Seven exploits in the Russian-Japanese war. In memory of the heroes of Port Arthur

In the history of the Russo-Japanese War, the death of the “Terrible” in an unequal battle with six Japanese ships on April 13 (March 31, O.S.), 1904, became the beginning of a chain of fatal failures of a “black day” for the Russian fleet. No less tragic was the life of one of the participants in those events, Grigory Khodosevich, the commandant of the Port Arthur fortress, who, apparently, ended up on the destroyer with a report and shared the tragedy of the “Terrible”, although he was not even on the list of the crew. Moreover, he was considered dead; relatives in the Minsk province received notice of his death and performed a memorial service for the slain warrior. But Gregory survived. He returned to Vladivostok on Solovyov's ship, half-paralyzed, barely alive.

For several years, local historians, archivists and museum workers piece by piece reconstructed the history of the life and fate of the nobleman-farmer (as he was officially called), met with his contemporaries and managed to bring back from oblivion and restore the good name of one of the founders of the city of Artem - Grigory Khodosevich, to whom This year would have been his 125th birthday.

All the materials they discovered with a high degree of reliability allow us to restore the picture of a hundred years ago.

LET'S REMEMBER, BROTHERS, ABOUT THE "TERRIBLE"

On the morning of April 12 (March 30, old time), the commander of the 1st Pacific Squadron, Vice Admiral S. Makarov, having received information that the enemy intended to use Elliot Island for a Japanese landing, gave the order to reconnoiter the area with the help of a destroyer detachment . The overall leadership of the detachment of eight destroyers was entrusted to Captain 2nd Rank Eliseev. The cruisers "Bayan" and "Diana" were ordered to provide assistance to Eliseev's detachment in the event of an attack by Japanese ships.

Around noon of the same day, a package from the squadron headquarters was delivered to the Scary. The commander of the destroyer, Captain 2nd Rank K. Yurasovsky, was instructed: “...In the dark, together with a detachment of destroyers, go in search of the Santanshaw Islands...”.

It is not known exactly why Grigory Khodosevich, who was listed as the commandant of the sea fortress, ended up on board the Scary. In the practice of that time, persons of noble origin who did not have an officer rank and were in lower rank positions were often appointed to the positions of clerks, cashiers, postal and courier employees. It can be assumed that it was Khodosevich who delivered the package with the reconnaissance mission.

At the appointed time, the detachment went to sea. The night was dark and rainy. At about 10 p.m., “Terrible” lost sight of those in front.

Separated from the main forces of the detachment, “Strashny” wandered all night. Only at about four o'clock in the morning on March 31, observers reported to the commander that they had discovered the silhouettes of six ships that looked similar to our destroyers. Having given an identification signal, "Terrible" stood in their wake. Only at dawn it became clear that two cruisers and four destroyer destroyers were Japanese.

LAST PARADE

The battle turned out to be brutal and fleeting. With the first explosions of enemy shells, the commander of the “Terrible” was killed on the spot. The commander of the watch, Lieutenant Eremiy Maleev, took command of the ship. Japanese shells continuously raining down from all sides swept away all living things from the deck. But the ship's engine continued to work properly. E. Maleev, taking advantage of his speed advantage, tried to break away from the enemy. The saving Port Arthur harbor was already visible in the distance.

“When the enemy opened fire, we began to respond with guns,” recalled miner Mikhail Cherepanov, one of the few who survived that battle. - One mine was fired at the cruiser. Soon the cruiser bent over and two destroyers approached it. At this time, a shell hit the device and our mine exploded. The car stopped, all the guns were shot down... ...Only destroyers fired at us (“Ikazuchi”, “Oboro”, “Inazuma” and “Akebono”. - Author’s note). The commander, captain 2nd rank Yurasovsky, midshipman Akinfiev, mechanic Dmitriev and most of the crew were killed. There were still wounded... When the stern began to sink quickly, Lieutenant Maleev ordered us to save ourselves...".

Those who survived saw how the officer’s cap was knocked off and he was wounded in the temple. We saw how he fell...... Having received a hole below the waterline, the "Terrible" quickly plunged into the depths of the sea.

Meanwhile, by order of Makarov, the cruiser Bayan came out to help the sinking destroyer, and a combat alert was declared for the squadron. However, having come under fire from Japanese ships, the cruiser barely managed to lift only five of the Scary sailors on board and immediately hurried to leave. (In his report dated April 1, the Bayan commander indicates that his signalmen saw three more remaining in the water.) Soon Japanese destroyers approached the scene of the tragedy.

SALVATION, CAPTIVITY... AND THE CROSS OF ST.

And then... This is how you can reconstruct the events of that time, using the information that Grigory Khodosevich himself told his family (the memories of one of his daughters, Evdokia Poyda, were preserved, which the Artemovsk local historian Z. M. Ovchinnikova managed to write down in the early 70s, all this time they were not in demand).

A boat pulled away from the side of one of the destroyers and headed towards the Russian sailors who were holding on with their last strength on the surface of the water. Grigory Khodosevich was seriously wounded in the back. Finding himself in the icy water, he could not feel his legs at all. Before leaving the sinking ship, Grigory hid a secret package with a reconnaissance mission under a life-saving cork belt, following the order of the watch commander Maleev. Khodosevich knew well what military duty was. Seeing the Japanese boat, with stiff fingers he began to tear the bag to shreds and hastily chewed soggy scraps of paper mixed with seaweed. The Japanese, noticing the Russian, who was hastily destroying, apparently, some important document, hastened to lift Khodosevich and his comrades on board.

When the Russian squadron, having driven away the enemy, managed to approach the place of the death of the “Terrible”, only surviving wreckage could be seen on the water.

The death of four officers and 45 sailors of the Scary crew was announced in a circular from the main naval headquarters, while Khodosevich was listed as “died from an unknown crew and from which ship.”

The Japanese sailors, having interrogated Khodosevich to no avail and unsuccessfully examined the remains of the package, sent Grigory to a prisoner of war camp. There he stayed until the end of the war. Khodosevich had a damaged spine and could hardly walk on crutches. After the end of the war, Grigory Khodosevich returned to his homeland among 70 thousand Russian prisoners of war. He was treated for a long time at the Vladivostok Naval Hospital and learned to walk again. Only at this time the circumstances under which Gregory was captured became known to his superiors. Having appreciated his zeal in the performance of military duty, Khodosevich was awarded the St. George Cross.

FARM "BLOODSUCKERS-EXPLOITER"

“The Khodosevich farm of the Knevichansky volost of the Shkotovsky district” - this is how, until the mid-20s, the area where the Skidelsky Zybunny mine was located, which gave rise to the city of Artyom, was called in postal items. Local researcher and historian Yuri Tarasov was able to document the years of life of the owner of the farm, Grigory Zakharovich Khodosevich (1879-1924). He also found documents on the allocation of land use near the Zybunaya River. They were dated 1907.

...Dismissed after treatment at a naval hospital due to disability, Grigory Khodosevich at the end of 1906 received a decent amount from the treasury. And soon he acquired a plot of land in a free strip near the railway line to Suchan.

The archives of the Far East preserved documents that read: “Grigory Khodosevich, nobleman-farmer. The site was registered for agriculture on September 27, 1907. There are 28 dessiatines of forest and 19 dessiatines of land.”

