Psychological pedagogical and special defectological education. Special (defectological) education (bachelor's degree)

IN modern world There are a lot of professions that are aimed at helping people: rescuers, doctors, social service workers. Today we will talk about the profession of defectologist, whose representatives work with children who have deviations from normal physical and psychological development.

It is these specialists who give abnormal children a chance to socialize in society and change their fate for the better.

What does a defectologist do?

What does a defectologist do and do? Specialists are usually divided into two categories: those who teach and raise children with psychological disabilities and those who work in the field of correctional pedagogy.

Defectology as a science appeared relatively recently. This is not surprising, because before no one treated abnormal children; they were simply disposed of. The competence of a modern specialist includes not only direct work with children, but also the study of the characteristics and patterns of certain deviations.

Over the past 20 years, defectology has received additional impetus for development. Having begun its development as a theoretical discipline, it has evolved into a practical concept aimed at implementing effective methods treatment of congenital and acquired defects.

Working with children requires a specialist certain qualities. Among them:

patience;
stress resistance;
excellent memory;
friendliness;
developed ability to empathize.

It seems to the average person that a defectologist only works with children who have physical and psycho-emotional disabilities. This is not entirely true. The specialist’s responsibilities include selecting methods for children with problems with academic performance and understanding of subjects at school.

Classes with a specialist last according to the developed plan for a certain time. When knowledge gaps are filled, classes stop.

Pros and cons of the profession of defectologist

Advantages:

socially important profession. Specialists give children a chance for a happy life;
demand for the profession in the labor market;
opportunity to combine work and private practice.

Flaws:

psychologically hard work. The specialist is at risk of overwork and depression;
modest wages in government agencies.

Defectologist salary

The salary of a defectologist ranges from 25-35 thousand rubles. Labor market research has shown that employers in the Kamchatka Territory and the Moscow Region are willing to offer the highest salaries:

Where to study to become a defectologist? As we noted above, this profession is a symbiosis of sciences, where pedagogy is fundamental. If you decide to become a defectologist, take a closer look at pedagogical universities that have a defectology department.

There is an opinion among ordinary people that one can master a profession through specialized courses. This is a misconception, in order to become a specialist, you need to go to university.

What is the difference between a speech therapist and a speech pathologist?

What is the difference between a defectologist and a speech therapist? The main difference is the specialist’s area of competence. involves working with children who have problems with the pronunciation of sounds and complex words. The speech therapist corrects the child’s slurred speech and shows the correct pronunciation of complex sounds. Often a specialist works with children from three to six years old.

The defectologist is engaged general development child, struggles with psychophysical problems, disorders of the musculoskeletal system, develops the emotional-volitional component.

DEFECTOLOGICAL EDUCATION

higher industry ped. education, teacher training system. personnel for teaching and education. working with abnormal children. Implemented ch. arr. in ped. in-tah (sometimes in high boots). Provides qualifications as an oligophrenopedagogist, teacher of the deaf, typhlopedagogist, speech therapist, profiled by groups of relevant special (correctional) educational institutions and the age of students.

In pre-rev. Russia training of personnel for defectology. institutions were carried out on short-term courses in St. Petersburg. school for the deaf and dumb (headed by A.F. Ostrogradsky), St. Petersburg. psychoneurological Institute (head L.G. Orshansky), Moscow. det. kindergarten for the deaf and dumb (directors N.A. Rau and F.A. Rau), etc.

In the first years of the Soviet The authorities organized courses for defectologists in Petrograd (1918, leader A.S. Griboyedov) and Moscow (1919, leader V.P. Kashchenko). Opened in Petrograd in 1918 Faculty of Defectology at In-those doshk. education and the Institute of social education of normal and defective children (later merged with the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute, where a defectology department was created in 1924, and a faculty in 1934).

