Traditionally, on Saturdays, we publish for you the answers to the quiz in the “Question - Answer” format. We have a variety of questions, both simple and quite complex. The quiz is very interesting and quite popular, we are simply helping you test your knowledge and make sure that you have chosen the correct answer out of the four proposed. And we have another question in the quiz - What was not used for writing in the past?
- papyrus
- bumazea
- parchment
- clay tablets
The correct answer is B. on the upper deck
Bumazeya, or Bombazin, is a fabric that has an incredibly interesting history. It is still not known for certain where this fabric came from. Some believe that it is from Italy, others claim that it is from France, and still others believe that its roots lie in Spain. And most importantly, from the name of the fabric its origin is also unclear. Bumazeya is a Russian interpretation of the original name bombazine, which goes back to the Spanish or French roots of the product. "Bombazine" or "bombasin" are translated from Spanish and French, respectively, as "cotton" or "cotton fabric".
We have already talked about the history of the appearance of paper in the article “History of Paper”. And today you will learn about the history of the appearance of the first writing instruments.
First ink
Starting from the 17th-18th centuries, when epistolary literature began to flourish along with the widespread use of paper, it became fashionable to write in ink. But the ink itself was known back in the time of Emperor Augustus. At that time, there was even red ink, which was considered sacred in Rome.
The appearance of ink is associated with the appearance of parchment - it required a composition that would eat into the skin. Scientists have established the most common recipes for making ink. An infusion was made from growths on diseased oak and elm leaves and mixed with iron sulfate. These growths - the so-called “ink nuts” - contain the tannin substance tannin. Subsequently, tannin was found in other plants - in reeds, in common viburnum, in the Mexican reed tree.
In Rus' there were also many ways of making ink. In the 15th century, scribes even made them “from good kvass and sour cabbage soup infused with rusty iron.” Birch soot was in great use. And in the villages, elderberry, ground in a mortar, was used for ink.
The most ancient Russian ink recipe is soot with gum (cherry glue), diluted in ordinary water. This is the so-called “smoked” ink.
The 15th century gave a new recipe - “boiled” ink: “part oak bark, another alder bark, half ash bark and put a full vessel of iron or clay and boil with water until the water boils, not all, and pour the rest of the water into the upper vessel, and again, pour water into the boiler, and put on fresh bark and then cook without the bark, and put the tin into the cloth, tie it up, and put in the iron and stir, and on the third day write.”
First writing instruments
When ink began to be used for writing, instead of all sorts of sticks and styluses, some new tool was required. In eastern countries they began to write with “kalam” - a hollow reed. The tip was splitting and ink gradually flowed down it. This reed in its structure already resembled our pen.
For several hundred years, the kalam left Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek and Latin letters, and Arabic script on parchment, papyrus and paper. The kalam was replaced by an elastic goose feather with an oblique cut and a split end. It has been used for many centuries. Copernicus and Garibaldi, Shakespeare and Lomonosov, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Pushkin wrote to them.
The first metal feather
The first written evidence of metal feathers dates back to the 13th and 14th centuries. Critical monographs examining the origins of the manuscripts of Robert D'Artois say that the copyist, in order to better forge the handwriting of Count D'Artois, the brother of King Louis IX, used a “bronze pen”.
During excavations in Italy of the ancient city of Aosta, which existed 400 years BC, a bronze feather was also found. All this testifies to the long-standing existence of a metal pen intended for writing with ink.
There is information about the practical use of metal pens in the 15th century, that is, at the beginning of printing. In 1700, such feathers were made in England, in Birmingham, by order of everyone by a certain master Gorrison. The first patent for the legalized production of feathers was issued in 1717 in Holland, about which there is a corresponding entry in the Dutch Patent Book.
The famous poet Pop even dedicated his solemn ode to the pen, in which all his wonderful qualities are praised. But one must think that, after all, a steel pen at that time was more of a luxury item, rather than an everyday tool that facilitated the hard work of a large army of copyists.
Pen drawings, even imperfect ones, made by the great Leonardo da Vinci, still delight in their beauty.
It was only in 1816 that steel quills became a common part of everyday life, after the Englishman John Mitchell patented a design that carried all the basic features of a modern quill.
The first steel pen appeared in Germany around 1820. From there it came to France, Russia and other countries. It was expensive, and this cost increased even more because a wand with a steel, gold or yakhont feather was often decorated with diamonds, rubies, diamonds and other jewelry. This luxury was available only to aristocrats and the rich, and therefore a cheap quill pen competed with a metal pen for a long time.
At the end of the last century, metal feathers began to be produced using stamping factory machines. At that time they won the final victory over goose feathers.
And if previously the pen was uniform in its type and manufacture, now there are several dozen varieties: by purpose - student, stationery, drawing, poster, cartographic, music and others; by manufacture - made of stainless steel, gold-plated, with a curved tip, thickened or hardened with a hard alloy, coated with nickel, chrome, varnish, anodized.
The first ballpoint pen
Few people know that the ballpoint pen, without which it is no longer possible to imagine our lives, is more than 50 years old. The first industrial production of this “miracle” began in 1945 in the United States. Moreover, writing instruments, quite expensive for those times, costing 8.5 US dollars each, sold out in ten thousand copies within 24 hours.
The ballpoint pen came into use when few expected it: it appeared during the Second World War, which, they say, contributed to the popularity of the new writing device: the military needed to write with something reliable and durable. Although the idea itself - to replace the sharp pen tip with a freely moving ball - was not new at all.
It was patented by the inventor Laud back in 1888. The description that the author submitted to the patent office anticipated a design that is widespread today. Ink from a special container flowed through a tube, wetting a ball sliding along the paper. A similar idea later formed the basis for the development of a felt-tip pen.
