Recently, it has become very fashionable among gardeners to create mini-reservoirs in their garden plots: ponds, lakes, and other waterways. It goes without saying that in this case one cannot do without coastal aquatic vegetation, because it is the main decoration of reservoirs. There are many thousands of species of plants living in water, but not all of them are suitable for growing in the middle zone. On this page you will learn the names of aquatic flowers and plants of the coastal zone, adapted to our conditions. You can also get acquainted with the description of aquatic plants and see their photographs.
Plants of the aquatic environment and coastal zone of water bodies
Calamus (ACORUS). Family Araceae.
Air (Image root) (A. calamus)- rhizomatous perennial 50-80 cm high with straight sword-shaped leaves. Small greenish inflorescences-cobs are not interesting.
In the variety "Variegatus" the leaves are green with yellowish stripes along the edges (they are pinkish in spring).
Growing conditions. Near water, planting depth 8-20 cm.
Reproduction. By dividing the bush (in spring).
This coastal plant is used to decorate the banks of reservoirs.
Watch (MENYANTHES). A family of shift workers.
Three-leaf watch (M. trifoliata)- a perennial with a thick, long, branched rhizome, growing in stagnant water, along the marshy banks of rivers and lakes in the temperate zone of Eurasia. Blue-green trifoliate leaves on long petioles give the plant a decorative appearance. The flowers of this coastal aquatic plant are white and pink, collected in a dense raceme.
Growing conditions. Low banks of reservoirs, shallow waters.
Reproduction. Sections of rhizomes with a renewal bud (at the end of summer). Planting density - 12 pcs. per 1 m2.
Used to decorate ponds.
Mertensia (MERTENSIA). Borage family.
Rhizomatous perennials, mainly growing along the seashores in North America and the Far East, are also found in the middle zone. The leaves are grayish-blue, lanceolate; inflorescence - a curl of bright blue flowers.
Types and varieties:
Mertensia ciliata (M. ciliata)- height 4050 cm.
Mertensia marine (M. maritima)- height 10-15 cm.
Mertensia virginiana (M. virginica)- height 40 cm.
Growing conditions. Moist, poor sandy soils in sunny locations.
Reproduction. By seeds (sowing in spring), dividing the bush (in spring). Juveniles, divide and replant in the 3rd-4th year. Planting density - 25 pcs. per 1 m2.
Sedge (CAREX). The sedge family.
Perennial rhizomatous herbs with dense, narrow, grass-like leaves and thin spikelets. Numerous species are widely distributed throughout the world, but as ornamental plants Only a few of them are used.
Types and varieties:
Sedge Buchanana(C. buchananii)- 60 cm high, brownish leaves.
Sedge Morrow (C. morrowii), variety "Variegata" - height 50 cm.
rusty spotted (C. siderosticta) And hairy (C. pillosa)- forest sedges.
drooping sedge (C. pendula)- up to 100 cm high, semi-aquatic.
Growing conditions. This coastal plant of water bodies is planted in areas with any soil and sufficient moisture. Forest sedge species prefer shady areas.
Reproduction. By seeds (sowing in spring) and dividing the bush (late summer). Planting density - 9-12 pcs. per 1 m2.
Cattail (TYPHA). Cattail family.
This is coastal aquatic vegetation with a creeping thick rhizome, 100-200 cm high. The leaves are broadly linear at the base of the stem. These are plants that grow near water along the banks of rivers and other bodies of water in the temperate zone of Eurasia, often forming thickets.
Types and varieties:
Broadleaf cattail (T. latijoiia)— height 100-150 cm; Cattail angustifolia (T. angustifolia)-height 100-150 cm.
Growing conditions. Wet shores of reservoirs.
Reproduction. By dividing the bush (in spring and late summer).
Huttinia (HOUTTUYNIA). Family Saururidae.
Huttinia cordate(H. cordata)— New for middle zone It is a Russian plant, but it is worthy of the difficulties associated with its cultivation. The species itself, which came into cultivation from the coastal meadows of the south Far East, are rarely grown.
Varieties of interest:"Chameleon" - with leaves along the edges of which white, yellow, red spots are scattered, and "Plena" - with double flowers.
The plant is creeping, quickly forms a thicket 20-50 cm high. It blooms rarely and not abundantly in central Russia.
Growing conditions. Semi-shaded banks of reservoirs with clay soils.
Reproduction. In spring, a piece of rhizome with a renewal bud. Planting density - 16 pcs. per 1 m2.
Waterfoil (HYDROPHYLLUM). Waterfolia family.
Long-rhizome perennials from humid forests and meadows of the east North America with large lobed leaves and a fluffy branched inflorescence of pink-purple flowers. Adapted to Russian conditions, where it is planted along the banks of reservoirs.
Types and varieties:
Canadian waterfoil (H. canadense)- leaf rounded-lobed; Virginia waterfoil (H. virginianum) has an elongated lobed leaf.
Growing conditions. This coastal plant prefers semi-shaded to shady locations with moist, rich soils.
Reproduction. Sections of rhizomes with a renewal bud at the end of summer. Planting density - 16 pcs. per 1 m2.
Spleen (CHRYSOSPLENIUM). Family of Saxifragas.
Spleenwort alternate-leaved (Ch. alternifolium)- perennial with a fleshy stem, height 5-15 cm, leaves in the basal rosette are light green, thickened, rounded-beam-shaped; the inflorescence is flat, corymbose, the flowers are golden-green. They form thickets in damp, shady places.
Growing conditions. Semi-shaded places near reservoirs, in depressions of the relief.
Reproduction. By seeds (sowing in autumn), dividing the bush (in summer). It grows weed on wet soils. Planting density - 36 pcs. per 1 m2.
Use only in areas that imitate natural thickets. Unstable decorative, good only in early spring.
Coastal aquatic vegetation: plants living in water and on the shore
This section presents photos of aquatic plants with names and descriptions, suitable for growing in shallow waters of fresh water bodies and along their banks.
Whitewing (CALLA). Family Araceae.
Swamp whitewing (C. palustris)- a rhizomatous perennial growing along the banks of reservoirs in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Leaves are basal on long petioles, heart-shaped, rounded. The flowers are collected in an inflorescence-cob, covered with a white ovoid veil.
