When joining, the width of the manufactured part is increased by connecting individual boards or beams, called plots, into one whole. They use rallying to make shields (covers of stools, tables, panels). There are several various types rallying.
Joining end to end with straight edges and into a hacksaw is done with cleanly grooved edges, which are coated with glue along the entire length and then compressed. To check the density of the fugue, the plots should be placed one on top of the other with their edges trimmed, so that along the fugue on the lower plot you get a step half the width of the edge. When viewing the fugue from the side illuminated from above, any unevenness will appear in the form of a dark line or stroke.
You can use flat and round tenons to fugu. The diameter of the round spikes should be no more than half the thickness of the plots, the length should be 3-4 times the thickness, and the distance between the spikes should be 100-150 mm. The thickness of the flat spike should be 1/3 of the thickness of the plots, the length should be twice, and the width should be 1-2 times the thickness.
When joining in a quarter, longitudinal side cuts (quarters) are made in both boards being joined.
The depth and width of the quarter should be equal to half the thickness of the plots.
Rice. 1. Metal clamps, crackers and bosses:
a - squares and overlays, b - s-shaped plates, c - crackers,
g - bosses
For a tighter seal, the quarter sponge extending to the reverse side is sometimes made narrower by 0.5 mm. The consolidation associated with the selection of quarters causes unnecessary consumption of wood.
The joining into a frieze with a protrusion in the form of a cornice is done in the same way as in a quarter. When joining into a rectangular tongue in the edge of one board, select a groove in the middle along the edge with a width of 1/3 of the thickness of the board, and in the edge of the other board - a protrusion (ridge) slightly smaller in size than the groove. The tongue of one board fits into the groove of another board.
When joining into a triangular tongue and groove, the groove and tongue are made not rectangular, but triangular.
Fig.2. Types of rallying
On one edge, select a groove with a width and depth of no more than 3/4 of the thickness of the plot; on the other, a ridge of appropriate size is made. The ridge ribs are slightly oval, since the straight ridge does not fit well into the tongue.
Tongue and tongue raking also wastes wood.
In order to save wood, only grooves are made in all edges, and the ridge is replaced with an insert strip, one half of which fits into one groove, and the other half into the other. This connection is called rallying onto the rail. The width of the tongue and the thickness of the lath should be equal to 2/3 of the thickness of the boards being joined.
With all methods, panels are assembled from plots no more than 100 mm wide, since wide plots warp more; The plots to be bonded should be placed in annual layers in different directions so that they are at an angle to each other, and the glued edges, if possible, should be sapwood or soundwood.
To reduce warping, the panels are held together with dowels, into a tip, or tied with a frame.
When the boards are held together by dowels, then in the assembled board on its reverse side, grooves with a depth of 2/3 of the thickness of the board are selected across the boards.
The grooves have a trapezoidal cross-section; their length tapers somewhat towards one end.
Dowels (bars) are driven into the grooves without glue or with glue applied to one end of the dowel.
The grooves for the keys are selected manually. First, cuts are made to the required depth, and then with a sharpening rod or chisel narrow end cut to a wide choice of wood.
The grooves are also selected on milling machines using an end mill in two passes in a template offset by the bevel angle of the key.
Sometimes, for better bonding of the boards, the grooves are placed with narrow sides in different directions.
The dowels should protrude slightly above the surface or be flush with the bonded shield.
When rallying into a tip (or tip), a ridge is cut at the ends of the shield, and a groove (tongue) is cut out in the cap bar, called a reward or tip.
The thickness of the ridge should be equal to 4/3 of the thickness of the shield. Sometimes spines are made instead of a ridge.
The tips are placed on the ridges flush with the face of the shield. It is possible to join panels with tips for those products that will be in more or less constant humidity and temperature conditions.
With significant changes in humidity, the board plots with tips will dry out across the fibers many times more than the tips along the fibers, and then cracks will form in the board.