On 1st Vseros. Congress on the fight against children. defectiveness, homelessness and crime (1920), a decision was made to expand the training of defectologists, in accordance with the Crimea, 2 universities were opened in Moscow: under the People's Commissariat of Health - State. Institute of Defective Children (1920), under the People's Commissariat of Education - Ped. Institute of Det. defectiveness (1921). In 1924 they were united into one institute, which in 1925 entered the 2nd Moscow State University as a defectologist. department of ped. faculty, which since 1934 has become the faculty of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. In 1938 the faculty was renamed into the specialty faculty. schools; Moscow was founded on its basis. state ped. defectological institute (MGPDI, organizer I.I. Danyushevsky), in 1942 the institute again became a faculty of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Since 1920, the training of defectologists in Ukraine began: medical-co-ped. department at the Faculty of Social Education of the Kyiv Institute of People's Sciences. education. Prominent in the organization D. o. in the USSR played by D. I. Azbukin, A. N. Graborov, F. A. Rau, V. P. Kashchenko, L. V. Zankov, B. I. Kovalenko, A. I. Dyachkov, A. R. Luria .

In the system and content of higher education. Before. in the RSFSR until 1929 the general defectological system was preserved. direction. Increasing demands on the level of teacher training have necessitated specialization in the department. branches of defectology. In 1939, a dual profile of training was introduced (for the first time at MGPDI): graduates in addition to defectology. specialties received the right to teach one of the academicians. subjects in a public school. In the post-war over the years the content of the special has been revised. training of defectologists. IN . 50s in school The institute's plans include new disciplines of defectology. cycle, the period of ped. practices in special educational teacher institutions; Psycho-pedagogical deepened. focus of training. In the 70s The training of special education teachers for preschools has been expanded and specialized. institutions.

Taking into account the needs of special institutions in pedagogical personnel D. o. carried out in 4 specialties (in the main branches of defectology). Add. specialization is carried out according to academic subjects (native language and literature, labor), areas of pedagogy. work with abnormal children (beginning, preschool) and in psychology. Duration of training for defectology. faculty and departments 5-6 years; developed (1985) qualification. Characteristics of a teacher in the specialty "".

Before. Ross. The Federation includes medical-pedagogical cycles. (basics of genetics; general human pathology; anatomy, physiology and pathology of the organs of hearing, speech, vision; psychopathology of childhood; basics of neuropathology; clinic of mental retardation, etc.) and psychological-pedagogical. (in accordance with the specialization, along with general pedagogy and psychology, special psychology courses are provided - for mentally retarded children, children with hearing, vision, speech impairments, as well as special pedagogy) disciplines.

Students master special skills. methods of teaching native language, mathematics, natural science, geography, history, manual labor, will depict, lawsuit. Special place assigned to philol. preparation, since the native language has important in general education and correctional and developmental work with abnormal children, as well as educational methods. work in special educational teacher institutions. Depending on the profile, psychologists and pedologists are studied. diagnosis of mental retardation, methods of working with severely mentally retarded children; facial-gestural and dactylology, subject-practical methods. training; technique of speech formation in the deaf; ; typhlography and; system for eliminating and preventing violations of oral and writing etc. Industries related to the specialty are also studied. Students undergo practical training in special institutions of the relevant profile, the region is planned as continuous from the 1st to the 5th year with sequential. increasing complexity of tasks and content (medical and pedagogical practice was introduced in 1982). Interuniversity student conferences have been held since 1961. scientific conference on defectology.

