^ NOMINAL SINGLE SENTENCES
The general grammatical meaning of nominal one-part sentences includes the expression of beingness and predication (modal and temporal meanings). The expression of modal and temporal meanings is characteristic of all types of simple sentences (of course, these meanings are expressed in different ways). Beingness is a specific feature of nominal one-part sentences. Beingness expressed in sentences Spring; Water then! etc., is a grammatical, syntactic meaning accompanying the lexical meaning of nouns. The meaning of beingness arises as a result of the use of the indicated forms of nouns in an independent position. The expression of beingness is the condition for “transforming” a word into a sentence.
The grammatical meaning of beingness is extremely abstract and has no gradations. It does not depend either on the lexical meaning of nouns, or on their belonging to the categories of proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, concrete or abstract. For example, in sentences Moscow; February; Boulevard; Children etc. the meaning of beingness is expressed in the same way. The nominative case of nouns has the same meaning in sentences It's autumn outside; There is silence all around, therefore, they should not be classified as two-part by comparison with It was autumn outside; There was silence all around.(Other aspects of the proof of the monocomposition of these sentences will be discussed in detail below.)
The syntactic meanings of modality and tense in nominal one-part sentences lack morphological support due to the absence of conjugated verb forms. However, these meanings receive quite clear expression. Modality is expressed in one-part nominal sentences using intonation (cf.: Winter.- Winter? etc.). The syntactic meaning of time is expressed using the zero indicator: the absence of a verb is a signal of the present tense (Midnight; Snow/ etc.). Here we are dealing with a “syntactic zero” - a formal means of expressing syntactic meaning.
However, in our opinion, in the sentences under consideration there is no reason to talk about either a zero verb, or, especially, about a zero connective. Both units are recognized as members of a paradigmatic series (cf.: You were good- you are good- You will be good; Father was home- Father at home- Father will be at home). Nominal one-part sentences do not form a paradigm of tense forms, since the introduction of a verb in the past or future tense radically changes the syntactic position of the noun and contributes to the expression of beingness by lexical means (cf.: It was midnight; It was snowing!).
The meaning of the present tense, characteristic of nominal one-part sentences, is incompatible with the past and future, or, according to Peshkovsky, expanded. In the syntactic environment, it can be adjusted with the help of past or future tense forms of neighboring verbal sentences, due to which the statement contained in a nominal one-part sentence is included in the general temporal plan of the narrative and refers to the past, present or future; For example: Where is she?seen before? Well, of course, in the spring at a football match.Emerald lawn. Laughter all around. Multi-colored T-shirts. Youth. Sun. Bright music, warm clear day with curly clouds; and this guy...(Quiet.)
It is necessary, however, to emphasize that a nominal one-part sentence out of context always has the meaning of the present tense. The meaning of the extended present tense is inseparable from the meaning of beingness; they are interconnected. Both meanings are expressed by a noun in independent position.
The independent position of one or another form of a noun is not directly determined by the morphological nature of the form. Thus, a noun in the nominative case can occupy an independent subject position (Spring has arrived;Life beautiful; My brother- teacher) or the main member of a one-part sentence (Spring; Morning) and dependent position of the predicate (Hesoldier; Who are you?- Sailor) or applications (Second brother,teacher, works in Siberia). Thus, the independent position and syntactic function of a noun in the nominative case are determined by its position in relation to other words in the sentence. The condition for the use of a nominative in the independent position of the main member of a nominal one-part sentence is the absence of a dependent member that predicatively defines the nominative (cf.: Spring has come-Spring). The independent position of a noun is based on morphological independent form nominative case.
The independent position of a noun in the genitive case is established in a sentence contrary to the morphological nature of this form. Case form genitive case(like any indirect) is intended to express the dependence of the noun on other words. However, the morphological nature of the genitive case form does not in itself determine the dependent position of the noun in a sentence. The main condition for the dependent use of this form is the actual (or confirmed by the syntactic environment or situation) presence of a dominant member in the sentence (I'm theredidn't meet not a soul; have grown herebushes lilac ). In the dependent position, the genitive case of a noun has an objective or attributive meaning.
