Category of number in Arabic. Regular plural feminine

There are two types of plurals: “whole” and “broken.”

1. Whole plural number.

When this type is formed plural the internal structure of the name remains unchanged, intact - hence the name.

"Integer" plural of names denoting male persons ( جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِم ) is formed by adding the ending - ُونَ to form singular. For example:

مُدَرِّسٌ teacher Š مُدَرِّسُونَ teachers

مُسْلِمٌ Muslim Š مُسْلِمُونَ Muslims

-ِ ينَ. For example:

الرَّفْعُ eminent. case	مُدَرِّسُونَ	المُدَرِّسُونَ
الجَرُّ will give birth. case	مُدَرِّسِينَ	المُدَرِّسِينَ
النَّصْبُ blames. case	مُدَرِّسِينَ	المُدَرِّسِينَ

Note

There are also a number of names that do not indicate male persons, but form their plural according to the mentioned scheme. For example:

أَرْضٌ land Š أرْضُونَ land

سَنَةٌ year Š سِنُونَ year

عَالَمٌ world Š عَالَمُونَ worlds

If "integer" is the plural of names denoting male persons

(جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ ) is the first member of idafa, then the letter نَ “nun” is truncated from it and it is declined as follows:

الرَّفْعُ eminent. case	مُدَرِّسُو الْجَامِعَةِ
الجَرُّ will give birth. case	مُدَرِّسِي الْجَامِعَةِ
النَّصْبُ blames. case	مُدَرِّسِي الْجَامِعَةِ

Integer plural of names feminine ((جَمعُ المُؤَنّثِ السَّالِم formed by adding the ending -َ اتٌ to the singular form.

(In a certain state - َ اتُ ). For example:

طَالِبَةٌ Š طَالِبَاتٌ student

الطَّالِبَةُ female student

In the genitive and accusative cases this ending changes to - َ اتٍ . (In a certain state - on -َ اتِ ):

الرَّفْعُ eminent. case	طَالِبَاتٌ	الطَّالِبَاتُ
الجَرُّ will give birth. case	طَالِبَاتٍ	الطَّالِبَاتِ
النَّصْبُ blames. case	طَالِبَاتٍ	الطَّالِبَاتِ

Unlike the integer plural denoting male persons

gender ( جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِم ), integer plural feminine nouns

السَّالِم) (جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ may indicate both persons female, and inanimate items. For example:

جَوَازٌ passport Š جَوَازَاتٌ passports

وِزَارَةٌ ministry Š وِزَارَاتٌ ministries

وَرَقَةٌ sheet Š وَرَقَاتٌ sheets

2. "Broken"plural number(جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ ) .

This type of plural is formed not by adding any ending to the singular form, but by changing the structure of the word itself. In this case, some letters are added to the base of the name (or, conversely, truncated), but the root letters are preserved. For example:

كِتَابٌ book Š كُتُبٌ books (formed according to the formula فُعُلٌ)

قَلَمٌ pencil Š أَقْلاَمٌ pencils (formed by the formula أَفْعَالٌ)

دَرْسٌ lesson Š دُرُوسٌ lessons (formed by the formula فُعُولٌ)

student

مِثَالٌ example Š أَمْثِلَةٌ examples (formed by the formula أَفْعِلَةٌ )

عَالِمٌ scientist Š عُلَمَاءُ scientists (formed according to the formula فُعَلَاءُ)

عَامِلٌ worker Š عُمَّالٌ workers (formed according to the formula فُعَّالٌ), etc.

The “broken” plural should be learned together with the singular form, since the choice of one or another plural formula is not determined by strict rules.