To prevent this, the tips should be glued only in the middle of their length or pinned on
onto the ridge and spikes without glue. Boards with this kind of connections are used for table tops and drawing boards.
To reduce warping of the boards, they are tied with a frame with grooves or folds. To do this, the shield is inserted into the frame without glue, since when the shield dries out, the glue contributes to the formation of cracks.
In case the shield swells, a gap of up to 2 mm is left between its edges and the bottom of the groove or fold. To eliminate the mobility of the shield in the frame, rubber gaskets are inserted into the gap. Sometimes the ends of the shield are attached to the frame with pins, so that when the shield dries out, the shifts of its parts are the same on both sides.
A frame with folds is more convenient than a frame with grooves. The shield inserted into the folds is secured with a layout. This makes it possible not to disassemble the frame when changing the shield or repairing it.
When joining with clawed dowels, shaped like a double dovetail, the dowels enter the shield to 1/3-1/2 of its thickness.
TO category:
Carpentry work
Consolidation, merging and building up
Rallying. When joining, the width of the manufactured part is increased by connecting individual boards or beams, called plots, into one whole. They use rallying to make shields (covers of stools, tables, panels).
There are several different types of rallying.
Joining end to end with straight edges and into a hacksaw is done with cleanly grooved edges, which are coated with glue along the entire length and then compressed. To check the density of the fugue, the plots should be placed one on top of the other with their edges edged, so that along the fugue on the lower plot you get a step half the width of the edge. When viewing the fugue from the side illuminated from above, any unevenness will appear in the form of a dark line or stroke.
You can use flat and round tenons to fugu. The diameter of the round spikes should be no more than half the thickness of the plots, the length should be 3-4 times greater than the thickness, and the distance between the spikes should be 100-150 mm. The thickness of the flat spike should be 1/3 of the thickness of the plots, the length should be twice, and the width should be 1-2 times the thickness.
When joining in a quarter, longitudinal side cuts (quarters) are made in both boards being joined. The depth and width of the quarter should be equal to half the thickness of the plots. For a tighter seal, the quarter sponge extending to the reverse side is sometimes made narrower by 0.5 mm. The consolidation associated with the selection of quarters causes unnecessary consumption of wood.
The joining into a frieze with a protrusion in the form of a cornice is done in the same way as in a quarter.
Rice. 1. Types of rallying
When joining into a rectangular tongue in the edge of one board, select a groove in the middle along the edge with a width of 1/3 of the thickness of the board, and in the edge of the other board - a protrusion (ridge) slightly smaller in size than the groove. The tongue of one board fits into the groove of another board.
When joining into a triangular tongue and groove, the groove and tongue are made not rectangular, but triangular. On one edge, select a groove with a width and depth of no more than 1/3 of the thickness of the plot; on the other, a ridge of appropriate size is made. The ridge ribs are slightly oval, since the straight ridge does not fit well into the tongue.
Tongue and tongue raking also wastes wood.
In order to save wood, only grooves are made in all edges, and the ridge is replaced with an insert strip, one half of which fits into one groove, and the other half into the other. This connection is called bonding to the rail. The width of the tongue and the thickness of the lath should be equal to Vs the thickness of the boards being joined.
With all methods, the panels are assembled from plots no more than 100 mm wide, since wide plots warp more. The plots to be bonded should be placed in annual layers in different directions so that they are at an angle to each other, and the glued edges, if possible, are either sapwood or soundwood.
To reduce warping, the panels are held together with dowels, into a tip, or tied with a frame.
When the boards are held together by dowels, then in the assembled board on its reverse side, grooves with a depth of 1/3 of the thickness of the board are selected across the boards. The grooves have a trapezoidal cross-section; their length tapers somewhat toward one end. Dowels (bars) are driven into the grooves without glue or with glue applied to one end of the dowel.
When choosing grooves for keys manually, first make cuts to the required depth, and then use a primer or chisel to select wood from the narrow end of the cut to the wide end.