In 1908, Gregory invited two brothers - Klim and Ignat - to his new possession. The wife of one of them, Maria, brought with her her sister, the 18-year-old beauty Stefa, who became Gregory’s wife.

A few years later, there were already three strong houses with outbuildings on Khodosevich’s property. Was broken beautiful garden, large apiary. Khodosevich's farm was well known in those days. Its owner had a close friendship with the wealthy and influential Vladivostok businessman Yakov Skidelsky. Yakov headed the coal direction of the industrial and financial Skidelsky clan and was the founder and owner of the Zybunny mine, opened in 1913.

There is information that Khodosevich and Skidelsky went together to the burial ceremony of the sailors of the cruiser “Varyag” in December 1911.

Alas, Gregory’s further fate was tragic.

In the first year of resettlement, unable to withstand the harshness of the Far Eastern climate, brother Ignat caught a cold and died.

But the main trials befell him during civil war. At the beginning of 1918, their three-year-old son Vasya died in the arms of his parents. And the events of the bloody Russian civil strife in these places caused the death of his wife Stefanida.

Three daughters were left orphans, the youngest of whom was five years old.

The death of his beloved wife completely undermined Khodosevich’s strength. His illness began to progress, he could hardly walk on crutches.

In 1922, with the advent of Soviet power, the owner of the farm was registered with the OGPU as a nobleman and large landowner. And his friendly relations with the former owner of the Zybunny Mine only increased the suspicion and hostility of the new government. He was listed as “unreliable,” “bloodsucking exploiter.” But, apparently, fate had mercy on him. He died in his own bed. He was 45 years old.

The coffin with the body of the deceased was delivered to the mine graveyard by Grigory’s faithful friend Luka Tulupov. He bequeathed to bury himself next to Khodosevich. In 1930, the farm was nationalized, and its inhabitants were dispossessed. The farm itself survived until 1974; it was burned when it was being spruced up in preparation for the international meeting of L. I. Brezhnev with US President D. Ford.

93-year-old Ulyana Tulupova (who died in the mid-70s), the wife of Luka Tulupov, was firmly convinced that all the troubles and trials that befell Grigory Khodosevich and his relatives were the curse of “The Terrible.”

INSTEAD OF AN EPILOGUE

At the old Artemovsky cemetery, at the 8th kilometer, the grave of the nobleman-farmer Grigory Zakharovich Khodosevich was miraculously preserved. 85-year-old Dmitry Lukich Tulupov helped find her.

The granddaughter of the hero of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Knight of St. George, Galina Ivanovna Skvortsova, lives in Vladivostok.

The author expresses gratitude to everyone who took active participation in search of documents and was able to return the name of the hero from oblivion. These are local historians - N. Miz, Z. Ovchinnikova, Y. Tarasov, senior employee of the Pacific Fleet Museum G. Kondratenko, resident of Vladivostok V. Mikhailov.

The article uses materials from the Russian State Navy Archive and documents from the personal fund of E. Minaev (Elets).

HELP "B"

The destroyer "Strashny" - one of the ships of the "Falcon" class - was built at the Nevsky Shipyard in St. Petersburg. It was transported to Port Arthur by rail disassembled and assembled over the course of almost two years, from 1901 to 1902.

"Terrible" was part of the destroyer detachment of the Port Arthur squadron. Headcount its crew consists of four officers and 49 lower ranks. Armament: three 47 mm cannons, one 75 mm gun and two torpedo tubes.

The destroyers of this project were the fastest in the Russian fleet at that time. There were nine of them in total: “Fast”, “Slender”, “Angry”, “Strong”, “State”, “Watchman”, “Brave”, “Guarding” and “Terrible”.

The history of the city of Artyom is inextricably linked with the history of the Primorsky Territory. By decision of the Educational and Methodological Council municipal institution additional education “Education Center of Artem” ed. ed. k.f. n. Associate Professor of the Far Eastern State University Ilyukhina I. Yu. for the first time published the book “Essays on the history and geography of the city of Artem”. Based on the materials in this book, ancient history The city of Artem falls on the periods of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Early Iron Age. Archaeological sites in the villages of Artemovsky and Kirovsky, the village of Oleny, on the northern coast of Pionerskaya Bay and Lake Losiny are of historical value.

Map of 1906

The history of the development and settlement of the territory of present-day Artyom, located in a valley in the north of the Muravyov-Amur Peninsula in the south of Primorsky Krai, is interesting and surprising. It was a swampy valley covered with dense taiga. Because of the swamps and midges, this territory is still for a long time was an uninhabited space. And only in 1891 the first settlement of Russian people appeared here - Uglovoye, in one of the bays of the Amur Bay. The founders were peasants - immigrants from the western regions and regions of Russia. After this, during 1896, two villages were founded at once - Krolevets and Knevichi.

The construction of the Ussuri section of the Trans-Siberian Railway had a huge impact on the development of the first settlements on the territory of Artem.

In 1913, in the area of the 9th verst of Suchanskaya railway Outcrops of rich coal seams were discovered. This deposit was staked out by the famous Vladivostok businessman L. Sh. Skidelsky.

Chaim – Leiba Shimon Skidelsky(Leiba Shimonovich) was born in 1844 or 1845. Place of birth is unknown, but in 1871 he was listed as a tradesman in the city of Slonim, Grodno province, and 20 years later he became a merchant of the first guild of the city of Ekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk). Around the same time, Skidelsky appeared at the construction of the North Ussuri section of the Vladivostok - Khabarovsk railway, where he took on a contract for earthworks and the construction of artificial structures, of which he erected at least 50% of the total. All work was completed efficiently and on time.

In 1896, the enterprising businessman Leonty Solomonovich Skidelsky (under this name he began to be referred to in seaside directories) was included in the Vladivostok merchant society, which gave him the right of permanent residence “outside the zone” Jewish Settlement”, which took place in the then Russian Empire.

At the end of 1913, he became the owner of three Zybunny mines. The total cost of his real estate (according to documents found by Yu. Tarasov) was estimated at an astronomical amount for those times - 8.6 million rubles.

L. Sh. Skidelsky died in 1916, passing on to his heirs a fortune in the amount of 9.5 million rubles. In the name of one of the sons - Yakov Skidelsky in 1922. one of the mines on Ozernye Klyuchi was named.

After the nationalization of all property in 1923, the Skidelsky family fled to Manchuria. Their further fate is unknown.

By order of L. Sh. Skidelsky, three mines and a village were founded at the same time on marshy soil - quicksands. These coal mines were called “Zybunnye”, marking the beginning of the history of the future city. On May 9, 1923, by resolution of the Dalrevkom and the decision of the Arbitration Court, all financial assets, enterprises and real estate belonging to the Skidelskys were nationalized. In the same year, a meeting of workers took place, at which it was decided to name the mine and the village after the Soviet party leader Artyom (F.A. Sergeev).

Since 1924, the mine began to be officially called “Artyomovsk State Coal Mines.” According to the words of an old-timer and local historian of the city of Artem, Z. M. Ovchinnikova, there was a document in which already on November 20, 1923 there was a stamp “Artyomovsk State Coal Mines”. Unfortunately, the city archives burned down twice, and it is not possible to find the document.

