Extinguishing a fire when there is a lack of water

The location of water sources at a considerable distance from the fire requires the involvement of almost all personnel and a significant amount of equipment.

When arriving at the site of a fire, it is necessary to take all necessary measures to find additional water sources.

Successful extinguishing of fires when there is a lack of water is impossible without competent, well-organized logistics work, led by the chief of logistics.

The main purpose of the rear work is to provide a sufficient amount of fire extinguishing agents to extinguish the fire.

There are several ways to supply water, the most common are: supplying water by tanker trucks and supplying water by pumping. The choice of water supply method depends on the distance from the water source to the fire site, the availability and power of pumps, as well as the number of fire hoses available at the fire site.

If it is impossible to supply water to the fire site through the main branches, it is transported by tanker trucks; if there is a shortage of the latter, it is recommended to use watering machines, milk tankers and fuel tankers. In reservoirs with low water levels and in the absence of access roads, hydraulic elevators and motor pumps are used to collect water. To quickly fill them, a refueling point should be organized.

If there is a lack of water due to low pressure in the water supply network, turn on additional pumps at the waterworks or local booster pumps, in some cases they supply water to the water supply networks. This task is performed by the mobile emergency team of the city water supply.

For laying main hose lines, hose trucks are primarily used.

In the event that there are no water sources at the fire site and there is nowhere and nothing to supply water with, it is necessary to organize work to prevent the spread of fire by dismantling structures.

Conclusion

Only one State fire service The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations cannot resolve all issues fire safety in the country. The fire safety rules make the heads of enterprises responsible for the state of fire safety and maintaining the facilities in good working order. fire protection, for their use only for their intended purpose.

To implement measures to guarantee the fire safety of people and inventory, to fulfill preventive requirements, the efforts of facility managers, workers, employees and representatives of the fire department must be combined.

It is very important to implement automatic installations detecting and extinguishing fires in those rooms, workshops, and installations where people are rarely present or, due to the conditions of the technological process, they cannot leave their workplaces to extinguish the fire in the initial stage of its development using fire extinguishers and fire hydrants.

The material contained in this book will help managers of facilities and organizations, engineers, employees of enterprises, in their daily work to create the required fire protection regime and in fighting fires.

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Fire extinguishing agents

Fire fighting is a set of measures aimed at eliminating fires. For the occurrence and development of the combustion process, the simultaneous presence of a combustible material, an oxidizer and a continuous flow of heat from the fire to the combustible material (fire source) is necessary; then to stop the combustion, the absence of any of these components is sufficient.
Thus, cessation of combustion can be achieved by reducing the content of the combustible component, reducing the concentration of the oxidizer, reducing the activation energy of the reaction, and, finally, reducing the temperature of the process.
In accordance with the above, there are the following main fire extinguishing methods:
- cooling the source of fire or combustion below certain temperatures;
- isolation of the combustion source from air;
- reducing the concentration of oxygen in the air by diluting with non-flammable gases;
- inhibition (inhibition) of the rate of oxidation reaction;
- mechanical breakdown of the flame by a strong jet of gas or water, explosion;
-creation of fire barrier conditions under which fire spreads through narrow channels, the diameter of which is less than the extinguishing diameter;
To achieve this, various fire extinguishing materials and mixtures (hereinafter referred to as extinguishing substances or extinguishing methods) are used.
The main methods of extinguishing are:
- water that can be supplied to the fire in solid or sprayed streams;
- foams (air-mechanical and chemical of different expansions), which are colloidal systems consisting of air bubbles (in the case of air-mechanical foam) surrounded by a film of water;
- inert gas diluents (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, water vapor, flue gases);
- homogeneous inhibitors – halogenated hydrocarbons (freons) with a low boiling point;
- heterogeneous inhibitors - fire extinguishing powders;
- combined mixtures.
The choice of extinguishing method and its supply is determined by the class of fire and the conditions of its development.
Water, a steam-air mixture, an aerosol cloud, inert and non-flammable gases, chemicals, foams, fire extinguishing powders, and explosives are used as fire extinguishing agents. Water has a large heat capacity, cools the surface, and forms a film on the wetted surface of the burning substance that prevents the access of oxygen. When water is supplied in the form of compact jets, it is possible to knock down the flame and reduce the concentration of reacting substances in the combustion zone. For this purpose, hand-held or fire-launched trunks are used, which supply water at a distance of 70–80 m.
In comparison with other means, water has such advantages as wide availability and low cost, high heat capacity, which ensures heat removal from hard to reach places, high transportability, chemical neutrality and non-toxicity. 1 liter of water when heated from 0 to 100°C absorbs 419 kJ of heat, and when evaporating - 2260 kJ.
Extinguishing with water substances that react with it (potassium metal, calcium, calcium carbide, etc., magnesium, its alloys in a crushed state and mixtures of these metals with oxidizers, thermite-sodium, thermite-potassium and phosphorus-sodium incendiary substances ), not allowed. The use of water to extinguish live electrical equipment is prohibited.
When contacting hot metals, water does not decompose into oxygen and hydrogen, and does not form an explosive substance. flammable mixture due to lack of temperature. Thermal resistance of water is over 1700°C. You cannot extinguish burning gasoline, acetone, turpentine, alcohol, kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating oils, etc. with a stream of water, as these substances float to the surface of the water and continue to burn. These substances should be extinguished with sprayed water. When extinguishing ignited coal, it is prohibited to supply water from the shafts, because coal dust, raised by a stream of water under high pressure, forms an explosive mixture with air.
Foam - even more effective remedy extinguishing. It is lightweight and has enormous penetrating power. Foam is indispensable when extinguishing fires in large tanks with flammable liquids....