The grooves are also selected on milling machines using an end mill in two passes in a template offset by the bevel angle of the key.
Sometimes, for better bonding of the boards, the grooves are placed with narrow sides in different directions. The dowels should protrude slightly above the surface or be flush with the bonded shield.
When rallying into a tip (or into awards), a ridge is cut at the ends of the shield, and a groove (tongue) is cut out in the attachment bar, called an award or tip. The thickness of the ridge should be equal to 1/3 of the thickness of the shield. Sometimes spines are made instead of a ridge.
The tips are placed on the ridges flush with the face of the plywood board. It is possible to join panels with tips for those products that will be in more or less constant humidity and temperature conditions. With significant changes in humidity, the board plots with tips will dry out across the fibers many times more than the tips along the fibers, and then cracks will form in the board. To prevent this, you should glue the tips only in the middle of their length or pin them onto the comb and spikes without glue. Boards with this kind of connections are used for table tops and drawing boards.
To reduce warping of the boards, they are tied with a frame with grooves or folds. To do this, the shield is inserted into the frame without glue, since when the shield dries out, the glue contributes to the formation of cracks. In case the shield swells, a gap of up to 2 mm is left between its edges and the bottom of the groove or fold. To eliminate the mobility of the shield in the frame, rubber gaskets are inserted into the gap. Sometimes the shield is attached to the frame with pins at the ends, so that when it dries, the shift of its parts is the same on both sides.
A frame with folds is more convenient than a frame with grooves. The shield inserted into the folds is secured with a layout. This makes it possible not to disassemble the frame when changing the shield or repairing it.
Splice. A splice is an end connection used to increase the length of manufactured wood parts.
Parts that do not experience loads, such as skirting boards, are spliced end-to-end, into an oblique joint. This is done by cutting at an angle of 45°. For precision cutting, it is recommended to use a miter box.
Load-bearing parts are spliced using a sharper oblique joint - an oblique ridge with a ridge along the entire length of the cord or with small shadows at both ends of the joint. This connection is very strong, especially when splicing curved parts at bending points, for example the frame of a bent chair.
Parts experiencing transverse compression are spliced with a straight half-timber overlay (connection with a straight joint) and secured with two dowels. For greater strength, half-timber linings are made with an oblique joint, and to prevent mixing, the ends are processed at an angle.
Strong joints when spliced are provided by a wedge lock, a simple overhead lock and a baleen joint.
In parts requiring increased strength, the length of the whisker joint must be at least eight times the thickness.
A more durable splice is obtained using spikes. The most widespread is the splicing with a wedge-shaped or jagged tenon. With this type of splicing, a large area is formed for gluing the ends and half, ensuring a strong connection and more economical use of wood. A wedge-shaped connection can be made both along the width of the part and its thickness.
Rice. 2. Splicing with overlay, butt and notches
Rice. 3. Splicing with tenons
Parts undergoing tension are spliced with an open tenon " dovetail", but this splicing requires support from below. Splicing in half a tree and on a combined dovetail tenon does not require support from below.
The dovetail tenon can be cut by hand or by machine. When processed by machine, the tenon and eyes are rounded and are not used for splicing.
Splicing with a solid tenon can be a tenon with a straight joint, with an oblique joint, or a double tenon. The dimensions and shape of a solid tenon depend on the dimensions and shape of the cross-section of the part being joined. A more durable splice is obtained with a straight tenon with shoulders in the end na:i.
Extension. This is a method of connecting vertically in length, in which one element serves as a continuation of the other.
When building up, use a square or rectangular solid tenon, as well as a round insert one. The round tenon is made with a thickness equal to half the diameter of the round part or half the width of its narrower rectangular section.
All photos from the article
Sometimes, when carrying out construction and other work using wood, it is necessary to make elements longer or wider, but very few people know how to do this correctly. That is why we will look at how to splice boards yourself and what methods and techniques exist. It is important to choose the option that is best suited in a given situation and will require minimum costs time and money.