Growing conditions. This is light and moisture-loving plant They are grown both in shallow waters of fresh water bodies and along their banks.
Reproduction. Propagated by seeds, sowing in wet soil immediately after collection. It is best to divide the rhizomes at the end of summer. Planting density - 7 pcs. per 1 m2.
Look at the photo: this aquatic plant provides an early spring effect as part of mixed groups with summer-flowering plants; interesting in rock gardens, in flower beds, where annuals are then planted.
Sitnik (JUNCUS). Sitnikov family.
Perennial rhizomatous moisture-loving herbs. The leaves are grass-like, decorative capitate or paniculate inflorescences.
Types and varieties. S. acutiflorus (J. acutiflorus) - up to 100 cm high, paniculate inflorescence; With. spreading (J. effusus) - up to 150 cm high, inflorescence fascicle-paniculate; With. xiphoid (J. ensifolius) - 20-30 cm high, inflorescence capitate, dark brown; With. glaucous (J. glaucus) - 60-90 cm high, bluish leaves.
Growing conditions. Sunny shores of reservoirs at a depth of 0-5 cm.
Reproduction. Rhizome sections in spring or late summer.
Buttercup (RANUNCULUS). Ranunculaceae family.
A large genus, the species of which are widely found everywhere, but only a few of the most decorative perennials are used in culture. Among them there are also aquatic plants, but more often buttercups grow on the shores of reservoirs.
Types and varieties:
Aquatic and semi-aquatic: L. caustic (R. acris), variety “Multiplex” height 50-70 cm, water depth 0-10 cm.
Water buttercup(R. aquatilis)— water depth 40-100 cm; l. longifolia(R. lingua)- depth 0-20 cm, variety Grandiflora.”
Buttercup cappadocian (R. cappadocicus)- from the forests of the Caucasus, consistently decorative, forms thickets.
Growing conditions. Aquatic - in reservoirs with standing water and in shallow water; l. Cappadocian - in the shade.
Reproduction. By dividing the bush (in spring). Planting density - 25 pcs. per 1 m2.
Full (CYPERUS). The sedge family.
Galingale (C. longus)- a long-rhizome perennial that grows along the banks and in shallow waters (depth up to 20 cm) of standing and slowly flowing waters. If we talk about which aquatic plants are most common in central Russia, then the seaweed is mentioned most often. Its tall (60-120 cm) leafy stem rises above the water, bearing an openwork umbrella with long (10-40 cm) “rays” carrying a bunch of small brownish spikelets. Consistently decorative. Forms loose thickets.
Growing conditions. Reservoirs.
Reproduction. Sections of rhizomes with a renewal bud (at the end of summer).
Reed (PHRAGMITES). Poa family (grasses).
Common reed (P. communis)- long-rhizome tall grass (150-200 cm), forming thickets along the banks and shallow waters of reservoirs.
Growing conditions. Sunny and semi-shaded areas with wet soils, low banks of reservoirs. This coastal plant can also be grown in shallow water.
Reproduction. Sections of rhizomes with a renewal bud (spring, late summer). Planting density - 5 pcs. per 1 m2.
Perennial aquatic flowers and ornamental herbaceous plants
Aquatic flowers and plants are a real decoration of ponds. But herbaceous aquatic plants are no less interesting, attracting attention with their rich greenery.
Arrow leaf (SAGITTARIA). Chastukhov family.
These are aquatic flowers, which are rhizomatous perennials, rooted at a depth of 10-50 cm. The leaves are dark green, shiny, dense. Flowers in inflorescence are a sparse raceme.
Types and varieties:
Arrowhead Broadleaf(S. LatifoLia)- height 50-70 cm, flowers with a yellow center; arrowhead arrowhead (S. sagittifoLia) - height 30-50 cm, flowers with a red center.
Growing conditions. Planting in ponds standing or slowly flowing water to a depth of 10-50 cm.
Reproduction. By seeds (sowing in spring in containers and then planting in water).
Chastukha (ALISMA). Chastukha family.
Perennial aquatic plant with beautiful ribbed leaves on long petioles. They bloom all summer. The flowers are small, with three petals, arranged in whorls.
Types and varieties:
Chastukha plantain (A. plantagoaquatica)- pink flowers; small-flowered chastuha (A. parviflora) - white flowers.
Growing conditions. These plants live in an aquatic environment in the shallow waters of natural reservoirs. Planting depth 5-10 cm.
Reproduction. By dividing the bush (summer) or seeds (spring).
Wetland plants growing near water
Marigold (CALTHA). Ranunculaceae family.
Marsh marigold(C. palustris)– a perennial wetland plant with a short rhizome. The basal leaves are entire, round, bright green, shiny. The flowers are bright yellow, as if varnished. Abundant seed production in July-August. More often in gardens, the double form of this species is grown - marsh marigold "Multiplex".
Growing conditions. Sunny places with clay soils that retain water well.
Reproduction. By dividing the bush at the end of summer. The bush grows slowly, so division is carried out after 6-7 years. Propagated by freshly collected seeds, they germinate the following spring, but seedlings bloom in the 5th-6th year. Planting density - 9 pcs. per 1 m2.
An excellent plant for decorating the banks of reservoirs and in “natural garden” flower beds that imitate wet meadows. Here marigold is planted together with loosestrife, drooping sedge, knotweed, crayfish, etc.
Reed (SCIRPUS). The sedge family.
Bulrush (S. lacustris)- a perennial with a thick creeping rhizome 100-120 cm high, growing along the banks of reservoirs in Europe and North America. The inflorescence is paniculate, the leaves are subulate.
Growing conditions. Wet, low places along the banks of reservoirs.
Reproduction. By dividing the bush (in spring and late summer), by seeds (sowing before winter).
Swamp flower (NYMPHOIDES). A family of shift workers.
Marsh-leaved herb(N. peltata)- an aquatic perennial with a rhizome, round shiny leaves on long petioles and numerous flowers emerging from the leaf axil. The name of this aquatic plant speaks for itself - it prefers exclusively marshy areas.
Growing conditions. Reservoirs with standing or slowly flowing water, depth 20-100 cm.
