Often, because of love, actions are committed that go beyond understanding. It is customary for poets, having experienced love, to dedicate their writings to the object of feelings. But if this poet is still a person with a difficult fate and is not without genius, there is a possibility that he is capable of writing one of the greatest works in the world. This was Dante Alighieri. His " Divine Comedy" - a masterpiece of world literature - continues to be interesting to the world 700 years after its creation.
“The Divine Comedy” was created in the second period of the great poet’s life - the period of exile (1302 - 1321). By the time he began work on the Comedy, he was already looking for a haven for soul and body among the cities and states of Italy, and the love of his life, Beatrice, had already fallen asleep for several years (1290), having become a victim of a plague epidemic. Writing was a kind of consolation for Dante in his difficult life. It is unlikely that he then counted on worldwide fame or memory for centuries. But the genius of the author and the value of his poem did not allow him to be forgotten.
Genre and direction
"Comedy" is a special work in the history of world literature. If you look at it in a broad way, it is a poem. In a narrower sense, it is impossible to determine whether it belongs to one of the varieties of this genre. The problem here is that there are no more such works in terms of content. It is impossible to come up with a name that would reflect the meaning of the text. Dante decided to call the work “Comedy” by Giovanni Boccaccio, following the logic of Aristotle’s teaching on drama, where comedy was a work that started out bad and ended well. The epithet “divine” was invented in the 16th century.
In direction, this is a classic work of the Italian Renaissance. Dante's poem is characterized by special national elegance, rich imagery and accuracy. With all this, the poet also does not neglect the sublimity and freedom of thought. All these features were characteristic of the Renaissance poetry of Italy. It is they who form that unique style of Italian poetry of the 13th - 17th centuries.
Composition
Taken as a whole, the core of the poem is the hero's journey. The work consists of three parts, consisting of one hundred songs. The first part is “Hell”. It contains 34 songs, while "Purgatory" and "Paradise" have 33 songs each. The author's choice is not accidental. “Hell” stood out as a place in which there can be no harmony, well, and there are more inhabitants there.
Description of Hell
"Hell" represents nine circles. Sinners are ranked there according to the severity of their fall. Dante took Aristotle's Ethics as the basis for this system. Thus, from the second to the fifth circles they punish for the results of human intemperance:
- in the second circle - for lust;
- in the third - for gluttony;
- in the fourth - for stinginess with wastefulness;
- in the fifth - for anger;
In the sixth and seventh for the consequences of atrocities:
- in the sixth for false teachings
- in the seventh for violence, murder and suicide
In the eighth and ninth for lying and all its derivatives. A worse fate awaits Dante's traitors. According to the logic of modern, and even then, people, the most serious sin is murder. But Aristotle probably believed that a person cannot always control the desire to kill because of bestial nature, while lying is an exclusively conscious matter. Dante apparently followed the same concept.
In Inferno, everyone is Dante's political and personal enemies. Also there he placed all those who were of a different faith, seemed immoral to the poet and simply did not live like a Christian.
Description of Purgatory
"Purgatory" contains seven circles that correspond to the seven sins. The Catholic Church later called them mortal sins (those that can be “prayed away”). In Dante they are arranged from the hardest to the most tolerable. He did this because his path should represent the path of ascent to Paradise.
Description of paradise
"Paradise" is performed in nine circles named after the major planets solar system. Here are Christian martyrs, saints and scientists, participants in the crusades, monks, church fathers, and, of course, Beatrice, who is located not just anywhere, but in the Empyrean - the ninth circle, which is represented in the form of a luminous rose, which can be interpreted as a place where God is. Despite all the Christian orthodoxy of the poem, Dante gives the circles of Paradise the names of the planets, which in meaning correspond to the names of the gods of Roman mythology. For example, the third circle (Venus) is the abode of lovers, and the sixth (Mars) is the place for warriors for the faith.
About what?
