WAR OF THE SCARLET AND WHITE ROSE
WAR OF THE SCARLET AND WHITE ROSE 1455-85, internecine war in England, for the throne between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster (scarlet rose in the coat of arms) and York (white rose in the coat of arms). The death in the war of the main representatives of both dynasties and a significant part of the nobility facilitated the establishment of Tudor absolutism.
THE WAR OF THE ROSE (The Wars of Roses) (1455-85), bloody internecine conflicts between feudal cliques in England, which took the form of a struggle for the throne between two lines of the Plantagenet royal dynasty: the Lancasters (in the coat of arms there is a scarlet rose) and the Yorks (in the coat of arms White Rose). Causes of the war
The causes of the war were heavy economic situation England (the crisis of the large patrimonial economy and the fall in its profitability); the defeat of England in the Hundred Years' War (1453), which deprived the feudal lords of the opportunity to plunder the lands of France; the suppression of Jack Cad's rebellion in 1451 (see Cad Jack's rebellion) and with it the forces opposed to feudal anarchy. The Lancasters relied mainly on the barons of the backward north, Wales and Ireland, the Yorks - on the feudal lords of the economically more developed southeast of England. The middle nobility, merchants and wealthy townspeople, interested in the free development of trade and crafts, the elimination of feudal anarchy and the establishment of firm power, supported the Yorks.
Under the weak-minded king Henry VI Lancaster (1422-61), the country was ruled by a clique of several large feudal lords, which aroused discontent among the rest of the population. Taking advantage of this discontent, Richard, Duke of York, gathered his vassals around him and went with them to London. At the Battle of St. Albans on May 22, 1455, he defeated the supporters of the Scarlet Rose. Soon removed from power, he again rebelled and declared his claims to the English throne. With an army of his followers, he won victories over the enemy at Bloor Heath (September 23, 1459) and North Hampton (July 10, 1460); during the latter, he captured the king, after which he forced the upper house to recognize himself as protector of the state and heir to the throne. But Queen Margaret, wife of Henry VI, and her followers unexpectedly attacked him at Wakefield (December 30, 1460). Richard was completely defeated and fell in battle. His enemies cut off his head and displayed it on the wall of York wearing a paper crown. His son Edward, with the support of the Earl of Warwick, defeated the supporters of the Lancastrian dynasty at Mortimers Cross (February 2, 1461) and Towton (March 29, 1461). Henry VI was deposed; he and Margaret fled to Scotland. The winner became King Edward IV. Edward IV
However, the war continued. In 1464, Edward IV defeated Lancastrian supporters in the north of England. Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in the Tower. Edward IV's desire to strengthen his power and limit the freedoms of the feudal nobility led to an uprising of his former supporters, led by Warwick (1470). Edward fled England, Henry VI was restored to the throne in October 1470. In 1471, Edward IV at Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (May 4) defeated the army of Warwick and the army of Henry VI's wife Margaret, who landed in England with the support of the French king Louis XI. Warwick was killed, Henry VI was again deposed in April 1471 and died (presumably killed) in the Tower on May 21, 1471. End of the war
After the victory, in order to strengthen his power, Edward IV began brutal reprisals against both representatives of the Lancastrian dynasty and the rebellious Yorks and their supporters. After the death of Edward IV on April 9, 1483, the throne passed to his young son Edward V, but power was seized by Edward IV's younger brother, future king Richard III, who first declared himself protector of the child king, and then deposed him and ordered him to be strangled in the Tower along with his younger brother Richard (August (?) 1483). Attempts by Richard III to consolidate his power caused revolts of feudal magnates. Executions and confiscations of property turned supporters of both groups against him. Both dynasties, Lancastrian and York, united around Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the Lancastrians, who lived in France at the court of King Charles VIII. On 7 or 8 August 1485, Henry landed at Milford Haven, marched unopposed through Wales and joined forces with his supporters. Richard III was defeated by their combined army at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485; he himself was killed. Henry VII, founder of the Tudor dynasty, became king. Having married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth, heiress of York, he combined scarlet and white roses in his coat of arms. Results of the war
The War of the Scarlet and White Roses was the last rampant of feudal anarchy before the establishment of absolutism in England. It was carried out with terrible cruelty and was accompanied by numerous murders and executions. Both dynasties were exhausted and died in the struggle. For the population of England, the war brought strife, oppression of taxes, theft of the treasury, the lawlessness of large feudal lords, a decline in trade, outright robberies and requisitions. During the wars, a significant part of the feudal aristocracy was exterminated, and numerous confiscations of land holdings undermined its power. At the same time, land holdings increased and the influence of the new nobility and merchant class, which became the support of Tudor absolutism, increased. Literature:
Jones W. G. York and Lancaster (1399-1485). London, 1914. Goodman A. The wars of the Roses: Military activity and English society, 1452-1497. London, 1981.