Extinguishing fires when there is a lack of water

If it is impossible to supply to the fire site required amount water, the logistics chief must notify the fire extinguishing manager to change the initial accepted plan extinguishing.

In conditions of insufficient water in water sources near the fire site, measures are taken to find additional water sources. Reconnaissance of the location of which (artesian wells, vats, cooling towers, water drains) can be organized by involving local workers, police, representatives of economic facilities and the population, by sending a rear group in the directions, having previously carried out reconnaissance of the area, interviewing the population using a geographical map.

When deciding on a method to ensure an uninterrupted supply of water to the fire site, it is necessary to take into account:

Approximate water supply near the fire site.

Distance to fire and terrain.

Condition of passages to water sources and approaches to them.

If there are small containers of water sources to be filled at the fire site, the logistics manager must organize their filling from one water source to another or ensure the relocation of motor pumps from one water source to another with preliminary preparation sleeve lines.

In cases where there is low pressure in the water supply network and there is no way to increase it, the logistics manager must install fire pumps on hydrants through rigid suction hoses or use hydrant wells as intermediate containers with water taken from them. If necessary, organize the construction of temporary fire reservoirs and piers when extinguishing large, complex and long-lasting fires.

If there are open bodies of water (river, lake, pond, canals, etc.) with a low water horizon or in the absence of satisfactory access to the reservoirs, the head of the rear organizes the intake of water from these reservoirs using hydraulic elevators, ejectors, and motor pumps.

If it is impossible to supply water through the main hose lines (lack of fire hoses, equipment, water sources), organize the supply of water by tanker trucks using fuel trucks, milk tankers, watering machines and other containers adapted for this purpose to transport water.

When extinguishing developed fires, the logistics chief organizes an uninterrupted supply of water from a more powerful fire equipment; fire pumping stations, sea and river vessels, fire trains, as well as pumping from fire trucks and motor pumps.

Special attention pay attention to interaction with the water supply services of the city, object, if necessary, request from them drawings and plans of water supply networks, and if there is a lack of water due to low pressure in the water supply network, take measures to increase the pressure by launching additional pumps at water stations and local pressure boosters or by turning off sections of the water supply network, directing as much water as possible to the fire site.

If there is a lack of water at the fire site, the work of personnel when supplying trunks and laying hose lines has some features: to extinguish the fire, only overlapping trunks with small-diameter sprays (RS-50 trunks), trunks with sprayers are introduced, ensuring economical use of water, fire hoses are laid rubberized with a smaller diameter, it is more advisable to use solutions of water with wetting agents and fire-extinguishing foams.

It must be remembered that the trunks are concentrated and inserted only at decisive direction combat operations of units, ensuring fire extinguishing in other areas by dismantling structures and creating the necessary gaps in the paths of fire spread.

If there are internal fire hydrants, stationary systems fire extinguishing systems activate them first. It is also necessary to use primary fire extinguishing agents: fire extinguishers, sand, etc.

Extinguishing fires with a lack of water leads to aggravation of the fire situation and creates additional difficulties in extinguishing it. Statistics show that over the course of a number of years recent years the circumstance and condition for the development of a fire to a large size (along with others) remains practically unchanged - unsatisfactory fire condition object (34.6%). For objects, this indicator looks like this:

Production facilities - 16.7%.

Warehouses, bases, trading enterprises - 20.4%.

