Article 90. Ensuring the activities of fire departments
1. For buildings, structures and structures the following must be provided:
1) fire passages and access roads to buildings, structures and structures for fire equipment, special or combined with functional passages and entrances;
2) external fire escapes and other means of lifting personnel of units fire department and fire equipment on the floors and roofs of buildings, structures and structures;
3) fire-fighting water supply, including those combined with utility or special ones, dry pipes and fire tanks (reservoirs);
4) smoke protection systems for the routes followed by personnel of fire departments inside a building, structure and structure;
5) individual and collective funds saving people.
2. In buildings, structures and structures with a height of 10 meters or more from the mark of the passage surface of fire trucks to the eaves of the roof or top outer wall(parapet) exits to the roof must be provided stairwells directly or through the attic or via type 3 stairs or external fire escapes.
3. The number of exits to the roof (but not less than one exit) and their location should be provided depending on the functional class fire danger and dimensions of the building, structure and structure:
1) for every full and partial 100 meters of the length of a building, structure and structure with an attic covering and at least one exit for every full or partial 1000 square meters roof areas of buildings, structures and structures with a roofless roof for buildings of classes F1, F2, F3 and F4;
2) along fire escapes every 200 meters along the perimeter of buildings, structures and structures of class F5.
4. It is allowed not to provide for:
1) fire escapes on the main facade of a building, structure and structure, if the width of the building, structure and structure does not exceed 150 meters, and there is a fire water supply on the side opposite the main facade;
2) access to the roof of one-story buildings, structures and structures with a covering area of no more than 100 square meters.
5. In the attics of buildings, structures and structures, with the exception of buildings of class F1.4, exits to the roof should be provided, equipped with stationary stairs, through doors, hatches or windows measuring at least 0.6 x 0.8 meters.
6. Exits from stairwells to the roof or attic should be provided along flights of stairs with landings before exiting through fire doors 2nd type with a size of at least 0.75 x 1.5 meters. The indicated flights and platforms must be made of non-combustible materials and have a slope of no more than 2:1 and a width of at least 0.9 meters.
7. In buildings, structures and structures of classes F1, F2, F3 and F4 with a height of no more than 15 meters, it is allowed to install exits to the attic or roof from stairwells through fire hatches Type 2 measuring 0.6 x 0.8 meters on fixed steel stepladders.
8. On technical floors, including in technical undergrounds and technical attics, the height of the passage must be at least 1.8 meters, in attics along the entire building, structure and structure - at least 1.6 meters. The width of these passages must be at least 1.2 meters. In certain areas with a length of no more than 2 meters, it is allowed to reduce the height of the passage to 1.2 meters, and the width to 0.9 meters.
9. In buildings, structures and structures with attics, hatches should be provided in the enclosing structures of the attics.
10. In places where there is a difference in roof height (including for lifting skylights onto the roof) of more than 1 meter, fire escapes should be provided.
11. It is allowed not to provide fire escapes if the difference in roof height is more than 10 meters, if each section of the roof with an area of more than 100 square meters has its own exit to the roof or the height of the lower section of the roof does not exceed 10 meters.
12. To climb to a height of 10 to 20 meters and in places where the roof height drops from 1 to 20 meters, fire escapes of type P1 should be used; for climbs to a height of more than 20 meters and in places where the roof height drops of more than 20 meters, fire escapes of type P2 should be used. .
13. Fire escapes are made of non-combustible materials, are located no closer than 1 meter from the windows and must have design, providing the ability to move personnel of fire departments in combat clothing and with additional equipment.
14. Between flights of stairs and between handrails of fences flights of stairs a gap of at least 75 millimeters wide should be provided.
15. In each fire compartment of buildings, structures and structures of class F1.1 with a height of more than 10 meters, buildings, structures and structures of class F1.3 with a height of more than 50 meters, buildings, structures and structures of other classes of functional fire hazard with a height of more than 28 meters, underground parking lots with more than two floors must be provided with elevators for transporting fire departments.