The idea, as often happens, lay hidden, waiting in the wings. The hour did not come soon - after half a century, when two Hungarians - brothers Ladislav and Georg Biro - took up its development. They proposed their own version and patented it. But since war was about to break out in Europe, the brothers chose to move further away - to Argentina and there they calmly began improving their brainchild. The priority seemed to remain with them. In some countries, the new product was named after its creators - “biro”.
That was until the enterprising and resourceful American Milton Reynolds became interested in pens. He made several trips to Argentina; Having returned to America, I plunged into the archives, found Laud’s old patent, added something, improved something. And it is he who is credited with the main merit that today we mostly write with ballpoint pens. After a sensational sale in 1945, Reynolds churned out so many of them that he made a fortune in two years.
The oldest writing instrument
The Cairo Historical Museum houses a writing instrument used by a court clerk in Ancient Egypt. The set includes a pen made in the form of a pointed stick, a small bottle that served as an inkwell, and a sand pad that replaces blotting paper. This museum exhibit is the oldest known human writing instrument. The age of the device is venerable - no more or less than 50 centuries.
Hello, dear readers of the Sprint-Response website. Today is Saturday, which means we can watch the game on Channel One "Who want to be a millionaire?" (10/14/2017). All questions and answers from today's game show can be found in the full article by following the link above. And in this article we will look at the sixth question for players of the second part of the game. After all, it was he who caused the first difficulties with the answer for Vera Brezhneva and Alexander Revva.
What was not used for writing in the past?
Players had to choose an answer from the given options: papyrus, paper, parchment and clay tablets. The correct answer is traditionally highlighted in blue and in bold. In the meantime, we will consider the proposed answer options in more detail.
Papyrus(ancient Greek πάπῡρος, lat. papyrus), or biblios (ancient Greek βιβλίος) - writing material, common in ancient times in Egypt, and later throughout the entire ancient world. To make papyrus, the wetland plant of the same name (Cyperus papyrus), belonging to the sedge family, was used.
Bumazeya(English Bombazine from the French bombasin, from the Italian bambagia - cotton) - dense cotton fabric of twill, less often plain weave, with a fleece on one, usually the wrong side. Black bombazine was once used for mourning clothing, but the material fell out of fashion by the beginning of the 20th century.
Parchment(in works on history and source studies usually parchment) (German Pergament, from Greek Πέργαμον, Pergamon) - writing material made from untanned rawhide of animals (before the invention of paper).
Clay tablet(tuppum, plural - tuppum) is one of the first material bases for a book, appearing around 3500 BC. Clay and its derivatives (shards, ceramics) were probably the most ancient material for books.
Thus, the correct answer suggests itself, because the above information is sufficient for certain conclusions.
6. What was not used for writing in the past?
- papyrus
- bumazea
- parchment
- clay tablets
Your application is accepted
Our manager will contact you soon
Close
There was an error sending
Send again
Past Simple Past Indefinite Tense
Example sentences
At the checked-in desk I showed my passport and suitcases, took the boarding pass and proceeded to the departure lounge. At the check-in desk I showed my passport and my suitcases, took my boarding pass and went to the waiting room. Molly took some flour, poured in a glass of water, added three eggs and mixed everything. Molly took some flour, poured in a glass of water, added 3 eggs and mixed everything. I want to go somewhere
Example sentences
What music did you like when you were 11 years old? What music did you like when you were 11? When I was a little boy I wanted to be a pilot. When I was a boy, I wanted to be a pilot. She used to play tennis when she was at school. She played tennis when she was in school.
Example sentences
The Olympic Games in London took place in 2012. The Olympic Games in London took place in 2012. I moved to Milan two years ago and started working there. I moved to Milan two years ago and started working there. Thomas Edison made the world’s first electric light in 1887. Thomas Edison made the world’s first electric light bulb in 1887.
Example sentences
Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. We didn't hear the phone. We didn't hear the phone.
Example sentences
The train was going to Manchester from 6 to 8 PM. The train was on its way to Manchester between 6 and 8 pm. He was sitting by the window and was sipping a glass of wine the whole evening. He sat by the window and sipped a glass of wine all evening.
Example sentences
While I was waiting for the bus, it started to rain. While I was waiting for the bus, it started to rain. The car started to make strange sounds when I was driving back home. The car started making strange noises while I was driving home.
Example sentences
Ann was watching TV while Jane was doing physical exercises. Anna watched TV while Jane did her exercises. They were discussing the company's plans while the secretary was typing a letter. They discussed the company's plans while the secretary typed the letter.
Example sentences
It was a quiet summer evening in Provence. The sun was going down, the colors were mellowing, the light breeze was blowing, the leaves were whispering and the lavender odor was coming into the house. It was a quiet summer evening in Provence. The sun was setting, the colors took on a softer hue, a light breeze was blowing, the leaves were rustling and the smell of lavender entered the house.
Example sentences
The police arrived quickly but the robbers had already gone. The police arrived quickly, but the robbers had already fled. When she got the salary she realized that her boss had given her a pay rise. When she received her salary, she realized that her boss had increased her salary.
Example sentences
The flowers faded because nobody had watered them. The flowers withered because no one watered them. His skin was red and hurt him as he had got a sunburn. His skin was red and painful because... he got sunburn.
Example sentences
Had you been smoking for 20 years before you decided to give up? Did you smoke for 20 years before you quit? The children had been playing outside the whole day before it started to rain. The children played outside all day before it started to rain.
|
|
|
Circumstances of the time
The key to success for the correct use of past tenses is knowledge of special marker words that relate to a specific time. They are the ones who can help if we find it difficult to determine what tense should be used in an English sentence. Each time has its own time indicator words. The main ones are shown in the summary table below.