Giovanni Boccaccio, when writing a sonnet on behalf of Dante, dedicated to the purpose of the poem, said the following: “To entertain posterity and instruct in the faith.” This is true: “The Divine Comedy” can serve as an instruction in faith, because it is based on Christian teaching and clearly shows what and who will face for disobedience. And, as they say, she can entertain. Considering, for example, the fact that “Paradise” is the most unreadable part of the poem, since all the entertainment that a person loves is described in the previous two chapters, well, or the fact that the work is dedicated to Dante’s love. Moreover, the function that, as Boccaccio said, entertains, can even compete in its importance with the function of edification. After all, the poet, of course, was more of a romantic than a satirist. He wrote about himself and for himself: everyone who prevented him from living is in hell, the poem is for his beloved, and Dante’s companion and mentor, Virgil, is the favorite poet of the great Florentine (it is known that he knew his “Aeneid” by heart).
Dante's image
Dante is the main character of the poem. It is noteworthy that in the entire book his name is not indicated anywhere, except perhaps on the cover. The narration comes from his perspective, and all the other characters call him “you.” The narrator and the author have a lot in common. The "Dark Forest" in which the first one finds himself at the very beginning is the exile of the real Dante from Florence, the moment when he was truly in turmoil. And Virgil from the poem is the writings of a Roman poet that actually existed for the exile. Just as his poetry guided Dante through difficulties here, so in the afterlife Virgil is his “teacher and beloved example.” In the character system, the ancient Roman poet also personifies wisdom. The hero shows himself most well in relation to sinners who offended him personally during his lifetime. He even tells some of them in the poem that they deserve it.
Topics
- The main theme of the poem is love. The poets of the Renaissance began to elevate the earthly woman to heaven, often calling her Madonna. Love, according to Dante, is the cause and beginning of everything. She is the stimulus for writing the poem, the reason for his journey already in the context of the work, and most importantly, the reason for the beginning and existence of the Universe, as is commonly believed in Christian theology.
- Edification is the next theme of the Comedy. Dante, like everyone else in those days, felt a great responsibility for earthly life before the heavenly world. For the reader, he can act as a teacher who gives everyone what they deserve. It is clear that in the context of the poem, the inhabitants of the underworld were located as the author describes them, by the will of the Almighty.
- Policy. Dante's work can safely be called political. The poet always believed in the benefits of the emperor's power and wanted such power for his country. In total, his ideological enemies, as well as the enemies of the empire, like Caesar's murderers, experience the most terrible suffering in hell.
- Strength of spirit. Dante often falls into confusion when he finds himself in the afterlife, but Virgil tells him not to do this, not stopping at any danger. However, even under unusual circumstances, the hero shows himself with dignity. He cannot not be afraid at all, since he is a man, but even for a man his fear is insignificant, which is an example of exemplary will. This will did not break even in the face of difficulties in real life the poet, nor in his book adventure.
Issues
- The fight for the ideal. Dante strived for his goals both in real life and in the poem. Once a political activist, he continues to defend his interests, branding all those who are in opposition to him and do bad things. The author, of course, cannot call himself a saint, but nevertheless he takes responsibility by distributing sinners to their places. The ideal in this matter for him is Christian teaching and his own views.
- Correlation between the earthly and afterlife worlds. Many of those who lived, according to Dante, or according to the Christian law, unrighteously, but, for example, for their own pleasure and benefit for themselves, find themselves in hell in the most terrible places. At the same time, in heaven there are martyrs or those who during their lifetime became famous for great and useful deeds. The concept of punishment and reward, developed by Christian theology, exists as a moral guide for most people today.
- Death. When his beloved died, the poet was very sad. His love was not destined to come true and be embodied on earth. “The Divine Comedy” is an attempt to reunite, at least briefly, with a woman who has been lost forever.
