharpness. On the other hand, such a blade is less sharpened. This alloy is often used to produce knives from brands such as Benchmade and.

VG-10 is a Japanese development; this steel contains slightly more chromium compared to grades 154CM and ATS-34. At the same time, the presence of vanadium in the composition provides the alloy with greater hardness. This relatively new grade of steel is used to make Spyderco blades. VG-10 knives are easy to sharpen, but are somewhat fragile. When struck against very hard surfaces, the steel may crumble.

High and middle class knife steel

Steel 440C - knife manufacturing companies very often use this steel due to its combination of high hardness and wear resistance, easy sharpening, and low cost. This brand is characterized by a high content of chromium and carbon.

AUS-8 is a Japanese-made steel that is highly resistant to corrosion. It has very high hardness and ability to hold a cutting edge. At the same time, the blades of this steel are easy to sharpen.

8Cr13MoV is a Chinese steel that contains a slightly higher percentage of carbon compared to Japanese AUS-8 steel. This alloy is very widely used for the manufacture of inexpensive knives - this steel is used by companies, Spyderco,. The choice of steel for a knife of this brand by Chinese knife brands is usually justified by its low cost.

14C28N (Sandvik) - Swedish medium-class steel with easy sharpening, which is used for the manufacture of knives by many Scandinavian companies - for example,.

Middle and low class knife steel

420HC is a steel grade that differs from cheaper alloys in a higher percentage of carbon. when producing steel 420HC increases the heat treatment of the alloy. Thanks to this, the blades retain their sharpness better and are more resistant to corrosion.

440A is a knife steel comparable to 440HC. The difference is that 440A contains more chromium, so it is more resistant to rust.

Entry level knife steel

Steel 420 - this grade of steel is very often used for the manufacture of cheap knives. The alloy is soft because it contains a low percentage of carbon. Such blades are easy to sharpen and at the same time dull quickly; knives made of 420 steel wear out quickly.

AUS-6 is a Japanese analogue of 420 steel.

Collection knives

Author's series knives, collectible and gift blades are often made from Damascus steel. These types of steels are issued appearance- the blade of the knife has a special pattern, which is formed as a result of the connection of three different types steel. Knives can be made of twisted, end, torn, cut, mosaic damascus, as evidenced by the pattern characteristic of each type. This steel is famous for its very high cutting edge resistance, wear resistance and excellent cutting properties.

Types of steel for knives for different purposes

Beta-tiAlloy is a steel used to make diving knives and kitchen knives.

Blue Paper Super is a grade of steel used to make chef's knives. Its high quality characteristics are ensured by a combination of alloyed additives.

N690Co is an Austrian analogue of 440C steel. The alloy contains cobalt and vanadium - these elements provide the blades with high hardness and resistance to rust. At the same time, N690Co steel is highly resistant to impact loads. It is used for the production of tourist knives.

ELMAX is a third generation steel made in Sweden, which is produced using powder technology. Leading manufacturers use this alloy for high-pressure knife intakes. price category. Such blades combine hardness, strength, resistance to wear and corrosion, they retain their sharpness for a long time and are very easy to polish.

Carbon V is a non-carbon steel used for making throwing knives.

INFI is a steel grade developed by Busse. Knives for the production of which this steel is used are distinguished by high hardness, strength, resistance to wear and corrosion processes. A unique combination of characteristics allows you to create high-quality knives for tourism from this steel.

U10A, U12A, EN-515 are Russian types of steels that are used for the production of scalpels and other sharp cutting medical instruments.

40Х13, 65Х13, 95Х18, 110Х18 - Russian analogues of steel grades 420 and 440. Most often, 95Х18 steel is used for the manufacture of blades. Knives made from this steel are easy to sharpen and are characterized by good resistance to rust.

65G is a steel grade that is used to produce knives intended for chopping tasks. This alloy has good performance viscosity, at the same time it is not resistant to corrosion, so it requires proper care.

U7-U16 - grades of steel for knives, which are characterized by high hardness and vulnerability to rust.

XB5 is the so-called “diamond steel”, known for its very high hardness, cutting edge stability, and resistance to crumbling.

100Х13М - an alloy containing additives in the form of molybdenum and chromium; this steel is used for the production of medical instruments.

Steel for knives for various purposes

Steel is one from the most common and popular materials for making knives. Exactly steel determines the main qualitative characteristics of a knife blade. Steel is an alloy of carbon and iron to which a number of ingredients are added to change the properties of this material. The properties of steel are also affected by the degree of hardening and heat treatment.

Has the following quality indicators:

hardness. Given quality characterizes the ability metal be subject to deformation under the influence of external forces;
strength. This characteristic of steel shows its resistance to chipping and crumbling when used for complex work. This indicator also demonstrates the ability of steel of this variety bend under load and not break. There is an inverse relationship between the hardness and strength of steel. Steel of higher hardness is less durable;
wear resistance. This characteristic demonstrates the ability of steel of a given grade to abrasion under standard use;
corrosion resistance. This indicator demonstrates the ability of steel to withstand external influences of various environments - water, acid, blood, etc. It shows how much a given steel will not rust under their influence. High performance of this characteristic of a knife, as a rule, is achieved by reducing the characteristics of other properties of the knife;
duration of sharpening retention. This characteristic shows how long the sharpness of the knife will please its owner without sharpening.

The main problem in developing new types of steel is finding the optimal balance between strength and hardness. It is possible to create steel with extremely high hardness values, but a knife made from it can break if dropped on the floor from medium height. Conversely, a blade can be flexible and durable, but it will have to be sharpened every day. Therefore, when asked about the most the best steel There is no clear answer for knives. The choice of steel directly depends on the purpose of the knife. The purpose of its use is the main criterion for choosing type of steel for manufacturing knife.

Additives in the production of steel of different grades

The mechanical properties of produced steel are influenced by various alloying additives: chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, manganese, silicon. It is due to these additives in different proportions that the wear resistance, hardness and other characteristics of steel change. Small percentage additions of alloying components increase the strength and toughness of steel. Increasing the concentration results in lower performance values. The most valuable additive to steel is molybdenum. Its presence in steel grades simultaneously increases two quality indicators - strength and toughness. IN Japanese steel grades of this component is present up to 8%, which invariably affects for quality Japanese knives.