Reproduction. By seeds (into the ground under water), by dividing the bush.
Used when decorating reservoirs.
Floating aquatic flowering and herbaceous plants
Watercolor (HYDROCHARIS). Family of watercolors.
Common watercolor (H. morsusranae)- a floating aquatic plant of standing or slowly flowing waters with developed shoots and rounded dense dark green leaves in rosettes on long petioles and white 15-30 cm, flowering all summer.
Growing conditions. Aquatic plant.
Reproduction. Seeds, rosettes of leaves.
Used in ponds.
Water chestnut (TRAPA). Water chestnut family.
Common water chestnut (T. natans)- annual aquatic herbaceous plants growing in slowly flowing waters. There are thread-like submerged leaves and a beautiful rosette of floating leaves.
Growing conditions. Reservoirs.
Reproduction. Place seeds (nuts) on the bottom of the reservoir in the fall.
Used to decorate natural reservoirs.
Egg pod (NUPHAR). The water lily family.
Yellow egg capsule(N. iutea)- a perennial aquatic flowering plant with a fleshy underwater rhizome and wide, dense, leathery leaves above the water. A large waxy flower appears above them in June. The name of these aquatic flowers is quite justified - the flower really resembles a water capsule. Widely distributed in natural reservoirs of the temperate zone.
Growing conditions. Ponds, lakes with standing or slowly flowing water, at a depth of 30-80 cm.
Reproduction. Seeds (sow freshly harvested), sections of rhizome with renewal bud (at the end of summer). Planting density - 12 pcs. per 1 m2.
Waterlily (NYMPHAEA). The water lily family.
The genus includes about 30 species of aquatic plants growing in water bodies of temperate and tropical zones.
Types and varieties. In the reservoirs of central Russia, white plant (N. alba) grows - a rhizomatous perennial with round, unequal leaves on long petioles floating on the surface of the water. The leaves are green above, reddish below.
Look at the photo of these aquatic flowers - they are all large, mostly white. They have a pronounced aroma.
Numerous varieties available k. hybrid (N. xhybrida):
"Gladstoniana", "Fire Opal"
"Hollandia", "Rose Arey" etc.
Growing conditions. These aquatic flowering plants prefer ponds with standing or slowly flowing water and grow at a depth of 30-100 cm.
Reproduction. Seeds (in the fall to the bottom of the reservoir), sections of rhizomes with a renewal bud (at the end of summer in the soil of the reservoir). Planting density - 12 pcs. per 1 m2.
These ornamental aquatic plants are used to decorate ponds.
Aquatic plants of the coastal zone of the pond, growing in the water and on the shore
Susak (BUTOMUS). Susakov family.
Susak umbrella (B. umbellatus)- grows in water bodies of Europe and Asia. Height 60-100 cm. This is a common aquatic plant of ponds and lakes (bodies of standing water) with long linear-triangular leaves and a large terminal umbrella-shaped inflorescence of large pink flowers.
Growing conditions. This is a plant that grows both in water and on the shore.
Reproduction. Cuttings of rhizomes in spring and late summer.
Manna (GLYCERIA). Poa family.
Mannik is the largest (G. maxima)- a tall (70-100 cm) perennial with a long creeping rhizome, forms thickets in coastal waters at a depth of 0-10 cm. The leaves are wide, with white stripes, blooms in July-August. The panicle is spreading. Manna is a plant that grows in the water of ponds and lakes, as well as in water meadows and near streams.
Growing conditions. Sunny and semi-shaded shores of reservoirs. It is also possible to plant lengthwise at a depth of up to 10 cm.
Reproduction. This plant of the coastal zone of the pond and shallow waters reproduces by cuttings of rhizomes with a renewal bud at the end of summer.
marsh plant
Medicinal plant arum family
Perennial herbaceous medicinal plant growing along the banks of rivers and lakes
Perennial herbaceous plant family of araceae, the rhizome of which - calamus root - contains essential oil, used in pharmacology, perfumery and confectionery industries
Plateau in the south of the Sahara
Genus of perennial herbs of the arum family
Tatarnik
Illy root
Medicinal root
Essential oil plant sticking out in tufts of leaves from the grass
Medicinal plant
A tincture from the roots of this plant helps against baldness.
Grass with sword-shaped leaves
Essential oil plant
Healing plant
Swamp tartar
Healing root
Herb with healing root
essential oil plant
Medicinal root
Ethereal grass in the swamp
Aquatic ether-bearing grass
Irna spine
Ethereal herb
Healing root
aroid plant
Medicinal plant
Swamp Ethereal Grass
fragrant root
Plant
Plane in honor of Rykov
Coastal Essential Oil Supplier
Swamp Essential Oil Supplier
Healing herb
Swamp root
Medicinal coastal herb Tatarnik
Medicinal herb tartar
Healing root from the swamp
Genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the araceae family
Swamp Ginger
Tatar potion
Medicinal myrrh root
Genus of perennial herbs of the arum family
Perennial herb of the araceae family (irrigine root, used in medicine and perfumery)
Anagram for the word "Ira"
M. marsh plant from the arum family, Aconis calamus; ir, iris, Tatar cinquefoil, pishchalka, lepekha, lepeshnik (erroneously lyre); Flame root, spicy and bitter, goes to pharmacies
A jumble of letters from the word “Ira”
Typology and vegetation of swamps
Swamp- an excessively moist area of land on which undecomposed organic matter accumulates. They are formed as a result of waterlogging of the soil or overgrowing of water bodies. The main processes that create a swamp are: weak exchange oxygen and ions minerals in still water, slow decomposition of organic matter in an anaerobic and, as a rule, acidic environment (pH – 5), accumulation of plant detritus.
In swamps, moisture-loving vegetation develops, the basis of which is hygrophyte plants that can well tolerate excess water in the soil.
With a general high water content, different swamps are not the same in terms of the provision of plants with mineral nutrition elements.
This feature is primarily taken into account when classifying swamps. There are three main types of swamps: riding, lowland And transitional.
Raised bogs arise as a result of swamping of land (in the place of forests, meadows) in conditions of weak evaporation of water and the presence of a waterproof layer of soil, when water bodies are overgrown and covered with peat and in the place of low-lying swamps.