Until the mid-20s, the Zybunny Skidelsky mine was referred to as Khodosevich farm Knevichansky volost of Shkotovsky district.

settled in our area in 1907. He was the first Russian to set up a farm among the Korean fans. The fate of Grigory Khodosevich is a whole historical era, which became known to the residents of Artem thanks to the efforts and search work of local historians and researchers of the city of Artem, Yu. Tarasov, Z. M. Ovchinnikova, V. N. Kovalchuk.
In January 1913, among the swamp swamps - zybuns, as the locals called them, the first plot was staked out on a lonely birch tree. So, at the 9th kilometer three mines are being laid. And in the fall of the same year, construction of the first one begins.

The work was carried out by a Chinese team, which completed the shaft excavation at the beginning of 1914. At the same time, a second mine is being laid. And two years later, mining begins at mine No. 3.

All three mines were combined into one mine, called “Zybunny” and which has preserved to this day a mark in the history of the city - the ninth kilometer, which gave its name to the city’s microdistrict.

Historical Information

Khodosevich Grigory Zakharovich (1874-1924), founder of the city of Artem, Primorsky Territory. Nobleman. Hero of the Russian-Japanese War. Knight of St. George. To the 125th anniversary of the birth of the first settler of the city of Artem. (The documentary basis is the materials from the personal archive of the guard and excellent expert on the history of the city, Zinaida Ovchinnikova, as well as documents from the fund of the Artemovsk branch of VOOPIiK).

On May 27, 2005, all of Russia celebrated the centenary of the Russo-Japanese War. This date coincides with the 125th anniversary of the birth of Grigory Zakharovich Khodosevich, a participant in the Russian-Japanese War, Knight of St. George, nobleman-farmer and first settler of the city of Artem.
For the most part, the names of the founders remain unknown to descendants. Our city is lucky. We know the name of its first inhabitant - Grigory Khodosevich.
The archives of the Far East and Primorsky Territory contain information that “the site was registered for agriculture on September 27, 1907. The owner moved in in February 1908. Has a house 15 x 8 arshins and a barn with a roof. About five dessiatines of plowing and about 9 dessiatines of haymaking were developed,” and further in 1909, Khodosevich’s plot consisted of 27 dessiatines of meadows, 28 dessiatines of forest and 19 dessiatines of land.

As we learned from the preserved memories of his close relatives, Grigory Khodosevich is one of the few survivors of the crew of the destroyer "Strashny", who died in an unequal battle on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur in March 1904. With the outbreak of the war with Japan, a native of the city of Borisov, Minsk province, was mobilized into the army and sent to the Port Arthur fortress.
We do not yet know the circumstances under which Khodosevich, who was listed as the gunner of the fortress, was included in the crew of the destroyer "Strashny".
On March 30 (old style) 1904, the destroyer "Strashny" as part of a detachment of Russian ships of the 1st Pacific Squadron carried out a mission to reconnaissance of the location of the Japanese fleet and the installation of minefields covering Port Arthur from the sea.

"Terrible" was the last one in the order of warships. During a night search, he became separated from the main group of ships and headed alone into the harbor.
When it began to get light, four unknown ships were discovered nearby. “Scary” raised his call signs. In response, the ships were illuminated by flashes of gunfire. An unequal battle began.
Almost immediately, the commander, captain 2nd rank K. Yurasovsky, was killed. Other dead and wounded appeared on the deck and in the premises. Fighting off the enemy, "Terrible" was rushing to Port Arthur. After the shell hit the mine apparatus, the destroyer swayed helplessly on the waves. Lieutenant E. Maleev fired at the Japanese destroyers from the last remaining undamaged cannon. But the ship's minutes were numbered...
The cruiser Bayan, which left Port Arthur to help the Scary, picked up only five sailors from the water. The remaining 49 found their grave in the cold waters of the Yellow Sea.
Khodosevich was among those rescued. According to available data, in the bloody confusion of the battle, he managed to get out of the safe and hide between two life jackets the secret package of the commander of the Pacific squadron S.O. Makarov and the entire cash amount of the ship's treasury. For this feat he was awarded the Order of St. George, IV degree.

The death of the fearless destroyer was a prologue to the tragedy that took place on March 31. The flagship battleship "Petropavlovsk" when leaving Arthur Bay, heading towards the battlefield, ran into a Japanese mine. Splitting in two from the explosion, it sank in a matter of minutes. Among the dead 27 officers and 652 lower ranks of the battleship were the outstanding naval commander Vice Admiral Makarov and the famous battle painter Vereshchagin.
Khodosevich, who received a serious spinal injury and spent several hours in cold sea water, was deprived of the ability to move normally for the remaining years of his life. Only after two years of treatment in a Vladivostok hospital did he learn to walk on crutches. Upon his retirement in 1907, he decided to stay in Primorye and acquired a plot of land in the area of the 9th km of the Suchansky railway. During construction, the farm was consecrated with the Kazan icon Mother of God.
By 1912, there were 3 houses on the site in which Grigory Khodosevich and his brothers Klim and Ignat lived, who, at the invitation of Grigory, came to live on Far East. There is information that in 1911, Yakov Skidelsky, a famous entrepreneur and founder of the Zybunny mine, who gave birth to the miner Artem, came to the farm on the day of the opening of the monument to the fallen lower ranks of the cruiser “Varyag”. On a black carriage drawn by a black troika of horses covered with a black velvet blanket, Skidelsky and Khodosevich departed for the opening ceremony of the monument at the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery.

In the history of the Russian-Japanese War, the feat of the destroyer "Strashny" is comparable to the feat of the heroes "Varyag" and "Rurik".
The personal fate of the Knight of St. George was difficult and tragic. In 1908, his brother Ignat died of a cold. In 1918, his three-year-old son Vasya died. The tragic events of the Civil War in our area caused the death of his wife Stefanida in March 1919. Three young daughters were left orphans. The death of his beloved wife undermined Khodosevich’s strength and he could hardly walk on crutches. His second marriage in 1920 was unsuccessful - his new wife got together with the farm clerk before his death. And with the advent of Soviet power in 1922, Grigory Zakharovich was placed on a special register, being recorded in the category of “unreliable”.
After a serious illness, he died in 1924 and was buried in the cemetery 8th km of Artem. There were no male heirs left after his death.
In 1930, the farm was nationalized, and its residents were evicted and dispossessed. The name of Khodosevich was erased from people's memory. His remaining descendants, frightened by the repressions of the 30s, hid for many years the fact that they were close relatives of the nobleman and the Knight of St. George. And only in the early 70s, Zinaida Ovchinnikova, who headed the “Red Pathfinders” movement, was able to find people who knew Khodosevich himself closely and documents confirming the events of his life.
During the years of Soviet power, none of the leaders were able to pay tribute to the memory of the city's first settlers. His grave was looked after by the relatives of his close friend and neighbor Luka Tulupov. The buildings of the farm itself, located at the entrance to the city of Artem, existed until 1974. By decision of the then authorities, they were burned on the eve of L.I.’s motorcade heading to Vladivostok airport. Brezhnev for a meeting with US President D. Ford.
In May 2003, on the initiative of the Artemovsk branch of VOOPIiK, we identified the burial place of the first settler of the city, G.Z. Khodosevich and photographing the place where the buildings of his farm were located, which gave rise to the city of Artem. The burial places and the territory of the Khodosevich farm were determined with the help of members of the Tulupov family, whose father, Luka Tulupov, bequeathed to bury him next to Grigory Zakharovich.
The city administration expressed its intention to allocate funds for the installation of a memorial tombstone at the burial site of Khodosevich at the cemetery 8th km of the city of Artem. I would like to hope that this intention will be completed, because we are talking about restoring historical justice in relation to a person who committed a feat in the name of the Fatherland.