Basic workflow requirements
Before we begin to consider specific options for carrying out work, it is necessary to understand what factors will ensure that we obtain the expected result:
| Material quality | Everything is simple here: it is impossible to make it from low-quality wood. durable structures, this is especially true for joints; if they have knots, damage from woodworms, mold and other problems, then there can be no talk of any reliability or durability. Select the best elements so as not to waste effort and money |
| Humidity | Another most important parameter that should always be taken into account. Only dry elements are suitable for work, since high humidity, firstly, it reduces strength, and secondly, it reduces adhesion adhesive composition when using it, and thirdly, after completion of the work, no one will give a guarantee that in a week or month the structure will not move or it will not crack |
| Connection Loads | The choice of one or another connection option largely depends on this indicator; the greater the load, the higher the requirements for the quality of pairing and the more more complicated process. Therefore, decide in advance which option will be used to ensure a good result. |
| Using a quality tool | A lot also depends on this, especially when it comes to complex options when the connection is cut with special devices. They must ensure maximum cutting quality and maximum joining accuracy, since reliability largely depends on this |
Important!
Remember one simple rule that experts always use: to get best result It is necessary that the parameters of the elements being connected are similar; in other words, the same type of wood must be used.
Work options
All events of this kind can be divided into two large groups– joining boards in width and length; we will look at them separately and tell you which techniques are the most popular and how to implement them correctly.
Width connection
Of course, the simplest solution would be a panel splice option, so we will start with it, first present a diagram of the main options, and below we will describe them in detail:
- The first method involves cutting out a cavity using a milling machine, which has a trapezoidal shape and allows the use of a key as a retainer.. The advantage of this solution can be called reliability, and the disadvantage is the need for milling machine or availability hand router for carrying out work, hand tools you can't get by here;
- Joining using an end block, which is connected to the ends of the board using the tongue-and-groove method, is used for elements of short length, since this option ensures high reliability of small structures. Again you will need it for work. With its help, it will be carried out quickly and efficiently;
- You can make a cutout along the end, fit a strip under it and place it on wood glue, it's also pretty interesting option, which is suitable for small-sized structures;
- The last two options involve gluing a triangular strip, only one of them cuts into the end, and the second option involves cutting the end at an angle, you need to choose what would be better suited in one situation or another.
But if you want to connect the board more securely, then one of the following methods will do:
- The first option is called a smooth joint, which requires very careful grinding of the ends for a tight fit, after which they are lubricated with glue and connected under a press or using special ties. This solution is suitable in cases where high bearing capacity not needed;
- Often used traditional version groove-ridge, here it is important to ensure the optimal configuration of the connection, so the width of the groove and, accordingly, the tongue should not be more than a third of the total thickness of the board, it is important to do the cutting very accurately so that the elements match perfectly, this will significantly increase the strength of the connection;
Important!
When working, a milling cutter is most often used, but cutters can have different configurations; you should monitor the condition of their cutting edges and sharpen or replace them in a timely manner, since the quality of the connection largely depends on the cleanliness of the processing.
- You can use the option of cutting at an angle; it is well suited where special strength is not required, but elements that can be used for finishing, etc. need to be well connected;
- The triangular tongue and groove is in many ways similar to a regular one, only the configuration of the ends differs. It is also important here that the elements fit perfectly together, as this will ensure both the accuracy of the pairing and its maximum reliability;
- The quarter connection is simple - cuts are made at half the thickness, the length of the protrusions should not greatly exceed the thickness, the elements are lubricated with glue and compressed until the composition dries, this is a standard procedure for almost all options;
- The last type is keyed joining, it does not differ from the option described above when carrying out work along the width, the requirements are the same.
Conclusion
Connecting the board correctly and securely means ensuring its maximum strength; it is important to follow all recommendations and use only quality materials. The video in this article will show some options for carrying out the work visually, and if you have questions or additions, please leave a comment.