In the absence of a dominant member in the sentence (as well as in the syntactic environment, including the situation), the genitive case of a noun can be used independently, i.e., take an independent position. A consequence of the independent use of a noun; in the genitive case is the loss of objective or attributive meaning (There is not a soul there; There are lilacs here!; There is snow!; We have neither water nor bread etc.). Nouns in the genitive case, transformed into a sentence or the basis of a sentence with the help of intonation, acquire the syntactic meaning of beingness in an independent position. Thanks to this, the sentence receives grammatical form and communicative significance (i.e., it concludes the message).
Differences in the grammatical form of nominal one-part sentences are the basis for their classification. The most significant differences in grammatical form are associated with the use of the nominative and genitive cases of nouns as the main member. Along with general meanings (beingness, syntactic meaning of the extended present tense, expressed by negative indicators), the main member in the nominative or genitive case expresses a specific meaning. Therefore, in the system of nominal one-part sentences, it is advisable to distinguish between two structural types - nominative (the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case) and genitive (the main member is expressed by a noun in the genitive case).
^
NOMINATIVE OFFERS
The traditional theory of the nominative sentence, the foundations of which were developed by A. A. Shakhmatov and A. M. Peshkovsky, considers the structural basis of this type to be a noun in the nominative case; a sentence can be extended by words that, as dependents, are included in a phrase formed around the main member (Frosty day; Late December; Night after the storm; Outskirts of the city etc.). Secondary members have attributive or, rarely, attribute-object meaning (cf.: Meeting of space heroes- Meet the heroes of space). Sentences that include minor members with an adverbial-objective meaning, not formally subordinate to the main one and not forming a single phrase with it, were not included in the number of nominatives (There is knocking and walking in the house; Execution in the morning; She has a fever etc.).
Prepositive minor members in sentences ^ - determinants. They refer to structural basis proposals represented by the nominative main member and are independent propagators of the proposal. This means that they cannot be considered as indicators of the two-part nature of the proposal. However, this conclusion is still insufficient to prove the monocomposition of the sentences under consideration. The monocomponent nature of the above sentences is manifested in the fact that their main member is predicatively indefinable. Occupying an independent position in a sentence, a noun in the nominative case combines two meanings - nominative and existential. The nominal meaning is based on the lexical meaning of the noun and the meaning of objectivity; existential meaning is expressed by the independent and predicatively undefined position of the nominative in the sentence.
Thus, in meaning and position, the main member of the sentences ^ There is noise in the house; Execution tomorrow morning; She has a fever etc. does not differ from the main member in “classical” nominatives Autumn; Midnight; Snow etc. Sentences with determining adverbial and objective secondary members are one-part. This position is recognized by many researchers. The identity of the main member of these sentences in form and meaning with the main member of “classical” nominatives gives grounds for broad understanding categories of nominative sentences (including sentences like There is noise in the house; Execution tomorrow morning; She has a fever.)
The presence of determining secondary members is essential for the structure of the sentence. Unlike members that form a phrase with the main one, they do not extend the noun as a lexical-grammatical unit, but represent a structural element of a sentence that helps express the essential elements of the content (cf.: Deep silence- There is deep silence all around).
A nominative sentence with a determining minor member differs from the “classical” nominative in intonation. The “classical” nominative sentence, both common and common, is characterized by so-called emphatic intonation, the absence of rises in tone and pauses. In a common sentence, such an intonation structure emphasizes the integrity of the phrase (The first post-war spring in Siberia). A sentence with a determining secondary member is intonationally divided: the determiner (together with explanatory, spreading members, if any) is separated from the main member (or the group of the main member, if it has a spreading secondary member) by a pause; the peak of intonation falls on the determining member, and after a pause there is a significant decrease in tone (On the street- rain; On the street- heavy rain). This intonation division emphasizes the lack of a close syntactic connection between the main member and the determiner.