Meaning
“The Divine Comedy” fulfills all the functions that the author laid down in this work. She is a moral and humanistic ideal for everyone. Reading the “Comedy” evokes many emotions, through which a person learns what is good and what is bad, and experiences purification, the so-called “catharsis,” as Aristotle dubbed this state of mind. Through the suffering experienced in the process of reading the everyday description of hell, a person comprehends divine wisdom. As a result, he treats his actions and thoughts more responsibly, because the justice laid down from above will punish his sins. In a bright and talented manner, the artist of the word, like an icon painter, depicted scenes of reprisals against vices that enlighten the common people, popularizing and chewing on the content Holy Scripture. Dante's audience, of course, is more demanding, because they are literate, wealthy and perspicacious, but, nevertheless, they are not alien to sinfulness. Such people tended to distrust the direct moralizing of preachers and theological works, and here the exquisitely written “Divine Comedy” came to the aid of virtue, which carried the same educational and moral charge, but did it in a secularly sophisticated way. This healing influence on those who are burdened with power and money is expressed main idea works.
The ideals of love, justice and the strength of the human spirit at all times are the basis of our existence, and in Dante’s work they are glorified and shown in all their significance. “The Divine Comedy” teaches a person to strive for the high destiny with which God has honored him.
Peculiarities
“The Divine Comedy” has the most important aesthetic significance because of the theme of human love that has turned into tragedy and the rich artistic world of the poem. All of the above, together with a special poetic cast and unprecedented functional diversity, make this work one of the most outstanding in world literature.
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According to the monk Gilarius, Dante began to write his poem in Latin. The first three verses were:
Ultima regna canam, fluido contermina mundo,
Spiritibus quae lata patent, quae praemia solvuut
Pro meritis cuicunque suis (data lege tonantis). -
"In dimidio dierum meorum vadam adportas infori." Vulgat. Biblia.
In the middle of the and. roads, i.e., at the 35th year of life, an age that Dante in his Convito calls the pinnacle of human life. By all accounts, Dante was born in 1265: therefore, he was 35 years old in 1300; but, in addition, from the XXI Canto of Hell it is clear that Dante assumes the beginning of his journey in 1300, during the jubilee declared by Pope Boniface VIII, on Holy Week V good friday, - in the year when he turned 35 years old, although his poem was written much later; therefore, all incidents that happened later than this year are given as predictions.
Dark forest according to the usual interpretation of almost all commentators, it means human life in general, and in relation to the poet - his own life in particular, that is, a life filled with delusions, overwhelmed by passions. Others, by the name of the forest, mean the political state of Florence at that time (which Dante calls trista selva, Clean XIV, 64), and, combining all the symbols of this mystical song into one, give it political meaning. For example: as Count Perticari (Apolog. di Dante. Vol. II, p. 2: fec. 38: 386 della Proposta) explains this song: in 1300, in the 35th year of his life, Dante, elected prior of Florence, was soon convinced of the troubles , intrigues and furies of parties, that true path to the public good is lost, and that he himself is in dark forest disasters and exiles. When he tried to climb hills, the pinnacle of state happiness, he was presented with insurmountable obstacles from his native city (Leopard with a motley skin), pride and ambition of the French king Philip the Fair and his brother Charles of Valois (Leo) and the self-interest and ambitious plans of Pope Boniface VIII (She-wolf). Then, indulging in his poetic passion and placing all his hope in the military talents of Charlemagne, Lord of Verona ( Dog), he wrote his poem, where, with the assistance of spiritual contemplation (donna gentile) heavenly enlightenment (Luchia) and theology ( Beatrice), guided by reason, human wisdom, personified in poetry (Virgil), he goes through places of punishment, purification and reward, thus punishing vices, consoling and correcting weaknesses and rewarding virtue by immersion in the contemplation of the highest good. From this it is clear that the ultimate goal of the poem is to call a vicious nation, torn apart by strife, to political, moral and religious unity.
Dante escaped this life, full of passions and delusions, especially the discord of the party, into which he had to plunge as the ruler of Florence; but this life was so terrible that the memory of it again gives birth to horror in him.
In the original: “It (the forest) is so bitter that death is a little more painful.” – The eternally bitter world (Io mondo senia fine amaro) is hell (Paradise XVII. 112). “Just as material death destroys our earthly existence, so moral death deprives us of clear consciousness, the free manifestation of our will, and therefore moral death is slightly better than material death itself.” Streckfuss.
