Polish belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of Western Slavic languages and is the official language of Poland. It ranks third in terms of the number of speakers among the Slavic languages, after Russian and Ukrainian. The Polish language became much more homogeneous in the second half of the 20th century, thanks in part to the mass emigration of several million Poles from the eastern to the western part of the country following the Soviet Union's 1939 occupation of the so-called "Eastern Borderlands" - the territories of what is now western Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. formerly part of Poland. Residents of different regions of Poland speak the “standard” language slightly differently, although the differences between these “dialects” are not significant at all.
Being a fully inflectional language, Polish has retained the Old Church Slavonic case system with seven cases for nouns, pronouns and adjectives: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional, vocative. True, the vocative case is used mainly in formal contexts, and in colloquial speech it is replaced by the nominative case, and therefore the address Janie! (“Jan!”) is perceived as less familiar than Jan!. Interestingly, the vocative case is almost always used for insults: idioto! ("idiot!").
In modern Polish there are only two classes of numbers - singular and plural. Previously there was also a dual number, but this form disappeared around the 15th century, and now the few relics of the dual number are found only in proverbs and sayings, for example, Mądrej głowie dość dwie słowie ("Two words are enough for a smart person") instead of the grammatically correct option Mądrej głowie dość dwa słowa.
Like most other Slavic languages (with the exception of Bulgarian and Macedonian), Polish does not have a definite or indefinite article.
System grammatical genders quite complex, since it combines three categories: gender (male, female, neuter), personality and animacy. The categories of personality and animacy apply only to masculine nouns. The result is a system consisting of five gender classes: masculine personal nouns and pronouns, animate (impersonal) masculine, inanimate masculine, feminine and neuter.
The gender classification of masculine nouns does not always correspond to their semantics (animate or inanimate noun). In particular, the category of grammatically animate nouns includes numerous nouns that denote inanimate concepts (for example, cukierek - “candy”, papieros - “cigarette”), as well as nouns used figuratively to refer to people (gieniusz - “genius”).
Polish verbs vary according to gender, person and number, but the tense system has been greatly simplified due to the disappearance of three tenses (aorist, imperfect and past perfect), which are now replaced by the so-called “Slavic perfect”. The Polish language distinguishes three tenses (present, past, future), three moods (indicative, imperative, conditional), three voices (active, passive, reflexive), two types (perfect and imperfect).
The basic word order in a sentence is Subject-Predicate-Object, but since Polish is a synthetic language, the word order can be changed. And the subject and predicate can be omitted if they are obvious from the context. The order of words can perform a semantic distinguishing function: Alicja ma kota (“Alice has a CAT”). – Alicja kota ma (“Alice HAS a cat”). – Kota ma Alicja (“ALICE has a cat”).
A characteristic feature of Polish syntax is the use of “polite” forms consisting of the word pan/pani (“mister”/“madam”) and a verb in the 3rd person singular as forms of the 2nd person plural: Pan/Pani idzie ( "Mr./Madam is coming") instead of Wy idziecie ("You are coming"). The use of personal pronouns in a sentence is not necessary: Idziecie (“You go”).
- The 7th case is vocative, used when referring to someone, used to identify the object being addressed.
There are 7 cases in the Ukrainian language: NAZIVNY, RODOVY, DAVALNY, ZNAKHDNY, ORUDNY, MSCEVY, KLICHNY. The first six coincide with the Russians, and the last CLICHNIY, or vocative in Russian, is absent in the Russian language, and in Ukrainian it is not essentially a case. Used when addressing someone.
cases in Ukrainian
There are 7 cases in the Ukrainian case. For comparison, there are 6 cases in the Russian language. There is no vocative case in Russian, but when Tsarist Russia there was such a case, then after another reform the vocative case was abolished, perhaps this is what awaits Ukraine
- Nasivny (nominative);
- Generic (genitive);
- Davalny (dative);
- Znakhdny (accusative);
- Instrumental (creative);
- Mscevius (prepositional);
- Klichny (vocal).
There are seven cases in the Ukrainian language. Nazivny, Rodovy, Davalny, Znakhdny, Orudny,
Mscevius and Klychniy. The first six completely coincide with Russian cases and their functions are the same. Even the names are a little similar. As for the seventh, it serves to address someone. For example, the Russian name Alexey sounds like Oleksiy in Ukrainian. And if anyone wants to say anything to him. He will address him as Oleksia. All this is done to make the language sound more melodic. However, modern Ukrainians do not always adhere to this case and call in the Russian manner without changing the name.