Raised bogs are characterized by extreme soil poverty in nutrients available to plants.
Because of this they are also called oligotrophic. The vegetation cover here develops on a more or less thick (1–10 m) layer of peat, which is highly saturated with water and contains few minerals.
Swamps of this type are moistened only by precipitation. Therefore, the floristic composition of upland swamps is much poorer compared to downhill swamps.
A characteristic feature of raised bogs is a continuous light green carpet of sphagnum mosses.
Few species of herbaceous plants, shrubs and shrubs grow on it, although some of them develop en masse (blueberries and lingonberries); blueberries also grow in swampy coniferous forests. In some places there are trees, but they are almost exclusively Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris) other tree species are rare.
Pine grows very poorly under these conditions, has a very depressed appearance, and often takes on the form of a bush.
Among the most common herbaceous plants of raised bogs one can name cotton grass ( Eriophorum vaginatum), which forms rather dense hummocks, round-leaved sundew ( Drosera rotundifolia), remarkable for its ability to catch small insects, cloudberry ( Rubus chamaernorus), some sedges – marsh sedge ( Carex limosa) and spherical ( C.
Cranberries are typical among shrubs and shrubs ( Oxycoccus palustris), blueberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum), wild rosemary ( Ledum palustre), bog myrtle ( Chamaedaphne calyculata), common podbel ( Andromeda polyfolia). Podbel and bog myrtle live only in raised bogs and are not found in other types of vegetation.
Marsh shrubs and shrubs are characterized by a combination of hydro- and xeropeat structural features.
They are also characteristic of a number of marsh grasses (wort vaginalis, etc.). This may be the result of a violation of the water regime, especially in the spring, when the air is already sufficiently warmed up and the substrate temperature is low, since the sphagnum cover and peat conduct heat poorly and thawing occurs slowly, the xeropeat characteristics of the inhabitants of the swamps are also explained by the poverty of mineral nutrition, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.
The raised bog is also inhabited by green mosses: Aulacomnia bog ( Aulacomnium palustre), cuckoo flax straight (Polytrichum strictum) and others, but their role is usually small.
On the higher parts of the swamp you can find lichens (cladonia species).
Lowland marshes occur in lower parts of the relief, where excess water accumulates and swamping of the territory occurs. The accumulation and stagnation of moisture is facilitated by the presence of groundwater close to the soil surface, the presence of clays that are poorly permeable to water, water-resistant limestone, high air humidity, and low evaporation, which can occur at low temperatures.
The swamping of new land areas is influenced by existing swamp areas, the creation of dams, and deforestation through logging and fire, when powerfully transpiring plants, such as trees, are removed. Swamps appear near the exits groundwater to the surface.
Lowland swamps differ sharply from highland ones in that the soil here is rich in mineral nutrients.
These swamps are among eutrophic.
Eutrophic plants, which are very demanding of soil fertility, are common in lowland swamps. The species composition of the flora here is incomparably richer than in the raised bogs. There are especially many herbaceous plants, most of them relatively large and tall.
They usually form dense thickets. Meet various shrubs and trees. The soil often has a developed cover of moisture-loving hypnotic(Not sphagnum) mosses. Lowland bogs are sometimes called grass-hypnum bogs.
The main herbaceous plants of this type of swamps are common reed ( Phragmites communis), some large sedges, such as bladderwort ( Carex vesicaria), turfy ( C.
caespitosa), pointed ( C. acutiformis); meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria), broadleaf cattail ( Typha latfolia), marsh cinquefoil ( Comarum palustre), manna floating ( Glyceria fluitans), umbrella susak ( Butomus umbelaltus), buttercup ( Ranunculus flammula), river gravilate ( Geum rivale), common loosestrife ( Lysimachia vulgaris), species of hedgehog. Horsetail is often found, and cuckoo flax is a moss species.
Among the shrubs it is necessary to name various types of willow, for example ash willow ( Salix cinerea), eared ( S. aurita). Among the trees, black alder is especially characteristic ( Alnus glutinosa), but there are also some others. All plants of lowland swamps are typical hygrophytes. Grassy swamps are often practically difficult to distinguish from waterlogged meadows, with which they are often connected by numerous transitions.
Swamps third type , transitional, in terms of soil richness they occupy an intermediate position between upland and lowland.
They can occupy very different positions in the relief (from watershed to low river terraces). Their surface is flat. Most often they are located on the outskirts of raised bogs, expand the territory of the swamp and in the further development are replaced by raised bogs. But transitional swamps may not change into another type and persist for a long time. This mesotrophic swamps. Their vegetation is of a transitional nature.
A cover of sphagnum mosses is often developed, and against its background there are plants characteristic of lowland swamps. From shrubs and shrubs - cranberries ( Oxycoccus palustris), blueberry( Vaccinium uliginosum), wild rosemary ( Ledum palustre), bog myrtle ( Chamaedaphne calyculata), from trees – Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris), downy birch ( Betula pubescens).
The sedge family ( Sureaceae).
Let's look at the main characteristics of this family.
Family Sedgeaceae ( Sureaceae)
The family unites wind-pollinated plants, which are morphologically close to cereals.
However, unlike cereals with hollow straws and swollen internodes, sedges have predominantly triangular stems, without swollen nodes, non-hollow, three-row leaves (rather than two-row), formed mainly in the lower part of the stem. In addition, the vaginas of sedges are always closed.
Most sedges are hygrophytes, living in swamps, wet meadows and coastal aquatic habitats.
However, among them there are species that grow in arid conditions - early sedge( Carex raecox), clove( C. caryophyllea), mountain( S. montana). A whole series species of sedges are part of forest communities - spiny sedge ( S. muricata), hairy ( S. pilosa), forest ( S. sylvatica) etc. There are also mountain tundra, saline and even desert species.
Inconspicuous sedge flowers are collected in spikelets, forming complex inflorescences: spike-shaped, paniculate, umbellate, capitate.
Flowers are bisexual (with perianth in the form of bristles, hairs, or no perianth at all) and unisexual (plants can be monoecious or dioecious).