16. In buildings, structures and structures with a roof slope of no more than 12 percent inclusive, with a height to the cornice or top of the outer wall (parapet) of more than 10 meters, as well as in buildings, structures and structures with a roof slope of more than 12 percent, with a height to the cornice of more than 7 meters should be provided with fencing on the roof in accordance with the requirements fire safety established by this Federal Law. Regardless of the height of the building, these fences should be provided for those in use flat roofs, balconies, loggias, external galleries, open external staircases, flights of stairs and platforms.
17. On the roof of buildings, structures and structures with a floor elevation of the upper floor of more than 75 meters, platforms for the transport and rescue cabin of a fire helicopter measuring at least 5 x 5 meters must be provided. It is prohibited to place antennas, electrical wires, or cables above these areas.
General information
Fire protection is the main and largest component of the Ministry Russian Federation on business civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief.Fire departments annually make about 2,000,000 trips, saving more than 90,000 people from death and injury, material assets in the amount of over 120 billion rubles.
Currently, fire safety activities are regulated by more than 10 federal laws and legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation.
Training of fire protection specialists is carried out in 7 departmental universities of the state fire service and 21 training center Federal Fire Service. A number of civilian and military educational institutions also provide training in the specialty “Fire Safety”.
The organization of management in the field of fire safety and coordination of fire protection activities is carried out by the federal executive body authorized to solve problems in the field of fire safety.
A Brief History of the Fire Department
During the Great Patriotic War fire protection has become a kind of shield protecting military installations from fire, critically important objects, populated areas. In the first months of the war, urban professional fire brigades had to bear the brunt of fighting fires that arose during enemy air raids. Many firefighters fought the enemy in partisan detachments.
Writer Nikolai Tikhonov:
In the most difficult conditions in such hero cities as Leningrad, Stalingrad, Smolensk, Sevastopol, Odessa, firefighters were directly in battle. They were a branch of the military that brought enormous assistance to the Red Army. The annals of firefighting glory contain hundreds and hundreds of names of heroes, whose deeds are a lesson for new generations of firefighting.
Over 31 thousand people were awarded orders and medals. It is known about 35 defenders of the Fatherland, who worked in the fire department before the war or went to the front from the fire department, who were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. In the first post-war years, the Moscow, Gorky, Vargashinsky, Grabovsky, Novotorzhsky automobile plants, Livensky and Zaporozhye factories for the production of motor pumps were restored and began producing fire equipment. A decision was made that marked the beginning of the technical re-equipment of the country's fire department.
IN 1957 The Faculty of Fire and Safety Engineers was opened at High school Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Fire testing stations were established in large cities.
IN 1958 The fire department of the USSR was accepted into the Technical Committee for the Prevention and Extinguishing of Fires.
In the USSR since 1966. fire protection was managed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, which included the State Fire Supervision, which carried out work to prevent fires in buildings and structures under construction and in operation, as well as units of paramilitary fire protection and professional fire protection, which extinguished fires in cities, industrial and other facilities national economy. Some ministries and departments (for example, the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry forestry, Glavneftesnab) had their own departmental fire department.
Paramilitary fire protection was organized in cities that were the most important administrative centers of the USSR, as well as at industrial and other facilities with special important or increased fire and explosion hazard. Professional fire protection was created in cities, urban-type settlements, regional centers, as well as at national economic facilities.
WITH 1965 Units and subdivisions of the Moscow paramilitary fire department began to be staffed with persons called up for active military service.
Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR in 1991 formed emergency rescue structures within the militarized fire department units, ensuring the creation of a unified fire and emergency rescue service.
IN 1993 The Fire and Emergency Rescue Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was transformed into the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
December 21, 1994 The President of the Russian Federation signed the Federal Law “On Fire Safety”, according to which the problem of fire safety again became a state issue. Firefighters received the right to issue fire safety standards that duplicate requirements state standards and require certification of any products (such as refrigerators and consumer electronics).