In the beginning. 90s in Russia Federation D. o. was carried out in the Russian (in Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute since 1924; hereinafter the year of training began) and Moscow (in the 2nd Moscow State University since 1925) high school boots and in pedagogical education. institutes: MGZPI (1951), Ekaterinburg (1962), Irkutsk (1963), Mordovian (1983), Kursk (1986), Khabarovsk (1987), Samara (1988), Saratov (1989), etc. Defectology. there were specializations in pedagogy. institutes of Ukraine (Kiev, 1939; Slavyansk, 1966; Odessa, 1988), Latvia (Liepaja, 1969), Uzbekistan (Tashkent, 1967), Kazakhstan (Kazakh in Alma-Ata, 1976; Karaganda, 1984), Kyrgyzstan (Kirghiz in Bishkek, 1981), Armenia (Yerevan, 1983), Moldova (Kishinev, 1970). Training of defectologists has been carried out (since 1968) also at Tartu University in Estonia. At defectology Faculty and departments studied annually St. 14 thousand students, including full-time students - St. 6 thousand, for correspondence and evening classes - St. 8 thousand; for the 1st year the admission was St. 2.8 thousand people; release - St. 2.5 thousand people, including from day departments - St. 1 thousand people

In Russia ped. University (St. Petersburg), MGZPI, Kiev, Minsk, Chisinau, Ekaterinburg, Tashkent and some other ped. the institute is training defectologists in a shortened period of time (3-4 years); in 1966, at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (now Lenin Moscow State University), one-year correspondence courses were created for this purpose (persons with higher pedagogical education who have work experience in special educational institutions are accepted). Advanced training of defectologists is carried out through the IMU system.

To the beginning 90s performance effectiveness defectological f-tov did not meet the real needs of specialist practice. educational teacher institutions, the provision of which with defectologists (including teachers who have completed course training) did not exceed 14%. Students' specialization for working with children suffering from mental retardation has not been developed. development, consequences of polio and children. cerebral palsy, combined and multiple developmental defects. Most defectologists The faculty did not have a satisfactory basis for professional-labor training of students. Methods of university teaching remained insufficiently developed. disciplines of D. o., related, in particular, to early diagnosis developmental anomalies, from preschool. education and training of abnormal children.

Defectological Faculty and departments work in contact with the Research Institute of Correctional Pedagogy of the Russian Academy of Education. Conferences of defectology teachers are held. f-tov ped. universities and universities, meetings and seminars of the head. departments. On some defectological f-tah available .

Lit.: Development of special. training and education of abnormal children, ed. T. A. Vlasova and A. T. Orlova, Mi973; Issues of training defectologists. personnel, Siauliai, 1975; Sov. defectology for 60 years. “Defectology”, 1977, No. 5; 3 a m s k i i Kh. S., History of oligophrenopedagogy. M.; Formation of a teacher’s personality in the educational system. process in ped. in-those Method. recommendations. Sat, Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. V. I. Lenina, Mi980, p. 182-204; Improving the system of training teachers-defectologists. Interuniversity Sat. scientific works, Mi983; Ways to improve the training of future teachers-defectologists. Interuniversity Sat. scientific works, Mi984; Problems of improving the training of defectologists in the light of the Main directions of school reform, Siauliai, 1985. I. A. Groshenkov.

Russian pedagogical encyclopedia. - M: “Great Russian Encyclopedia”. Ed. V. G. Panova. 1993 .

See what “DEFECTOLOGICAL EDUCATION” is in other dictionaries:

System for training specialists in general (preschool, primary, basic and secondary) education. Workers in this category also include teachers of general education disciplines, prof. at h institutions, teaching staff of additional education institutions...

Volga State Social and Humanitarian Academy- (PGSGA) M ... Wikipedia

- (hereinafter KSPI) is a state educational institution of higher vocational education. The powers of the founder of KSPI are exercised by Federal agency for Education of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation. Komi... ...Wikipedia

Intended for children and adolescents with various anomalies in psychophysical development (see article Abnormal children). In pre-rev. Russia S. u. V. u. were created, as a rule, on a charitable basis and only for children with pronounced defects... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

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This term has other meanings, see Slavic in Kuban state pedagogical institute. Branch of the Federal State Budgetary educational institution higher professional education Kuban... ... Wikipedia