They study their languages in schools either in an average version or in an in-depth mode. Some people know their language from A to Z, while others know it only superficially. The Ukrainian language includes six cases and the seventh case is vocative, when addressing someone. that word is used in the vocative case.
There are only 15 cases in the Russian language. 6 of them are basic and 7 are auxiliary, rarely used. Those. There are more cases in the Russian language than in the Ukrainian language.
1) Nominative Who? What?
2) Genitive no one? what?
3) Dative give to whom? what? defines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case I blame who? What? denotes the immediate object of action;
5) Instrumental case I create by whom? how? defines the instrument, some types of temporary accessory (at night);
6) Prepositional think about who, what?
7) Vocative case. - Latin name: vocative. For example: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, Sash, Kat, Tan, etc. The ending will remain here in the form of a soft sign. Vanyush (Tanyush), come out! Here the vocative case is formed by adding special endings.
8) Local case. - Latin name: locative. Usually used with the prepositions When, In and On. Characteristic question: Where? What does it have to do with it? On what? In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) cf. in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?
9) Disjunctive case. - Latin name: partitive. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lie a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set the heat (not heat), Turn up the heat (not move), Young man, no fire is there?
10) Counting case found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step).
11) Ablative determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From home. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.
12) Disclaimer used exclusively with verbs of negation: I don’t want to know the truth (not the truth), cannot have the right (not the right).
13) Quantitative-separation case similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set the heat (instead of zhara), increase the speed (instead of add speed).
14) Waiting case It is also the genitive-accusative case: Wait for (who? what?) a letter (not a letter), Wait for (who? what?) mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather).
15) Transformative(aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (in whom? in what?). It is used exclusively in figures of speech like: Become a pilot, Run for deputy, Take a wife, Be fit to be a son.
In Ukrainian SEVEN cases, one more than in Russian. Additional case in Ukrainian. language - CLINICAL
The photo below shows the names of all cases in Ukrainian, as well as an example of the declension of a word in the singular and plural.
Here are the cases Ukrainian language with Russian equivalents:
That is, one case more than in Russian. In the Russian language currently there is no vocative case, but previously there was one.
In Polish, the peculiarity of addressing someone is not only in the use of words Pan, Pani, Pań stwo, Panowie, Panie. If we call a person, for example, by name or profession, then this word must be used in a certain form - the vocative case.
Once upon a time, this case existed in the Russian language, but over time it was lost. By the way, now in the colloquial speech of Poles it also often disappears: instead of the vocative case, the nominative case is used. But this does not mean that you can not adhere to the rules of the literary language. The vocative case has no questions, since it is a special form of address and is used in greetings and farewells, in letters, requests, advice, and emotional exclamations. As in Russian, in writing, addresses are always separated by commas.
Forms of the vocative case
For all neuter words, the forms of the vocative case are identical to the nominative case. And they exist only hypothetically (the so-called potential forms), because people, as a rule, do not turn to inanimate objects. In the plural, the forms of the vocative case in all three genders are also equal to the forms of the nominative case. And in singular in feminine and masculine words the picture is different.
End — e have masculine nouns whose stem ends in a hard consonant ( b, d, f, ł, m, n, p, r ,s ,t, w, z), except k, g, ch. For example:
Pan-panie!(man);
Profesor-professorze!(professor);
Naród-narodzie! (people);
Jan-Janie!(Ian)
In this case, the hard consonant is softened with the help of the letter i or alternates with another sound, as in the formation of forms: ł > l, r > rz, t > ci, d > dzi, st > ści, sł > śl, zd > ździ.
End — u we write in masculine nouns with a soft stem ( ć, ś, ń, ź, j, l) or hardened consonant (sz, cz, rz, ż, dz, dż, s) +k, g, ch:
Mąż-mężu!(husband);
Tomek-Tomku!(Tomek);
Tadeusz-Tadeuszu!(Tadeusz);
Kraj-kraju!(country);
Koń-koniu! (horse);
Nauczyciel-nauczycielu!(teacher).
Attention! If the word ends in — ek, then the vowel e in the vocative case it “falls out” (this is the so-called fluent sound).
And also in feminine words — a, the stem of which ends in a soft consonant, including in diminutive forms of the name:
Babcia— babciu! (grandmother);
Kasia— Kasiu!(Kate);
Martusia— Martusiu! (Martochka).