Components such as vanadium, chromium and tungsten, on the one hand, lead to an increase in hardness, but on the other hand, they reduce the strength of steel, making it more brittle. An increase in the chromium content of steel over 13% increases its quality characteristics in terms of hardness and wear resistance, on the one hand, making the knives sharper and more resistant to corrosion, and on the other hand, making them more brittle, in comparison with knives made of ordinary carbon steel.

The influence of additives to carbon steel can greatly change its properties. For example, 440C stainless steel is considered optimal for making knives. Knives made from this steel sharpen well and do not become dull for a long time. However, this brand is significantly inferior in such indicators as hardness, wear resistance, toughness and elasticity to such steel grades as 154СМ, ВG-42, which have a lower chromium content in their composition, but which contain up to 4% molybdenum.

Steel containing at least 13% chromium is considered stainless. However, the concept of “stainless” is very relative, since if there is a lack of proper care, it can also corrode.

In order for steel to have increased strength, rigidity and wear resistance, manganese is added to it. It makes the steel structure grainy. Almost all steels for making knives use this additive.

Adding molybdenum to steel gives resistance to heat and reduces the fragility of a knife blade. The addition of nickel enhances the viscosity of the alloy, increases the hardness and anti-corrosion properties of the alloy. It can be found in steel grades such as AUS-6, -8 and L-6. To increase the strength of the blade, silicon is added.

Depending on the composition, steel differs in grade. Depending on its qualities, it is used in one or another knife production.

High grade steel for knives

M390 - this brand contains chromium and vanadium, therefore it has high wear-resistant characteristics, as well as anti-corrosion properties. Knives made from this material lend themselves well to sharpening and retain it for a long time. The benchmade company “likes” to use this grade of steel for the production of knives;
ZDP-189 is a Japanese-made steel that boasts high hardness and equally remarkable ductility. This brand is highly polished, and knives made from it have high cutting properties. The Spyderco company uses this particular brand to produce knives from “limited” and expensive series. The disadvantage of this grade of steel is its certain fragility and tendency to crumble in places of impact, for example, on a bone;
CPM S35VN - this steel grade has become a new improved version of S30V steel, to which the famous knife maker Chris Reeve added a small percentage of niobium and suggested using a finer powder structure for production. Crucible Particle Metallurgy began producing knives from this new generation of steel in 2009. These knives are very durable and easy to sharpen;
CPM S30V - this type of steel was invented by American steel manufacturers, and can be proud of its harmonious ratio of strength and hardness. It is used for the production of knives of the upper price category;
Elmax is one of the most common powder steels in Europe. Due to its content of an optimal ratio of chromium, vanadium and molybdenum, the steel has high wear resistance and anti-corrosion properties;
BG-42 - products made from this steel grade are not distinguished by high sharpening ability, but are characterized by long sharpening retention, as well as high wear resistance;
154CM - this type of steel is characterized by high hardness. Produced in America, it is suitable for the production of knives for various purposes. Benchmade prefers this type of steel for the production of its knives. They sharpen well. The composition of this steel grade is similar to that of CPM, but the production technology is different. In addition, for the production of CPM, a carbon component that is finer in structure is used. However, such subtleties for the uninitiated “user” of the knife may not have any meaning;
ATS-34 - this steel grade is the Japanese version of 154CM steel. Their quality characteristics are very similar. The knives are made from this high quality steel and are easy to sharpen. Many well-known companies producing knives for various purposes use it in their production;
D-2 - this type of steel contains about 14% chromium, which is not enough to be called stainless steel. However, it has high quality characteristics. Its anti-corrosion properties are quite acceptable. This type of steel is harder than grades 154CM and ATS-34, and holds an edge well. However, sharpening is more difficult. This brand has become popular among such well-known knife manufacturers as Benchmade and Kizlyar Supreme;
VG-10 - this steel is a Japanese development. It contains slightly more chromium than grades 154CM and ATS-34. In addition, vanadium is added to its composition, which makes it harder. This relatively young variety of steel is very popular with the knife manufacturer Spyderco, which is famous for its high-quality knives. It sharpens well, but is a little fragile and can be susceptible to crumbling when resisting too hard surfaces.

Top and mid-level steel grades for knives

440C - this type of steel is very widely used by knife manufacturers. It is quite solid and inexpensive. It contains a lot of carbon and chromium. It has high wear resistance. Knives made from this steel are easy to sharpen;
AUS-8 - Japanese steel. Highly resistant to rust. Quite hard, easy to sharpen, but lasts sharp blade does not last very long compared to knives made from more carbon steels. Strength 58 HRC;
8Cr13MoV - steel grade Chinese production. Its composition has a slightly higher carbon content than Japanese AUS-8 steel. It is very popular among manufacturers of inexpensive knives. So it is widely used by such companies as Boker, Spiderco, Kershaw for the production of low-cost knives. As for Chinese knives, then every second knife is made from this grade of steel;
14C28N (Sandvik) - is Swedish steel grade middle level. Knives made from this steel are easy to sharpen. Many Scandinavian companies use it for knives, for example Mora.

Low and mid-level steel grades for knives

420HC - this type of steel is similar in its characteristics to the 420 grade, but contains more carbon in its composition. Well-known companies such as Buck use it to produce knives, increasing its heat treatment. Due to this, knives made from it hold an edge longer and are more resistant to corrosion by rust;
440A - this steel grade is similar in its characteristics to 440NS, but has a higher chromium content, which is reflected in its higher anti-corrosion properties.

Steel grades for lower level knives

420 - this grade of steel is widely used for the production of inexpensive knives. It has a low carbon content, making it softer. It sharpens easily and quickly, but also dulls very quickly. Wear resistance is low. It produces the most simple knives, as they say, “consumer goods”;
AUS-6 is the Japanese version of the 420 model. It is used for the manufacture of cheap series of knives.

If a person is passionate about collecting knives, then he must have nHRC in his collection. Stainless blade steel. Country of manufacture: Japan. Analogue 440V. Made from Damascus steel. This type of steel came from Central Asia, where it was known in the Middle Ages. Damascus steel knives are distinguished by a unique pattern that is formed by mixing several types of steel. Forge welding allows you to connect three types of steel - ball bearing steel ShKh15, carbon steel U8 and spring steel 65G. The high quality characteristics of these materials are reflected in the unique Damascus steel .