Agricultural facilities - 18.8%.

Residential sector - 20.5%.

Putting out the fire in normal conditions not so simple, and even more so in unfavorable situations. In such cases, success in the fight against the raging disaster can be achieved if the work of rescuers and local residents to eliminate it becomes coordinated. Volunteers from the civilian population are collected to help fire departments. A logistics manager is appointed who organizes coordinated work among them.

Lack of water

One of the factors that significantly complicates fire extinguishing is the lack of water. If the sources are located at a considerable distance, then the supply of water will require a large amount of equipment and the involvement of all personnel.

Members and volunteers can greatly help support fire departments fire extinguishing agents. The logistics manager may assign the following tasks:

If the source is located far from the fire site, then water is supplied by transporting it in tanks to the fire site. It is also possible to replenish nearby small-capacity reservoirs for further use pumping stations.

If the source is located near the fire site, then water supply is usually carried out by pumping. In this case, it is necessary to use pumps and lay main hose lines. If there is no good access for fire trucks, there is a difference in height or when the water level is low, hydraulic elevators and motor pumps are used to raise it.

Lack of water can be caused by weak pressure in plumbing system. To avoid such situations, the emergency water supply team turns on additional pumps that create the necessary pressure and increase the volume of incoming water.

While structures are being dismantled and individual burning objects in the path of the fire are being removed, the fire is being extinguished only in the decisive direction. To reduce water consumption, small-diameter nozzles are installed on fire nozzles that spray water, and wetting agents and foam are also used. Firefighters must ensure that fire nozzles operate continuously, and water consumption is carried out taking into account its supply and reserves.

Strong wind

Strong winds have a negative impact on firefighting. It contributes to the rapid spread of fire and fanning of the flame, which in turn can cause more and more new fires. The danger of such fires lies in the fact that the flames can surround firefighters, and charred structures are very fragile and can collapse under a gust of wind.

Before starting to put out a fire, they conduct reconnaissance of the situation not only at the burning facility, but also in nearby areas. After this, they develop tactics to combat the elements.

To counteract the wind, a large number of powerful jets of water are supplied to the fireplace in a short period of time, starting from the flanks.

In this case, there will be a significant consumption of it, which in turn will lead to the need to create reserve forces and means. Therefore, laying additional hoses and feeding barrels must be done very quickly.

It is also necessary to organize control over adjacent territories and objects in order to quickly identify and respond to new fires.

Low temperature

Low temperatures significantly complicate fire extinguishing with water due to its rapid freezing. It can freeze at all stages of its supply: in hose lines, fire hydrants and even on.

The latter helps to limit people’s mobility up to the point of frostbite in certain areas of the body. But the most dangerous thing is a combined fire, when low temperatures and strong wind. In these almost inhuman conditions, success depends on the chosen extinguishing strategy.

Several measures to prevent water from freezing when low temperatures:

1. When feeding, you should first check the stability of the pump. To do this, let water into the free pipe, and only then feed it into the hose line;
2. to avoid situations with freezing of water in fire hoses, it is recommended to lay them with a larger diameter, and make branches in the entrances of buildings or insulate them, for example, with snow;
3. trunks should not be blocked at low temperatures, and trunks with a spray should not be used. It is best to use RS-70 and monitor barrels;
4. if the hose is damaged, then it is worth replacing it without turning off the water supply, simply reducing its pressure;
5. It is advisable to lay spare hose lines, especially for trunks on;
6. frozen sleeves should be warmed hot water, for which they use pre-prepared tanks with heated water. Depending on the material, in some cases it is possible to warm up frozen parts blowtorches or torches;
7. avoid contact with staircases and on the stairs.

Dangerous situations for personnel

But in addition to all of the above unfavorable conditions There are also serious dangers to the lives of personnel. One of these dangers will be heavy smoke in the room, which significantly reduces the rate of fire suppression. In unbreathable atmospheres, firefighters use gas masks. At the same time, smoke removal machines work to pump smoky air out of the room.

Objects working with highly toxic substances can also pose a particular danger. In such areas, the maximum permissible time of contact of each person with the substance is determined. After distributing responsibilities and developing a plan for extinguishing, groups consisting of a small number of people proceed. Other firefighters should remain at a safe distance from the object. After liquidation, sanitary treatment of people, things, fire equipment and tools, and fire equipment is carried out.