Exercises for consolidation

1) Find the plural forms of the following names in the dictionary:

()حَدِيثٌ saying of the Prophet (peace be upon him)

()رَسُولٌ messenger

()قَبْرٌ grave

()قَاتِلٌ killer

()جَبَلٌ mountain

()قِرْدٌ monkey

()مَنْفَعَةٌ benefit, benefit

()نِعْمَةٌ gift, mercy

()جَاهِلٌ ignoramus

() عَزَبٌ single, unmarried

2) Translate the following sentences and find the plural names in them:

خَلَقَ اللهُ الْكَوَاكِبَ وَالنُّجُومَ وَالْحَيَوَانَاتِ وَالنَّبَاتَاتِ وَغَيْرَهَا مِنَ الْمَخْلُوقَاتِ

ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلُ كَانَ فِي بِلاَدٍ كَثِيرَةٍ وَرَأَى أُنَاسًا وَمُدُنًا وَقُرًى كَثِيرَةً

____________________________________________

ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الدُّكَّانِ فَاشْتَرَيْتُ الْمَلاَعِقَ وَالشَّوْكَاتِ وَالسَّكَاكِينَ وَالأَطْبَاقَ وَالأَكْوَابَ

____________________________________________

هَلْ يُوجَدُ فِي وَطَنِكَ غَابَاتٌ وَجِبَالٌ وَأَنْهَارٌ وَبِحَارٌ؟

____________________________________________

نعم، كُلُّ هَذِهِ الأَشْيَاءِ تُوجَدُ فِي بَلَدِي

____________________________________________

يَعِيشُ فِي الْبَحْرِ أَسْمَاكٌ وَحِيتَانٌ وَقُرُوشٌ وَسَرَطَانَاتٌ ...

____________________________________________

يُحِبُّ اللهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الصَّالِحِينَ الصَّادِقِينَ وَيُبْغِضُ الْكَافِرِينَ الْفَاجِرِينَ الْكَاذِبِينَ

____________________________________________

كَانَتْ أُمَّهَاتُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُنَّ) عَابِدَاتٍ صَالِحَاتٍ تَائِبَاتٍ

____________________________________________

مُسْلِمُو رُوسِيَا يُحِبُّونَ إِخْوَانَهُمْ أَيْ مُسْلِمِي الْعَالَمِ كُلِّهِ

____________________________________________

3) Translate the sentences into Arabic:

There are many trees, flowers and butterflies in the garden

This plant produces bicycles, cars and tractors

___________________________________________________

There are a lot of books, magazines and tapes in that store

___________________________________________________

I invited relatives, friends and colleagues home

___________________________________________________

Bashkiria has many forests, lakes, rivers and mountains

___________________________________________________

A Muslim respects elders, loves children and protects the weak

___________________________________________________

4) Learn the proverb:

š الْفَقْرُ بِلاَ دُيُونٍ غِنًى ›

“Poverty without debt is wealth”

duration: 30 minutes

This is Arabic lesson number 3. It is dedicated to: plurals and languages. Examples on this page: dictionary , grammar, And phrases. You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon . If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by email: Learn Arabic .

Below is a list of the most commonly used words, the scope of which is: Plural. The table below has 3 columns (Russian, Arabic and pronunciation). Try to repeat the words after listening. This will help you improve your pronunciation and also remember the word better.

List of adjectives

Russian language	Plural	Audio
country	dawla دولة
countries	duwal دول
lake	buhayra بحيرة
lakes	buhayraat بحيرات
language	lugha لغة
languages	lughaat لغات
woman	emra"a إمرأة
women	nesaa" نساء
man	rajul رجل
men	rejaal رجال
boy	walad ولد
boys	awlaad أولاد
girl	bent بنت
girls	banat بنات

Here is a list of sentences containing several vocabulary items shown above topic about: Plurals. Sentences are added to help you understand how the structure of an entire sentence can affect the function and meaning of individual words.

Plurals with examples

Languages ​​vocabulary

This is a list of languages ​​vocabulary. If you learn the following words by heart, it will make your conversations with the natives much easier and more enjoyable.