In the largest genus of the family (and one of the largest flowering genera), sedge (more than 2000 species), unisexual flowers are greatly reduced. male flower consists of three stamens sitting in the axil of the covering scales (Fig. 8.). The female flower, also sitting in the axil of the covering scales, is represented by a pistil enclosed in a special formation - a bag resembling a jug with a narrow neck.
Part of the style with stigmas emerges from the neck. As a rule, sedges are monoecious.
In the temperate zone, lake reed is widespread ( Scirpus lacustris) is a tall (up to 2.5 m) plant. The assimilating organs of the reed are the stems, and it reproduces mainly vegetatively with the help of long rhizomes. Together with other coastal aquatic plants, reeds perform important function biological water purification.
It is one of the main peat formers. Reed stems are used to make wickerwork and also as packaging material. People often mistakenly call another plant reed - cattail ( Typha).
This genus with characteristic elongated brown “cones” belongs to a completely different family - Typhaceae.
Types of cotton grass( Eriophorum) are common swamp plants. The cotton grass perianth consists of numerous silky hairs, which after flowering lengthen and the spikelets take on the appearance of fluffy heads of snow-white or reddish color.
Swampweed, widespread throughout the globe ( Eleocharis) lives in shallow waters, shallows, the banks of reservoirs, and grassy swamps.
One of its species is sweet marshwort, or water chestnut ( E. dulcis) - cultivated in Southeast Asia as a food plant (sweet tuberous formations on its rhizomes are used).
Another cultivated food plant from the family is the edible chickweed, or chufa ( Cyperus esculentus), cultivated in Mediterranean countries. Its “tubers” are rich not only in sugar and starch, but also in oil. Full brown( Cyperus fuscus) is a typical pioneer plant that inhabits coastal shallows.
8. Sedges ( Sureaceae )
a – flowers (1 – cotton grass – Eriophorum, 2 – reeds – Scirpus, 3 – satiate – Cyperus,
4 – sedge – Carex); b – vesicular sedge – Carex vesicaria(1 – flowering shoot,
2 – female flower – general view and section).
Progress of the lesson:
Excursion and preparation of excursion materials. Pay attention to the life expectancy of aquatic, coastal and marsh plants, methods of overwintering and vegetative regeneration, the anatomical structure of stems and leaves.
2. During the examination of a specific swamp, find out its type and the associated flora features.
The ecological features of trees, shrubs, grasses and mosses growing in swamps are considered, hygrophytes and swamp xerophytes (ledum, cranberry, etc.) are highlighted. Adaptations of marsh plants to the lack of available nitrogen in the soil: symbiosis with microorganisms, insectivorous plants (sundews, etc.).
3. Make a list of aquatic, coastal and marsh plants of the practice area, and, if possible, get acquainted with some lower aquatic plants - algae (their differences from higher ones).
Identification and herbarization of plants.
5. Morphological description of typical representatives (work in groups).
6. Individual work.
7. Preparation of micropreparations of the most typical plants of a given phytocenosis and drawings and diagrams of micropreparations in the diary.
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Marsh perennial herbaceous plant of the araceae family
small shrub growing on slopes, bushes of bush birch
sphagnum bogs in the north of European Russia
sphagnum peat bogs in the north of European Russia and Western Siberia
sphagnum peat bogs
swamps in northern Russia
mossy peat bogs in the North
impenetrable riverine thickets on rivers in Central Asia
Russian film director, director of the films “Sunday Night”, “Point of Light”, “People in the Swamp”
genus of lichen - small gray bushes growing in the tundra and peat bogs, reindeer moss
Lernaean (Greek hydra water serpent) in ancient Greek mythology - a monstrous nine-headed snake that lived in the Lernaean swamp in the Peloponnese
“he cries in the swamp, but doesn’t leave the swamp” (riddle)
hillock on a damp meadow, swamp
"fulcrum" in the swamp
tubercle in the swamp
grass in the swamp
grass growing in a swamp
These words were also found in the following queries:
Sem. Equisetaceae – Equisetaceae
Equisetum marsh – Equisetum palustre
Sem. Poa (grasses) – Poaceae (Gramineae)
Short-tailed foxtail – Alopecurus aequalis
Sem. Sedges – Cyperaceae
Hairy sedge – Carex hirta
Cotton grass vaginalis – Eriophorum vaginatum
P. latifolia – E.latifolium
multi-spike – E. polystachyon
Sem. Irrigaceae – Iridaceae
Yellow Iris – Iris pseudacorus
Sem. Willow – Salicaceae
Silver poplar – Populus alba
Aspen – Populus tremula
black (sedge) – P. nigra
Willow five-stamen - Salix pentandra
I. brittle – S. fragilis
I. white – S. alba
I. purple – S. purpurea
I. Russian – S. rossica
I. goat - S. caprea
Sem. Birch — Betulaceae
Birch is low - Betula humilis
Sticky alder (O.
black) – Alnus glutinosa
gray – A. incana
Sem. Cloves – Caryophyllaceae
Swamp chickweed – Stellaria palustris
Sem. Ranunculaceae – Ranunculaceae
Marsh marigold – Caltha palustris
Simple basil - Thalictrum simplex
Burning buttercup - Ranunculus flamula
L. poisonous - R. sceleratus
L. creeping – R. repens
Sem. Brassicas (cruciferous) – Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Marsh geranium - Rorippa palustris
amphibian – R.amphibia
The core is bitter - Cardamine amara
Sem. Sundews – Droseraceae
Sundew rotundifolia – Drosera rotundifolia
R. English – D. anglica
Sem. Saxifraga – Saxifragaceae
Swamp saxifrage – Saxifraga hirculus
Pink – Rosaceae
Meadowsweet - Filipendula ulmaria
Cinquefoil erect - Potentilla erecta
Sem. Geraniums – Geraniaceae
Swamp geranium – Geranium palustre
Sem. Buckthorn – Rhamnaceae
Alder buckthorn – Frangula alnus
Sem. Fireweed – Onagraceae
Hairy fireweed - Epilobium hirsutum
Slanoberry - Haloragaceae
Uru spicata - Myriophyllum spicatum
Sem. Celery (umbrella) – Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Water maker - Oenanthe aquatica
Vekh (hemlock) poisonous – Cicuta virosa
Angelica officinalis – Archangelica officinalis
Latifolia latifolia – Sium latifolia
Marsh gorichnik – Peucedanum palustre
Ericaceae – Ericaceae
Common marsh myrtle – Chamaedaphne calyculata
Podbel polyfolia (Andromeda) – Andromeda polyfolia
Swamp cranberry (K. four-petalled) – Oxycoccus palustre
K. small-fruited – O. microcarpa
Primroses – Primulaceae
Common loosestrife - Lysimachia vulgaris
Sem. Borage - Boraginaceae
Forget-me-not swamp - Myosotis palustris
Lamiaceae – Lamiaceae (Labiata)
European zyuznik – Lycopus europaeus
Common skull cap - Scutellaria galericulata
Swamp chist - Stachis palustris
Norichnikovye – Scrophulariaceae
Veronica in-line – Veronica beccabunga
V. key – V. anagallis-aquatica
Rubiaceae – Rubiaceae
Marsh bedstraw – Galium palustre
P. marshy – G. uliginosum
Sem. Asteraceae (Asteraceae) – Asteraceae (Compositae)
The line is drooping - Bidens cernua
Marsh dry grass – Gnaphalium uliginosum
Test questions for the excursion to the swamp.