April 30, 1999 By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, a professional holiday was established - “Russian Fire Protection Day”.
According to the Decree of the President of Russia dated November 9, 2001 The State Fire Service was transferred from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.
As a result of the administrative reform of 2005, the fire service was divided into federal and regional. More than 80 thousand people remained in the federal government, 137 thousand came under the jurisdiction of regional authorities, and about 70 thousand firefighters were maintained at the expense of the facilities they protected on a contractual basis.
The profession of a firefighter is one of the most complex professions in the world. You can learn to climb retractable ladder, use a gas mask, move in thick smoke, run, jump, lift weights... but the most difficult thing is to be ready to risk your life at every moment to save someone else.
At all times, people have encountered fires. And at all times they were saved, those who were nearby gave them a helping hand. Those in trouble were sympathized with and empathized with. This ability to sympathize with a stranger, to perceive someone else’s grief as one’s own, is characteristic of many people. But to some - to a special extent. So they become professional firefighters, and units of the State Fire Service are formed from such people.
A real firefighter does not know what fatigue is, does not know the words “I can’t.” At any time of the day, in any weather, in heat and severe frost, in any condition and mood, he is ready to go into fire and water. Firefighters have such a concept as a combat crew - this is a team that goes to a fire. The name is very accurate.
To save and help, this is the goal that firefighters face every day. An extreme situation for them is a normal situation, an ordinary weekday. Human grief is what they see in front of them all the time. According to doctors, each fire excursion has its own negative impact on the human body is equivalent to a pre-infarction state.
A representative of this profession must have a strong psyche and high resistance to stress - after all, events develop unpredictably, and not all people can be saved, sometimes they die before our eyes, and this must be survived.Here the stress doubles. Firefighters are often accused of cynicism towards the grief of others, saying that there is a corpse lying here, and they are standing two steps away, “baring their teeth”... You don’t know how a firefighter feels who stumbles upon a dead body in the smoke, hoping to find the living there? ... understand and forgive, these smiles and this laughter are simply a protective reaction of the body, a response of the psyche to stress (double stress).
In addition to good physical fitness, in addition to high moral qualities and psychological stability, a modern fire safety specialist must have a broad outlook, deep professional knowledge, not inferior in level and depth to the knowledge of professionals - builders, technologists, designers and other highly qualified specialists.
A firefighter must know the rules of providing first medical care, be able to use rescue equipment, know safety precautions, be able to work at height. It is necessary to have excellent health, high endurance, physical strength, because onlystandard firefighter equipment weighs about 20-30 kg, and with it you need to move quickly, maneuver during a fire, climb on foot upper floors(as using the elevator during a fire is strictly prohibited for safety reasons).
When an alarm signal is received, the soldiers on duty must put on special clothing (combat gear) within 20-25 seconds, and then immediately get into the fire truck and leave; the time of departure of the fire guard should not exceed 40 seconds from the moment the alarm signal arrives at the unit. The lives of many people often depend on how quickly the car arrives at the place of call.
Upon arrival, firefighters determine what is burning and where, what actions should be taken, and it is in the first minutes of the firefighters’ arrival that the outcome of the battle with the fire is decided. There may already be casualties or the forces and resources that arrived first may not be enough, but everything further depends on the RTP (fire extinguishing leader) and the correct and quick actions of the firefighters who were the first to arrive at the scene of the call. It is necessary to deploy the hose lines in one and a half to two minutes and connect them to a local water supply source (fire hydrant or install a car on an open body of water), if available, or to a tank. Localization and elimination of a fire can last from several minutes to several days. If there are not enough forces arriving to fight the fire, help is called (additional forces and means at an increased call number). After extinguishing the fire, the fire extinguishing leader (usually the guard chief or squad commander) must report to his fire department by radio station about the results of the operation and draw up a fire report, and in addition take 6-10 photographs of the scene of the incident mobile phone and send MMS to the Central point fire communications Bratsk.