Ross C. The wars of Roses: a concise history. London, 1986. The wars of the Roses: From Richard II to the fall of Richard III at Bosworth field seen through the eyes of their contemporaries. /Ed. by Hallam E. London, 1988. Pollard A. J. The wars of the Roses. London, 1988.
Definition of the War of the Roses as an internecine struggle in England for the throne between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty: Lancaster and York. Description of the battle between King Edward and the troops of Henry VI. The founder of the Tudor dynasty, Henry VII.
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War of the Roses (1455-1485)
The War of the Roses is an internecine war in England for the throne between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty: the Lancasters (they had a scarlet rose in their coat of arms) and the Yorks (they had a white rose in their coat of arms).
The reasons for this war were the difficult economic situation of England after its defeat in the Hundred Years' War (1453). This defeat deprived the feudal lords of the opportunity to plunder the lands of France.
Under the weak-minded king Henry VI Lancaster (1422-61), the country was ruled by a group of several large feudal lords.
All this gave rise to discontent among other segments of the population.
It was at this time (1453) that the king's son was born, and the king himself became so physically and mentally weak that he was unable to reign. The York party secured the transfer of government to Duke Richard as protector (1454).
While power was rapidly passing from one side to the other, the division between York's party and Lancaster's party, the "White and Scarlet Roses", covered ever larger sections of the population.
In the summer of 1460, York's party gained the upper hand: the queen and the prince fled, the king was in the hands of the victors and had to convene a parliament, which left the crown for life to Henry VI, and after his death the crown was to pass to the duke and his descendants.
But the strength of the Lancastrians was not yet broken. Henry VI's wife, Queen Margaret, was a woman of very strong character. She gathered an army that defeated the York army. The leader of the York party, Duke Richard, was captured and beheaded. His head was displayed on the wall of York Castle wearing a paper crown.
The queen won this battle and rescued her husband, who served simply as a pawn in this bitter struggle.
However, the son of the executed Duke Richard, Edward, again gathered his supporters.
He defeated the Scarlet Rose (Lancaster) and in February 1461 he entered London, where he was proclaimed king under the name of Edward IV.
In 1464 the unfortunate King Henry VI was captured by Edward and imprisoned in his own Tower Castle.
Queen Margaret was supposed to seek refuge with the prince overseas, in Flanders.
For some time Edward enjoyed his victories. He entrusted all affairs of the state to the family of the Earl of Warwick and his wife's relatives. However, their constant quarrels for power led to new unrest and rebellions. war throne dynasty internecine
The unexpected happened: the Earl of Warwick, who elevated Edward to the throne, made peace with his sworn enemy, Queen Margaret, whom he met during a trip to France at the court of King Louis XI of France.
Things took a new turn: Warwick appeared in England at the head of the Lancastrian army. King Edward, not having time to arm himself, fled to Holland. Warwick arrived in London, freed Henry VI from the Tower and proclaimed him king again.