The blacksmith's skill in combining these three types of steel is manifested in a special pattern on the blade. Depending on its type, there are twisted, end-cut, torn, threaded, and mosaic damascus. There are legends about its advantages, the main ones being its long-term ability to maintain an edge, its excellent cutting ability and wear resistance. One of the disadvantages of this type of steel is its fragility and low anti-corrosion properties, which are compensated by the use various means for lubricating Damascus steel knives.

But today, hunting knives, blades and swords made from Damascus steel find their use only as part of collections. For proper work, it is advisable to purchase knives made from more modern alloys.

Steel grades for knives for various purposes

Beta-ti Alloy - this grade of steel is used for the manufacture of knives for diving and divers, as well as for the kitchen;
Blue Paper Super is a high-quality steel that, thanks to its harmonious combination all alloyed additives, has high quality characteristics. Used to make chef's knives;
N690Co is an Austrian analogue of the 440C brand. Its main difference is the presence of cobalt and vanadium in its composition, due to which its hardness and anti-corrosion properties have increased. Excellent shock load tolerance. Used for making knives for tourists;
ELMAX is a steel grade that is produced in Sweden and is considered a third generation high-tech steel. Powder technology. Popular among global brands producing high-end knives. It is characterized by hardness, strength, wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. Excellent polishability, holds an edge for a long time;
Carbon V - non-carbon steel. Used for throwing knives;
INFI is a licensed steel grade from Busse, the company that invented it. Its unique properties make it possible to produce excellent knives for tourists. These products are distinguished by high performance characteristics hardness, strength, anti-corrosion properties and wear resistance. This knife will be an ideal assistant in any tourism conditions;
U10A, U12A, EN-515 are domestically produced steel grades that are used for the manufacture of sharp cutting medical instruments - scalpels, etc.

Domestic steels for making knives

100Х13М - this type of steel contains molybdenum and chromium and is used for the manufacture of medical instruments;
40Х13/65Х13/95Х18/110Х18 - these steel grades are domestic analogues of steel 420 and 440. The most commonly used for knives is 95Х18. It features high quality indicators, is durable, easy to sharpen, and for a long time saves it. Has anti-corrosion properties;
65G - this grade of steel is an ideal material for making chopping knives. Does not have anti-corrosion properties, excellent viscosity;
U7-U16 - steel grades that have high hardness, but are not resistant to corrosion;
ХВ5 - called “diamond steel” for its quality characteristics.

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Popular knife steels

420HC (High Carbon)- a higher carbon (0.44-0.60%) version of the popular martensitic stainless steel 420. It has a higher content of carbon (C) and chromium (Cr), which gives good cutting properties and durability of the blade edge.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.54%, Chromium (Cr) - 14%, Silicon (Si) - 1%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.80%, Vanadium (V) - 0.18%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1%.

Currently widely used by manufacturers different countries for the production of knives. Knives made from this steel are moderately durable, hold an edge well, are easy to sharpen (sharpen) and have excellent corrosion resistance.

Buck and SOG 420HC steel produce excellent knives, achieving blade hardness of 57 Hrc. After cryogenic treatment, during hardening, 420NS becomes equal in characteristics to 440A steel. Thus, the Buck company heat-treats and hardens blades with Paul Boss, significantly increasing their quality and consumer performance. The output of 420NS steel is strikingly different from similar steel from other knife manufacturers.

Analogs: USA 440A and 425M; Japan AUS-6A; China 7Cr17MoV and 5Cr15MoV; Sweden 12С27; RF 65Х13: Russia 50Х14МФ.

440C- modern chromium steel with an excellent combination of high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance. Of the entire group of 440 steels, it is most suitable for the production of folding knife blades, as it is the hardest.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.10%, Chromium (Cr) - 17.00%, Silicon (Si) - 1.00%, Manganese (Mn) - 1.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 0.75%, Phosphorus (P) - 0.04%, Sulfur(S) - 0.03%.

It has good cutting edge resistance to dullness and relative ease of sharpening. For a long time, 440C steel was considered the standard for high-quality stainless steel for knives and is considered one of the most balanced knife steels in its properties. The steel is quite common throughout the world and has a well-deserved positive reputation, but it is also the most expensive of the 440 group of steels. The range of hardness 440C used in the production of knife blades is 58-60 HRc.

Analogs: Russia 95Х18 and 110Х18Ш, Austria N690, Germany X105CrMo17, France Z100CD17, Japan AUS-10.

154CM- high-carbon, corrosion-resistant bearing steel of the highest grade was developed by Crucible Materials Corporation (USA) for use in the aerospace industry. In the 70s of the 20th century, due to its characteristics, steel was used in the USA for the manufacture of knife blades.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) 1.05%, Chromium (Cr) 14.0%, Manganese (Mn) 0.5%, Molybdenum (Mo) 0.4%, Silicon (Si) 0.30%.

At high temperatures 154CM steel is hardened to 60 HRc and obtains sufficient toughness to hold the cutting edge of the blade well. Knives made from this steel cut well and do not become dull for a long time, but at the same time, with prolonged contact with moisture or salt, rust may appear (154CM steel is somewhat less corrosion resistant than 440C steel).

American knife companies Pro-Tech Knives and Emerson Knives use only this steel to produce blades with a range of hardnesses 59-61 Hrs.

Analogues: Japan ATS-34; Sweden RWL34; Russia 110Х18Ш; Germany 1.4111.

CPM 154- high-strength wear-resistant powder steel, an analogue of the popular high-carbon corrosion-resistant bearing steel 154CM. Produced since the late 90s for the knife industry by the American metallurgical company Crucible Materials Corporation (USA). CPM 154 is easier to sand and machine, with greater strength and wear resistance than conventional 154CM.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.05%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 4.00%.

Also, CPM 154, compared to 440C steel, offers greater corrosion resistance, hardness and strength. It better maintains the sharpness of the cutting edge and is resistant to chipping (chipping) under heavy operating loads.

Working hardness range 55-62 HRs. Knives are hardened to 59-62 HRс.