Thus, in nominative sentences two structural types are distinguished - undivided and dissected.
Undivided nominative sentences (“classical”) are represented only by the main member, a word or a syntactically indecomposable phrase (Table; Four chairs) or distributed by secondary members forming a single phrase with the main member (Clear afternoon; River bank etc.).
In dissected nominative sentences, in addition to the main member, the obligatory structural element is the determining secondary member. Extending minor members, which are combined in a phrase with the main member or with the determiner, are defined as an optional element of the structure; For example: On the river black crowd(Ch.); Behind the dunes extensive swamps and low forests(Paust.) .
Undivided nominative sentences
A nominative sentence may have additional grammatical meaning. In this case, it is especially important to take into account those values that appear regularly and are expressed in material (formal) indicators:
1) the additional meaning of the direct perception of the existence of an object is expressed in speech using a special intonation (“I see, hear, perceive something”) - we will conventionally designate it with an exclamation mark; general meaning beingness is concretized, appears limited (Morning!; Snow!; Call!);
2) the additional meaning of the concrete-indicative localization of existential meaning is expressed by the particle Here; the general existential meaning is clarified, specified, presented as visual for the speaker and interlocutor (Here is the house);
3) the additional meaning of the completeness of perception (or detection) of the existence of an object is expressed using a particle here it is. The overall meaning of beingness is adjusted and to some extent suppressed by the meanings of object discovery and achievement. A certain dynamic moment appears. However, the particle here it is only slightly transforms beingness, it indicates that beingness is, as it were, counted from the moment the speaker perceives it (Here comes the sun);
4) emotional assessment of the perception of the existence of an object is expressed using special particles (what, here, like this, well, what the, this etc.) and exclamatory intonation. The general meaning of beingness is given a shade of subjective perception and emotional assessment of the object, the existence of which is affirmed (What silence!; What a house!; What an ear! etc.). It should be added that the emotional assessment not only partially obscures the general meaning of beingness, but also introduces an element of predicative characterization of the object.
A nominative proposal may have:
1) functional descriptive value (depiction of the details of a static picture); For example: Distantvillage. There are walkways laid right across the street dirt, and ballet school students do their daily exercises on them.(“Ex.”); Light flashes across the windows.The hour is peaceful. Nice evening (TV);
2) functional narrative meaning (depiction of successive details of the dynamic course of events); For example: His life story was very ordinary.Guards Cavalry. Debts. Army cavalry. Cards. Customs guards. Scandal. Gendarmerie Corps. Failed the exam. The last stage - the district police officer(Cupr.) .
It is not difficult to establish that in the above texts the dynamism and rapidity of the events depicted are determined not by the intrinsic meaning of nominative sentences, but by their selection and arrangement, the organization of the context, and the use of neighboring verbal sentences. That is why it is advisable to talk about the functional meanings of nominative sentences, and not about functional types, since the same nominative sentences in different contexts acquire different functional meanings.
Dissected nominative sentences
The meanings of the determining secondary members interact in a certain way with the grammatical meanings of the main member - existential and temporal. Determinative minor members in dissected nominative sentences have spatial (or the meaning of location), temporal and possessive (or the meaning of belonging, relation to a person or animal) meanings.
1. The determining secondary member with spatial meaning is expressed by adverbs of place or prepositional case forms of the noun; For example: Around taiga(3.); I look at the sky.There big changes(Cupr.). The determining secondary member with spatial meaning limits and specifies the general existential meaning of the main member (cf.: Silence- There is silence in the city- There is silence in the house.) Thanks to this, beingness acquires the shade of direct perception. In connection with the concretization of existential meaning, the grammatical meaning of the present tense also seems limited, confined directly to the moment of speech.