Languages ​​vocabulary

Russian language	Languages	Audio
Arab	arabia العربية
Moroccan (Moroccan)	maghrebi مغربي
Morocco	almaghreb المغرب
Brazilian	brazilia البرازيلية
Brazilian (Brazilian)	brazili برازيلي
Brazil	albarazil البرازيل
Chinese	assinia الصينية
Chinese (Chinese)	sini صيني
China	seen الصين
English	alenjlizia الإنجليزية
British	Britani بريطاني
Britannia	britania بريطانيا
American (American)	amriki أمريكي
America	amrika أمريكا
French	alpharansia الفرنسية
Frenchman (French woman)	faransi فرنسي
France	faransa فرنسا
German	alalmania الألمانية
German (German)	almani ألماني
Germany	almania ألمانيا
Greek	alyunaania اليونانية
Greek (Greek)	yunaani يوناني
Greece	alyunaan اليونان
Hindi	alhindia الهندية
Indian (Indian)	hindi هندي
India	alhind الهند
Irish	alirlandia الأيرلندية
Irishman (Irish woman)	irlandi إيرلندي
Ireland	Ireland إيرلندا
Italian	alitalia الإطالية
Italian (Italian)	itali إيطالي
Italy	italia إيطاليا
Japanese	alyabania اليابانية
Japanese (Japanese)	yabani ياباني
Japan	alyaban اليابان
Korean	alkuria الكورية
Korean (Korean)	kuri كوري
Korea	curia كوريا
Persian	alpharisia الفارسية
Iranian (Iranian)	eerani إيراني
Iran	eeran إيران
Portuguese	alburtughalia البرتغالية
Portuguese (Portuguese)	burtughali برتغالي
Portugal	alburtughal البرتغال
Russian	arrusia الروسية
Russian (Russian)	rusi روسي
Russia	Russia روسيا
Spanish	alespania الاسبانية
Spaniard (Spanish)	espani إسباني
Spain	espania إسبانيا

Daily Talk

Finally, check out the list of phrases used in everyday communication. Full list popular expressions, please see: Arabic phrases.

Arabic phrases

Russian language	Audio
I don't speak Korean	ana la atakalam alkuria أنا لا أتكلم الكورية
I like Japanese language	ana uheb alyabania أنا أحب اليابانية
I speak Italian	ana atakalam alitalia أنا أتكلم الإيطالية
I want to learn Spanish	ana ureed ta"alum alespania أنا أريد تعلم الاسبانية
My native language is German	lughati al um hiya alalmania لغتي الأم هي الألمانية
Spanish is easy to learn	alespania hiya sahlat ata"alum الإسبانية هي سهلة التعلم
He has a rug made in Morocco	ladayhi sajada maghribia لديه سجادة مغربية
I have an American car	ladya sayara amrekia لدي سيارة أمريكية
I love French cheese	ana uheb aljubn alfaransi أنا أحب الجبن الفرنسي
I am Italian (Italian)	ana itali أنا ايطالي
My dad is Greek	walidi yunaany والدي يوناني
My wife is Korean	zawjati kuria زوجتي كورية
Have you been to India?	hal sabaka lak zeyarat alhind? هل سبق لك زيارة الهند؟
I came from Spain	je"tu men Spain جئت من إسبانيا
I live in America	ana a"eesh fe amrika أنا أعيش في أمريكا
I want to go to Germany	ureed an azhaba ila almania أريد أن أذهب إلى ألمانيا
I was born in Italy	lakad wuledtu fe italia لقد ولدت في إيطاليا
Japan is a beautiful country	alyabaan balad jameel اليابان بلد جميل
Long time no see!	lam araka mundu mudda لم أراك منذ مدة
I missed you	eshtaktu lak اشتقت لك
What's new?	maljadeed? ما الجديد؟
Nothing new	lasha" jadeed لا شي جديد
Feel at home!	albeyt beytuk البيت بيتك
Have a nice trip!	rehla muwafaka رحلة موفقة

Benefits of learning a language

Children raised in a bilingual environment have improved short-term memory compared to those raised in a monolingual home. This improved short-term memory means that its owners are faster at mental calculations, more advanced at reading, and many other abilities essential to survival.

You did a good job and passed this lesson! You completed this lesson on: plurals and languages. Are you ready for the next lesson? We recommend going through Arabic lesson 4 . You can also click on one of the links below, or return to our home page by clicking on the link here:

Encyclopedic YouTube

In the 10th century, as a result of the merging of the ideas of the Basri and Kufi schools, the Baghdad school of Arabic grammar was formed, although some authors deny the existence of the Baghdad school and continue to divide Arab linguists into Basris and Kufi. The Baghdadians were not as categorical as the Basrians and occupied a middle position between schools, taking their due from foreign influences and not completely rejecting them. In their writings, the Baghdadians turned to both the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad and the works of modern poets like Bashshar and Abu Nuwas.