CPM 154 is an excellent, easily sharpened work steel in price range equal to powder steels CPM S30V and CPM S35V. According to Mick Strider(Mick Strider) and Duane Dwyer and (Duane Dwyer) from Strider Knives, we can safely put an equal sign between the performance characteristics and properties of blades made from CPM 154, CPM S30V and CPM S35V steels.

Analogues: Sweden RWL-34, USA BG-42

CPM 3V- high-strength wear-resistant tool powder steel produced by the American metallurgical company Crucible Materials Corporation (USA). CPM 3V steel is designed to ensure maximum tool resistance to fracture and chipping (chipping), as well as high wear resistance of the steel.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.80%, Chromium (Cr) - 7.50%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.30%, Vanadium (V) - 2.60%, Silicon (Si) - 0.90% , Manganese (Mn) - 0.40%.

In terms of impact strength, CPM 3V is superior to steels such as A2, D2, Cru-Wear, CPM M4 and perfectly withstands power and chopping loads. Powder steel CPM 3V is intended for use in the production of blades in the hardness range of 58-60 HRc. With greater hardening, there is a possibility of chips or breakages during operation. Thus, the American knife company Bark River hardens its high-strength fixed blades with blades made of CPM 3V steel to 59 HRc.

CPM 3V is one of the most mechanically strong and tough steels. Excellent balance of hardness, wear resistance and strength.

Analogues: no

CPM M4- tool high-speed powder steel produced by the American metallurgical company Crucible Materials Corporation (USA). For CPM M4 characterized by a high vanadium content. This steel is produced using Crucible Particle Metallurgy technology, which provides better uniformity and high strength. The average hardening range is 61-65 HRс.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.42%, Chromium (Cr) - 4.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 5.25%, Vanadium (V) - 4.00%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.30% , Silicon (Si) - 0.25%.

The presence of chromium in CPM M4 gives the alloy anti-corrosion properties and increases its wear resistance. Molybdenum prevents brittleness and brittleness of steel, giving the necessary rigidity. Vanadium is responsible for elasticity and enhances the properties of chromium, giving steel resistance to aggressive chemical environments.

Steel blades CPM M4 require careful care after use or must have an anti-corrosion coating, because This steel belongs to the “semi-stainless steel” type.

Analogues: no.

CPM 20CV(Duratech CV20) is a high-alloy martensitic stainless steel powder produced by the American metallurgical company Crucible Industries LLC (USA). CPM 20CV steel contains a high volume of vanadium carbides, which provides exceptional wear resistance, as well as the highest chromium content of other modern stainless steels. Best Features CPM 20CV appears at 58 HRs. The average hardening range is 56-59 HRс

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.90%, Chromium (Cr) - 20.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.00%, Vanadium (V) - 4.00%, Tungsten (W) - 0.60% .

CPM 20CV steel, when hardened at 58 HRs, is the most balanced in strength, wear and corrosion resistance than CPM 9V, CPM Rex M4, 440C and 420 steels. Process CPM results in a finer and more uniform distribution of carbides, resulting in improved toughness and ease of machining/sharpening of high alloy steel.

When hardening CPM 20CV to 61-63 HRc in the production of knife blades, the load resistance of the steel significantly increases and the ease of sharpening the blade decreases.

CPM 20CV steel is used in the production of top-end serial and designer (custom) knives. CPM 20CV became the prototype of the popular Austrian M390 steel in the Russian Federation.

Analogues: USA - CPM S90V, CTS-204P; Austria M390.

CPM S30V(CPM S30V) - powder martensitic (high-carbon) stainless steel of the Crucible Materials Corporation (USA), which has been producing the CPM (Crucible Particle Metallurgy process) family of powder steels since the 70s of the 20th century: CPM S30V, CPM S60V, CPM S90V.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.45%, Chromium (Cr) - 14%, Vanadium (V) - 4%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 2%.

The presence of more vanadium carbides in the chemical composition of steel significantly increases the cutting and strength properties of knife blades.

A blade made of S30V steel has four times higher fracture strength than 440C steel and 3.5 times higher than 154CM steel. This makes the cutting edge highly resistant to chipping and chipping, making it an excellent material for blades. In terms of ability to hold an edge (wear resistance), S30V steel exceeds 440C by 45%, and 154CM by 30%. According to Buck Knives, S30V is "the finest blade steel available."

S30V is used for the production of blades by almost all leading knife manufacturing companies: Buck, Spyderco, Zero Tolerance, Emerson, Strider Kives, Cold Steel, Chris Reeve and others. It can safely be called the “gold standard” for serial and piece knives of the middle and high class. Most manufacturers process it to a hardness of 5 8-60Hrc.

In terms of its properties, S30V is one of the most balanced steels in comparison with modern D2, 440C and 154CM. It has excellent cutting properties, high corrosion resistance, impact strength, and the ability to hold an edge. long time and quickly restore it when editing.

CPM S35VN- martensitic powder stainless steel, produced by the American metallurgical company Crucible Industries (USA), is an improved version of CPMS30V steel in terms of impact strength. Process Powder steel manufacturing produces very uniform, high quality steel that is superior in stability, uniformity and toughness compared to traditional heat produced steels. A famous knife designer took part in the development of this steel. Chris Reeve(Chris Reeve) from South Africa (RSA).

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.40%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.00%, Niobium (Nb) - 0.50%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 2.00%, Vanadium (V) - 3.00% .

The presence of niobium carbides in S35VN make it possible to increase the strength properties of the blade in terms of hardness by 15-20% compared to CPM S30V steel. Improved steel CPMS35VN is more resistant to chipping during operation and holds an edge better compared to conventional high-chrome steels such as 440C and D2.

Such global knife manufacturers as MicroTech, Bark River, Chris Reeve, Spyderco, etc., produce their blades from powder steel S35VN.

Blades made of steel S35VN easy to sharpen. The blade hardness range is 58-61 Hrc.

CPM S90V (420V)- martensitic stainless steel powder with the addition of vanadium and carbon for exceptionally high wear resistance. Produced by the American metallurgical company Crucible Industries LLC (USA).

High vanadium content in CPM S90V promotes the formation of hard vanadium carbides instead of chromium carbides for the highest wear resistance of the RK (especially in comparison with tool steels 440C and D2). And the presence of free chromium provides high corrosion resistance, better than that of 440C steel. The average hardening range is 56-59 HRс.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 2.30%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.00%, Vanadium (V) - 9.00%.