This is how the story of the future Artyom began .

One of the oldest settlements on the territory of Artyom is the village of Oleniy. His story is interesting. The name Oleniy is not the only one; before, it, like the state farm, was called Maihe. And even earlier, it was the Patyukov farm, the date of foundation of which varies from 1887 to 1912. The article by teacher and historian Yu. Tarasov provides the following data: “... the breeding animal farm “Silinsky” was organized on the basis of the Patyukov kulak farm, which existed here since 1912.”

Thus, the history of the farm began long before the beginning of the 20th century. The very choice of location speaks volumes about the entrepreneurial abilities of retired sailor Mikhail Patyukov. It was here that at that time there was a crossroads of the main communication routes (rivers and trails) connecting Vladivostok and Shkotovo with the valleys of the Maihe and Batalyanza rivers.

In 1891, near one of the bays of the Amur Bay, peasants founded a village Angular- the first permanent settlement of Russian people. A few years later they were founded Krolevets village(1896) and Knevichi(1896), named so by settlers in honor of the places from which they came. A report on the resettlement of peasants by sea in 1896 says the following on this matter: “The settlers formed four new settlements this year, including the villages... Knevichi and Krolevets in the valley of the Batalyanza River.” According to this statement, thirteen families from Krolevets, and five families from Novozybkov district of the Chernigov province settled in Krolevets. Unfortunately, it is now impossible to find out the names of the founders of the village of Knevichi. They disappeared among the pioneer settlers of neighboring Krolevets. At least eleven families of Knevich residents are vying for the role of migrants of the second wave, among them the families of Domnitsky, Krivenko, Sushchenko, Nazarenko, Oleshko, Khrushch, Oleynik and others.

Around October 1907, the name “Batalyanza” appeared in church books, which from January 1 of the following year was used in parallel with the official name “Surazhevka”. The village is named after the Surazhevsky district of the Chernigov province, from which almost all of its original inhabitants came. All of them came from the village. Kozhny, Vereshchak volost, Surazhevsky district. Among the founders of the village are the families of Anton Koryavchenko, Foka Borisenko, Nikita Golik (Golikov), who received the nickname Shchun.

Modern Surazhevka is a whole greenhouse town where they grow vegetable crops. On March 15, 1982, the Dalnevostochnoye pilot production enterprise (EPF) was established here. In 1988, on the basis of the Far Eastern Department of the Research Institute of Vegetable Farming in Surazhevka, the Primorsky Vegetable Experimental Station was created. There are six divisions in its structure.

Shevelevka. The fate of this village turned out to be similar to the fate of other villages. There is an extract from the journal of the Primorsky Regional Peasant Affairs Presence dated March 19, 1907, where the following is written: “We listened to the presentation of the head of the settlement of settlers in the Poberezhny subdistrict dated May 4 of this year, No. 324, on the formation of the Shevelevka village of Tsemukhinsky volost...”

Today, perhaps only the name of one of Artyom’s cemeteries, and two or three houses with a snack bar, located on the former outskirts of the village, reminds us of it.

From all settlements in the territory of Artem Zavodskoy village the newest and, perhaps, the youngest settlement, dating back to the second half of the 20th century.

For a long time, the territory near the village of Krolevtsy (where Zavodskoy is now located) was a flat area. Here during the years of the Great Patriotic War there was a training airfield where student pilots practiced their techniques and skills.

In 1956, it was decided to build a reinforced concrete products (RCP) plant on this site and building materials. It was the construction site of the century, where builders from all over the Union gathered.

The largest broiler poultry farm in the Far East is being built in the village.

So in short term Large manufacturing enterprises grew up on the empty site of the former training airfield.

This is brief history cities, villages and towns on the territory of present-day Artem.

Since 1931, Artem became the main supplier of coal in Primorye. In 1932, construction began in Artem of the largest mine No. 3-C (“Far Eastern”) in the Far East and the first regional power plant in the Far East, the Artemovskaya State District Power Plant. Komsomol members who came from the European regions of the country worked hard at this construction site. The power plant was named after S. M. Kirov.

Dzerzhinsky street

one of the new buildings of the first five-year plan - mine No. 3-ts in Artyom

Fedor Andreevich Sergeev (Artem) (1883 - 1921) Politician. He led the armed uprising in Kharkov in 1905 and 1917, chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC). Since 1918, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Republic, in 1920 chairman of the Donetsk provincial executive committee. In 1920 - 1921, secretary of the Moscow Committee (MK) of the party, then chairman of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Union of Miners. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1917 - 1918, 1920 - 1921. Died during testing of an aerocar.

Artem (real name Sergeev) Fedor Andreevich (1883, village of Glebovo, Kursk province - 1921, ca. Serpukhov) - Soviet party and statesman, Bolshevik. Born into a peasant family. She spent her childhood and youth in Ekaterinoslav. In 1892 - 1901 he studied at Ekaterinoslav real school. In 1901 he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1902, he was arrested for participating in a political demonstration of students and sentenced to six months in prison. As Artyom wrote, “in the ranks of the Iskraists, Bolsheviks and Communists since 1902.” In 1902 - 1903 he studied at the Russian Higher School of Social Sciences in Paris. In 1903 he returned to his homeland. “I shamefully fled to Russia, because I felt bad among the European culture that was incomprehensible to me. And I felt in my element in comparatively barbaric Russia.”

In December 1905 he led an armed uprising in Kharkov, in. In 1906 he was a delegate to the IV Congress of the RSDLP. In the same year, he was arrested, escaped from a Kharkov prison and was arrested again in Perm: “The cell is large, bright. The food is not bad, a walk of almost 2 hours a day, a weekly bath, and what’s most important is that I can have so many books here.” , as much as I want, and I have a lot of time to study." He was sentenced to lifelong exile in Eastern Siberia, but in 1910 he fled through Korea and China to Australia, where he worked as a loader and laborer. And here Artem actively joined in the roar. movement: “The spectacle of the unorganized masses is unbearable for me.”

He headed the Russian Union. emigrant workers, was the organizer and editor of the newspaper. "Australian Echo". After the February roar. 1917 returned to Russia and headed the Bolshevik Committee of the Kharkov Council. At the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b) he was elected a member of the Central Committee. In Oct. 1917 took an active part in the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd. Participated.in. the struggle for the establishment of the Soviet Union. authorities in Ukraine. A Bolshevik-Leninist, he consistently opposed the Mensheviks, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, supported V.I. Lenin on the issue of ratification of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. He made a great contribution to the organization of the defense of the south of the country. After the end of the civil war, he participated in the restoration of the Donbass mines. From November 1920 to January 1921 he worked as secretary of Moscow. Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, was a supporter of Lenin during the discussion about trade unions. Artem opposed L.D. Trotsky and the "workers' opposition". At the beginning of 1921, Artem headed the Central Committee of the All-Russian Union of Miners and dreamed of creating a Red Profintern of Miners, which would cover miners all over the world. Died during testing of an aerocar. He was buried on Red Square in Moscow.