DEFECTIVENESS- (from Latin defectus insufficiency), a term used in neuropathology and psychiatry ch. arr. in relation to children, since most types of D. relate to innate, constitutional forms or to forms acquired in early childhood... Great Medical Encyclopedia

Speech therapy assistance- I Speech therapy assistance (Greek logos word, speech + paideia education, training) is a type of medical and pedagogical assistance provided to persons suffering from speech disorders of functional or organic origin (dyslalia, logoneurosis, aphasia, ... ... Medical encyclopedia

Graborov- Graborov, Alexey Nikolaevich Graborov, Alexey Nikolaevich (1885 1949) – Russian oligophrenopedagogue. Graborov, Alexey Nikolaevich Date of birth: 1885 (1885) Place of birth: Pochep, Chernigov province, Russian empire Date of death... Wikipedia

Graborov, Alexey Nikolaevich- Date of birth: 1885 (1885) Place of birth: Pochep, Mglinsky district, Chernigov province, Russian Empire Date of death: 1949 ... Wikipedia

Books

Let's learn letters! Speech therapy classes during literacy training. Educational and methodological manual. Part 1, Yulia Evgenievna Rozova, Tatyana Vasilievna Korobchenko. Software and methodological materials comply with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Educational Education for children with disabilities to the educational and methodological support of the correctional work program as a section of the adapted basic...

There are a huge number of professions in the world aimed at helping people who evoke respect and deep gratitude: medical and social workers, teachers, rescuers, etc. However, none of them can compare in complexity and importance with the profession of a defectologist, whose representatives work with a special category of people - with abnormal children.

There are a huge number of professions in the world aimed at helping people who evoke respect and deep gratitude: medical and social workers, teachers, rescuers, etc. However, none of them can compare in complexity and importance with profession of defectologist, whose representatives work with a special category of people - with abnormal children.

It should be noted that the profession of a defectologist is unique in its own way, since it is at the intersection of several sciences: medicine, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, etc. It is these specialists who help children with disabilities mental development socialize in society and give them a chance for a happy and fulfilling life in the future. And it is not surprising that increased demands are placed on those who dream of devoting their lives to this necessary and undoubtedly noble cause. After all, defectologists must not only understand that the fate of children with difficult fates depends on the quality of their work, but also be prepared for the difficulties that this profession poses. What are these difficulties? But we will try to talk about this in this article.

Who is a defectologist?

A highly qualified specialist who knows methods and means of adaptation, training and education of children with mental and/or physical disabilities. Defectologists are usually divided into two groups: those who study, teach and educate abnormal children, and those who specialize in correctional pedagogy.

The name of the profession comes from the Latin defectus (flaw) and the Greek λόγος (teaching). In other words, a defectologist basically studies deficiencies (origin, patterns and features) and develops methods for their correction. Defectology cannot boast of a centuries-old history, because for a long time children with disabilities either destroyed or left alone with their problems.

And only at the beginning of the 20th century, as a result of the active development of medicine, experts realized that deviations in mental and physical development are not a death sentence. Such children can and should be treated. Doctors and scientists such as Philippe Pinel, Jean Itard, Ekaterina Gracheva, Lev Vygotsky, Louis Braille and many others made a great contribution to the development of defectology.

Over the years defectology has undergone significant changes: from a theoretical science studying the developmental features of abnormal children, it has grown into practical teaching, aimed at developing and implementing effective methods for correcting congenital or acquired deficiencies. In parallel with this, the profession of defectologist was divided into several narrow specializations, each of which deals with a specific area:

speech pathologist - studies and tries to correct speech disorders and defects;
defectologist-teacher of the deaf - deals with the training and education of children with hearing impairments;
defectologist-typhlopedagogue - specializes in the education and training of children with visual impairments;
speech pathologist-deaf teacher - works with deaf-blind children;
defectologist-amblyologist - is a specialist in the field of adaptation and social rehabilitation of visually impaired and blind children;
defectologist-oligophrenopedagogue - deals with the training, education and social rehabilitation of mentally retarded children.