Sciences studying Arabic

In the Arabic tradition, there are 4 sciences that study literary Arabic:

• al-Lugha(Arab. اللغة ‎‎) - lexicology, description of vocabulary and meanings of words.
• at-Tasrif(Arab. التصريف ‎‎ or Arabic. الصرف ‎‎) - morphology, description of word forms and their formation. Sometimes the science of الإشتقاق al-iştiqāq is isolated from sarf - etymology, word formation.
• al-Nahw(Arab. النحو ‎‎) - syntax, the science of the order of words in a sentence and their influence on each other. An important component of this science is al-i'rab(Arab. الإعراب ‎‎) - section nahv, studying the change in case endings of words.
• al-Balyaga(Arab. البلاغة ‎‎) - rhetoric, the science of correct, convincing and beautiful presentation of thoughts.

Root word

Almost all names and verbs in Arabic we can distinguish a root consisting of only consonants.

The Arabic root is most often three-letter, less often two- or four-letter, and even less often five-letter; but already for a four-letter root there is a requirement that it contain at least one of the smooth consonants (vox memoriae (memory): مُرْ بِنَفْلٍ).

According to the famous Russian Arabist S. S. Maisel, the number of triconsonant roots in modern Arabic literary language is 82% of total number Arabic root word.

Not just any consonants can participate in the composition of a root: some of them are compatible in the same root (more precisely, in the same cell; see below: b), others are incompatible.

Incompatible:

1. Laryngeal: غ ع خ ح (if ع and ء are compatible)
2. Non-laryngeal:

ب and فم

ت and ث

ث and س ص ض ط ظ

ج and ف ق ك

خ and ظقك

د and ذ

ذ and ص ض ط ظ

ر and ل

ز and ض ص ظ

س and ص ض

ش and ض ل

ص and ض ط ظ

ض and ط ظ

ط and ظ ك

ظ and غ ق

غ and ق ك

ق and كغ

ل and ن

This feature of the composition of the Arabic root makes the task somewhat easier for those reading the manuscript without dots; for example, the spelling of حعڡر ‎ should be جَعْفَر ‎

The formation of words occurs mainly due to the internal structural change of the word - internal inflection. An Arabic root, as a rule, consists of three (rarely two or four, extremely rarely five) root consonants (radicals), which, with the help of transfixes, form the entire paradigm of a given root. For example, from the verb كَتَبَ ‎ (write), using the consonants “K-T-B” the following words and forms are formed:

Pronouns

Personal

Separate

Separate pronouns are used independently, not in idafa and not as direct object.

Face		Units	Dv.h.	Pl.
1st		anāأنا	naḥnuنحن
2nd	husband.	antaأنت	antumāأنتما	antumأنتم
	wives	antiأنت		antunnaأنتنّ
3rd	husband.	huwaهو	humāهما	humهم
	wives	hiyaهي		hunnaهنّ

Fused

Confluent pronouns are used after names, indicating ownership (that is, replacing idafu, كِتَابُهُ kitābuhu “his book”), as well as after verbs, replacing the direct object (كَتَبْتُهُ katabtuhu “I wrote it”). They can also join prepositions (عَلَيْهِ ʕalayhi “on him”, بِهِ bihi “to them, with his help”, etc.), particles of the group إِنَّ (for example إنَّهُ رَجُلٌ صادِقٌ innahu rajul un sˤādiqun "indeed, he is truthful person"). Confluent 3rd person pronouns (except ها) have variants with the vowel i after words ending in i or y. The 1st person pronoun is used in the form ني nī after vowels, in the form ـيَّ after y (merging with this sound).

Face		Units	Dv.h.	Pl.
1st		-nī/-ī/-yaـي	-nāـنا
2nd	husband.	-kaـك	-kumāـكما	-kumـكم
	wives	-kiـك		-kunnaـكن
3rd	husband.	-hu/-hiـه	-humā/-himāـهما	-hum/-himـهم
	wives	-hāـها		-hunna/-hinnaـهن

Index fingers

Demonstrative pronouns are combinations with the Semitic demonstrative ðā (compare Hebrew זה ze "this, this"). Arabic demonstrative pronouns agree with the word they refer to, according to general rules. According to cases, they change only in the dual number.