About the revolution of 1917

Artem (full name Sergeev Fedor Andreevich) (March 7, 1883, Glebovo village, Fatezhsky district, Kursk province, - July 24, 1921, near Moscow). From peasants. In 1901-02, a student in Moscow. Imperial Higher Technical. school; in 1901 joined the RSDLP. In 1902-03 listener Rus. higher School of Societies, Sciences M.M. Kovalevsky in Paris. Since 1903 Bolshevik. Participant of the Revolution 1905-07 (Kharkov, Ural); delegate to the 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP (1906). He was repeatedly arrested and exiled, and was in exile.

After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia in June. Since the beginning of July in Kharkov, member of the city committee of the RSDLP (b) and delegate of the Council, Bolshevik employee. gas. "Proletary", secret. region Bureau of the Metalworkers' Trade Union. In July, in connection with the call of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries to unite with the Bolsheviks, he published an article. “Woe-Unifiers,” where he wrote: “We want to know who you are and why you came. If you are those Mensheviks and socialist-revolutionaries, whom we know, those are the ones represented by the Avksentievs, Chernovs, Kerenskys, Tseretelis and the Skobelevs, those who deny the right to own the land until the Constituent Assembly approves it for them, if you are the same ones who retain the old counter-revolution in power, not chosen by the people. bureaucracy: if you are the ones who transfer power to the worst enemies of the people - the landowners and big capital; if you are the ones in whose name and on whose instructions the military units of the workers are destroyed and [the Authors] send punitive expeditions to various districts of Russia: if you are. those who introduce a hard labor regime for those who fight for freedom of discussion and for the rights guaranteed to citizens in the bourgeois democratic republics - tell me: why do you come to unite with us? After all, we are fighting against everything that you do? "("Proletary", Kharkov, 1917, July 11).

In connection with the July events in Petrograd, Artem noted in his speech on July 11 in the region. desk conference of the Bolsheviks South-Zal, region in Kyiv: “It seems that the repressions of recent days have made some changes. But these repressions took place a month ago. The only changes that happened were that the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries declared open war on us, isolated us This is a democratic reaction at a time when the republic has not yet been declared, when the land is still in the hands of the landowners" [Artem (FA Sergeev). Articles, speeches, letters, M., 1983, p. 159]

In a speech at a meeting of members of the “military committee” at the Kharkov committee of the RSDLP (b), he said: “The capitalists began to disorganize industry... They began a crazy game to increase the ruble. Small-scale production should have died under such conditions. Workers should have demanded an increase wages. The workers were blamed for the situation. Everywhere they set it not against the real culprits, but against the Soviets. At the same time, they began to organize counter-revolutionary forces from all those who were afraid of the new order... they began to disunite in the army" (Proletary, Kharkov, 1917, July 20). Proceedings of the 1st regional conference of the RSDLP (b) ) Donetsk basin and Krivoy Rog region (July 13-16); was elected to the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). b), elected member of the Central Committee

In Aug. on general meeting members of the trade union of metalworkers in Lugansk noted: “The government is deaf to all the demands and position of the proletariat, and therefore the bourgeoisie boldly and with impunity organizes sabotages and lockouts, regardless of work for defense, although it shouts about saving the homeland” (“Donetsk Proletary”, Lugansk, 1917, August 23). In con. Aug. at a meeting of the Kharkov Council indicated: “At present, the proletariat must conduct a defensive policy, defending arbitrary revolutionary organizations (councils, factory trade unions, etc.) and accumulating forces so that at the time of a new upsurge of the revolution , which is inevitable... to seize power, put a limit to war and crush imperialism" ("Proletary", Kharkov, 1917, August 29).

4 Sep. at a conference of factory committees in Kharkov, he said: “Currently, we have broken with the Provisional Government and have begun to form our own government, in the organization of which the entire Donetsk basin will be involved. We supported the government while it was fighting with Kornilov, but now after the appointments of Alekseev, Danilov, Ruzsky and other hidden and obvious enemies of democracy to responsible and command posts, as well as the news of Kerensky’s formation of a new cabinet, force us to ask: “who gave Kerensky the right to form a government? We did not give him authority"" [Artem (FA Sergeev). Articles, speeches, letters, M.. 1983. p. 166) At a meeting of the Kharkov Council in mid. Sep. Artyom, addressing the Social Revolutionaries, said: “Let them say openly: we are for the slogan - land for the landowners. We propose the following resolution: All land to the labor cross - immediately and without ransom. Whoever is against this resolution, let him speak openly.” The Social Revolutionaries voted against this proposal and it was rejected. Then Artyom asked to include this fact in the protocol with the addition that “for three to four hours the Council discussed the question of who should own the land - the landowners or the peasants, and finally decided that it should belong to the landowners!” (“Kharkov and Kharkov province in the Great October Socialist Revolution.” Collection of documents and materials, Kharkov, 1957, pp. 187-88).

In Art. “To liars and traitors” (“Donetsk Proletary”, Lugansk, 1917, November 7) Artyom wrote that the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries “are screaming: why did they wrest power from the counter-revolution by force, as if the landowners themselves did not retain power with the help of the most cruel violence... “When the Socialist-Revolutionary gentlemen needed strength to fight tsarism, didn’t they themselves... call for a violent overthrow of power and an uprising!” (“Artem in Ukraine.” Documents and materials, Kharkov, 1961, p. 169). Speaking in mid. Nov. at the regional plenum to the Council of the Donetsk and Krivoy Rog basins regarding the demand of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries for the creation of a “homogeneous social government,” Artem said:

“Who can now be called homogeneous? Either those who are with the Soviets, or those who are against. This means that the power could be homogeneous, with a stretch, no more than a bloc of Bolsheviks, left Socialist Revolutionaries and left Menshevik-internationalists. But after all, a bloc of Bolsheviks and left Socialist Revolutionaries It is obvious that the Menshevik-internationalists are not a party of the masses; they have compromised themselves among the masses by conciliation and the most disgusting persecution of the victorious proletarian-cross revolution” (ibid., p. 174). On Nov. elected member Established Collection from Kharkov province. From 24 Nov before. Executive Committee of the Kharkov Council and provinces. VRK. On Dec. at the 1st All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets made a report on the current situation, elected member. The Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine was appointed Secretary (People's Commissar) for Trade and Industry Affairs.

In Jan. 1918 prev. South region people's council x-va. led the nationalization of industry. enterprises. From Feb. prev Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar. farm of Donetsk-Krivoy Rog owls. republics. Del. At the 7th Congress of the RCP(b) (March) on March 7, he came out with a justification for the need to ratify the peace treaty with Germany: member was re-elected. Central Committee. One of the organizers of the fight against the Center. Rada, Ataman A.M. Kaledina, Austro-German. occupiers. From ser. 1918 on desk, state. and prof. work. Died in the railway. disaster.