But Edward, having gathered military forces, landed in England, where his supporters rushed to his aid.
To the north, near London, a battle took place between Edward and the forces of Henry VI. Victory remained with Edward ("White Rose").
Edward became king again, and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower for the second time.
The Lancastrian party once again tried their luck with weapons in their hands, but could not win the battles. The queen herself and her son Edward were captured, and the prince was immediately killed. A few weeks later, on the very day that Edward entered London, King Henry died in the Tower.
It seemed that Edward IV would resume national war with France. However, Edward was not particularly warlike, and King Louis XI of France, when meeting with him, managed to persuade him to peace (1475).
In 1483, King Edward IV himself died at Warwick Castle, who was not even 42 years old at the time.
After the short reign of his son Edward V, his removal from the throne by the Duke of Gloucester, and then his death in battle, power fell to the new king Henry VII.
Henry VII, the founder of the new Tudor dynasty, waged a continuous struggle against the independence of the barons and strengthened royal power. At the same time, land ownership and the importance of the new nobility, interested in strengthening royal power, grew.
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War of the Scarlet and White Roses Name history
The project was completed
6th grade students
MAOU Secondary School, Romanovo village
Budyak Georgy Maslova Olesya
Komar Andrey Vaitkaite Arina
Head: Muzipova Varvara Alekseevna
Objective of the project
Project objectives
- Study the history of the War of the Scarlet and White Roses
- Get to know the heraldic emblem of Lancaster
- Get to know the heraldic emblem of York
- Infer the Tudor heraldic emblem
Explore one of major events in the history of England to determine the meaning of its name
War of the Roses: what is behind the poetic name?
Under this name, the war in England between two dynasties - Lancaster and York - went down in history. The feudal lords were divided into two warring groups, each supporting one of the noble families who fought among themselves for the throne. So in the coat of arms of one family - the Lancasters there was a scarlet rose, a white rose - in the coat of arms of the York dynasty that disputed their crown. This war was called the War of the Scarlet and White Roses.
History of the name
The name "War of the Roses" was not used during the war. The term came into use in the 19th century with the publication of Anne of Geierstein by Sir Walter Scott, who chose the title based on a fictional scene in William Shakespeare's play Henry VII in which the opposing sides choose roses. different colors in the Temple Gardens in London.
Scene in the Temple Gardens, where supporters of the warring factions choose red and white roses
Which rose exactly?
Rosa damascene Mill
Damask rose- shrub up to 150–200 cm high of the rose family - Rosaceae .
Blooms in June. Fruits are formed extremely rarely.
The lifespan of Damask rose is 25-30 years. There are many of its subspecies, varieties, forms and varieties.
United Roses Result of the war
Success alternately passed to one and then to the other. The War of the Roses ended with the victory of Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster, who founded a dynasty that ruled England and Wales for 117 years. The symbolic end of the war was the wedding: the victor Henry VII (scarlet) married the daughter of Edward IV (white). The Tudor dynastic coat of arms captured the union of two flowers that had been competing for England for 30 years.
National symbol of England
The Tudor rose, thistle and shamrock growing from the same stem is the heraldic emblem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The Tudor rose "with stem and crown" is the personal heraldic emblem of the monarchs of Great Britain
Tudor Rose - A universally recognized symbol of England
Lancashire is a county of historical origin, part of the North-West England region. The capital is Preston.
The word Lancashire comes from the name of the city of Lancaster, which, in turn, goes back to the River Lana.
As a symbol, the county uses the red rose of Lancaster.
Flag of Lancashire
Coat of arms of Lancashire
Yorkshire is a historic county in Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. The county of Yorkshire is so named because it is the administrative area of the city of York. The emblem of Yorkshire is the white rose of the English royal dynasty of York.
Flag of Yorkshire
Yorkshire coat of arms
Let's draw conclusions
- Yorks and Lancasters are the names of two rival dynasties that have little in common with place names. The modern English counties of the same name have nothing to do with the events described.