End — o we write in feminine and masculine words that in the nominative case end in -A (-ia/- ja) and at the same time have a hard final consonant at the base (+ k, g, ch). For example:
Tata-tato!(dad);
Mężczyzna-mężczyzno!(man);
Mama-mamo!(Mother);
Polska-Polsko!(Poland);
Wiktoria-Wiktorio!(Victoria);
Maria— Mario! (Maria);
Beata— Beato! (Beate).
End — i have feminine nouns that in the nominative case end in - i, as well as a consonant (mainly a soft one). For example:
Pani— pani! (woman);
Gospodyni-gospodyni!(hostess);
Radość-radości!(joy);
Krew-krwi! (blood);
Przyjaźń-przyjaźni!(friendship).
End — y We write in feminine words that in the nominative case end in a hardened consonant:
Noc— nocy! (night);
Mysz— myszy! (mouse);
Moc— mocy! (power, strength);
Mał ogoszcz— Mał ogoszczy! (Malogoshch);
Wesz— wszy! (louse).
Please note that adjectives, pronouns and numerals that agree with a noun used in the vocative case always remain in the nominative case. In addition, there are no special forms of the vocative case for female and male surnames: Pani Kozłowska! Panie Wałęsa! At the same time the words Pan/ Pani are in the vocative case.
Exceptions:
Bó g— Boż e! (God);
Dziad-dziad!(grandfather, ancestor);
Lud-ludu!(people);
Dom-domu!(house);
Syn-synu!(son);
Ksią dz— księż e! (priest);
Gołą b— gołę biu! (pigeon);
Jastrzą b— jastrzę biu! (hawk);
Paw— pawiu! (peacock);
Nó w— nowiu! (new moon);
Chł opiec— chł opcze! (boy, guy);
Gł upiec— gł upcze! (fool);
Starzec— starcze! (elder);
Ojciec— ojcze! (father).
ABOUT steel nouns on — ec tend to follow the same pattern.
Remember one feature! If the title (indication of position or profession) refers to a woman, then the name of this title remains in the nominative case:
Panie profesorze/Pani profesor(professor);
Panie redaktorze/Pani redaktor(editor);
Panie doktorze/Pani doktor(doctor, doctor);
Panie prezydencie/Pani prezydent(president).
Singular
| Them. | pilot "pilot" | kot "cat" | dąb "oak" | gość "guest" | dzień "day" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus. | pilota | kota | dębu | gościa | dnia |
| Dat. | pilotowi | kotu | dębowi | gościowi | dniowi |
| Vin. | pilota | kota | dąb | gościa | dzień |
| TV | pilotem | kotem | dębem | gościem | dniem |
| Ave. | pilocie | kocie | dębie | gościu | dniu |
| Call. | pilocie! | kocie | dębie! | gościu! | dniu! |
Plural
| Them. | piloci | koty | dęby | goście | dni |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus. | pilotow | kotów | dębów | gości | dni |
| Dat. | pilotom | kotom | dębom | gościom | dniom |
| Vin. | pilotow | koty | dęby | gości | dnie |
| TV | pilotami | kotami | dębami | gośćmi | dniami |
| Ave. | pilotach | kotach | dębach | gościach | dniach |
Singular endings
Nominative
Genitive
End -A have:
1) animate nouns ( pan"Sir, sir" - pan a , ptak"bird" - ptak a ), excl.: wół"ox" - wol u ; bawół"buffalo" - bawol u ;
2) titles:
- months ( czerwiec"June" - czerwc a , listopad"november" - listopad a ),
- dishes ( dzban"jug, jug" - dzban a , talerz"plate" - talerz a , kielich"glass, cup" - kielich a ),
- instruments ( młot"hammer" - młot a , noż"knife" - noż a ),
- weights and measures ( gram"gram" - gram a , meter"meter" - meter a ),
- monetary units ( dollar"dollar" - dollar a , rubel"ruble" - ruble a ),
- dancing ( walc"waltz" - walc a , polonez"polonaise" - polonez a ),
- body parts ( palec"finger" - palc a , nos"nose" - nos a );
3) diminutive forms of nouns, mainly with a suffix -ik/-yk (stolik"table" - stolik a , wozek"cart" - wózk a ),
4) nouns with suffixes -ik/-yk (słownik"dictionary" - słownik a );
5) Slavic, as well as some borrowed names of cities and names in -burg (Krakow"Krakow" - Krakow a , Berlin"Berlin" - Berlin a , Wieden"Vienna" - Wiedni a , Hamburg"Hamburg" - Hamburg a ).