Contemporary testimony:

April 30, 1905 in Kharkov People's House F.I. Chaliapin gave a concert for workers. When they finished last words the mighty "Dubinushka" and the frantic applause finally died down, a young broad-shouldered man with an open, strong-willed face rose onto the stage. It was Artem, the recognized leader of the Kharkov workers and a remarkable Bolshevik agitator. He called on the proletarians for a general strike on May Day, to organize fighting squads and take up arms against the forces of the autocracy. He spoke passionately and enthusiastically,

While still in the Ekaterinoslav real school, Fyodor Sergeev became close to the Social Democrats, and in 1902 in Moscow, already a member of the RSDLP, he participated in a student demonstration, for which he was expelled from the Higher Technical School with a “wolf ticket” and sent to prison. After serving his sentence, Fyodor Sergeev went to study in Paris, in the Russian high school social sciences, where V.I. Lenin gave a course of lectures on the agrarian question. In the same year, Sergeev returned to Russia. A professional revolutionary works in Yekaterinoslav, cities and towns of Donbass. From the miners Fyodor Andreevich received his party name - Artem.

At the beginning of 1905, having left the royal prison for the third time, Artyom traveled on instructions from the party to Kharkov. In this terrible year, strikes and demonstrations take place one after another in the city, rallies and clashes with the police and Cossacks break out. And Artyom is always in the thick of battle. A pack of spies is stalking his tracks. How many times did he leave them, spending the night here and there, hiding in the steppe, in the swamps, and even in an isolation ward for the violently insane. Artem was an excellent conspirator, possessing a downright artistic gift of transformation.

In June, Kharkov was rocked by a three-day general political strike. And in December, Artyom, together with other Bolsheviks, raised the workers in an armed uprising. Despite the defeat, it played its role as a formidable warning to the autocracy. Kharkov workers elected Artyom as their delegate to the IV Congress of the RSDLP. On instructions from V.I. Lenin, he went to the Urals. The work ahead was enormous. But with the help of a traitor, the secret police managed to capture all members of the Perm Party Committee. The court sentenced Artyom to eternal exile in Siberia. Artem flees abroad through the Far East. The years of life in a foreign land were full of labor and hardship. But Artem always served the revolution as best he could. In Australia, he led the union of Russian emigrant workers, which fought together with the Australian proletariat, and established the publication of the Russian newspaper "Australian Echo". Artem spoke at rallies about the need to fight for one’s rights. For organizing one of these rallies, the authorities put him behind bars.

With the first news of the February Revolution, Artem returned to his homeland. He is again in Kharkov, again in the struggle: the masses must be won over, the revolution continues - there are still battles ahead for the dictatorship of the proletariat. He, as a delegate of the Kharkov Bolsheviks, spoke about this at the VI Party Congress. He was elected to the Central Committee. Artem became the head of the Donetsk regional committee of the RSDLP. And in October 1917, at the call of the Central Committee, he came to Petrograd and took part in the armed uprising.

The Civil War revealed the talent of a military leader in Artyom. He organizes the defense of Donbass and directs military operations against the troops of the Austro-German occupiers, the Central Rada and Kaledin. He takes part in the heroic campaign of the 5th Army and the defense of Tsaritsyn.

In peaceful days, Artem was in the leadership of the party and the Soviet government of Ukraine. Under construction new life, factories are rising from the ruins. Artyom's particular concern is the revival of Donbass.

In recent years, he worked in Moscow - first as secretary of the Moscow Party Committee, and then as chairman of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Union of Miners. His life ended suddenly, at the age of 38.

From my son's memories:

My father and Stalin were great friends and like-minded people. They met for the first time in 1906 at the IV Party Congress. My father was then 23 years old, and he spoke at that congress 19 times. Stalin was 4 years older. They did not see each other until 1917. My father was arrested in 1907, and Stalin was also arrested. They met for the second time at the VI Congress in July 1917 and since then they constantly communicated: at plenums, then they were together in Tsaritsyn, living there in the same carriage. Nadezhda Sergeevna went to Tsaritsyn as Stalin’s wife.
They were different people, but this did not interfere with them either in friendship or in work. On the contrary, they complemented each other.
After the death of my father (July 24, 1921), there was a meeting of the Politburo, where all 5 of its members were present, including V.I. Lenin. And the 18th item on the agenda was “On providing for Comrade Artyom’s family.” I didn’t see the document itself; I don’t know what was there. I only saw a document dated July 27, 1921, where paragraph 18 was: “We heard: “On providing for the family of Comrade Artyom. Performer: Stalin. Next was a document dated December 1921, which read “We heard about the implementation of paragraph 18 of the decision of July 27. I. Stalin reported.”
However, it was not only about the assignment, but also about friendship. My mother was friends with Nadezhda Sergeevna. And Vasily and I were even born in the same maternity hospital with a difference of 19 days: I was born on March 5, 1921, he was born on March 24.

When my father died as a result of an air car crash on July 24, 1921, Budyonny complained that it was such an accident, a catastrophe, how absurd and unexpected it was. To which Stalin said: “If an accident has political consequences, then we need to take a closer look at such an accident.”
So, if we talk about accidents and non-accidents, then we need to look more broadly. And when once again there was a conversation about the crash of the aerocar, in which my father and with him the leaders of the union of miners of the mining states died, then in response to the remark that, obviously, the carriage was not perfect enough, Stalin remarked: “So you think, that the reason is still technical? Or maybe political? Don't forget the class struggle." Kirov, Budyonny, and Zhdanov were present during this conversation. (pp. 74-75)

This is the habit of those people who considered the party and the state to be their brainchild. When my father, for example, traveled abroad, and this was often, my mother told me how delighted he was about how much currency he brought back without spending it. (page 126)

The Russian sailors, without orders, did not open fire on the Japanese, but as a result of inept maneuvering, two Japanese destroyers collided with each other and were damaged.

After this, four Japanese ships approached Port Arthur undetected and launched a torpedo attack. It couldn't be called successful. Of the 16 torpedoes fired, thirteen either missed their targets or failed to explode. However, three torpedoes damaged the three strongest Russian ships based in Port Arthur - the battleships Retvizan and Tsesarevich and the cruiser Pallada.

The cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Koreets" are returning after the battle.

Only the next day, February 10, 1904, Japan officially declared war on Russia. Today we remember the exploits of the soldiers of the Russian army in this war.

The death of the destroyer "Steregushchy"

In St. Petersburg, on the Petrograd side there is a magnificent monument to all the sailors who died in the Russian-Japanese War. In it, the two surviving sailors of the destroyer Steregushchy open the seacocks in order to flood the ship and not give it to the enemy. The crew of the "Steregushchy" really accomplished a real feat, only there are no kingstons on ships of this class and the "Steregushchy" sank itself from the holes it received.

The destroyers "Steregushchiy" and "Resolute" on February 10, the day of the official declaration of the Russian-Japanese War, were returning to Port Arthur when their way was blocked by four Japanese destroyers "Akebono", "Sazanami", "Sinonome" and "Usugumo". Subsequently, they were joined by two cruisers, Tokiwa and Chitose. The commanders of the Russian destroyers decided to avoid battle, but only the Resolute succeeded in breaking through to Port Arthur. The Steregushchy's boilers were damaged from a direct hit from a shell, and it continued the battle, practically losing momentum. Despite the significant superiority of the enemy, "Guardian" fought for almost an hour.