Regardless of the area of activity responsibilities of a speech pathologist include: examination of the child, identification of violations, clarification of the circumstances of the occurrence and development of violations, appointment and implementation correctional classes, activities aimed at adapting abnormal children to society, developing rehabilitation programs, carrying out measures to prevent certain violations, research activities, consulting services, etc.

What personal qualities should a defectologist have?

Despite the fact that a defectologist can work with both children and adults, the main emphasis of the specialist’s work is still aimed at correcting the development, raising and training the younger generation, which requires a special approach. Therefore, such a specialist must, first of all, have a penchant for working with children, patience and observation. In addition, perform your duties efficiently work as a speech pathologist It helps to have such personal qualities as:

And most importantly, the defectologist must see in children who do not fit into the generally accepted framework a full-fledged personality. From professional knowledge and skills, necessary for a specialist to do your job, special attention deserve extensive knowledge in the field of biology, psychology, special and age-related pedagogy, vocational guidance, sociology and jurisprudence. In addition, the defectologist must regularly monitor innovations and discoveries in his field, attend training courses and master classes, and strive for professional self-improvement.

Advantages of the profession of a defectologist

It’s not difficult to guess that the main advantage of the profession of a defectologist we can safely call it an opportunity to help problem children, for whom this specialist is perhaps the only chance for a full-fledged and rich positive events life.

If we talk about more “earthly” advantages, then first of all it is necessary to note the demand for speech pathologists, who can easily get a job in their specialty both in medical institutions and psychological centers, and in preschool and school educational organizations. In this case, the defectologist can combine the work of a full-time employee with providing professional services privately. Naturally, this allows the specialist to receive quite a decent total income.

Taking into account the fact that the profession of defectologist is very rarely obtained, much less carried out professional activities, by “random” people, it can also be argued that the work gives the specialist pleasure. Moreover, he sees the result of his work with his own eyes.

Disadvantages of the profession of defectologist

Working with children, especially with abnormal children, is characterized by increased psycho-emotional stress, which can cause chronic fatigue and depression for a specialist. Seeing children suffer every day (and many children understand that they are different from their peers and suffer from this) is very difficult, and only true enthusiasts of their craft can withstand such stress.

Another significant disadvantage of the profession of defectologist is the meager official salary of a specialist working in government institutions. Unfortunately, judging by the size of the salary (and it is about 15-20 thousand rubles), the state shows its respect and interest in the work of a defectologist only in words, with which, as you know, “you will not be full.” Therefore, young professionals, before the appearance of private clients, should not count on solid incomes.

No matter how talented a defectologist is, the result of his work largely depends on the desire of the parents to help their child. After all, a specialist cannot work with a child throughout the day, so the bulk of the work falls on the shoulders of the child’s relatives and friends. And if parents do not diligently follow all the recommendations of the defectologist, then all the efforts of the specialist may be useless.

Where can you get a profession as a defectologist?

Medical University and professional retraining of doctors and secondary medical staff. Training takes place in full-time and part-time form using distance learning educational technologies, which allows you to combine study with work. The training program is based on relevant educational and professional standards.

As we mentioned above, defectology “stands” at the intersection of many sciences. However, the predominant direction is still pedagogy. Therefore, if you feel a calling and want become a defectologist, then you will have to turn your attention to pedagogical universities, on the basis of which the Department of Defectology operates. It should be noted that in the learning process, students not only have to learn the basics of teaching and the features of working with disabled people, but also learn to provide the first necessary psychological and medical care V emergency situations. In other words, you will get Teacher Education with a medical bias.

There are a huge number of professions in the world aimed at helping people who evoke respect and deep gratitude: medical and social workers, teachers, rescuers, etc. However, none of them can compare in complexity and importance with profession of defectologist, whose representatives work with a special category of people - with abnormal children.