End -u have:
1) inanimate borrowed nouns ( committee"committee" - committee u , atrament"ink" - atrament u ); Recently there has been a tendency for borrowed nouns to appear that have an ending in this case -A , more often these are words whose stem ends in r : televisor"TV" - televisor a , computer"computer" - computer a .
2) abstract nouns ( ból"pain" - ból u , czas"time" - czas u , calm"peace, tranquility" - calm down u );
3) collective nouns ( las"forest" - las u , tłum"crowd" - tłum u , oddzial"department" - oddzial u );
4) real nouns ( miód"honey" - miod u , cukier"sugar" - cukr u , piasek"sand" - piask u );
5) names of days of the week ( wtorek"Tuesday" - wtork u , czwartek"Thursday" - czwartk u );
6) names of cities that end in -grad, -grod, -gard , as well as some borrowed ones ( Starogard - Starogard u , Belgrad - Belgrad u , London - London u , Amsterdam - Amsterdam u );
7) names of countries or parts thereof ( Iran"Iran" - Iran u , Krym"Crimea" - Krym u ).
Dative
In this case, the predominant ending is -owi , and a small group of nouns acquires the ending -u (ojciec"father" - ojc u , brother"Brother" - brother u , chłop"peasant, man" - chłop u , pan"Sir, sir" - pan u , kot"cat" - kot u , pies"dog" - ps u , świat"world" - świat u , ksiądz"priest" - księdz u , Bóg"God" - God u , lew"lion" - lw u , diabeł"devil" - diabł u , kat"executioner" - kat u ).
Accusative case
For animate nouns, the endings of the accusative case are the same as in the genitive case, and for inanimate nouns - as in the nominative case.
There are some exceptions to this rule, more significant than in the Russian and Belarusian languages. The accusative case of the following nouns coincides with the genitive case form:
1) corpse"dead body" ( Widziałem trupa“I saw a corpse”) - obviously, by analogy with other designations of the dead ( nieboszczyka"dead man" wisielca"gallows" topielca"drowned man");
2) V stable expressions (mieć stracha"afraid", mieć pecha"to fail" mieć bzika"to be abnormal" (with the same meaning - mieć fiola), dac drapaka"to run away" (with the same meaning - puścić się w uciekacza);
3) in the names of devices and tools ( wziąć noża"take the knife" kupić winczestera“buy a Winchester”), cigarettes ( palić papierosa"smoking a cigarette"), dancing ( tańczyć walca, mazura"dance a waltz, mazurka"), mushrooms ( znaleźć muchomora, rydza“find fly agaric, saffron milk cap”), cars ( ukraść mercedesa"steal a Mercedes")
Instrumental case
End -em (las"forest" - las em , koń"horse" - koni em ). In this case, the basis on the back lingual ( g, k ) softens ( Bóg"God" - Bogi em , człowiek"Human" - człowieki em ).
Prepositional
Hard nouns have an ending -e , which causes alternation of consonants and sometimes vowels in the stem ( sąsiad"neighbour" - o sąsiedzi e ) (for more details, see ""). In nouns soft variety, as well as based on g, k, ch - ending -u (słoń"elephant" - o słoni u , Mińsk - w Mińsk u ).
Vocative case
Almost all nouns have the same form of the prepositional case, except: most nouns in -ec form the vocative form using the ending -e (ojciec"father" - o ojc u, ojcz e! ; chłopiec"boy, boy" - o chłopc u, chłopcz e! ).
Although teaching aids give vocative forms for all masculine nouns; in modern Polish they are used quite limitedly. In reality they have:
1) naming of persons - first names, surnames, names of degrees of relationship, designations of a person by profession, titles, titles. But even here one can notice the gradual disappearance of the vocative case. Only words do not obey this pan"sir, sir" ( panie), obywatel"citizen" ( obywatelu), titles ( director"director" - dyrektorze, prezes“chairman, president (of the company)” - prezesie), abusive names ( łotr"scoundrel, scoundrel" - łotrze, łajdak"scoundrel, scoundrel" - łajdaku, cham"boorish" - chamie), proper names ( Henryk - Henryku, Andrzej - Andrzeju).
2) and names of animals, especially domestic ones ( Chodź, Piesku!"Come here, doggie").
There are irregular forms of the prepositional and vocative case: syn"son" - o synu, synu!; dom"house" - o domu, domu!; pan"Sir, sir" - o panu, panie!; Bóg"God" - o Bogu, Boże!
Plural endings
Nominative
Endings -i, -y, -e, -owie .