2. The determining secondary member with a temporary meaning is expressed by adverbs and prepositional case forms of the noun; For example: Upon completion performance- surprise(Fur.); And through six months- new miracle(Cupr.). The determinant corrects the expression of beingness in the temporal plane; with its help, beingness can be limited to a certain period of time [ September 17.In the morning frost(Bump.)]. The determinant may indicate that beingness took place, was discovered before the moment of speech and is perceived at the moment of speech [ For a long time night. Stars(Ser.)]. With its help, the perception of being can be presented as repeated, having already taken place in the past; For example: And soagain spring(B.)
Finally, the material content of the determiner may contradict the general grammatical meaning of the present tense. Lexically, the determinant indicates the future tense, but the meaning of beingness is shifted in the temporal plane and is perceived as due to occur after the moment of speech; For example: Day after tomorrow - offensive Why is Chapaev still missing?(Fur.); In two days departure(Ser.) .
3. The determining minor member with the meaning of belonging or relation to a person is expressed by the genitive case form of animate nouns with a preposition at or corresponding forms of personal pronouns [ -At your place hysterical, Nikolai Ivanovich(A.N.T.)]. The determinant does not make significant changes to the general meanings of beingness and present tense inherent in the main member of the sentence.
The main member of dissected nominative sentences, as already noted, has common grammatical meanings of beingness, present tense and real modality, regardless of the specific structure, the presence of one or another determinant; as in nominative undivided sentences, it can be expressed by all the main categories of nouns.
^
GENITIVE SENTENCES
The basis of the structure of genitive one-part sentences is the main member, expressed by the genitive case of the noun, used independently, that is, not subordinate to any word in the sentence. The independent use of this form is constructively determined [cf. independent genitive position in a sentence Water, water! and its dependent use in other constructions (Bring water; Water!)].
The composition of the main member and its meaning may be different, and therefore we should talk about two types of genitive sentences - affirmative (Water; Noise, noise!) and negative (Not a tree; Not a whole house- with the obligatory presence of a particle in the composition of the main member neither).
Genitive affirmative sentences
Interpretation of sentences like Water! as impersonal (even with the addition of “incomplete”) is unsuccessful and unconvincing. Firstly, these sentences do not have an impersonal meaning: they do not express an independent attribute (but express a substance) affirmed regardless of the subject. Secondly, they are not characterized by the verbal form of impersonality (3rd person), which is one way or another found in any constructive variety of impersonal sentences. Yes, a proposal Water! not only does not contain a verb form, but also does not allow “substitution” (or “implying”) of the only existential verb suitable in meaning in the present tense form [There is water (!?)]. Justification for the impersonality of a sentence like Water! by comparison with the verb There was some water as a correlative form of time is also unconvincing, since the impersonality of such sentences (There was water; people gathered; snow fell), in turn, is far from indisputable (cf.: There was water; The people gathered; The snow has piled up etc., as well as: There was a lot of water; A lot of people had gathered; There was a lot of snow).
Genitive affirmative sentences express the existence of an object (objects) in large quantity or volume (Trees!; Houses!; Snow! etc.). The genitive case form, used independently, as the main member of the sentence, expresses the grammatical meanings of beingness, extended present tense and real modality. These meanings characterize these sentences as nominal one-part ones, correlative with nominative ones.
The correlation between the genitive sentence and the nominative sentence is most clearly manifested at the level of a specific sentence (cf.: Snow- Snow!). At the same time, such a comparison also reveals the differences between these proposals. A genitive sentence has an additional meaning of large quantity or volume, which is expressed constructively, that is, in the most grammatical form of the main member, regardless of its lexical meaning. Direct support given value, obviously, is a form of the genitive case, similar to the dependent form of the genitive in quantitative noun phrases (cf.: Lots of snow- How much snow!).
The influence of the quantitative-nominal construction on the genitive sentence is probable only in terms of the origin of this type of sentence, and not in terms of the construction of a specific genitive sentence.