Sharpening steel blades CPM S90V will be more difficult than sharpening blades made from 440C or D2 steel and comparable to sharpening blades made from CPM S60V and CPM S110V steel.

Premium steel CPM S90V used in the production of exclusive, designer and, less commonly, serial knives.

Analogs: USA - CPM S60V, -S110V; Austria -N690.

CPM S110V- high-alloy martensitic stainless tool powder steel produced by the American metallurgical company Crucible Industries LLC (USA). S110V steel is characterized by an extremely fine and uniform microstructure of the carbides it contains. The average hardening range is 61-63 HRс.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 2.80%, Chromium (Cr) - 15.25%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 2.25%, Vanadium (V) - 9.00%, Niobium (Nb) - 3.00% .

CPM S110V combines high carbon content with high amounts of chromium, vanadium and niobium. This steel composition provides exceptional wear resistance of the steel and high corrosion resistance (higher than 440C and CPM S90V).

Sharpening blades made of CPM S110V steel will be more difficult than blades made of 440C (D2) steel and comparable to sharpening blades made of CPM S90V steel.

Premium steel CPM S110V is used in the production of the most expensive, designer and, extremely rarely, mass-produced knives.

Analogues: USA - CPM S90V.

CPM S125V- high-alloy martensitic stainless tool powder steel produced by the American metallurgical company Crucible Industries LLC (USA). S125V is a very difficult steel to produce. Before heat treatment, the steel is coated with a thin layer (0.010" - 0.25") of 304 stainless steel. The average hardening range is 61-63 HRs.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 3.30%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 2.50%, Vanadium (V) - 11.85%, Cobalt (Co) - 0.25% , Nickel(Ni) - 0.20%.

CPM S125V steel is optimally balanced and ductile for the production of top-end knife blades. The composition of this steel includes a large amount of carbon and vanadium, unlike most other stainless powder steels, which provides exceptional high wear resistance of the steel and complete resistance to corrosion.
Sharpening blades made from CPM S125V steel is much more difficult than blades made from other powder steels. Premium steel CPM S125V is used in the production of the most expensive, limited and custom knives.

Analogs (conditionally): USA - CPM S90V, CTS-204P, CPM-20CV; Austria M390.

CPM CRU-WEAR- highly wear-resistant and high-strength air-hardened powder tool steel produced by the American metallurgical company Crucible Industries LLC (USA). Steel CRU-WEAR Easily machined in unhardened condition (similar to D2 tool steel) and exhibits minimal change structure and its properties during further hardening. The average hardening range is 61-65 HRs.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.10%, Chromium (Cr) - 7.50%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.60%, Vanadium (V) - 2.40%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.35% , Silicon (Si) - 1.10%, Tungsten (W) - 1.15%.

Steel CRU-WEAR Not has Fully resistant to corrosion and requires some maintenance. During normal heat treatment, steel CRU-WEAR Compatible with a wide range of surface coatings such as nitriding, tin, titanium nitride (CVD TiN), DLC and recommended for other protective coatings.

CRU-WEAR Used in applications where greater wear resistance than D2 steel and greater toughness than M2 steel are required, or in tools where both are required.

Combination of wear resistance, incl. RK, high resistance to deformation and exceptional strength make steel CRU-WEAR An excellent choice for the manufacture of tactical blades and a wide range of professional tools.

Analogs (conditionally): USA CTS-XHP, CTS-PD1; Japan ZDP-189.

A-2- American tool carbon steel with a high content of chromium and molybdenum. The main use of steel is in the production of dies, punches (the main part of dies) and rollers (the working part of forging and crushing machines). Also, A-2 steel has found wide application in the manufacture of blades.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) 1.00%, Manganese (Mn) 0.80%, Silicon (S)i 0.30%, Chromium (Cr) 5.25%, Molybdenum (Mo) 1.10%, Vanadium (V) 0.20%.

The excellent cutting properties of A-2 steel are widely used by specialists involved in wood processing. With appropriate hardening and machining of the blade, A-2 steel offers optimal combination preservation of the cutting edge and ease of sharpening. This steel has proven itself in the production of tactical, hunting and other knives. The hardness range of finished blades is 59-60 Hrc.

The American company Bark River Knives makes blades for its popular and sought-after knives from this steel.

Analogues: Russia - 95Х5ГМ; Germany - X100CrMoV5.1; Japan - SKD-12; Sweden - UDDEHOLM AG - Rigor.

D2- “semi-stainless” alloy tool steel made in the USA. D2 steel is often used to make high-speed cutters. Despite not being 100 percent corrosion resistant, this indicator is significantly superior to any carbon steel.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) 1.50%, Manganese (Mn) 0.60%, Silicon (S)i 0.60%, Chromium (Cr) 12.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) 1.00%, Vanadium (V) 1.10%, Nickel (Ni) 0.30%.

Steel has high strength, which allows you to maintain the sharpness of the cutting edge for a long time. The hardness range of steel used in the production of knife blades is 57-61 HRc.

Analogues: Germany 1.2379 (Х155CrVMo12-1), Russia Х12МФ; Japan SLD; Sweden SKD-11; Germany X155CrMo12.1.

H-1- austenitic and non-magnetic super stainless chrome-nickel steel, produced by the Japanese metallurgical company Myodo Metals (Japan). N-1 steel is characterized by extremely high resistance to aggressive environments. The average hardening range is 58-60 HRs.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.12%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.20%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.00%, Manganese (Mn) - 1.00%, Nickel (Ni) - 6.80% .

Steel blades N-1 have high cutting properties and the ability to maintain the sharpness of the steel for a long time, while it is softer than AUS8 and 154CM steels. Belongs to the High end class.

Steel N-1 quite difficult to process, therefore it is used relatively rarely, most often in production professional knives, intended for use in aggressive environments with high corrosive activity: in sea water, in areas with high humidity (tropical forests, swamps). Steel N-1 used by Spyderco in the production of diving knives.

Steel blades N-1 easy to sharpen.

Analogues: Japan - AUS-8A.