Dream means, on the one hand, human weakness, darkening inner light, lack of self-knowledge, in a word - sleep of the spirit; on the other hand, sleep is a transition to the spiritual world (See Ada III, 136).
Hill, according to the explanation of most commentators, it means virtue, according to others, ascent to the highest good. In the original, Dante awakens at the foot of a hill; base of the hill- the beginning of salvation, that minute when a saving doubt arises in our soul, the fatal thought that the path we have followed until this moment is false.
The limits of the vale. The vale is a temporary area of life, which we usually call the vale of tears and disasters. From the XX Song of Hell, Art. 127–130, it is clear that in this vale the flickering of the month served as the poet’s guiding light. The month signifies the faint light of human wisdom. You save.
The planet that leads people on a straight path is the sun, which, according to the Ptolemaic system, belongs to the planets. The sun here has not only the meaning of a material luminary, but, in contrast to the month (philosophy), it is complete, direct knowledge, divine inspiration. You save.
Even a glimpse of divine knowledge is already able to reduce in us partly the false fear of the earthly vale; but it completely disappears only when we are completely filled with the fear of the Lord, like Beatrice (Ada II, 82–93). You save.
When climbing, the leg on which we rely is always lower. “Ascending from the lower to the higher, we move forward slowly, only step by step, only then, as we firmly and truly stand on the lower: spiritual ascent is subject to the same laws as physical.” Streckfuss.
Leopard (uncia, leuncia, lynx, catus pardus Oken), according to the interpretation of ancient commentators, means voluptuousness, Leo - pride or lust for power, She-Wolf - self-interest and stinginess; others, especially the newest ones, see Florence and the Guelphs in Leo, France and especially Charles Valois in Leo, the Pope or the Roman Curia in She-Wolf, and, according to this, give the entire first song a purely political meaning. According to Kannegiesser's explanation, Leopard, Leo and She-Wolf mean three degrees of sensuality, moral corruption of people: Leopard is awakening sensuality, as indicated by its speed and agility, motley skin and persistence; The lion is a sensuality that has already awakened, prevailing and not hidden, demanding satisfaction: therefore he is depicted with a majestic (in the original: raised) head, hungry, angry to the point that the air around him shudders; finally, the She-Wolf is the image of those who have completely given themselves over to sin, which is why it is said that she has already been the poison of life for many, and therefore she completely deprives Dante of peace and constantly drives him more and more into the vale of moral death.
In this terzina the time of the poet’s journey is determined. It, as stated above, began on Good Friday in Holy Week, or March 25: therefore, around the spring equinox. However, Philalethes, based on the XXI canto of Hell, believes that Dante began his journey on April 4. – Divine love, according to Dante, there is a reason for the movement of celestial bodies. – A crowd of stars denotes the constellation Aries, into which the sun enters at this time.
The Mystery of Time: When Dante's Famous Journey Began
Your journey to afterlife Dante dated it to 1300. This is evidenced by several clues left by the poet in the text. Let's start with the obvious: the first line of the "Divine Comedy" - "Having crossed the border of mature years ..." - means that the author is 35 years old.
Dante believed that human life lasts only 70 years, as it is written in the 89th Psalm (“The days of our years are seventy years, and with a great strength - eighty years”), and it was important for the poet to indicate that half of his life path he passed. And since he was born in 1265, the year of his journey to Hell can easily be calculated.
The exact month of this campaign is suggested to researchers by astronomical data scattered throughout the poem. So, already in the first song we learn about “constellations with uneven, gentle light.” This is the constellation "Aries", in which the sun is located in the spring. Further clarifications give every reason to assert that the lyrical hero ends up in the “dark forest” on the night from Holy Thursday to Friday (April 7 to 8) in 1300. In the evening Good Friday he descends to Hell.
The mystery of the fallen: pagan gods, heroes and monsters in Christian Hell
In the underworld, Dante often meets mythological creatures: in Limbo, the mediator and carrier is Charon, the guard of the second circle is the legendary King Minos, the gluttons in the third circle are guarded by Cerberus, the stingy are guarded by Plutos, and the angry and despondent are Phlegias, the son of Ares. Electra, Hector and Aeneas, Helen the Beautiful, Achilles and Paris are tormented in different circles of Dante's Hell. Among the pimps and seducers, Dante sees Jason, and among the ranks of crafty advisers - Ulysses.