Even at the beginning of the battle, St. Andrew's flag was nailed to the mast so that it would not be accidentally torn off by the explosion. The ship's commander, Lieutenant Sergeev, led the battle while lying on the deck with his legs broken. When he died, Lieutenant N. Goloviznin took command, but he too was soon hit by shrapnel. At the end of the battle, when the ship could no longer fire back, it was commanded by the seriously wounded mechanical engineer V. Anastasov. When the last gun fell silent, the dying signalman Kruzhkov, with the help of fireman Osinin, was able to throw the signal books overboard, tying a load to them.

All officers and 45 out of 49 sailors died on the Steregushchy. The Japanese tried to tow the sinking destroyer, but were unable to - the ship sank, breaking the towing cable.

The first Russian submarine "Dolphin", which took part in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

Our proud “Varyag” does not surrender to the enemy

The legendary cruiser Varyag met the beginning of the war in the neutral Korean port of Chemulpo. The ship's captain, Vsevolod Fedorovich Rudnev, had orders from the Tsar's governor, Admiral Alekseev, not to get involved in Japanese provocations, so the cruiser remained in the roadstead even when the Japanese fired on the gunboat "Koreets", which was sent to Port Arthur with a report of a Japanese landing in the port .

On February 9, the captain of the Varyag, Vsevolod Fedorovich Rudnev, received an ultimatum from the Japanese: leave the port before 12 o’clock, otherwise the Russian ships will be attacked in the roadstead. Rudnev decided to fight his way to Port Arthur, and in case of failure, blow up the ships. At noon, “Varyag” and “Koreets” left Chemulpo. When leaving the port, the Russian ships met a Japanese squadron occupying a position behind Phamildo Island.

The heroic battle of the Varyag and the Korean against fourteen Japanese warships lasted for an hour. “Varyag” and “Koreets” destroyed a Japanese destroyer and a cruiser, and damaged another cruiser. But the Varyag itself was so riddled with shells that Rudnev decided to return to the port of Chemulpo. There, the cruiser's seams were opened and the ship was scuttled. The gunboat "Korean" was blown up. In this unprecedented battle, 1 officer and 30 sailors from the Varyag were killed, another 85 sailors were seriously wounded.

Soldiers build fortifications for the defense of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905.

Covered the hole with my body

Russia still remembers another hero of the Russo-Japanese War. This is Vasily Zverev, a mechanical engineer of the Russian destroyer “Strong”. On March 27, 1904, at 2:15 a.m., the Japanese attempted to block the entrance to the inner roadstead of Port Arthur, sending there 4 large commercial ships, accompanied by 6 destroyers.

The enemy's attempt was thwarted by the destroyer "Strong". The ship rushed to attack, dealt with the steamers and entered into battle with six Japanese destroyers. Having received a hole in the steam pipeline, the Strong turned into a stationary target for enemy fire. Then Zverev closed the hole with his body and returned the ship to motion, sacrificing his life. The dead were solemnly buried in Port Arthur.

Soldiers wounded during the Russo-Japanese War sit on a bench.

Before reading - eat

The commander of the Port Arthur fortress, Grigory Khodosevich, was on board the Russian destroyer Strashny when, on March 30, 1904, the ship entered into an unequal battle with four Japanese warships. 49 sailors were killed in the battle, only five people survived, including Khodosevich.

He found himself in icy water with a severe back injury. He had secret documents hidden under his life jacket. Seeing a Japanese boat approaching him, Khodasevich, with fingers stiff from the cold, began to tear the bag and eat the paper along with the seaweed. When the Japanese approached and lifted him on board, there was practically nothing left of the package. The interrogation also yielded nothing - Grigory Khodosevich did not say a word about the contents of the secret documents. The hero was sent to a prisoner of war camp and returned to his homeland only after the war.

Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich with officers of the 4th Siberian Cossack Regiment.

Port Arthur - from here to eternity

One of the real heroes of the defense of Port Arthur, of course, is the commandant of the fortress, Lieutenant General Roman Kondratenko. He personally led the defense in the most difficult and dangerous areas. Roman Kondratenko knew how to raise the spirit of soldiers in the most difficult moments of the siege of the city, which could several times repel the Japanese assault. He died on December 15, 1904 from a direct hit in the fort casemate by a howitzer shell. Eight other officers died along with him. After the end of the Russian-Japanese War, the hero’s body was solemnly reburied in St. Petersburg, in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Emperor Nicholas II tours the formation of infantry regiments heading to Manchuria.

Feat of the border guard

One of the heroes of Prot-Arthur was the lieutenant colonel of the Russian border guard, the head of the Kwantung department of the Special Trans-Amur border district Peter Butusov.

In July 1904, Lieutenant Colonel Butusov led a search in which the border guards blew up an enemy cannon and removed the locks from three. On August 6, Butusov’s border guards, together with the riflemen, knocked out the Japanese from the Vodoprovodny redoubt they had captured. On October 15, for the courage shown in the battles to repel the second assault on Port Arthur, Lieutenant Colonel Butusov was awarded the Order of St. George, IV degree.

On November 21, 1904, during the fourth assault on Port Arthur, Butusov was appointed commandant of Mount Vysokaya, where he was mortally wounded. He died on November 22 and was buried in the Port Arthur military cemetery.

A Japanese prisoner captured near the village of Yuhuantun.

Russian “Chinese” Vasily Ryabov

A scout of the Russian army, private Vasily Ryabov, repeatedly went to the rear of the Japanese in the clothes and wig of a Chinese peasant. And one day Ryabov’s group ran into a Japanese patrol. Vasily Ryabov was captured, but during interrogation he steadfastly kept the military secret and, being sentenced to death, behaved with dignity. Everything happened strictly according to the ritual. They shot from rifles from fifteen paces. Vasily Ryabov accepted death with open eyes.

The Japanese were delighted with the Russian's courageous behavior and considered it their duty to bring this to the attention of his superiors. The note from the Japanese officer sounds like a presentation for an award: “Our army cannot help but express our sincere wishes to the respected army, so that the latter would educate more such truly wonderful warriors, worthy of full respect.”

On the night of February 8-9, 1904, without a declaration of war, a Japanese squadron attacked the Russian naval base of Port Arthur.

This was preceded by a meeting at sea between Russian and Japanese ships.

The Russian sailors, without orders, did not open fire on the Japanese, but as a result of inept maneuvering, two Japanese destroyers collided with each other and were damaged.

The first battle of the Russo-Japanese War continued in the morning, when the fleets began exchanging fire from a distance of eight kilometers. Total losses in this battle were 150 for the Russians and 90 for the Japanese.
Only the next day, February 10, 1904, Japan officially declared war on Russia. Today we remember the exploits of the soldiers of the Russian army in this war.

The death of the destroyer "Steregushchy"

In St. Petersburg, on the Petrograd side there is a magnificent monument to all the sailors who died in the Russian-Japanese War. On it, the two surviving sailors of the destroyer "Steregushchy" open the kingstons in order to flood the ship and not give it to the enemy. The crew of the "Steregushchy" really accomplished a real feat, only there are no kingstons on ships of this class and the "Steregushchy" sank itself from the holes it received.

The destroyers "Steregushchiy" and "Resolute" were returning to Port Arthur on February 10, the day of the official announcement of the Russian-Japanese War, when their way was blocked by four Japanese destroyers "Akebono", "Sazanami", "Sinonome" and "Usugumo". Subsequently, they were joined by two cruisers, Tokiwa and Chitose.