12С27 (Sandvic 12C27)— corrosion-resistant martensitic chromium knife steel of the Swedish company Sandvic AB (Sweden), produced since the 60s of the 20th century. It has a reduced content of impurities - sulfur and phosphorus.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.60%, Chromium (Cr) - 13.5%, Silicon (Si) - 0.40%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.40%.

It is the most balanced steel used in the manufacture of fishing and hunting, tourist, pocket, tactical knives, as well as high-end kitchen knives.
Knives made from this steel have excellent cutting edge retention characteristics, high hardness, strength and corrosion resistance. Over the course of 50 years, 12C27 steel has been constantly improved, thanks to which it currently has the highest performance data for the strength of the steel structure and the level of purity of materials. Manufactured in hardness ranges 55-57 Hrc.

8Cr13MoV— high-carbon, medium-chromium stainless steel with the addition of molybdenum and vanadium. One of the best steels, manufactured in China.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.80%, Chromium (Cr) - 13%, Silicon (Si) - 0.50%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.40%, Vanadium (V) - 0.10% , Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.5%, Nickel (Ni) - 0.25%.

In its composition and properties it is close to Japanese steel AUS-8 (AUS-8A) .
Blades made of this steel have long-term retention of the cutting edge and good corrosion resistance. Steel hardness 56-58 Hrs. 8Cr13MoV steel has an excellent balance in the ratio of strength, cutting and anti-corrosion properties. Great for travel and urban EDC knives with good mid-range performance. In the US, 8Cr13MoV steel is widely used by knife companies SOG and Kershaw Knives.

Analogs: USA steel 440C; Japan AUS-8(AUS-8A); RF 95Х18.

8Cr14MoV- high carbon chromium stainless steel. One of the best steels produced in China. An analogue of 8Cr13MoV steel with greater mechanical and stainless properties (more chromium).

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.80%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.50%, Silicon (Si) - 1.00%, Manganese (Mn) - 1.00%, Vanadium (V) - 0, 20%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 0.2%.

Blades made of this steel have a long-term sharpness of the cutting edge and good corrosion resistance. Steel hardness range 56-58 HRс. 8Cr14MoV steel has an excellent balance in terms of strength, cutting and anti-corrosion properties. Great for travel and urban EDC knives with good mid-range performance.

Analogues: USA 440C; Japan AUS-8(AUS-8A); RF 95Х18 and 75Х14МФ; Sweden 12С27 and 13С26; Germany X55CrMo14.

AUS-8 (AUS-8 A) — corrosion-resistant steel produced by Aichi Steel Works (Japan).

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.80%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.5%, Silicon (Si) - 0.60%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.40%, Vanadium (V) - 0, 30%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.1%.

Along with AUS-6 steel, AUS-8 is one of the most widely used Japanese stainless steels by knife manufacturers around the world. Blades made of this steel have an optimal ratio of flexibility and hardness in 56-59 Hrs. They are characterized by excellent cutting properties, mechanical endurance, high quality workmanship, corrosion resistance and relatively low price. Knives with AUS-8 blades do not require frequent sharpening and most brands of abrasives and improvised tools that do not require special skills are suitable for them.
AUS-8A steel is manufactured for the American company Cold Steel and differs from AUS-8 in a slightly higher carbon content (1%). In terms of their consumer properties, these are the same steel.

Analogs: USA steel 440C; Japan AUS-8(AUS-8A); Sweden AEB-L; China 8Cr13MoV; RF 75Х16МФ and 95Х18.

ATS-34- high-carbon, chromium, air-hardened stainless bearing steel, with high degree corrosion resistance. Produced since the late 80s by the Japanese metallurgical company Hitachi Metals (Japan). Used in the production of expensive serial and custom knives.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.05%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 4.00%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.40%, Silicon (Si) - 0.35% .

ATS-34 top steel highest quality, holds sharpening very well, is durable and has excellent resistance to mechanical chips. One of the best stainless steels. In addition to making blades, ATS-34 steel is widely used in the production of razor blades, jet turbine blades and metalworking tools.
In my own way chemical composition ATS-34 steel is very close to the American 154CM steel from Crucible Materials Corporation.
Working hardness range 59-61 HRс.

Analogues: Sweden RWL-34, USA 154CM, S60V, BG-42, Japan VG-10, GIN1(G-2); Russia 100Х15М.

RWL-34- martensitic, stainless, alloy powder steel, produced by a Swedish metallurgical company Damasteel since the 70s of the XX century. RWL-34 steel is named after Robert W Loveless(1929 - 2010) - world famous American innovator and knife manufacturer.
RWL-34 steel is a powder version of Japanese ball bearing steel ATS-34. RWL-34 is prized among knife makers for its ease of machining, mirror polishability, and availability over other powder steels. The full hardening range is 59-62 HRс.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.05%, Chromium (Cr) - 14.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 4.00%, Vanadium (V) - 0.20%, Cobalt (Si) - 0.50% , Nickel(Mn) - 0.50%.

RWL-34 is characterized by very high strength and toughness, combined with extreme sharpness and RC resistance, which is easy to maintain. The steel is also distinguished by good corrosion resistance and operational mechanical properties.

Analogs: USA - 154CM, CPM154; Japan - ATS-34; Russia 100Х15М; Germany X100CrMoV15 and 1.4111.

VG-10(V-Gold No.10) is developed by Takefu Special Steel Co., Ltd. (Japan). It is a high-carbon and corrosion-resistant steel alloyed with cobalt and molybdenum.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) 0.95-1.05%; Chromium (Cr) 14.50-15.50%; Cobalt(Co) 1.30-1.50%; Vanadium(V) 0.50%; Molybdenum (Mo) 0.90-1.20%.

The toughness of this steel allows it to be hardened 60-63 Hrs, while maintaining optimal cutting edge properties. Distinctive feature VG-10 is based on the use of cobalt in its composition, an expensive and rare alloying additive in alloys, which gives steel more hardness and toughness. VG-10 steel is used in the production of knives by many of the world's leading brands. In Japan, blades are made from this steel by Mcusta, Mikadzo, Tojiro, Kasumi and others. The companies Spyderco, Cold Steel, SOG, Camillus, FALLKNIVEN, Browning and others not only make blades from VG-10, but many of them completely place production of their knives in Japan.