To understand the nature and path of influence of a quantitative-nominal combination on the formation of genitive affirmative sentences is helped by the fact that the quantitative meaning of the main member of a genitive sentence is undoubtedly unthinkable without a special exclamatory intonation, which conveys both the meaning of the excess quantity and the emotional attitude of the speaker (surprise, admiration, disapproval etc.) to the stated fact. The closest to a genitive sentence in terms of the nature of quantitative meaning, intonation and emotional coloring is a quantitative-nominal construction like How much snow!; How many trees! Word how much in such a construction, it loses the meaning of an interrogative relative quantitative pronoun (or, in other terminology, an indefinite quantitative numeral) and is used as an exclamatory-amplifying particle (cf.: What space!; What silence!; How good!; How fun! etc.). The genetic connection with the pronoun determines the ability of this particle to formally “control” the genitive case of the noun (cf. preservation of agreement in the particle which, which, which, which). However, being a formal, auxiliary means of expressing emotionality, the particle How many becomes optional for the structure of the sentence and can be eliminated (or “omitted”), and its meaning is compensated by intonation (cf.: Space!; Silence!; Fine!; Funny!).
Thus, exclamatory intonation is the means by which the main member expresses quantitative meaning, and at the same time, as a structural element of the sentence, it serves to express beingness.
Genitive affirmative sentences in general are characterized by a limited, concretized existential meaning (in comparison with the corresponding nominative sentences; cf.: Trees- Trees!). This specification is due to the emotionality of genitive sentences, emphasizing the shade of direct perception of the subject (cf.: Tree!- nominative sentence with the meaning of direct perception).
Concretization of existential meaning is achieved not only with the help of exclamatory intonation, but also through the use of an optional particle something [Rozog something!- said grandfather(M. G.)]. In such constructions it has lost its demonstrative meaning; its role is reduced to emphasizing the grammatical form of the main member of genitive affirmative sentences. The grammatical meanings of the main member are expressed without a particle, using intonation (the particle can be omitted without damaging the structure of the sentence). However, the particle design -That more clearly emphasizes the immediacy of the perception of existential meaning: the speaker, as it were, points to an object, inviting the interlocutor to verify the presence, the existence of this object (cf.: Trees!- Trees!).
In the practice of speech use of affirmative genitive sentences, such a formal technique is used to strengthen the meaning of quantity, redundancy, as repetition of the main member, i.e. the same noun in the genitive case (usually without the particle -That, if it was used in the first form); For example: Words, words! However, repetition is as optional as a particle -That.
Nouns used in the main clause have the form plural, if they have singular-plural correlative forms, or the form singular, if not used in the plural (real, abstract); For example: Trees!; Houses!; Children!; Birds!, But Snow!; Noise! However, some of the abstract nouns, which have a plural form with a narrowed, specific meaning, are used in a sentence in the plural (Excitement!; Memories!; Impressions!).
Thus, genitive affirmative sentences should be considered a productive type, which is determined not by the frequency of their use in certain texts (the number is small), but by the possibility of expressing the main member by various categories of nouns.
Affirmative genitive sentences are used mainly in everyday conversation. Such stylistic limitations are due to their specificity, emotionality and clearly expressed direct address to the interlocutor.
In structure, genitive affirmative sentences have much in common with nominative ones. This applies not only to the expression of the general grammatical meanings of beingness, present tense and real modality, but also to the meaning of the minor terms and their relationship with the main term. Secondary members can be of a spreading type, i.e. forming a phrase with the main member (New houses!; Small children!), or determinants. In genitive affirmative sentences, determiners with the same meanings as in nominative ones can be used. Accordingly, genitive affirmative sentences with determining secondary members are dismembered (On the bank of trees!; Something to do today!; I have water!), and without determinants - undifferentiated (Trees!; All sorts of things!; Water, water!).
Genitive negative sentences
The structural basis of genitive negative sentences is the main member, consisting of at least two components - a noun V genitive case and prepositive particle neither. The genitive form of the noun, not being grammatically subordinate to any word in the sentence, occupies an independent position and does not express an objective meaning (Not a sound); the main member has the meaning of beingness; particle neither- indicator of negation. As a result, in genitive negative sentences the existence of an object in the present tense is denied.