The commanders of the Russian destroyers decided to avoid the battle, but only the “Resolute” succeeded in breaking through to Port Arthur. The “Guarding” had its boilers damaged from a direct hit by a shell, and it continued the battle, practically losing momentum. Despite the significant superiority of the enemy, "Guardian" fought for almost an hour.

All the officers and 45 of the 49 sailors on the Steregushchy were killed. The Japanese tried to tow the sinking destroyer, but were unable to - the ship sank, breaking the towing cable.

Our proud “Varyag” does not surrender to the enemy

The legendary cruiser "Varyag" met the beginning of the war in the neutral Korean port of Chemulpo. The captain of the ship, Vsevolod Fedorovich Rudnev, had orders from the Tsar's governor, Admiral Alekseev, not to get involved in Japanese provocations, so the cruiser remained in the roadstead even when the Japanese fired on the gunboat "Koreets", which was sent to Port Arthur with a report of a Japanese landing in the port.

On February 9, the captain of the Varyag, Vsevolod Fedorovich Rudnev, received an ultimatum from the Japanese: leave the port before 12 o’clock, otherwise the Russian ships would be attacked in the roadstead. Rudnev decided to fight his way to Port Arthur, and in case of failure, blow up the ships. At noon, the Varyag and "Korean" left Chemulpo. When leaving the port, the Russian ships met a Japanese squadron occupying a position behind Phamildo Island.

There, the cruiser's seams were opened and the ship was scuttled. The gunboat "Koreets" was blown up. In this unprecedented battle, 1 officer and 30 sailors from the "Varyag" were killed, another 85 sailors were seriously wounded.

Covered the hole with my body

Russia still remembers another hero of the Russo-Japanese War. This is the mechanical engineer of the Russian destroyer "Strong" Vasily Zverev. On March 27, 1904, at 2:15 a.m., the Japanese attempted to block the entrance to the internal roadstead of Port Arthur, sending 4 large commercial ships there, accompanied by 6 destroyers.

The enemy's attempt was thwarted by the patrol destroyer "Silny". The ship rushed to the attack, dealt with the steamers and entered into battle with six Japanese destroyers. Having received a hole in the steam pipeline, "Silny" turned into a stationary target for enemy fire.

Then Zverev closed the hole with his body and returned the ship to motion, sacrificing his life. The dead were solemnly buried in Port Arthur.

Before reading - eat

The commander of the Port Arthur fortress, Grigory Khodosevich, was on board the Russian destroyer "Strashny" when on March 30, 1904, the ship entered into an unequal battle with four Japanese warships. 49 sailors were killed in the battle, only five people survived, including Khodosevich .

When the Japanese approached and lifted him on board, there was practically nothing left of the package. The interrogation also yielded nothing - Grigory Khodosevich did not say a word about the contents of the secret documents. The hero was sent to a prisoner of war camp and returned to his homeland only after the war.
Port Arthur - from here to eternity.

Feat of the border guard

One of the heroes of Port Arthur was the lieutenant colonel of the Russian border guard, the head of the Kwantung department of the Special Trans-Amur Border District, Pyotr Butusov.

Russian “Chinese” Vasily Ryabov

Everything happened strictly according to the ritual. They shot from rifles from fifteen paces. Vasily Ryabov accepted death with open eyes.

On the night of February 8–9, 1904, without a declaration of war, a Japanese squadron attacked the Russian naval base of Port Arthur. This was preceded by a meeting at sea between Russian and Japanese ships. The Russian sailors, having no order, did not open fire on the Japanese, but as a result of inept maneuvering, two Japanese destroyers collided with each other and were damaged.

Fire at the Golden Mountain during the defense of Port Arthur, 1905

Only the next day, February 10, 1904, Japan officially declared war on Russia. Today we remember the exploits of the soldiers of the Russian army in this war.

The death of the destroyer "Steregushchy"

The first Russian submarine "Dolphin", which took part in the Russo-Japanese War

The destroyers "Steregushchiy" and "Resolute" were returning to Port Arthur on February 10, the day of the official declaration of the Russian-Japanese War, when their way was blocked by four Japanese destroyers "Akebono", "Sazanami", "Sinonome" and "Usugumo". Subsequently, they were joined by two cruisers, Tokiwa and Chitose. The commanders of the Russian destroyers decided to avoid battle, but only the Resolute succeeded in breaking through to Port Arthur. The "Guardian" had its boilers damaged from a direct hit from a shell, and it continued the battle, practically losing momentum. Despite the significant superiority of the enemy, "Guardian" fought for almost an hour.

All officers and 45 out of 49 sailors died on the Steregushchy. The Japanese tried to tow the sinking destroyer, but were unable to - the ship sank, breaking the towing cable.

Operating room in a field hospital during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905.

Wounded soldiers during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905.

Our proud "Varyag" does not surrender to the enemy

The cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Koreets" return after a heavy battle to the Korean port of Chemulpo

On February 9, the captain of the Varyag, Vsevolod Fedorovich Rudnev, received an ultimatum from the Japanese: leave the port before 12 o’clock, otherwise the Russian ships will be attacked in the roadstead. Rudnev decided to fight his way to Port Arthur, and in case of failure, blow up the ships. At noon, "Varyag" and "Koreets" left Chemulpo. When leaving the port, the Russian ships met a Japanese squadron occupying a position behind Phamildo Island.

Our proud "Varyag" does not surrender to the enemy!- The truth about the greatest feat of Russian sailors in Chemulpo Bay - Oleg Svatalov

The heroic battle of the Varyag and the Korean against fourteen Japanese warships lasted for an hour. "Varyag" and "Koreets" destroyed a Japanese destroyer and a cruiser, and damaged another cruiser. But the Varyag itself was so riddled with shells that Rudnev decided to return to the port of Chemulpo. There, the cruiser's seams were opened and the ship was scuttled. The gunboat "Korean" was blown up. In this unprecedented battle, 1 officer and 30 sailors from the Varyag were killed, another 85 sailors were seriously wounded.

Covered the hole with my body

Russia still remembers another hero of the Russo-Japanese War. This is Vasily Zverev, a mechanical engineer of the Russian destroyer "Strong". On March 27, 1904, at 2:15 a.m., the Japanese attempted to block the entrance to the inner roadstead of Port Arthur, sending there 4 large commercial ships, accompanied by 6 destroyers.

Emperor Nicholas II tours the formation of regiments heading to Manchuria

Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich together with officers of the 4th Siberian Cossack Regiment

Before reading - eat

A Japanese prisoner taken near the village of Yuhuantun

Port Arthur - from here to eternity

One of the real heroes of the defense of Port Arthur, of course, is the commandant of the fortress, Lieutenant General Roman Kondratenko. He personally led the defense in the most difficult and dangerous areas. Roman Kondratenko knew how to raise the spirit of soldiers in the most difficult moments of the siege of the city, which could several times repel the Japanese assault. He died on December 15, 1904 from a direct hit in the casemate of the fort by a howitzer shell. Eight other officers died along with him. After the end of the Russian-Japanese War, the hero’s body was solemnly reburied in St. Petersburg, in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.