Knives with blades made of VG-10 are characterized by very high resistance to corrosion (they practically do not rust). They are easy to “razor” when sharpened, are not as fragile as “bearing” steels and, compared to other blade alloys, hold the sharpening edge of the main phase of working use, which begins after the loss of the first, “factory” sharpening and ends when it becomes necessary to sharpen a dull knife.

13C26 (Sandvic 13C26)- corrosion-resistant martensitic chromium knife steel from Sandvic AB (Sweden), production of which began in the 60s of the 20th century. This steel is characterized by a low content of phosphorus and sulfur.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.65%, Chromium (Cr) - 13%, Silicon (Si) - 0.40%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.65%.

It is the most balanced steel used in the manufacture of hunting, hiking, pocket, urban EDC, tactical, and high-end kitchen knives.
Sandvic 13C26 steel knives have excellent edge retention, high hardness, strength and corrosion resistance. Produced by the manufacturer in hardness ranges 54-61 Нrc.

Analogs: USA steel 420 and 440A; Germany 1.4034/1.4037; RF 65Х13.

ELMAX- chrome-molybdenum-vanadium powder stainless tool steel produced by Böhler-Uddeholm (Sweden-Austria). Initially, steel was intended for the manufacture of cutting elements for machines processing plastics of various compositions and properties. It is distinguished by very high corrosion resistance, long-lasting cutting edge sharpness, ease of sharpening and significant strength - all this has found its application in the manufacture of knife blades by various manufacturers. The hardness range of ELMAX steel blades is 58-62 Hrc.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) 1.7%, Silicon (Si) 0.8%, Manganese (Mn) 0.3%, Chromium (Cr) 18.0%, Molybdenum (Mo) 1.0%, Vanadium ( V) 3.0%.

ELMAX steel has the best price-quality ratio and outperforms similar steels S30V and RWL34 in terms of production cost without compromising the consumer properties of blades.

In its composition, ELMAX steel is very similar to 440C steel, used in the production of knives. The difference is the presence of vanadium in the composition. The steel holds various sharpening angles well, grinds well, but does not withstand impact loads and lateral fracture loads.

Blade made of ELMAX steel - great solution for a utility knife. Used for the production of knives of middle and higher classes.

NIOLOX (1.4153.03 Stainless Steel (SB1 steel))- alloyed stainless steel produced by the German steel company Lohmann (German). The average hardening range is 58-63 HRs. Steel NIOLOX has a fine-grained and uniform structure.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.80%, Chromium (Cr) - 12.70%, Niobium (Nb) - 0.70%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.10%, Vanadium (V) - 1.10% .

Presence of carbon in NIOLOX increases its strength and gives the metal high hardness. Chromium influences the methods of hardening steel, gives the alloy anti-corrosion properties and increases its wear resistance. Molybdenum prevents brittleness and brittleness of steel, giving the necessary rigidity. Vanadium is responsible for elasticity and enhances the properties of chromium, giving steel resistance to aggressive chemical environments. The presence of Niobium gives the alloy high anti-corrosion properties while maintaining ductility, excellent resistance to chipping and chipping, and allows you to maintain the sharpness of the cutting edge for a long time.

For high-performance steel blades NIOLOX It is characteristic that the sharpness of the RK is maintained for a long time - on the same level as such American stainless steels as 154CM or D2. Knife blades from NIOLOX easy to sharpen to razor sharp.

M390- premium martensitic chromium powder steel produced by an Austrian steel company Bohler-Uddeholm(Austria). Unique powder metallurgical manufacturing process ensures uniform distribution of carbides throughout chemical elements steel. M390 steel is widely used in medical and surgical instruments, in industry for the production of various machine tools performing complex process drilling hard materials. The average hardening range is 58-62 HRs.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.90%, Chromium (Cr) - 20.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.00%, Vanadium (V) - 4.00%, Silicon (Si) - 0.70% , Manganese (Mn) - 0.30%, Tungsten (W) - 0.60%.

Knife blades made of M390 steel have increased corrosion resistance, ultra-high performance, excellent cutting ability and wear resistance due to the very high content of vanadium and chromium carbides. The M390, along with the CPM 30V-35VN, Elmax and Vanax 35, represent a kind of “gold standard” for the production of mid- and high-end utility knives.

Analogs: USA - Duratech 20CV (CPM 20CV), CTS-XHP, CTS 204P.

CTS BD1- stainless chromium steel “above average” class, produced by an American metallurgical company Carpenter CTS(USA). Manufactured by vacuum melting. The steel contains special additives that provide better sharpness retention properties. The average hardening range is 58-60 HRs.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.90%, Chromium (Cr) - 15.75%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 0.30%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.60%, Silicon (Si) - 0.37% , Vanadium(V) - 0.10%.

Steel blades CTS BD1 holds an edge better than AUS8 and 8Cr13MoV. And thanks to the higher chromium content, it copes better with corrosion.

Steel CTS BD1 created specifically for the production of knife blades at the request of the company Spyderco.

Plastic CTS BD1 Very easy to sharpen/get to razor sharp. Works great on kitchen knives.

Analogs: Japan - Hitachi Gin-1, AUS8; China - 8Cr13MoV.

CTS-XHP- premium chromium high carbon powder stainless steel produced by an American metallurgical company Carpenter CTS(USA). A unique air-hardening powder metallurgical manufacturing process results in improved purity and strength over 440C and D2 steels. CTS-XHP steel is characterized by high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance of the metal (several times superior to S30V steel).

Steel composition: Carbon(C) - 1.60%, Chromium(Cr) - 16.00%, Molybdenum(Mo) - 0.80%, Vanadium(V) - 0.45%, Silicon(Si) - 0.40%, Manganese(Mn) - 0.50%, Nickel (Ni) - 0.35%.

High indicators of maintaining the operability of the RC, ease of machining and corrosion resistance of Carpenter CTS-XHP steel ensure its widest use in industrial production, incl. in the production of kitchen, hunting and EDC knives, razors, surgical instruments, scissors, etc. Optimal hardness of hardening 60-64 HRc. CTS-XHP, like CTS-204P, is one of the most expensive steels.

Analogues: USA - 440XH, CPM D2.