Why does the poet need all of them? The simplest explanation is that in Christian culture former gods turned into demons, which means their place is in Hell. The tradition of associating paganism with evil spirits has taken hold not only in Italy. Catholic Church it was necessary to convince the people of the inconsistency of the previous religion, and preachers of all countries actively convinced people that all ancient gods and the heroes are adherents of Lucifer.
However, there is also a more complex implication. In the seventh circle of Hell, where rapists suffer torment, Dante meets the Minotaur, harpies and centaurs. The dual nature of these creatures is an allegory of sin, for which the inhabitants of the seventh circle suffer, the bestial nature in their character. Associations with animals in The Divine Comedy very rarely have a positive connotation.
Encrypted biography: what can you learn about the poet by reading “Hell”?
Quite a lot, actually. Despite all the monumentality of the work, on the pages of which famous historical figures, Christian saints and legendary heroes, Dante did not forget about himself. For starters, he fulfilled the promise he made in his first book, " New life“, where he promised to say about Beatrice “something that has never been said about anyone else.” By creating The Divine Comedy, he truly made his beloved a symbol of love and light.
The presence in the text of Saint Lucia, the patroness of people suffering from eye disease, says something about the poet. Having experienced vision problems early on, Dante prayed to Lucia, which explains the appearance of the saint along with the Virgin Mary and Beatrice. By the way, note that Mary's name is not mentioned in "Hell", it appears only in "Purgatory".
The poem also contains references to individual episodes from the life of its author. In the fifth song, the lyrical hero meets a certain Chacko, a glutton who is in a stinking swamp. The poet sympathizes with the unfortunate man, for which he reveals the future to him and talks about his exile. Dante began working on The Divine Comedy in 1307, after the “Black Guelphs” came to power and were expelled from their native Florence. In fairness, we note that Chacko talks not only about the misfortunes awaiting him personally, but also about the entire political fate of the city-republic.
A very little-known episode is mentioned in the nineteenth song, when the author talks about a broken jug:
Everywhere, along the riverbed and along the slopes,
I saw an innumerable series
Round holes in grayish stone.
<...>
I, saving a boy from suffering,
Recently, one of them was broken...
Perhaps with this digression Dante wanted to explain his actions, which may have led to a scandal, because the vessel he broke was filled with holy water!
Biographical facts include the fact that Dante placed his personal enemies in “Hell,” even though some of them were still alive in 1300. So, among the sinners was Venedico dei Caccianemichi, a famous politician, leader of the Bolognese Guelphs. Dante neglected chronology only in order to take revenge on his enemy, at least in a poem.
Among the sinners clinging to Phlegius' boat is Filippo Argenti, a wealthy Florentine who also belongs to the family of the "Black Guelphs" party, an arrogant and wasteful man. In addition to the Divine Comedy, Argenti is also mentioned in Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron.
The poet did not spare the father of his best friend Guido - Cavalcante dei Cavalcanti, an epicurean and an atheist. For his convictions, he was sent to the sixth circle.
The riddle of numbers: the structure of the poem as a reflection of the medieval worldview
If we ignore the text and look at the structure of the entire “Divine Comedy”, we will see that much in its structure is connected with the number “three”: three chapters - “cantics”, thirty-three songs in each of them (added to “Hell” another prologue), the entire poem is written in three-line stanzas - terzas. Such a strict composition is due to the doctrine of the Holy Trinity and the special meaning of this number in Christian culture.
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The action of “The Divine Comedy” begins from the moment when the lyrical hero (or Dante himself), shocked by the death of his beloved Beatrice, tries to survive his grief by expressing it in poetry in order to record it as specifically as possible and thereby preserve the unique image of his beloved. But here it turns out that her immaculate personality is already not subject to death and oblivion. She becomes a guide, the savior of the poet from inevitable death.