- The name of the war is wrong. The noisy quarrels of the great barons of that period were given such a sonorous name many years later.
- As a result of the War of the Roses, a recognizable symbol of England appeared - the Tudor Rose.
Municipal Autonomous educational institution“Vostryakovsky Lyceum No. 1 in Domodedovo” “War of the White and Scarlet Roses. Rose is the symbol of England" Author: Draganova Elena Aleksandrovna, student 8 B grade MAOU "Vostryakovsky Lyceum No. 1" student 9 B grade MAOU Vostryakovsky Lyceum No. 1 Andryukhina Tatyana Viktorovna Supervisors: Litvinova Diana Yulievna, foreign language teacher
This work is the result of a study on the topic “Rose: flower, legend, symbol”, covering such different areas knowledge like a botanist, English language and literature (mythology). The work is devoted to the origin of the plant symbol of England. Since ancient times, flowers and plants have been used not only as decorations and gifts, but also as symbols of clans and entire countries. The explanation for the fact that images of plants are widely used as emblems lies in associative thinking: each person directly or indirectly compares his own self with the world around him, finding in it a reflection of the inner world.
The relevance of the topic of national symbols is due to the growing interest in the culture and history of other countries, as well as in the preservation of one’s national identity. The purpose of our work is to explore and analyze the image of a rose flower from the point of view of mythology, botany and the English language. Tasks. Familiarize yourself with the use of the image of a rose in legends and myths different nations. Give morphological characteristics of the flower. Study the history of the development of England, how English speaking country. Determine the reason for choosing the rose as the emblem of England.
The object of the study is the national and cultural specificity of the symbol plant. The subject of the study is the national and cultural specificity of the floristic symbolism of England. In the course of the work, the following research methods and techniques were used: descriptive method, cultural analysis, comparative and component analysis method, student survey and processing of the data obtained, data search on the Internet. The theoretical value of the work lies in the fact that the materials, observations and conclusions presented in it can serve useful information for teachers and learners of English. The practical significance is due to the fact that the materials of the work can be used in English lessons.
WAR OF THE SCARLET AND WHITE ROSE 1455-1485 Internecine war in England, for the throne between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster (scarlet rose in the coat of arms) and York (white rose in the coat of arms). The death in the war of the main representatives of both dynasties and a significant part of the nobility facilitated the establishment of Tudor absolutism.
Names and symbols In 1455, a war begins between two dynasties - York and Lancaster for the inheritance, which will last 30 years and become known as the War of the White and Red Roses. The Scarlet Rose was represented by the Lancaster family, who were supported by the north-west lands, in particular all the barons of the counties, Wales and Ireland.
On the side of the White Rose are: all the philistines, peasants, the lower house, as well as the southwestern counties.
In 1460, the Battle of Northampton takes place, from which York emerges victorious, captures the king and forces the upper house to recognize itself as the heir to the throne and protector of the state.
But unexpected turn events ruined all the plans of the new king. At Wakefield, Queen Margaret and her allies attack him and completely defeat him. York was executed, and his head, wearing a paper crown, was displayed on the walls of York for a long time.
When York's son, Edward, pursued by revenge, entered London, he was already greeted there by joyful citizens, who proclaimed him king in 1461. But the campaigns did not end there.
Together with a huge army, he wins the Battle of Towton, thereby forcing Margaret and Henry VI to flee to Scotland. Edward IV won the battle, but not the war, which continued with particular cruelty. Margaret, who was determined to achieve power at all costs, enlists the support of Louis XI and lands with an army on the shores of England. But this attempt also ends in failure - the huge army was repulsed by Warwick’s army, and Henry, trying to take the throne, was captured and imprisoned in the Tower.
After some time, Edward feels that no one is tying his hands and he is being taken over by unjustified autocracy. He breaks all relations with his allies, in particular with Warwick, who is extremely outraged by this turn of events.