The specificity of the expression of this meaning is visible when compared with verbal impersonal sentences [cf.: Not a sound- Not a sound is heard; Not a light- There is (no) light). In verbal impersonal sentences, the negation of being is contained in the verbal main member, the noun in the genitive case has an objective meaning and is a secondary member - an addition. However, the possibility of comparison with impersonal ones cannot in any way serve as a basis for classifying sentences of the type Not a sound; Not a light to the impersonal.
Interpretation of genitive negative sentences as impersonal, it inevitably involves the “implying” of the verb, i.e., an obvious substitution of the original construction for another: after all, no real, conscious omission of the verb occurs when constructing a genitive negative sentence. The “indirect” derivation of the verb as a member of the form paradigm is also unconvincing. Impersonal sentences have a complete paradigm of tense forms in which the verb is represented specifically lexically, and not by “zero” (No light- There was no light-There will be no light). Similarity of sentence content Not a light And No light also does not prove the impersonality of the sentence Not a light(cf.: Stuffiness- Stuffy; Darkness- Dark).
So, genitive negative sentences have neither meaning nor impersonal form. The meaning of beingness is expressed in them not lexically, but grammatically - by the independent position of the noun and the intonation of the message. Negation is also expressed by a formal grammatical means - the particle neither. All these features characterize genitive negative sentences as single-component nominal sentences.
Genitive negative sentences are correlated with nominative ones not only as types (by the presence of general grammatical meanings of beingness, present tense and real modality), but also at the level of a specific sentence - in terms of affirmation or denial of the existence of the same object in the present tense (cf.: Ogonyok- Lights- Not a light; Tree- Trees- Not a tree- Not a single tree etc.). This correlation also confirms that genitive negative sentences belong to the system of one-part nominal sentences.
The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's getting dark.
Types of one-part sentences
| Principal term expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love thunderstorms in early May. |
I I love thunderstorms at the beginning of May. |
| 1.2. Vaguely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in third person plural (past tense and conditional mood plural predicate verb). |
They knock on the door. |
Someone knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal proposals | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). |
Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. Impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
A) It's getting light; It was getting light; I'm lucky; |
b) The snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) It's cold outside; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm freezing; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) To me sorry to leave with you; |
A) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter. |
Closed . |
The store is closed. |
| 5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money. |
|
| 6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone keep quiet! |
Everyone keep quiet. |
| 2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - There is money; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).
4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.
Pay attention!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.
Wed: It was night; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.
Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.
4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) behind you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I'm walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.
A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.
With a kind word and you will melt the stone(proverb).
The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of a predicate verb refers to any actor (cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).
It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).
The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).
The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
A nominal (substantive) one-part sentence is constructed without verb forms. The main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case; for example: Hurray! They laugh. Well done actors. Luck! Success! (Bulg.). Therefore, they are called nominative (from the Latin name for the nominative case) or denominative.
The main member names an object to which an action, state or attribute is not attributed in the sentence, but expresses the meaning of the presence, the existence of the object - existential meaning. The main member can also be expressed by an indivisible phrase in the nominative case; for example: Look how good we are. Two wonderful rooms! (B.). The existential meaning is combined with the meaning of the present tense, which is expressed by the significant absence of the verb, i.e., “syntactic zero”; Wed: There was darkness and lights ahead (B.). Here the existential meaning is expressed by the verb.
To the general existential meaning of a nominative sentence, one or another shade can be added, expressed by particles:
1) index: here, there; for example: Here is a willow (P.);
2) achievement: here it is; for example: Here comes the forest (T.); It’s already September (Ch.);
3) emotional: what for, like this, what, well, this, etc.; for example: Christmas time has come. What a joy! (P.).
As part of a sentence, secondary members can be used, connected to the main one by the method of coordination or control; for example: What a quiet night! The silence of the great city (A.T.).