Beatrice, with the help of Virgil, the ancient Roman poet, accompanies the living lyrical hero - Dante - around all the horrors of Hell, making an almost sacred journey from being to non-existence, when the poet, just like the mythological Orpheus, descends into the underworld to save his Eurydice. On the gates of Hell it is written “Abandon all hope,” but Virgil advises Dante to get rid of fear and trepidation of the unknown, because only with open eyes can a person comprehend the source of evil.
Sandro Botticelli, "Portrait of Dante"
Hell for Dante is not a materialized place, but a state of soul of a sinned person, constantly tormented by remorse. Dante inhabited the circles of Hell, Purgatory and Paradise, guided by his likes and dislikes, his ideals and ideas. For him, for his friends, love was the highest expression of the independence and unpredictability of the freedom of the human person: this is freedom from traditions and dogmas, and freedom from the authorities of the church fathers, and freedom from various universal models of human existence.
Love with a capital “L” comes to the fore, aimed not at the realistic (in the medieval sense) absorption of individuality into a ruthless collective integrity, but towards the unique image of the truly existing Beatrice. For Dante, Beatrice is the embodiment of the entire universe in the most concrete and colorful image. And what could be more attractive to a poet than the figure of a young Florentine woman, accidentally met on a narrow street? ancient city? This is how Dante realizes the synthesis of thought and concrete, artistic, emotional comprehension of the world. In the first song of Paradise, Dante listens to the concept of reality from the lips of Beatrice and is unable to take his eyes off her emerald eyes. This scene is the embodiment of deep ideological and psychological shifts, when artistic comprehension of reality strives to become intellectual.
Illustration for The Divine Comedy, 1827
The afterlife appears before the reader in the form whole building, the architecture of which is calculated in the smallest detail, and the coordinates of space and time are distinguished by mathematical and astronomical accuracy, complete numerological and esoteric overtones.
Most often in the text of the comedy the number three and its derivative nine appear: a three-line stanza (terzina), which became the poetic basis of the work, which in turn is divided into three parts - cantics. Minus the first, introductory song, 33 songs are devoted to the depiction of Hell, Purgatory and Paradise, and each part of the text ends with the same word - stars (stelle). To the same mystical number series one can also include the three colors of clothes in which Beatrice is clothed, three symbolic beasts, three mouths of Lucifer and the same number of sinners devoured by him, the triple distribution of Hell with nine circles. This entire clearly constructed system gives rise to a surprisingly harmonious and coherent hierarchy of the world, created according to unwritten divine laws.
The Tuscan dialect became the basis of the literary Italian language
Speaking about Dante and his “Divine Comedy”, one cannot help but note the special status that the great poet’s homeland – Florence – had in a host of other cities of the Apennine Peninsula. Florence is not only the city where the Accademia del Cimento raised the banner of experimental knowledge of the world. This is a place where nature was looked at as closely as nowhere else, a place of passionate artistic sensationalism, where rational vision replaced religion. They looked at the world through the eyes of an artist, with elation and worship of beauty.
The initial collection of ancient manuscripts reflected a shift in the center of gravity of intellectual interests to the device inner world and the creativity of man himself. Space ceased to be the habitat of God, and they began to treat nature from the point of view of earthly existence, they looked for answers to questions understandable to man, and took them in earthly, applied mechanics. New look thinking - natural philosophy - humanized nature itself.
The topography of Dante's Hell and the structure of Purgatory and Paradise follow from the recognition of loyalty and courage as the highest virtues: at the center of Hell, in the teeth of Satan, there are traitors, and the distribution of places in Purgatory and Paradise directly corresponds to the moral ideals of the Florentine exile.
By the way, everything we know about Dante’s life is known to us from his own memoirs, set out in The Divine Comedy. He was born in 1265 in Florence and remained loyal to his hometown all his life. Dante wrote about his teacher Brunetto Latini and his talented friend Guido Cavalcanti. The life of the great poet and philosopher took place in the circumstances of a very long conflict between the emperor and the Pope. Latini, Dante's mentor, was a man with encyclopedic knowledge and based his views on the sayings of Cicero, Seneca, Aristotle and, of course, the Bible, the main book of the Middle Ages. It was Latini who most influenced the development of the personality of Buddhism. a great Renaissance humanist.