After the fire has been extinguished, investigators begin work, investigating the causes of the fire, looking for those responsible, if any, and confirming the legality of the firefighters’ actions if they caused material damage (for example, a room with computers was flooded with water, which as a result became damaged).
Well, to prevent accidents, there are fire inspectors (inspectors of the State Fire Supervision), who check safety in various institutions, and also work with the public, conduct conversations with schoolchildren, etc.
GPN employees work daily, and firefighters on guard work in shifts; if there are no calls, they conduct classes, training and exercises at protected sites, and develop operational documentation for extinguishing fires.
Mastering this profession is recommended for people who are determined, courageous, responsible, have a strong character, willpower, clear coordination of movements, and quick reactions. There are quite a lot of contraindications for such work, you just need to have excellent health, here medical commission even more strict than the military.
The earnings are not very high, but they usually go to work as firefighters not to get rich, but because they feel a calling to this work. Career prospects for a firefighter, like for a military man: growth in ranks, occupation of command positions in the relevant structures.
In Russia (and probably all over the world) there is a kind of brotherhood of firefighters. If a firefighter finds himself in another region, in another city, and he has any problems, he can safely come to any fire service unit in that region (city) - and his colleagues will definitely help him.
The profession of a firefighter is difficult and rewarding, but very noble.
"...Do you know why we are not much liked, why poets rarely remember us and prose writers do not write books? I thought a lot about this and came to the conclusion: because our work does not bring joy to people, it best case scenario reduces grief. It is not aesthetic, our work, we do not create anything, we do not set records, although we risk our lives, sometimes several times a day. Even our most brilliant victory is a tragedy; Horrors and pain, death and loss, disfigured faces and piles of ruins are associated with us in people's minds..."
Firefighters, by the way, are often offended if they are called firemen. After all, this word used to mean not fire fighters, but completely different concepts:
In the criminal-thieves' environment, the word "firefighter" has the meaning of a thief who commits thefts during fires under the pretext of saving valuables (dictionary of prison-camp-thieves' jargon, edited by D.S. Baldaev);
In pre-revolutionary Russia, “firemen” were false fire victims who pretended to be victims of fire in order to evoke compassion and receive alms or those who committed the arson.
Firefighteris a firefighter whose main task is to act in emergency in various places for the purpose of rescue human life and fire extinguishing. Preparing for fire prevention actions is also important aspects this profession.
In Russia, the profession of a firefighter has long been prestigious and respected among the people. It is no coincidence that many faces high society They considered it their duty not only to assist the fire department, but also to go directly to fires, as they were aware of their devastating impact, and the need to help by personal example to attract a large number of forces and resources to extinguish the fire. In this regard, the statement of the writer V.A. is widely known. Gilyarovsky: “Every firefighter is a hero, every minute he is at war, every minute he risks his life”
The profession of a firefighter arose in connection with the need to extinguish and prevent fires. Since ancient times, fires have been extinguished by the whole world: for this, residents were obliged to immediately run with those tools that were assigned to them according to the painting: with axes, buckets, hooks and “all sorts of supplies that are suitable for a fire.” However, the spontaneous fight against fire as statehood was formalized required orderliness, and by the 15th century legislative decrees of Moscow princes regarding fire safety appeared.
During the reign of Peter I, a decree was issued on the involvement of troops in extinguishing fires, then military fire brigades were assigned to them under the leadership of officers.
For the first time in Russia, professional fire protection was organized in St. Petersburg on July 24, 1803. It consisted of “soldiers incapable of front-line service.” In subsequent years, such teams appeared in other cities. Residents were freed from the need to support firemen and night watchmen. Fire departments had to have buildings with the necessary structures to accommodate firefighting tools, supply, people and horses. Since soldiers constantly engaged in firefighting had to serve for 20 years without the right to leave, naturally they began to acquire knowledge and experience in this matter. Evacuation and rescue of people from burning, smoke-filled buildings and structures is the most important task of the fire service. Thus, from the beginning of the 19th century, the profession of firefighter began to take shape: a profession in the scientific sense of the word is defined as a kind labor activity(occupations) of a person possessing a complex of special theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result special training, work experience.