"This, this, these"

Genus		Units	Dv.h.	Pl.
Husband.	straight p.	hāðā هذا	hāðāni هذان	hā'ulā'iهؤلاء
	indirect clauses		hāðayni هذين
Women	straight p.	hāðihiهذه	hātāni هتان
	indirect clauses		hātayni هتين

"That, that, those"

Genus		Units	Dv.h.	Pl.
Husband.	straight p.	İālikaذلك	ðānika ذانك	ulā'ikaأولئك
	indirect clauses		ðaynika ذينك
Women	straight p.	tillkaتلك	tanika تانك
	indirect clauses		taynika تينك

Interrogative

The following words are interrogative in Arabic: مَنْ man “who?”, مَا، مَاذا mā, māðā “what?”, إينَ ayna “where?”, كَيْفَ kayfa “how?”, مَتَى matā “when?”, كَم ْkam “how much?”, أَيٌّ ayyun (feminine - أَيَّةٌ ayyatun, but the word أي can be used for both genders) “which, which, which?” Of these, only أيٌّ and أَيَّةٌ change by case; they are also used with words in the form of idafa (for example, أَيَّ كِتَابٍ تُرِيدُ ayya kitābin turīdu “what book do you want?”, the pronoun أي has lost tanvin, as the first member of idafa, and received the ending nasba a , since it is the direct object of the verb أرَادَ arāda “to want”).

The word كَمْ is used in several contexts: in the context of a question about quantity, it puts the subsequent word in nasb (كَمْ سَاعَةً تَنْتَظِرُ؟ kam sāʕatan tantazˤiru “how many hours have you been waiting?”), in the context of surprise - in jarr (!كَ مْ أَخٍ لَكَ kam axin laka " how many (how many) brothers do you have!

Relative

How relatives can be used and interrogative pronouns ما، من.

Relative pronouns (which, which, which)

Genus		Units	Dv.h.	Pl.
Husband.	straight p.	allaðī الّذي	allaðāni اللّذان	allaðīna الّذين
	indirect clauses		allaðayni الّذين
Women	straight p.	allatī الّتي	allatāni اللّتان	allātī, allā"ī الّاتي، الائي
	indirect clauses		allatayni الّتين

Name

Genus

Arabic has two genders: masculine and feminine. The masculine gender has no special indicators, but the feminine gender includes:

1. Words with endings ـة، ـاءُ، ـٙى for example: سَاعَةٌ “hours”، صَخْرَاءُ “desert”، كُبْرَى “greatest”

2. Words denoting female people and animals (females), even without external indicators of the feminine gender, for example: أُمٌّ “mother”, حَامِلٌ “pregnant”

3. Words denoting cities, countries and peoples, for example: مُوسْكُو “Moscow”, قُرَيْشٌ “(tribe) Quraysh”

4. Words denoting paired organs of the body, for example: عَيْنٌ “eye”, أُذُنٌ “ear”

5. The following words:

It is worth noting that words denoting male people and animals can also have the endings ـة، ـاءُ، ـٙى for example: عَلَّامَةٌ “great scientist”, أُسَامَةُ “Osama (male name)”.

Number

In Arabic there are three numbers of names: singular, dual and plural. Adjectives and verbs agree with nouns in number. The dual number has clear rules of formation, but the plural number is formed in different ways; it must always be clarified in the dictionary.

Dual

The dual number is formed by adding the ending ـَانِ āni to a singular name (and ة becomes ت). Names in the dual number are bicase, in the oblique case (nasb and hafda) their ending is ـَيْنِ ayni. In the conjugate state, these names lose the last nun.

Regular plural masculine

The correct plural is formed by adding the ending ـُونَ ūna to the singular word. In the indirect case, this ending looks like ـِينَ īna. In the conjugated state, these names lose the last nun, and have the endings ـُو ū, ـِي -ī.

Regular plural feminine

Feminine names ending in ة in the plural most often replace it with the ending ـَاتٌ ātun. Some verbal names can take the same ending masculine. In hafda and nasb they change to ـَاتٍ ātin or ـَاتِ āti.