Dante's path was replete with obstacles when the poet was faced with the need for a difficult choice: for example, he was forced to contribute to the expulsion of his friend Guido from Florence. Reflecting on the theme of the vicissitudes of his fate, Dante in the poem “New Life” devotes many fragments to his friend Cavalcanti. Here Dante created the unforgettable image of his first youthful love - Beatrice. Biographers identify Dante's lover with Beatrice Portinari, who died at the age of 25 in Florence in 1290. Dante and Beatrice became the same textbook embodiment of true lovers as Petrarch and Laura, Tristan and Isolde, Romeo and Juliet.
Dante spoke to his beloved Beatrice twice in his life
In 1295, Dante entered the guild, membership in which opened the way for him into politics. Just at this time, the struggle between the emperor and the Pope intensified, so that Florence was divided into two opposing factions - the “black” Guelphs, led by Corso Donati, and the “white” Guelphs, to whose camp Dante himself belonged. The Whites were victorious and expelled their opponents from the city. In 1300, Dante was elected to the city council - it was here that the poet’s brilliant oratory abilities were fully demonstrated.
Dante increasingly began to oppose himself to the Pope, participating in various anti-clerical coalitions. By that time, the “blacks” had stepped up their activities, burst into the city and dealt with their political opponents. Dante was summoned several times to testify before the city council, but each time he ignored these demands, so on March 10, 1302, Dante and 14 other members of the “white” party were sentenced to death in absentia. To save himself, the poet was forced to leave hometown. Disillusioned with the possibility of changing the political state of affairs, he began to write his life's work - The Divine Comedy.
Sandro Botticelli "Hell, Canto XVIII"
In the 14th century, in The Divine Comedy, the truth revealed to the poet who visited Hell, Purgatory and Paradise is no longer canonical, it appears to him as a result of his own, individual efforts, his emotional and intellectual impulse, he hears the truth from the lips of Beatrice . For Dante, an idea is the “thought of God”: “Everything that will die, and everything that will not die, is / Only a reflection of the Thought to which the Almighty / With His Love gives existence.”
Dante's path of love is the path of perception of divine light, a force that simultaneously elevates and destroys a person. In The Divine Comedy, Dante placed special emphasis on the color symbolism of the Universe he depicted. If Hell is characterized by dark tones, then the path from Hell to Heaven is a transition from dark and gloomy to light and shining, while in Purgatory there is a change in lighting. For the three steps at the gates of Purgatory, symbolic colors are allocated: white - the innocence of the baby, crimson - the sinfulness of the earthly creature, red - redemption, the blood of which whitens so that, closing this color series, white appears again as a harmonious combination of the previous symbols.
“We do not live in this world for death to find us in blissful laziness.”
In November 1308, Henry VII became king of Germany, and in July 1309, the new Pope Clement V declared him king of Italy and invited him to Rome, where the magnificent coronation of the new emperor of the Holy Roman Empire took place. Dante, who was an ally of Henry, returned to politics, where he was able to use his literary experience productively, writing many pamphlets and speaking publicly. In 1316, Dante finally moved to Ravenna, where he was invited to spend the rest of his days by the city's lord, philanthropist and patron of the arts, Guido da Polenta.
In the summer of 1321, Dante, as ambassador of Ravenna, went to Venice with a mission to make peace with the Doge's Republic. Having completed an important assignment, on the way home Dante falls ill with malaria (like his late friend Guido) and suddenly dies on the night of September 13-14, 1321.
Sometimes it's so hard to say what will happen to you in the next second! So for Sashulya Aleshina, a banal walk with the dog turned into a real adventure. The four-legged friend brought a flash drive with a recording of a brilliant song in his mouth, and meanwhile Sashulya met an amazing guy. And now the super detective from 8 “A” must solve two problems: find the owner of the flash drive, whom the famous singer really wants to meet, and understand how to behave with Leshka. After all, the guy of her dreams set a date with her best friend...