On July 18, 1927, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the Regulations on the State Fire Supervision Bodies in the RSFSR, which determined the functions, rights and responsibilities of its employees.
In 1926 – 1927 The first psychophysiological study of the work of a firefighter was also carried out, in which the features of this profession were scrupulously studied. The authors highlighted one of the main features of a firefighter’s work: he prepares and waits for sometimes a very long time, when he will have to put his knowledge and skills into practice. There was a certain lack of formalization of the firefighter profession, its instability, manifested in the presence of a small number of professionals (people who are exclusively engaged in this work), a high turnover of workers, in which there could not be a stable development of skills and knowledge, and in the absence of professional selection.
During the years of Soviet power, the fire department was significantly strengthened. It became part of the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and, together with this department, underwent many structural reforms, but despite this, all the reforms confirmed the importance and significance of the fire protection specialists in operational-tactical and preventive areas of activity. A significant network of educational and scientific institutions, which made it possible to create a personnel and scientific base for fire protection. All this had a positive impact on the status of the firefighter profession, raising its social level and prestige.
What's dangerous about being a firefighter?
Firefighters work in an ever-changing and often unstable environment. A burning building with people in need of rescue may lack normal structural integrity, and means of access such as stairs and elevators may present fire hazards. Work often causes additional stress, many situations require the use of specialized personal protective equipment. A firefighter may be called upon to work in a variety of extreme situations, such as traffic accidents, industrial accidents, floods, earthquakes, civil unrest, spills of hazardous chemicals and materials, and aviation and maritime accidents. They may also be called upon to perform rescues in different situations, such as rescue from vehicles, from above or from underground.
Because the environment can change with each call, a firefighter is rarely aware of all the risks in the work environment.
Emergency vehicles may include fire trucks, rescue vehicles, boats, helicopters and all other land vehicles. vehicles. The risk of a transport accident increases when traveling on calls.
Firefighters face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, post-crash stress, and overuse injuries from improper lifting.
Falls from height while working on stairs
Falls from heights due to collapse of structures
Objects falling from heights during rescue, firefighting or property salvage operations
Injuries resulting from impacts with glass, metal or other sharp objects resulting in cuts and scrapes, including injuries from explosions
Fall due to collapse of structures
Overexertion from heavy lifting during firefighting and rescue operations
Contact with hot surfaces or superheated gases
Inhalation of superheated air and combustion products
Contact and exposure to chemical products during firefighting, hazardous chemical spill and rescue operations
Air supply disruption during firefighting operations
Injuries in road traffic accidents while on call
Falling in the area while fighting a fire
Collapse of ceilings, walls and floors
Sudden combustion or flash of gas products
Exposure to fire resulting in burns
Exposure to fire resulting in heat shock
Exposure to cold during winter firefighting, rescue and maritime rescue operations
Explosions of objects on the territory during a fire
Exposure to noise from pump and other equipment
Lack of oxygen in the inhaled air
Presence of carbon monoxide and other combustion products in the inhaled air
Exposure to chemicals during chemical emergencies
Risk of infection during contact with patients during medical care in extreme situations
Psychological stress due to post-traumatic stress syndrome
Overuse and musculoskeletal injuries from operating or moving heavy and awkward objects, such as fire hoses and specialized rescue equipment, while wearing heavy personal protective equipment
A firefighter faces all of these hazards every day.
Fireman or fireman? Which is correct?
Linguistic research on this topic has shown the inextricable connection of the origin of these words with the history of Russia. In pre-revolutionary Moscow, “firemen” were false fire victims who pretended to be victims of fire in order to evoke compassion and receive alms. The real victims of the fire were called “fire victims” in police reports, and the false victims were called “firemen.”