1. Why does soil waterlogging occur?
Define “swamp biocenosis”.
3. What features of sphagnum moss cause the formation of a peat layer?
4. How to explain the ability of sphagnum moss to hold large amounts of water and retain it easily?
Why does the temperature in a peat bog decrease as the depth of the hole increases?
6. Why does decomposition of plant residues not occur in a peat bog?
7. What are the most important morphological characteristics of mosses using the example of cuckoo flax and sphagnum?
8. What components are included in peat, besides mosses?
9. Is it possible to determine its origin by the color of peat?
10. What general features are observed in the microstructure of the vegetative organs of marsh plants?
How can we explain the presence of air-bearing tissue in many swamp plants?
12. What signs of underground organs ensure life in a swamp for herbaceous plants?
Why are the leaves of many marsh plants pubescent and curved on the underside?
14. Do blueberry and lingonberry shoots grown in a swamp differ in appearance and size of annual growth from those living in a coniferous forest?
Due to what reasons do swamp plants have small annual growth, small height and size compared to plants of other phytocenoses?
16. Why did insectivorous marsh plants develop such a feeding method?
17. How to determine the age of a sundew?
18. Why do cattails help drain the swamp?
Which practical significance have peat bogs?
20. Which of the shrubs and shrubs found in the swamp are evergreen and which are summer green?
21. What are the most significant differences between the leaves of evergreen and summergreen shrubs and shrubs?
22. What is the manifestation of oppression of pine and other woody plants (birch, willow) grown in a swamp? (Shape of the trunk and crown, annual shoots, their length, branching, number and size of leaves on individual shoots, etc.)
Read also:
marsh plants
A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or standing water. Swamp soil contains little oxygen, and often nutrients (mineral salts) that plants need.
There are different types swamps There are sphagnum swamps (they are also called peat bogs).
Among the plants there, sphagnum moss predominates, and there are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs also grow with them. These swamps are called grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can find not only perennial grasses and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest swamps.
In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil.
Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.
Swamps are usually divided into three types: lowland, raised and transitional. Lowland swamps account for 50% of the area of all swamps in the region, highland swamps - 26%, transitional swamps - 19%, swamps mixed type - 5%.
There are more than 600 lowland swamps in the region. They are usually found in river floodplains. Their surface is moistened by waters rich in mineral salts; The degree of decomposition and ash content of peat are the highest here.
A characteristic feature of lowland swamps is good development herbaceous vegetation - sedge, watchwort, rush grass, horsetail, cinquefoil, marsh marigold, spleenwort, chastuha, whitewing, etc. Green mosses occupy a significant place in the ground cover. Woody vegetation is mainly represented by alder, willow, and sometimes birch and spruce. The main groups of associations of lowland bogs are spruce forests, birch forests, alder forests and grass-marsh willow forests (sedge, shift, horsetail, etc.).
The number of species of medicinal plants in lowland swamps rarely exceeds 5, of which commercial thickets are most typical for alder and alder.
Raised bogs are most often located on watersheds. The water reserves in them are replenished by atmospheric precipitation, so the peat here is poor in mineral salts, with a relatively low degree of decomposition and low ash content.
There are 278 raised bogs in the region. The dominant plants of raised bogs are sphagnum mosses, which have a high moisture capacity. Another characteristic plant of raised bogs is the low-growing pine. Ledum, Cassandra, andromeda, blueberry, swamp cranberry, black crowberry, cloudberry, round-leaved sundew, cotton grass, marsh Scheuchzeria, Naumburgia, and various sedges are also often found here.
The main groups of raised bog associations are represented by dwarf shrub-sphagnum pine forests, treeless dwarf shrub-cotton grass-sphagnum and cotton grass-sedge-sphagnum communities.
Transitional swamps occupy an intermediate position between upland and lowland. They are moistened both by precipitation and by spring and running waters. The characteristic plants of transitional swamps are: in the upper tier - pine and birch with an admixture of spruce and alder; in the ground cover - green and sphagnum mosses; in the grassy ravine there are sedges, cinquefoil, vakhta, naumburgia, and in some places cranberries, blueberries, and lingonberries.
Associations of transitional swamps are represented by pine and birch forests, sedge-sphagnum and cotton grass-sedge-sphagnum treeless communities.
Some, especially large, bogs have a mixed character of peat deposits and vegetation. One part of them consists of the upland type, the other - the transitional or lowland type. Such swamps have all the plant associations characteristic of each type, containing up to 10 species of medicinal plants in one swamp.
Typical plants of lowland swamps
Marsh sedge
(Carex limosa L.) sedge family
Long-rhizomatous perennial with adventitious roots having reddish-golden root hairs.
Stems are 20-50 cm tall, at the base with whole reddish-brown scale-like leaves and leaf-bearing sheaths.
Leaf blades are 1-2 mm wide, grayish-green, usually shorter than the stem. An inflorescence of 2-4 more or less closely spaced spikelets, the top of which is staminate, up to 3 cm long, the rest are pistillate, on thin long stalks, elliptical, drooping.