Vera Ivanova
Flash drive for the star
Tanyusik and I are preparing for the concert
For those who are not yet in the know, I’ll tell you a little about myself.
My name is Aleshina Alexandra Andreevna, or simply Sashulya, nicknamed Alekha. My other nickname – Nyushka (not to be confused with Nyusha from “Smeshariki”!) – was given to me because of my extraordinary sense of smell. I can smell smells better than a Perfumer! (For those who are not in the know, this is main character the novel by P. Suskind "Perfume" and a similar film.) I am 13 years old, I study in the 8th "A" grade of a regular Moscow school (in the class magazine under number "2"), in physical education I stand last among the girls, I sit on the second desk by the window, favorite lessons - literature and history, best friend– Tychinko Tatyana Vladimirovna (or simply Tanusik), best friends- classmates Smysh Mikhail Evgenievich and Brykalov Arseny Illarionovich, with whom we formed the Union of Musketeers. Smysh is Athos, Krykalo is Porthos, Tanusik is Aramis, and I am right, D’Artagnan. Favorite parents are mom and dad, favorite perfume is “Premier Jure” by Nina Ricci, favorite pastime is adventures and private investigations.
Well, and most importantly, I am not just a girl, but a close relative of two national celebrities: singers Tima Milan and Sergei Puzyrev. Yes, yes, you may not believe it, but I have photographs of them, which they themselves inscribed in their own hand: “To my little sister Sasha.”
Here they are, these photographs, standing in frames on a shelf in my room. Tima has a turquoise frame with yellow birds, Sergei has a brown frame with gold stripes. And next to it is a mother-of-pearl box with other treasures. Among them are two candies, a chain with a gold leopard and two business cards.
On one of them, in beautiful silver letters, is written: “Tima.” And below is the number mobile phone. On the other side - the same thing in English. Short and stylish. Well, you, of course, understand that nothing else is needed, because we have the one and only Tim. IN notebook on my mobile phone it is written as Tim Mil.
On the second business card it is written in strict black letters in two languages: “Puzyrev Sergey Borisovich.” Below – mobile, landline, fax number, email and something else. In general, solid, impressive, detailed. Yes, that’s what he is, my second older brother: reliable, solid and balanced – “positive”, as my mother would say. In my mobile phone it is Ser Puz.
The treasures appeared in the box after one incredible adventure, as a result of which I acquired star brothers. But I wrote about this in another diary, pink with white hearts. And now I have a blue one with golden angels. I hope it won't be empty either.
And today, Saturday, Tim Milan invited Tanusik and me to his concert. This phrase in itself is worthy of being framed and hung on the wall, but lately I have already begun to get used to such things. But Tanusik is not there yet. When she found out about the invitation, she was terribly worried - she was afraid that we wouldn’t get tickets. And I didn’t believe that we were on the invitation list and we didn’t need tickets.
– Are you saying that we will go to such a concert for free?!
Tanusik did not calm down until I spoke with Tima in front of her. We listened with both ears to my mobile phone, where it came from:
– Just come and say that you are on the invitation list. By the way, if you want, come straight to the sound check! Whenever you decide, call me and I’ll arrange everything.
- Oh, mommies! I'm going to fall! – Tanusik got nervous. – We will be at the sound check in Milan!
In fact, Tim invited all four of us - along with Misha Smysh and Senya Brykala, but Misha flew to Singapore with his parents yesterday, and Senya said that he doesn’t listen to any bullshit, and besides, he has bouldering training. (For those who don't already know, "bouldering" is rock climbing.)
So Tanusik and I had to go together.
“I’ll wear high-heeled boots and a checkered jacket,” Tanusik said when we were in her room figuring out how to dress.
- Will there be anything else? – I inquired.
Instead of answering, Tanusik threw the toy penguin Pigosha at me and hissed:
- Of course it will! Yellow scarf.
- Giraffe? – I asked, grabbing Pigosha.
“It’ll do,” I approved, tossing it to Pigosh. - And I want to wear sneakers and an arafat.