The word "firefighter" is in many dictionaries. According to their compilers, it does not carry any offensive or negative connotation. But today the Slavic brothers from the Ministry of Emergency Situations of all countries perceive such treatment with hostility.
In Belarus (including through my modest efforts), the word with the suffix “-ik” associated with the Ministry of Emergency Situations disappeared from the media. The case of the criminal group “firemen” helped a lot in this. This makes it easier to explain who is a fireman and who is a firefighter.
But today the LJ public and “people on the streets” use the word both with the desire to insult the Emergencies Ministry workers, and without it (which is much more common). There is no point in fighting. All that remains is to ask. Most sane people don’t see any problem in this, so in 15 years, the Ministry of Emergency Situations workers will no longer be called “firemen.”
Types and main tasks of fire protection
In accordance with the federal law "On Fire Safety", fire protection is a set of management bodies, divisions and organizations created in accordance with the established procedure, designed to organize the prevention of fires, extinguish them and carry out emergency rescue operations assigned to them.
Fire protection is divided into the following types:
state fire service;
municipal fire department;
departmental fire protection;
private fire protection;
volunteer fire department.
The main tasks of the fire department are:
organization and implementation of fire prevention;
rescuing people and property during fires;
organization and implementation of fire extinguishing and emergency rescue operations.
The fire department is not involved in actions to prevent and eliminate socio-political and interethnic conflicts and mass riots.
The State Fire Service includes:
Federal Fire Service;
fire service of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Municipal fire protection is created by local governments on the territory of municipalities.
The purpose, objectives, procedure for creating and organizing the activities of the municipal fire department, the order of its relationships with other types of fire protection are determined by local government bodies.
Departmental fire protection
Federal executive authorities, enterprises of the organization, in order to ensure fire safety, can create management bodies and divisions of departmental fire protection. The procedure for organizing, reorganizing, liquidating management bodies and departments of departmental fire protection, the conditions for the implementation of their activities, and the performance of service by personnel are determined by the relevant provisions agreed upon with the State Fire Service.
General requirements to fire protection of organizations are established by fire safety standards NPB-201-96. If a violation of fire safety requirements is detected that creates a threat of fire and the safety of people in subordinate organizations, the departmental fire department has the right to suspend in whole or in part the work of the organization (individual production), production site, unit, operation of the building, structure, premises, and the conduct of certain types of work .
Private fire brigade
Private fire protection is created in populated areas and organizations. The creation, reorganization and liquidation of private fire departments are carried out in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The standards for the number and technical equipment of a private fire department are established independently by its owner. Private fire departments provide fire safety services on the basis of concluded contracts.
Voluntary fire protection is a form of citizen participation in ensuring primary fire safety measures. Volunteer firefighter is a citizen directly involved on a voluntary basis (without conclusion employment contract) in the activities of fire departments to prevent and (or) extinguish fires. Participation in the voluntary fire department is a form of social significant works, established by local governments of settlements and urban districts.
2. Financial and logistical support for fire safety services
The main legislative act defining the administrative and legal activities of the State Fire Service is the Federal Law of December 21, 1994 N 69-FZ “On Fire Safety”. In accordance with the federal law “On Fire Safety” (Article 10), financial support for the activities of the federal fire service, social guarantees and compensation for its personnel is an expenditure obligation of the Russian Federation.
Financial support for the activities of units of the State Fire Service created by government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, social guarantees and compensation to the personnel of these units in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is an expenditure obligation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Financial support for primary fire safety measures within the boundaries of a municipality, including voluntary fire protection, in accordance with this Federal Law is an expenditure obligation of the municipality.
Material and technical support for the federal fire service is carried out in the manner and according to the standards established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Financial, logistical and technical support for the activities of departmental, private and voluntary fire departments, as well as financial provision of social guarantees and compensation for their personnel in accordance with this Federal Law, is carried out by their founders at their own expense.