When extinguishing a fire in conditions of lack of water, you must:

Take measures to use other fire extinguishing agents;

Organize the supply of fire nozzles only in the decisive direction, ensuring the localization of the fire in other areas by dismantling structures and creating the necessary gaps;

Conduct additional exploration of water sources to identify water reserves (artesian wells, vats, cooling towers, wells, water drains, etc.);

Organize the supply of water to extinguish developed fires using pumping stations, sea and river vessels, fire passages, as well as pumping fire trucks;

Provide water supply by tankers, fuel trucks, watering trucks and other vehicles if water supply through main hose lines is impossible (lack of hoses, equipment, fire trucks, water sources). Use such a number of fire nozzles that ensure their continuous operation, taking into account the reserves and supply of water;

Arrange organized refueling of fire trucks with fuel and fire extinguishing agents;

Replenish small reservoirs;

Organize water intake using fire hydraulic elevators, motor pumps or other means if the height difference between the fire truck and the water level in the reservoir exceeds maximum height pump suction or lack of access to reservoirs;

Organize the construction of temporary fire reservoirs and piers when extinguishing large, complex and long-lasting fires;

Supply fire nozzles with small diameter nozzles, use overlapping nozzle sprayers, use wetting agents and foam, ensuring economical use of water;

Take measures to increase the pressure in the water supply, and if insufficient pressure in it, water is drawn from the fire hydrant well through rigid suction fire hoses;

Organize work to prevent the spread of fire by dismantling structures, removing burning objects and individual designs buildings (or demolition of buildings and structures), as well as fire suppression using improvised means and materials.

Devices for monitoring parameters of technological processes. Operating principles and characteristics of the main instruments for monitoring technological process parameters: temperature, pressure, flow, level. Types and scope of devices.

Control of technological process parameters can be local or centralized. Local control is provided by instruments installed on technological devices and pipelines. These are mainly instruments that measure pressure, temperature, and level. They are used mainly during commissioning work on technological installation. Local control gives insight into the operation of individual devices

According to the type of quantity being measured, instruments for measuring temperature, pressure, quantity and flow, level, composition, and state of matter are distinguished.

According to the method of obtaining information, devices are divided into indicating, recording, signaling, comparing, and regulating.

Indicating devices enable the observer to obtain the value of the measured quantity at the time of measurement on a reading device (scale with a digital pointer, pen with a diagram). Scale reading devices, the main elements of which are a scale and an indicator, have become widespread. Marks with numbers corresponding to the values ​​of the measured quantity are applied to the scale along a straight line or along an arc of a circle. Mark lowest value magnitude is the beginning of the scale, the largest is the end of the scale. The difference between the start and end is called the scale range. The distance between two marks is called a scale division, and the value of one division is called the price. Scales in which the length and value of divisions do not change throughout the entire range are called uniform, and scales with different lengths and values ​​of divisions are called uneven.

Along with scale reading devices, digital reading devices are used, which make it possible to obtain the measurement result in the form of a numerical value of the measured quantity. They significantly reduce the number of gross errors when reading and speed up the reading of instrument readings.

Recording instruments are used to automatically record measurement results on a special paper tape or disk (diagrams). The diagram is recorded with a pen in the form of a continuous line or a periodic printing mechanism and shows the change in the controlled value over time. By recording the readings, it is possible to carry out subsequent analysis of the measurement results over a certain period of time. They allow you to control the work of personnel, managers technological processes, help to configure the regulators.

Recording instruments have special important for such measurements where it is necessary to know the change in the controlled parameter throughout the entire process, for example, the temperature of the coolant during distillation.

Signaling devices have special devices for activating a sound or light alarm when the measured value reaches a value that causes a violation of the specified process parameters.

Summing devices show the total value of a quantity over an entire period of time. In these devices, counters are built into the same housing with an indicating or recording device and have one common measuring system with it.

Comparing devices are used to compare the measured value with the corresponding measures. An example is a lever scale with weights.

Control devices are equipped with devices for automatic control based on the values ​​of the measured quantity.

According to their metrological purpose, instruments are divided into working, exemplary and reference.

Working instruments are divided into technical and laboratory. The first ones are intended for practical measurement purposes, while a certain accuracy is guaranteed by the manufacturer. Amendments to their testimony are usually not made. Laboratory tests are more accurate because they take measurement errors into account. They are more advanced in design. Laboratory instruments are used to verify technical devices and control products.

Model instruments are used to verify working instruments.

Reference instruments are designed to reproduce a unit of measurement with the highest achievable accuracy.

Based on location, local and remote devices are distinguished.

Local instruments are installed directly at or near the site (for example, glass thermometers, hydrometers).

Remote devices are used to transmit the measured parameter over a distance. They consist of primary and secondary devices.