Edward falls into disgrace, but six months later he returns with a new army of Charles the Bold. And in the decisive battle of Tewksbury he defeats the Scarlet Rose. Margaret ends up in long imprisonment, and Henry dies in the Tower. Later, Margaret is redeemed from captivity by Louis XI, and one of the most dangerous rivals of the York dynasty, Henry Tudor, flees and finds refuge in Britain.
Margaret ends up in long imprisonment, and Henry dies in the Tower. Later, Margaret is redeemed from captivity by Louis XI, and one of the most dangerous rivals of the York dynasty, Henry Tudor, flees and finds refuge in Britain.
Edward IV, the first king of the York dynasty, reigned peacefully until his death.
Thistle and rose, clover and daffodil. Flowers with the fate of nations are intertwined in them. The tender rose will tell us about the war, the thistle will glorify the sons of Scotland, the daffodil will congratulate us on Patrick's Day, the three-leaf clover will leave a mark on history. Every nation has a symbol. We cannot count all the symbolic plants.
Richard III is the king of England since 1483, from the York dynasty, the last representative of the Plantagenet male line on the English throne. After Edward's death, the throne was to be inherited by his eldest son, Edward the Fifth. However, the royal council declared him illegitimate and Richard of Gloucester, the late king's younger brother, removed him from power. He declared himself protector, and later heir to the throne, subsequently ordering the imprisonment of Edward and his younger brother to the Tower, where they were killed.
Richard the Third tried to pursue a wise policy, trying to restore the country after thirty years of military devastation. His actions were not to the liking of many feudal lords. At the Battle of Bosworth, at the most crucial moment, supporters of Richard III betrayed him, going over to the enemy’s side. As a result, Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor became king (he was the great-great-grandson of John of Gaunt on the female side). Henry Tudor combined the Scarlet and White Roses in his coat of arms, and married Edward the Fourth's daughter, Elizabeth.
This ended the civil war. It was mainly the upper class that suffered: lords and vassals. A huge number of them died in the hands of the executioner and in battle, and a fifth of the land they owned passed into the power of the crown.
Results of the war The War of the Roses actually brought an end to the English Middle Ages. On the battlefields, scaffolds and in prison casemates, not only all the direct descendants of the Plantagenets perished, but also a significant part of the English lords and knighthood. The accession of the Tudors in 1485 is considered the beginning of the New Age in English history.
The War of the Scarlet and White Roses was the last rampant of feudal anarchy before the establishment of absolutism in England. It was carried out with terrible cruelty and was accompanied by numerous murders and executions. Both dynasties were exhausted and died in the struggle. For the population of England, the war brought strife, oppression of taxes, theft of the treasury, the lawlessness of large feudal lords, a decline in trade, outright robberies and requisitions. During the wars, a significant part of the feudal aristocracy was exterminated, and numerous confiscations of land holdings undermined its power. At the same time, land holdings increased and the influence of the new nobility and merchant class, which became the support of Tudor absolutism, increased.
Slide 2
War of the Scarlet and White Roses 1455-1485
The War of the Roses is an internecine war in England for the throne between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty: Lancaster (scarlet rose in the coat of arms) and York (white rose in the coat of arms). The death in the war of the main representatives of both dynasties and a significant part of the nobility facilitated the establishment of Tudor absolutism.
Lancaster Yorkies
Slide 3
War of the Scarlet and White Roses
Margaret of France (Valois)
Henry VI - the third and last king of England from the Lancastrian dynasty
The cause of the war was the dissatisfaction of a significant part of English society with the failures in the Hundred Years' War and the policies pursued by the wife of King Henry VI, Queen Margaret and his favorites
Slide 4
Richard of York was the first to declare that royal power in the hands of a woman is an absolutely unacceptable matter. And the fact that this woman was also French, in his understanding, made the queen the first enemy of the state. Richard of York demanded guardianship, that is, regency over the incompetent king, and after his death, the English crown.