Broken plural

Most names in Arabic are made plural by changing their stem. So many masculine names change (كuge kitābun book - كail.Ru - Kutubun Book), less often - feminine with ة (e.g. axiْuzzٌ madrasatun School - axu material of the school), and practical all the names of the female family without ة.

"Cases"

In Arabic there are three so-called states of names: raf, hafd (or jarr), nasb. They are often translated as nominative, genitive and accusative cases respectively. These terms do not fully reflect the Arabic category of the condition, therefore this article uses the Russian transliteration of Arabic terms.

Some names in hafda and nasb have the same form and also do not take tanwin, so they are called “two-case”, and their forms are divided into direct and indirect cases.

Raf" (nominative case)

The raf state is the main, “dictionary” state of names.

Jarr/hafd (genitive case)

Names are used in the hafd state after conjugated names and prepositions. It is formed in three ways:

1. Three-case names, names in broken plural and whole feminine numbers change the ending u, un to i, in.

2. Two-case names end in a.

3. Names in the dual and regular masculine plural change the letters و and ا to ي. It also appears in the “five names”.

Nasb (accusative case)

The nasb state has names used as direct objects of verbs, after modal particles, and also in some circumstances without an excuse. Nasb is formed like this:

1. Three-case names and names in the broken plural change u, un to a, an.

2. “Five names” take ا

3. Names in the whole plural of both genders and bicase names in nasb coincide with their forms in hafda.

Nasb is used in the following contexts:

1. The direct object of the verb (كَتَبْتُ رِسَالَةً “I wrote a letter”)

2. In the circumstances of the manner of action, expressed by the same or different root name of the action (ضَرَبَهُ ضَرْبًا شَدِيدًا “he hit him with a strong blow”)

3. In circumstances of time without a preposition (نَهَارًا “in the afternoon”)

4. In the circumstances of direction (يَمِينًا “to the right”)

5. In the circumstances of the course of action in the meaning of purpose or reason (قُمْتُ إِكْرَامًا لَهُ “I stood up out of respect for him”)

6. After “vav jointness” (سَافَرْتُ وأَخَاكَ “I went (together) with your brother”)

7. In the circumstances of the manner of action, expressed by the same root or different root participle (ذَهَبَ مَاشِيًا “he set off on foot”)

8. In the context of emphasis (حَسَنٌ وَجْهًا “good face”)

9. After the numerals كَمْ “how many?” and كَذَا “so much”

10. After modal particles (“إنَّ and its sisters”, see below)

11. After the particle لا, when a general, generic negation is implied (لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا الله “there is no deity except the One God”)

12. After the particles ما and لا, when they are used in the meaning of the verb لَيْسَ “not to appear.” Characteristic of the Hijja dialect (مَا هَذَا بَشَرًا = لَيْسَ هَذَا بَشَرًا “this is not a person”)

13. After the construction مَا أَفْعَلَ, expressing surprise (مَا أَطْيَبَ زَيْدًا “how good Zaid is!”)

14. When addressing, if the one being addressed is the first member of the idafa (يَا ​​أَبَا عُمَرَ “oh, Abu “Umar!”, “hey, father of “Umar!”)

Two-case names

Two-case names (الأسماء الممنوعة من الصرف) differ from three-case names in that they do not have a tanvin, in Raf they have the ending -u, and in Hafda and Nasb -a. Bicase, in fact, are the forms of the dual and integer plurals, but they are considered in their own sections.

In a definite and conjugated state, two-case names change as three-case names, that is, with the ending -i.