The covering leaf of the lower spikelet without a sheath or with a short sheath, up to 4 mm long, is grooved, usually not exceeding the inflorescence. The covering scales of pistillate flowers are pointed or wedge-shaped, longer than the sacs, approximately equal in width, pale or reddish brown, sometimes lighter in the middle. The sacs are 4-5 mm long, elliptical, gray, covered with papillae, with veins, on a very short stalk, sharply narrowed at the top, almost without a spout. Blooms in May-June, bears fruit in June-July.
A common type of sphagnum bogs, also found in swampy coniferous forests, along peaty banks of reservoirs, and on rafting grounds.
Three-leaf watch
(Menyanthes trifoliata L.) shift family
The rhizome is long, thick, creeping, rising in the upper part and bearing alternate trifoliate leaves on long (17-30 cm) petioles, with elliptical segments 3-10 (15) cm long and 1.5-3 (7) cm wide.
The stem is leafless, flowers are in a raceme at its apex. Calyx 2-3 mm long. Corolla white or pale pink, 10-15 mm long, incised to half or deeper, with inside fringed-hairy. The capsule is ovoid, pointed, 7-8 mm long.
The seeds are smooth, somewhat compressed. Blooms in summer.
Three-leaf watch. Photo: Frank Vassen
Tripartite sequence
(Bidens tripartita L.) Asteraceae family
Stems are erect, branched. Leaves 3-5 are dissected, with toothed segments.
There are 5-8 outer leaves. There are no false-lingulate flowers. Achenes are wedge-shaped, flattened, with 2 awns; sometimes 3-4 awns develop, but then they are covered with cones. It blooms in summer and autumn.
In damp meadows, banks of water bodies, wastelands and as a weed in crops. A medicinal plant distributed throughout the country.
Pepper Knotweed
(Polygonum hydropiper L.) buckwheat family
The stem is branched.
The leaves are lanceolate, the lower leaves have short petioles, the upper leaves are sessile, all sharp, smooth. The flowers are greenish or pink, in sparse, interrupted spikes. The perianth is 4- or 5-leafed, covered on the outside with a mass of turned glands. Stamens 6-8. The nuts are triangular, brown. Blooms in summer and autumn. It usually grows along the banks of fresh water bodies, ditches, roads, and grassy swamps.
A spicy, medicinal and dyeing plant with a characteristic pungent peppery taste.
Swamp whitewing
(Calla palustris L.) araceae family
The rhizome is long, thick, jointed. The leaves are long-petiolate, heart-shaped, pointed, shiny. The peduncle is approximately equal in length to the leaves. The spathe is flat, with a pointed top, one-sided, and during flowering the inside is snow-white.
Flowers without perianth, small, bisexual. There are 6 stamens, rarely more. The ovary is unilocular, with a sessile stigma. Fruit - red berries with abundant mucilage surrounding the seeds; collected in a short thick cob. Blooms in the first half of summer.
Horsetail
(Equisetum palustre L.
) horsetail family
Perennial 10-40 cm tall. The stem is jointed, with hollow internodes.
Marsh perennial herbaceous plant of the araceae family
The leaves are reduced to small scale-like teeth, fused into toothed sheaths enclosing the bases of the internodes. It has a long rhizome, on which nodules filled with starch often form. Stems are 3-4 mm in diameter, sharply angular-furrowed, usually branched. Sheaths with 5-8 broadly lanceolate, black-brown or black teeth. Spore-bearing and vegetative shoots are almost identical, always green. The spikelets are usually solitary; rarely, spikelets are found on lateral branches.
In this case, the lower branches can reach the same height as the upper ones. Distributed throughout Russia. It grows along the banks of reservoirs, in swamps and marshy meadows. One of the most poisonous horsetails.
Alder sticky or black
(Alnus glutinosa L.) birch family
Tree up to 35 meters tall, often multi-stemmed.
The bark is dark brown, young shoots are reddish or olive-brown. The leaves are round or obovate, crenate-toothed, notched at the apex. Dark green, glossy, sticky when blooming. Anther catkins are terminal, collected in racemes of 3-5, pendulous. Women's earrings are “cones”.
Collected in groups of 3-5 on legs that are usually longer than them. Nuts with a leathery, very narrow wing, reddish-brown, flattened, up to 2.5 mm. Blooms in April. The seeds ripen in September-October. Spreads by seeds. Lives up to 100 years. Nodules containing nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes are developed on the roots. Distributed in all regions of Central Russia. Forms extensive frequent plantings in low-lying, often flooded swamps (alder swamps), as well as along rivers and forest streams.
Lady's slipper
(Cypripedium calceolus L.) orchid family
A genus of plants from the orchid family, characteristic of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.
About 20 species of herbaceous plants with large single flowers at the tops of the stems. The two outer petals are fused almost to the top, the lip is swollen in the shape of a shoe, with two lobes at the base. In the forests of Russia and Western Europe found: Lady's slipper yellow (C.
Calceolus L.) with red-brown flowers and a yellow lip, V. b. red (C. macranthum Sw.) - blood-red flowers and V. b. speckled (C. guttatum Sw.) with green and purple petals with white spots.
Typical plants of raised bogs
Naumburgia racemosaceae
(Naumburgia thrirsiflora Rchb.)
Grass 25-40 cm high.
The rhizome is long, creeping, with shoots. Stems are erect, reddish pubescent or almost glabrous. The leaves are sessile, opposite, less often whorled, 5-10 cm long and 0.5-2.5 cm wide. The flowers are small in dense axillary racemes. The lobes of the calyx and corolla include 6-7 pieces, less often 5. The corolla is yellow with red-brown dots, 5-6 mm long.
Blooms in summer.
Cotton grass
(Eriophorum polystachyon L.) sedge family
Perennial with an elongated horizontal rhizome.
The stem is 20-70 cm tall. Leaf blades are 3-5 mm wide, bluish-green, usually grooved at the bottom, with a long trihedron at the top; all leaves have a tongue in the form of a narrow filmy strip. Spikelets number 3-7, on drooping smooth or rough peduncles, 10-15 mm long during flowering, and 3.5-4 cm long during fruiting.