Start of the war
Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York
Slide 5
The basis for this claim was that Henry VI was the great-grandson of John of Gaunt, the fourth son of King Edward III, and York was the great-grandson of Lionel, the third son of this king (in the female line, in the male line he was the grandson of Edmund, the fifth son of Edward III), moreover, The fact that Henry the Sixth's grandfather, Henry the Fourth Lancaster, forced King Richard the Second to abdicate when he seized power in 1399 cast doubt on the legitimacy of the entire Lancaster royal dynasty.
Richard II of England (1377-1399), representative of the Plantagenet dynasty, grandson of King Edward III
Slide 6
War of the Scarlet and White Roses
In 1455, Richard of York defeated the Lancastrian army, took King Henry the Sixth himself prisoner and forced the Upper House of Parliament to recognize himself as regent and heir to the throne. Queen Margaret, of course, did not agree with this decision, who fled to the north and soon returned to England with an army of thousands. At the Battle of Wakefield, Richard was killed and his head, wearing a paper crown, was put on display in York.
Slide 7
The son of the murdered Richard of York, Edward, in 1461, with the support of the Earl of Warwick, gathered an army and defeated the Lancastrians, forcing Margaret to flee to Scotland again. Henry the Sixth was deposed and Edward was crowned at Westminster as the new English monarch under the name Edward the Fourth. The weak-minded King Henry was imprisoned in the Tower, and Edward's fanatical desire to strengthen his power, while weakening the power of his barons, only led to the fact that his former supporters sided with Henry the Sixth.
King of England 1461-1470 and 1471-1483, representative of the York Plantagenet line, seized the throne during the Wars of the Roses
Slide 8
Fighting resumed in 1470, when the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence (the younger brother of Edward IV), who had sided with the Lancastrians, returned Henry VI to the throne. Edward IV and his other brother, the Duke of Gloucester, fled to Burgundy. A year later, Edward returned with an army and won victories at Barnet and Tewkesberry. In the first of these battles, the Earl of Warwick was killed, in the second, Prince Edward, the only son of Henry VI, was killed, which, together with the death (probably murder) of Henry himself that followed in the Tower that same year, marked the end of the Lancastrian dynasty.
Slide 9
After Edward's death, the throne was to be inherited by his eldest son, Edward the Fifth. However, the royal council declared him illegitimate and Richard of Gloucester, the late king's younger brother, removed him from power. He declared himself protector, and later heir to the throne, subsequently ordering Edward and his younger brother to be imprisoned in the Tower, where they were killed.
Richard III - King of England since 1483, from the York dynasty, the last representative of the Plantagenet male line on the English throne
Slide 10
End of the war
Richard the Third tried to pursue a wise policy, trying to restore the country after thirty years of military devastation. His actions were not to the liking of many feudal lords. At the Battle of Bosworth, at the most crucial moment, supporters of Richard III betrayed him, going over to the enemy’s side. As a result, Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor became king (he was the great-great-grandson of John of Gaunt on the female side). Henry Tudor combined the Scarlet and White Roses in his coat of arms, and married Edward the Fourth's daughter, Elizabeth.
Slide 11
Results of the war
1) The War of the Scarlet and White Roses was the last rampant of feudal anarchy before the establishment of absolutism in England. 2) Both dynasties were exhausted and died in the struggle. For the population of England, the war brought strife, oppression of taxes, theft of the treasury, the lawlessness of large feudal lords, a decline in trade, outright robberies and requisitions. 3) The War of the Roses actually brought an end to the English Middle Ages. It continued changes in feudal English society, including the weakening of the feudal power of the nobility and the strengthening of the position of the merchant class, as well as the rise of a strong, centralized monarchy under the leadership of the Tudor dynasty. The accession of the Tudors in 1485 is considered the beginning of the New Age in English history.
Slide 12
Thank you for your attention!