CTS-204P- premium chromium martensitic powder steel produced by an American metallurgical company Carpenter CTS(USA). The unique air-hardening powder metallurgical manufacturing process results in improved purity and strength of the alloy compared to conventional cast and forged steels. CTS 204P steel has a balanced, homogeneous microstructure and uniform distribution of carbides, which, combined with a high chromium content, allows for very high wear resistance, strength and corrosion resistance.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.90%, Chromium (Cr) - 20.00%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.00%, Vanadium (V) - 4.00%, Silicon (Si) - 0.60% , Manganese (Mn) - 0.35%.

The high performance and ease of processing (polishing) of Carpenter CTS 204P steel allow it to be used in the production of high-performance industrial and custom knives, as well as in equipping equipment for the food industry. Hardness range 61-63 HRc.

CTS-204P steel, like CTS-XHP, is one of the most expensive, which is reflected in the final cost of knives for consumers.

Analogues: Austria - M390.

ZDP- 189 - powder tool super-steel with a high content of chromium and carbon. Produced since 1996 for the knife industry by the Japanese metallurgical company Hitachi Metals (Japan) based on the technology of amorphous metal alloys. It is one of the most structurally balanced high-carbon steels. ZDP-189 steel is characterized by impact resistance and high corrosion resistance.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 2.90-3.00%, Chromium (Cr) - 19.00-20.50%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 0.90-1.0%, Vanadium (V) - 0.25-0.35%, Silicon (Si) - 0.35%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.50%, Tungsten (W) - 0.60%.

Some knife manufacturers harden their ZDP-189 steel blades to a hardness of 69 HRc. With such hardness, large impact and mechanical loads should be avoided.

Analogues: no

Bohler N690Co- cobalt-alloyed stainless martensitic steel produced by the Austrian steel company Bohler-Uddeholm (Austria). The average hardening range is up to 60 HRs. Steel N690Co has an even, homogeneous structure due to double longitudinal-transverse rolling.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.06%, Chromium (Cr) - 17.00%, Cobalt (Co) - 1.55%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 1.00%, Vanadium (V) - 0.10% , Manganese (Mn) - 0.40%, Silicon (Si) - 0.40%.

Presence of cobalt in N690Co increases its strength and gives the metal high hardness. Chromium influences the methods of hardening steel, gives the alloy anti-corrosion properties and increases its wear resistance. Molybdenum prevents brittleness and brittleness of steel, giving the necessary rigidity. Vanadium is responsible for elasticity and enhances the properties of chromium, giving steel resistance to aggressive chemical environments.

For steel N690Co characterized by high anti-corrosion properties while maintaining ductility, excellent resistance to lateral and impact loads, as well as maintaining the sharpness of the cutting edge for a long time. N690Co sharpens well.

N690Co used on serial knives designed for heavy, extreme conditions exploitation (for example, tacticians).

Analogs: USA - 440С, Japan - VG1, Sweden - Sandvic 12C27.

Bohler N695- chromium stainless rolled steel produced by an Austrian steel company Bohler-Uddeholm (Austria). Used to make balls, rollers, needles and rings for corrosion-resistant bearings. The average hardening range is 57-60 HRs.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 1.05%, Chromium (Cr) - 16.70%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 0.50%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.40%, Silicon (Si) - 0.40% .

Steel Bohler N695 characterized by high hardness, wear resistance over long service life and excellent corrosion resistance under constant high humidity. Also steel Bohler N695 has good ability to withstand impact and lateral loads on rotation and bending.

Stability and homogeneity of steel Bohler N695 optimal for making knife blades. For all its performance characteristics Bohler N695 very close to American 440C steel.

Analogues: USA - 440C; Germany - X105CrMo17; Russia 95X18.

Uddeholm Sleipner- universal tool steel alloyed with chromium and molybdenum-vanadium, produced by an Austrian steel company Bohler-Uddeholm (Austria). Used for the manufacture of reliable, wear-resistant industrial tools. According to its properties and characteristics Uddeholm Sleipner significantly superior to the commonly used tool steels D2 and 1.2379. The average hardening range is 60-62 HRs.

Steel composition: Carbon (C) - 0.90%, Chromium (Cr) - 7.80%, Molybdenum (Mo) - 2.50%, Manganese (Mn) - 0.50%, Vanadium (V) - 0.50% .

Steel Uddeholm Sleipner characterized by good mechanical wear resistance, resistance to chipping, as well as high strength to torsion, impact and lateral loads. Also steel Uddeholm Sleipner It is easy to sharpen (sharpen) and retains the sharpness of the blade on the blade for a long time.

Hardness and mechanical strength steel Uddeholm Sleipner allowed to use it for the manufacture of knife blades.

Analogs: USA - D2; Germany - 1.2379; Russia - 8Х4В2МФС2 and 8Х6НФТ.

Maxamet(Micro-Melt Maxamet). American Steel Corporation Carpenter Technology developed steel Micro-Melt Maxamet specifically for the production of rollers used in modern steel mills. This remarkable alloy has properties superior to conventional high-speed tool steels and approaches the ultra-hard materials used to machine other steels.

Company Spyderco As one of the few companies that specializes in the innovative techniques required to machine heat treat and polish this exotic alloy, we are justifiably proud to offer it in some of America's high-end knives.

Damascus(Damascus steel) - composite steel with visible irregularities (patterns) on the surface. Damascus obtained by repeated reforging of a steel package (wire or tape) consisting of steels with different chemical properties and carbon content.
Patterns on the surface Damascus are the result of uneven distribution of carbon due to the heterogeneity of steels. This effect is often enhanced by special polishing and acid etching. Initially, the pattern was not the main purpose of production Damascus steel, but was just a side effect.

The main and main disadvantage Damascus is its low corrosion resistance due to the high carbon content and the almost complete absence of alloying elements.

Damascus was very popular in ancient and medieval times. Most of the oldest Damascus blades that have survived to this day are Persian, Syrian or Indian. The most likely version is that Damascus steel They were named because the first blade found was from the city of Damascus or the historical center for the trade of knives and swords made of such steel.

Today Damascus no longer plays an important role in the production of knife blades due to the availability of excellent rolled, forged and powdered steels. It can have a very wide hardening range (HRc) and be unpredictable in use (sharpening), especially when purchased from unknown craftsmen or manufacturers.

Damascus steel is still valued for its decorative value, enduring myths and its long history.