The following categories of words belong to two-case names:

1. Most female proper names, except those built according to the فَـِـُعْلٌ model. Male names ending in ة.

2. Proper names that match the form of the verb.

3. Proper names and names of non-Arabic origin (except those built according to the فَـِـُعْلٌ model)

4. Proper names with the ending ـَانُ and any names built according to the model فَعْلَانُ.

5. Proper names of the model فُعَلٌ, as well as the word أُخَرُ

6. Proper names formed from two words by addition, but not idafa.

7. Feminine names ending in ـَاءُ or ـَى

8. Model names أَفْعَلُ

9. ‌Names (numerals) of models مَفْعَلُ or فُعَالُ

10. Broken plural names in which there are two or three letters after ا.

Hidden declension names

1. Names ending in alif (regular ا and broken ى, or tanvin ً -an) do not change according to cases.

2. Names to which the fused pronoun ي is attached do not change by case.

3. Names ending in taniwin ٍ -in do not change in raf'e and hafd. In nasb and a certain state of all cases they have the letter ي

Five names

The next five names (in the table) are not changed according to the rules. In the conjugated state and with fused pronouns, their short vowel lengthens. The words ذو and فو do not have forms with short vowels, since they are used only in idafa and with pronouns. Along with them, the correct names صَاحِبٌ and فَمٌ are used.

Forms of the word ذو

"Having, owner of something"

Genus		Units	Dv.h.	Pl.
Husband.	raf"	ðū ذو	ðawā ذوا	ðawū, ulū ذوو، أولو
	nasb	ðā ذا	ðaway ذويْ	ðawī, ulī ذوي، أولي
	hafd	ðī ذِي
Women	raf"	İātu ذاتُ	ðawātā ذواتا	ðawātu, ulātu ذوات، أولاتُ
	nasb	ðāta ذاتَ	ðawātī ذواتي	ðawāti, ulāti ذوات، أولات
	hafd	ðāti ذاتِ

A certain state

A certain state of names is a form without tanwin. It is used in several cases: after the article ال, after vocative particles, etc. Adjectives agree with nouns in definiteness and indefiniteness.

Conjugate state, idafa

"Idafa" - special design in Semitic languages ​​(corresponds to Hebrew smichut). In it, the first word is in the so-called conjugate state. In Arabic (and other Semitic languages ​​that retain cases), the second word is in genitive case. The words in idafa are in the relation “the subject of the owner.” A word in the conjugated state does not take the article ال, but is considered definite with the help of the subsequent one; the definiteness of the entire construction is calculated using the last word.

Degrees of comparison of “adjectives”

Comparative and superlative forms of the name are formed from a three-letter root according to the formula:

أَفْعَلُ (plural: أَفْعَلُونَ or أَفَاعِلُ) for the masculine gender, فُعْلَى (plural: فُعْلَيَاتُ) for the feminine gender. For example: the root ك،ب،ر, associated with large sizes(for example, كَبُرَ to be big) - أَكْبَرُ the biggest - كُبْرَى the biggest.

These forms are used in four contexts:

1. In the predicate position, in an indefinite state, followed by the preposition مِنْ “from, from”, in the masculine singular form. This form is used in comparison: أَخِى أَصْغَرُ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ “My brother is younger than Muhammad.”
2. WITH definite article“اَلْ” in the position of definition, fully consistent with the main word: البَيْتُ الأَكْبَرُ “The largest house.”
3. As the first member of the idafa (in the form of singular, masculine), where the second member is the name of an indefinite state (consistent in gender and number with the determinant or subject): best friend""Zainab is my best friend."
4. As the first member of the idafa (either in the singular form of the male form, or agrees in gender and number with the defined or subject), the second member of which is the name of a certain state (does not agree with the defined or subject, usually has a plural form. h.): أَنْتَ أَفْضَلُ اَلنَّاسِ “You are the best of people”, أَنْتُنَّ أَفْضَلُ النَّاسِ or أَنْ تُنَّ فُضْلَيَاتُ النَّاسِ “You (women) are the best of people.”

Numerals

Quantitative

Ordinal

Coordination

In Arabic, the definition is consistent with the defined in definiteness, gender, number, case. At the same time, for “reasonable” names (naming people) in the plural, the definitions have the plural form of the required gender, and for “unreasonable” names (naming animals, inanimate objects) - in the form of the feminine singular.

Derivative models of names

Verbs

The Arabic language has an extensive verbal system, which is based on two forms that go back to the Semitic perfect and imperfect. A three-letter verb has 15 types, of which only 10 are actively used, a four-letter verb has 4 types, of which 2 are widely used. There are several types of “irregular” verbs that have some peculiarity in the root: the coincidence of the 2nd and 3rd th root letters, the presence of weak letters (و or ي) or hamza.