Modern Russian literary language/ Ed. P. A. Lekanta - M., 2009
Among predicates in the Russian language, three types (or types) are usually distinguished. These are simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal predicates. In this article we will talk about the latter.
Features of a compound nominal predicate
As the name suggests, this predicate is compound, that is, it consists of several parts. One of them plays a primarily or even exclusively grammatical role, while the second expresses the main meaning of the predicate. It is not difficult to guess that it is usually expressed by some nominal part of speech, that is, one whose name contains the word “name”: a noun, an adjective, a numeral. However, everything is not so simple.
Ways of expressing grammatical parts
The grammatical part of a compound nominal predicate is the linking verb “to be.” The same role can be played by some other verbs, “semi-links”: seem, become, etc.
The verb “to be” is in the required grammatical form. For example, He it will be fun, He was cheerful. It is not customary to write in the present tense in Russian "he is cheerful". The zero copula is used. In Romano-Germanic languages, the copula is preserved. Compare: He's cheerful. – He is merry (English)
The verb “to be” can be not only a connective, but also an independent simple verbal predicate (for example, I will soon have a bicycle.). It is not difficult to distinguish them; it is enough to put the sentence in the present tense, because the connective “to be” is not used in the present tense, but the verb, naturally, remains in the predicate position. Compare:
Ways to Express the Nominal Part
The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed in different parts speech, and not just names. The table below shows examples of compound nominal predicates expressed in different ways.
|
Method of expressing the noun phrase |
Example |
|
Noun |
Moscow is the capital of Russia. |
|
Adjective |
He's funny. He cheerful. |
|
Numeral |
My favorite number- seven . |
|
Communion |
He was appointed headman. |
|
Pronoun |
The topic was different. |
|
The dress fits her. |
|
|
Infinitive |
My dream is to see the sea. |
|
Phraseologism |
He is some kind of fish and meat. |
|
Syntactically indivisible combinations |
young man was tall. |
Syntactically indivisible combinations are one long predicate, since not a single word can be torn away from them without loss of meaning. Let's say, in our last example, it is impossible to say that “the young man was tall” - this is meaningless.
Please note that the same word in different offers can perform different functions. For example, the word "funny" in our example the predicate, and in the sentence “We liked the funny clown." - definition.
What have we learned?
Compound nominal predicates consist of a linking verb “to be” (less often “semi-linking “seem”, “become”, etc.), which disappears in the present tense (zero connective), and a nominal part, which can be expressed by all parts of speech , except for the verb in the personal form and the gerund.
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> One-part sentencesOne-part sentences- sentences, the grammatical basis of which is represented by one main member (subject or predicate).
One-part sentences
One-part verb sentences
1. B definitely personal proposals an action called a simple or compound predicate correlates with a specific person not expressed verbally in the sentence.
verb in 1st or 2nd person form indicative mood (I remember bright moonlit night(Kataev). I'm falling into a strange oblivion(Kataev). I won't continue an inventory of these masquerade impressions(Nabokov). Danilo Kupora You know? (L.N. Tolstoy). Very I'll be glad, if it happens for you too(L.N. Tolstoy);
Don't drive me!(Ostrovsky). Second Lieutenant Romashov, order play something for your ears(Kuprin)).
2. B vaguely personal sentences character is thought of as vague, unknown or unimportant for the message.
Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate or an auxiliary part of a compound predicate can be as follows:
verb in the 3rd person plural form of the present or future indicative mood ( Nowhere they don't know how so much spend money like in Odessa(Averchenko));
verb in the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood ( For the time being, old Moscow, its central part didn't touch (Kataev). In Moscow it met very cordially(Shalamov). His called to the commandant(Kataev). Horses tied up for a stand(Kataev));
plural verb subjunctive mood (If only knew what do you want, a holiday would be canceled (L.N. Tolstoy)).
3. B generalized personal sentences The action applies to a wide range of people. Such sentences contain advice, orders, etc., and therefore are often presented in proverbs.
Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate or an auxiliary part of a compound predicate can be as follows:
verb in the 2nd person singular or plural indicative mood ( Yes, my brother, it’s okay can't help it... (Kuprin). Without difficulty you can't take it out and fish from the pond(proverb). Over your head you won't jump (proverb). Jump up you won't get caught (proverb). You will hold on to each other - you can Nothing don't be afraid (proverb));
imperative verb ( Of two evils choose smaller(proverb));
(sometimes) verb in the 3rd person plural form of the present or future indicative mood ( After a fist fight don't wave (proverb). To a foreign monastery with its own charter don't go (proverb)).
4. B impersonal sentences called an action or state that exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the attribute.
The main member of an impersonal sentence can be represented by a simple verbal predicate, a compound verbal predicate, or a compound nominal predicate.
The main ways to express a simple verbal predicate:
verbs in the form of the neuter indicative mood of the past tense ( At the top of the hill we drenched predawn wind(Korolenko). In London there wasn't not a single person close to me(Herzen). Furniture in the room was A little(Strugatsky));
verb in the 3rd person singular form of the present or future indicative mood ( It's getting dark , by night a blizzard rises(Bunin). And then again, near the very windows, pine and spruce trees will often be covered in snow, black forests will approach in dense thickets, will darken in the carriage...(Bunin));
impersonal verb, often with negation ( Can't sleep to me, can't sleep... (Turgenev). It's getting light . Here is a glimpse of the village, houses, gardens(Gogol). Pinocchio used his fingers to explain to this fool that it was dark and dangerous now, but when dawn- they will run to the girl(A.N. Tolstoy));
word No(Neither Shura nor me are already in Saransk at this time No (Trifonov)).
The main way of expressing a compound verbal predicate: auxiliary part (personal verb in the form of the indicative mood of the neuter past tense, impersonal verb, state category word) + infinitive ( I had to endure it a lot of fights(Shalamov). To me lucky several times visit in the Dresden gallery(Paustovsky). It was starting to get light (Kuprin). In my laboratory can be removed the most ridiculous sci-fi movie ever(V.P. Aksenov). It is forbidden the same person on the street throw away (Kataev). However, I had to bitterly be disappointed (Korolenko)).
The main ways of expressing a compound nominal predicate:
linking verb in the 3rd person indicative mood of the past or future tense or zero connective (in the present tense) + short passive participle in the neuter form ( In her eyes, languid, tired, the burden of bliss was written; everything in his room breathed heaven; was so light, so removed (Gogol). In Aristarchus's room smoky ...(Shukshin). She became happy, perked up, got excited and started apologizing that she had not tidy (Kuprin));
linking verb in the form of the 3rd person indicative mood of the past or future tense or zero connective (in the present tense) + word category state ( The best thing was in the forests(Paustovsky). From this cold praise of the impressionable Ninotchka got bored (Andreev). At the Maly Theater comfortable, purely, proudly, luxuriously (Olesha). It was dark in the morning(Prishvin). In Ksenia Feodorovna's room as before it was quiet (Trifonov)).
5. B infinitives proposals The action is called desirable, possible/impossible, necessary, etc. The main member is the predicate, expressed by the independent infinitive ( Deep above the shore of Sevan dig tunnel by lowering a vertical shaft into it from the surface of the earth(Kataev). - Where would fish take? - he said, looking around and patting his pockets. - A fish...(Strugatsky). So the hunters finally made an agreement: this hare don't kill, A fire by(Kuprin)).
One-part nominal sentences
Nominal (nominative, substantive, nominative) sentences have a general meaning of being the subject of speech ( Early Moscow evening, winter, warm(Shalamov). And here is the lane connecting Tverskaya with Nikitskaya(Olesha). Golden night!(Leskov). Silence, light, aroma and beneficial, revitalizing warmth(Leskov). What a wonderful land!(Goncharov). - Ah, here she is! - he shouted laughing(Tolstoy)).
The main ways of expressing the main member - the subject - are a noun, a pronoun, and a noun phrase.
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