It should be noted that the profession of a defectologist is unique in its own way, since it is at the intersection of several sciences: medicine, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, etc. It is these specialists who help children with mental development disorders socialize in society and give them a chance for a happy and fulfilling life in the future. And it is not surprising that increased demands are placed on those who dream of devoting their lives to this necessary and undoubtedly noble cause. After all, defectologists must not only understand that the fate of children with difficult fates depends on the quality of their work, but also be prepared for the difficulties that this profession poses. What are these difficulties? But we will try to talk about this in this article.

Who is a defectologist?

The name of the profession comes from the Latin defectus (flaw) and the Greek λόγος (teaching). In other words, a defectologist basically studies deficiencies (origin, patterns and features) and develops methods for their correction. Defectology cannot boast of a centuries-old history, since for a long time children with disabilities were either destroyed or left alone with their problems.

Over the years defectology has undergone significant changes: from a theoretical science studying the developmental features of abnormal children, it has grown into a practical teaching aimed at developing and implementing effective methods for correcting congenital or acquired deficiencies. In parallel with this, the profession of defectologist was divided into several narrow specializations, each of which deals with a specific area:

speech pathologist - studies and tries to correct speech disorders and defects;
defectologist-teacher of the deaf - deals with the training and education of children with hearing impairments;
defectologist-typhlopedagogue - specializes in the education and training of children with visual impairments;
speech pathologist-deaf teacher - works with deaf-blind children;
defectologist-amblyologist - is a specialist in the field of adaptation and social rehabilitation of visually impaired and blind children;
defectologist-oligophrenopedagogue - deals with the training, education and social rehabilitation of mentally retarded children.

Regardless of the area of activity responsibilities of a speech pathologist include: examination of the child, identification of violations, clarification of the circumstances of the occurrence and development of violations, prescribing and conducting correctional classes, measures aimed at adapting abnormal children to society, developing rehabilitation programs, carrying out measures to prevent certain violations, research activities, consulting services and etc.

What personal qualities should a defectologist have?

And most importantly, the defectologist must see in children who do not fit into the generally accepted framework a full-fledged personality. Of the professional knowledge and skills necessary for a specialist to perform his work, extensive knowledge in the field of biology, psychology, special and age-related pedagogy, vocational guidance, sociology and jurisprudence deserve special attention. In addition, the defectologist must regularly monitor innovations and discoveries in his field, attend training courses and master classes, and strive for professional self-improvement.

Advantages of the profession of a defectologist

If we talk about more “earthly” advantages, then first of all it is necessary to note the demand for defectologists, who can easily get a job in their specialty both in medical institutions and psychological centers, and in preschool and school educational organizations. In this case, the defectologist can combine the work of a full-time employee with the provision of professional services privately. Naturally, this allows the specialist to receive quite a decent total income.

Disadvantages of the profession of defectologist

Another significant disadvantage of the profession of defectologist is the meager official salary of a specialist working in government agencies. Unfortunately, judging by the size of the salary (and it is about 15-20 thousand rubles), the state shows its respect and interest in the work of a defectologist only in words, with which, as you know, “you will not be full.” Therefore, young professionals, before the appearance of private clients, should not count on solid incomes.

Where can you get a profession as a defectologist?

Medical University and professional retraining of doctors and nursing staff. Training takes place on a part-time basis using distance learning technologies, which allows you to combine study with work. The training program is based on relevant educational and professional standards.

As we mentioned above, defectology “stands” at the intersection of many sciences. However, the predominant direction is still pedagogy. Therefore, if you feel a calling and want become a defectologist, then you will have to turn your attention to pedagogical universities, on the basis of which the Department of Defectology operates. It should be noted that during the training process, students not only have to learn the basics of teaching and the features of working with disabled people, but also learn to provide the first necessary psychological and medical assistance in emergency situations. In other words, you will receive a pedagogical education with a medical focus.