End -i have the following lexemes:
2) impersonal masculine nouns with a stem on g, k (pociąg"train" - pociąg i , ptak"bird" - ptak i );
End -y have the following words:
1) impersonal masculine nouns of the rigid variety (except for forms in g, k ) (kot"cat" - kot y , dom"house" - dom y );
3) nouns with suffix -ec (chłopiec"boy, guy" - chłopc y , głupiec"fool" - głupc y );
End -e have the following words:
1) personal-masculine and impersonal-masculine nouns of the soft variety ( lekarz"doctor" - lekarz e , kraj"country" - kraj e ).
2) borrowed words from -ans (kwadrans"quarter of an hour" - kwadrans e , alians"alliance" - alians e ).
End -owie used much less frequently - in a few personal masculine nouns ( pan"Sir, sir" - pan wie , Arab"Arab" - Arab wie ), although recently the number of such words has been increasing. Among them:
1) names of degrees of relationship ( syn"son" - syn wie , wuj"maternal uncle" - wuj wie , ojciec"father" - ojc wie , mąż"husband" - męż wie , stryj"paternal uncle" - stryj wie );
2) names of persons occupying a high place in the social hierarchy ( marszałek"marshal" - marszałk wie , wódz"leader" - wodz wie , król"king" - król wie , senator"senator" - senator wie );
3) rank designations ( general"general" - general wie , mistrz"master" - mistrz wie , professor"professor" - professor wie ).
Also have this ending:
1) forms on -log , options are possible here ( filolog"philologist" - filolodz y / filolog wie , geolog"geologist" - geolodz y / geolog wie );
2) forms on -mistrz , endings here can also be variant ( burmistrz"burgomaster" - burmistrz e / burmistrz wie , zegarmistrz"watchmaker" - zegarmistrz e / zegarmistrz wie );
3) forms with a base on -r (there may also be options: inżynier"engineer" - inżynierz y / inżynier wie , rector"rector" - rektorz y / rector wie , senator"senator" - senatorz y / senator wie );
4) forms with a base on -n (opiekun"guardian" - opiekun wie , patron"cartridge" - patron wie );
5) forms with the suffix - ek (dziadek"grandfather" - dziadk wie , wujek"maternal uncle" - wujk wie , staruszek"old man" - staruszk wie ).
Among the forms of the masculine nominative case, the smallest number are forms with the ending -a . These are some impersonal masculine borrowed nouns ( akt"act" - akt a , grunt"soil, earth" - grunt a ).
Genitive
Endings -ów, -i, -y . End -ów have:
1) nouns based on a hard consonant ( pan"Sir, sir" - pan ów , dom"house" - dom ów ).
2) a small number of nouns with a base on a soft and hard consonant ( kraj"country" - kraj ów , uczeń"student" - uczni ów ).
However, most nouns with a hardened consonant as a stem have the ending -y (talerz"plate" - talerz y , wąż"snake" - węż y );
End -i typical for nouns with a soft stem ( gość - gość i , nauczyciel"teacher" - nauczyciel i ).
Dative
End -om (kot"cat" - kot om ).
Accusative case
For personal masculine nouns it coincides with the genitive case, for impersonal masculine nouns it coincides with the nominative case.
Instrumental case
End -ami (zegar"watch" - zegar ami ). Only in some cases does the ending occur -mi : goście"guests" - gość mi , liśсie"leaves" - liść mi , ludzie"People" - ludź mi , bracia"brothers" - brać mi , konie"horses" - koń mi , ksiądz"priest" - księż mi , pieniądze"money" - pieniędz mi , przyjaciele"Friends" - przyjaciół mi .
Prepositional
End -ach (domy - odom ach ).
Peculiarities of changes in some masculine nouns
Nouns on -anin (Rosjanin"Russian", Аmerykanin"American") form singular forms from the full stem ( Rosjaninowi, Amerykaninowi), and the plural forms are from the abbreviated form ( Rosjanom, Amerykanom They are declined according to the pattern of the solid variety, except for the nominative plural ( Rosjanie, Amerykanie). Most of them have a zero ending in the genitive plural, except for the following - Amerókanów, Afrykanow, Meksykanow, republikanow.
Some nouns form their plurals from another stem or a stem with irregular alternations: rock"year" - lata, człowiek"Human" - ludzie, tydzień"week" - tygodnie, brother"Brother" - bracia, ksiądz"priest" - księża.