The covering scales are brownish-gray or reddish, usually white-membranous at the edges and on top. Anthers 3-5 mm long. The fruits are 2.5-3 mm long and up to 1 mm wide, almost black, glossy.
Blooms in May-June, bears fruit in June-July.
Shiksha Siberian
(Empetrum sibiricum V.Vassil.) Family of cactus.
Low creeping shrub, highly branched from the base. The bark of old branches is red-brown; young branches are elongated, covered with curly hairs and sessile glands. Leaves are 5 - 7 mm long, narrow-linear, alternate or false whorled-close, loosely located, directed downward, wrinkled when dry, slightly shiny, almost matte, young leaves with glands along the edge on noticeable legs.
The flowers are small, solitary, in the leaf axils at the tops of the branches, three-dimensional, with several bracts, unisexual or bisexual. The fruit is a black spherical drupe, about 5 mm in diameter, with 6 - 9 seeds.
Grows in wet forests, thickets of bushes and sphagnum bogs. Distribution: Central Siberian Plateau, Sayan Mountains, Sayano-Baikal region, Baikal Highlands, Dauria in the basin of the lower Argun and Shilka rivers, the river basin. Gazimur.
Pemphigus vulgare
(Utricularia vulgaris L.) bladderwort family
A plant with stems up to 1 m long immersed in water.
Trapper bubbles up to 3.5 mm long sit on green leaves. The leaves are repeatedly pinnately dissected, up to 5 cm long, arranged spirally. Leaf lobules and outer segments with cilia. Corolla 12-22 mm in diameter, orange-yellow with reddish-brown stripes; upper lip with turned-up edges, shorter or slightly longer than the protuberances in the lower lip.
The spur is long (up to 9 mm) and thin (2 mm). The anthers of the stamens are stuck together. The pedicels bend in an arched manner after flowering. Blooms in the second half of summer.
Blueberry
(Vaccinium myrtyllus L.) lingonberry family
Deciduous shrub with sharp-edged branches.
The leaves are thin, light green, open places turning red in autumn. The shape is ovoid and elliptical, finely serrate, 1-3 cm long. Flowers solitary, drooping. Corolla is pitcher-spherical, 3-4 cm long with 4-5 teeth. Anthers with long appendages. The berry is spherical, 6-8 mm in diameter, black, usually with a bluish coating or less often, without a coating, shiny.
Blooms in spring.
Podbel multifolia
(Andromeda polifolia L.) Ericaceae family
The leaves are oblong-oval to linear, with curled edges on top with a depressed middle vein, green, shiny, matte white underneath with a waxy coating, 1-2.5 cm long. The racemes contain 2-6 flowers on long (up to 1.5 cm) pink stalks; flowers drooping, pink, 5-6 mm long; corolla pubescent inside.
The anthers are dark red. The style is slightly shorter than the corolla. The capsule is spherical, 2-5 mm long. Blooms in spring and early summer.
Blueberry
(Vaccinium uliginosum L.) lingonberry family
Blueberries are the healthiest berry. Contains organic acids, vitamins, sugar, tannins.
It is also rich in biologically active substances, thanks to which it is useful in the treatment of radiation sickness and many other serious diseases. Blueberries, like honeysuckle berries, stimulate the secretion of gastric juice and increase its digestive function. They are recommended for use in cases of gastric catarrh, enterocolitis, dysentery, pyelitis, and scurvy.
AIR, IR
(?). A marsh plant from the araceae family, native to Asia, its rhizome, under the name “iry root”, is used in medicine.
Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .
(Turk. genus of perennial herbaceous plants family. aroids, growing along the banks of rivers and lakes; The rhizome (irg root) contains essential oil used in the perfumery and confectionery industries, as well as in medicine.
New dictionary foreign words.- by EdwART,, 2009 .
[Turkic ] is a perennial herbaceous marsh plant from the araceae family; rhizome, so-called calamus root, used in medicine and perfumery
Large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing House "IDDK", 2007 .
Air A, m. (tour. agir Greek akoros).
bot A perennial herbaceous plant growing along the banks of rivers and lakes; Calamus root contains essential oil.
Explanatory dictionary of foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998 .
Synonyms:
See what "AIR" is in other dictionaries:
AIR is the family of the first aircraft of Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev. Named in honor of the Chairman of the Central Council of Osoaviakhim Alexey Ivanovich Rykov. For 1927 1933 10 types of aircraft were created from AIR 1 to AIR 10. As well as a family of asynchronous... ... Wikipedia
AIR- autonomous spark gap marked AIR Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M.: AST Publishing House LLC, Geleos Publishing House CJSC, 2003. 318 p. AIR Example of using AIR 140 AIR... ...
Designation of aircraft created by A. S. Yakovlev in 1927 1937. At the beginning of Yakovlev’s activity as an aircraft designer, the practice of assigning individual names to some aircraft, including the names of prominent government... ... Encyclopedia of technology
AIR-- autonomous spark gap marked AIR Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M.: AST Publishing House LLC, Geleos Publishing House CJSC, 2003. 318 p. AIR Example of using AIR 140... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations
AIR Encyclopedia "Aviation"
AIR- AIR designation of aircraft created by A. S. Yakovlev in 192737. At the beginning of Yakovlev’s activity as an aircraft designer, the practice of assigning individual names to some aircraft, including the names of prominent... ... Encyclopedia "Aviation"
See Incense reed (calamus) ... Brockhaus Biblical Encyclopedia
AIR, calamus, plural. no, husband (bot.). Swamp plant with long leaves. “Who steers an oar so deftly through calamus and kupir?” A.K. Tolstoy. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
A calamus, calamus m. A perennial herbaceous plant of the araceae family, the rhizome of which, the calamus root, contains essential oil used in pharmacology, in the perfumery and confectionery industries. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova
- (Acorus), a genus of perennial grasses of the family. aronnikov. The leaves (up to 1 m long) are xiphoid, the rhizome is thick, creeping. The flowers are collected into a spadix. Blooms from early summer to autumn. Propagated vegetatively by rhizomes. 2 species widespread in... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
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