A special group consists of country names:
These forms retain archaic endings. If these nouns denote a collection of representatives of a people, they have a different form.
From school we clearly know that there are 6 cases in the Russian language. But it turns out that this is not entirely true; there are many more cases in grammar. Many of them have survived in a residual state, having come into the Russian language from Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian. One of these phenomena is the vocative case in Russian.
Vocative case: acquaintance
In order to indicate an appeal to a person, thing or object, the vocative case is used in Russian. The examples are quite varied:
- Mash, come look at the cat!
- Vit, bring some wood!
- Van, call dad quickly!
- Lord, help me in this difficult situation!
- Oh God, give me strength!
The examples showed that the object in the vocative case is expressed by a noun and represents its short form.
From the history of the case
In the Indo-European language - the ancestor of our modern one - this case was equal to other cases. However, when Indo-European split into many language families, Sv. n. in most cases began to coincide with the nominative and ceased to be an independent case. However, in the grammars of 1918 this case was still mentioned.
Now it is He who is used for. etc., but the vocative case has been partially preserved in the Russian language. Examples are:
- Marin, please bring a book from the library.
Let's compare: the use of Him. n. instead of Sv. p. will in no way affect the meaning of the sentence: Marina, please bring a book from the library.
- Look around, old man, everything is destroyed and set on fire.
Here the vocative form “older” is used to give the statement a sublime sound, this is the so-called high syllable. If you replace the form with Im. etc., then the meaning will not change, but the phrase will no longer sound the same.
- Lord, help me walk this path.
This word form is used in religious texts and prayers, is heard by native speakers, and is not perceived as something unusual.
Features of the case form
Let's highlight a few key features inherent in this case form:
- Coincides in form with Him. p.
- It is used for the sole purpose of conversion.
- Its functions resemble an interjection.
- It is perceived by a native speaker not as a noun, but as an exclamation.
The vocative case could be formed in various ways, the main ones are presented in the table.
When forming the new nominative case, the endings in the following words can be shortened:
- Names, including the diminutive version (Van, Vanyush).
- Terms related to family (mothers, aunts, fathers, grandfathers).
- Some words form a vocative form even in the plural (guys, girls).
The ways of forming vocative forms cannot be called diverse, but they are often used in oral speech.
Forms of the vocative case
In the table we present the main forms characteristic of words in the vocative case.
In addition to truncating the endings of proper names, it is also possible to use short forms of the names of relatives. The vocative case is also formed in Russian. Examples are given below:
- Mom, where is the tablecloth?
- Dad, help me solve this problem!
- Auntie, when will you arrive?
The form of the vocative case is also preserved in the words “grandfather”, “daughter”:
- Daughter, come visit soon!
- Grandfather, come here quickly, help!
Such sentences have a pronounced conversational tone.
Vocative case in Russian: example and interesting facts
- The second name of Sv. p - vocative.
- There is the old vocative case (used as an equivalent case in the ancient form of the language) and the new vocative case (formed in oral speech by native speakers by truncating the endings of nouns).
- Originally it was in many languages: Sanskrit, Latin and ancient Greek, but in modern languages didn't pass.
- It is preserved in some languages: Romanian, Greek, Ukrainian, Serbian, Polish and others.
- The vocative form disappeared from the Russian language quite early, in the 14th-15th centuries, surviving only as a respectful address to boyars and princes.
Only singular masculine and feminine nouns could form the vocative case in Russian. Examples: Friend! God! Prince!
Often vocative forms are used in stable phraseological units: Lord God Jesus Christ (all four words in the voc.), our master.
In the literature of the 19th-20th centuries, the vocative case was also used for archaization. The examples are now quite diverse:
- In Pushkin’s text “What do you want, elder,” the form is used to create the effect of archaization.
- “Turn around, son.” This form helps to recreate the peculiarities of the speech of Ukrainian Cossacks.
Vocative case in Russian: rule
Words in the vocative case in a sentence play the role of address, so they are separated in writing by commas.
Here's an example:
- Marus, come to the performance today.
- Mom, help me wash the dishes!
- Vanyush, where is the new book?
From the above examples it is clear that this rule applies to any sentence - narrative, incentive or interrogative.
The vocative case in Russian is often used to give the text an ironic flavor. Example: Man! When will you come to your senses and work properly!
The vocative case in the Russian language, examples of its use were given above, is an amazing grammatical phenomenon, indicating that our language is changing over time. If many centuries ago this form was commonly used in oral speech, now it is often used only in religious texts or to give a sentence a sublime coloring.
