Target: Learn material on this topic. Continue developing skills in constructing anatomical terms with participles.
Theme meaning: Participles of both types are widely represented in anatomical terminology, as well as in pharmaceutical and clinical terminology.
To achieve the objectives of the lesson it is necessary:
Know the ways of forming participles from verbs; dictionary form of the participles RRA and RRR; ways of declension of participles; their role in long-winded terms;
Be able to form participles of both voices from verbs; construct terms with participles in anatomical, clinical, pharmaceutical terminology; translate them into Russian.
Supporting material. 1. Chernyavsky M.N. Latin language and basics of medical terminology. M.: “Shiko”, 2002; Novodranova V.F., Bukharina T.L. Latin language and basics of medical terminology. Ekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2005. 2. Notes in workbooks.
Plan of work on the topic
1. Restore basic knowledge.
2. Analyze the theoretical material of this lesson. Make a short summary.
3.Complete training tasks.
4.Check your understanding of the material by completing test assignments.
5.Answer questions for self-control.
Basic knowledge
Before you start working on a new topic, review:
1) topic “Verb” (dictionary form, lexical minimum, definition of the stem) according to your notes;
2) the topic “Adjective” (gender endings, dictionary form, declension models) according to the summary table;
3) schemes for constructing terms with agreed upon definitions.
While working on a topic, answer questions, consistently making notes.
1.What participles are there in Latin?
2.What is it called in Latin and how is the present participle formed? active voice?
3.What is included in the dictionary form of RPA?
4.How are RRAs inclined?
5.What is the role of PPA in long-winded terms?
6.What are the names of past participles of the passive voice and how are they formed in Latin?
7.What is included in the dictionary form of PPP?
8.How are RRR inclined?
9.What is the role of PPP in verbose terms?
NB! To understand the topic, please read the materials for this lesson carefully.
I. Present active participles - Participium Praesentis Activi (PPA).
RRA is a verbal form that answers questions what is he doing? which one? and reflecting action.
PPA is formed from the base of verbs by adding suffixes: for verbs of I and II conjugations -ns, for verbs III and IV conjugations -ens.
Model for the formation of the present participle:
For example:
| Dictionary form of the verb | Ending in Nom. Sg. | Ending in Gen. Sg. | Dictionary form of PPA and translation |
|
| sano, sanatum, sanare, I | Sanans, ntis - healing |
|||
| Dictionary form of the verb | Ending in Nom. Sg. | Ending in Gen. Sg. | Dictionary form of PPA and translation |
|
| mixing |
||||
| solvent |
||||
In dictionary form PPA is included in the form in Nom. Sg. and ending Gen. Sg. (like adjectives of the III declension with one generic ending like recens, ntis).
RRA is declined according to vowel type III declension:
No. Pl. -es(m, f), -ia(n)
Gen. Pl. -ium (m, f, n)
In long-winded terms, RPAs are agreed upon definitions:
class="tbl">No. Sg.arteria communicans
Gen. Sg. arteri ae communicant is
No. Pl. arteri ae communicant es
Gen. Pl. arteri arum communicant ium
Complete training tasks.
Task 1. Write down the following active present participles in dictionary form and learn them (lexical minimum).
| abducens, ntis - abducting | incipiens, ntis - starting - |
| adducens, ntis - leading | |
| adjuvans, ntis - auxiliary | intermittens, ntis - change |
| cowering |
|
| afferens, ntis - bringing | laxans, ntis - laxative - |
| alternans, ntis - | |
| latens, ntis - hidden, la- |
|
| ascendens, ntis - ascending | |
| comitans, ntis - accompanying | migrans, ntis - wandering- |
| constituens, ntis - formoo- | penetrans, ntis - penetrated- |
| educational | |
| corrigens, ntis - correcting | perforans, ntis - perforation - |
| Deformi- | permanens, ntis - permanent |
| descendens, ntis Descending | prominens, ntis - protrusion- |
| efferens, ntis - endurant | |
| imminens, ntis - Threatening | recurrens, ntis - recurrent |
Task 2. Place the following terms in Nom. and Gen. Pl.:
Ren migrans - wandering bud
Vas prominens - outstanding vessel
Glaucoma imminens - threatening glaucoma
Dens permanens - permanent tooth
Typhus recurrens - relapsing fever
Arthritis deformans - deforming arthritis.
There are three types of participles in Latin:
1. Active present participle ( participium praesentis activi).
Formed from the present tense stem using suffixes - ns(in 1st and 2nd conjugations) and -ens(in 3 and 4 conjugations), for example: amo “to love” - amans “loving”, audio “to hear” - audiens "hearing". In oblique cases the stem ends with - nt: amantis "loving", audientis "hearing" Declenses according to the 3rd vowel declension (like adjectives).
2. Active future participle ( participium futuri activi).
It is formed from the base of supina using the suffix -ur- and generic endings - us, - a, - umand has the meaning of purpose or intention, for example: capio "take" - capturus, a, um "about to take" audio “hear” - auditurus, a, um "about to hear." Declined like adjectives of 1-2 declension.
3. Passive perfect participle ( participuim perfecti passini ) is formed from the base of the supina by adding generic endings - us, - a, - um, for example, doceo “to teach” - dostus, a, um "trained". Declined like adjectives of 1-2 declension.
Indeterminate forms
There are six indefinite forms (infinitives) in Latin.
1. The indefinite form of the present tense is formed by adding the suffix - re (in 3rd conjugation - é - re), for example: laudo 1 - laudare “to praise”, mitto 3 - mitt é re"send".
2. The indefinite form of the passive voice is formed by adding present to the base of the verb. suffix time -ri(in 3rd conjugation - i), for example: laudari "to be praised" mitti "to be sent."
3. The indefinite perfect form is formed from the perfect stem by adding the suffix - isse, for example: laudavisse “to praise”, misisse “to send”.
The indefinite form of the perfect, as well as three other indefinite forms (passive perfect - laudatus essay , future tense - laudaturus essay , future tense passive voice - laudatum iri ) are used only in certain syntactic constructions.
Irregular verbs
In Latin there are irregular verbs that do not belong to any of the four conjugations and are modified according to special rules ( sum “to be”, possum “to be able”, volo “to want”, eo “to go”, fero "carry"). Below are the most common forms of these verbs.
Linking verb sum, fui, esse "to be"
Present tense
|
Face |
Unit |
Plural number |
|
sumus |
||
|
estis |
||
|
sunt |
Imperfect
|
Face |
Unit |
Plural number |
|
eram |
eramus |
|
|
eras |
eratis |
|
§ 49. Participia (participles)
Participium(participle) in Latin, as in Russian and in modern European languages, is an impersonal form of a verb that has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, a participle denotes an action, has the categories of tense, aspect, voice, retains verbal control and is determined by an adverb. Like an adjective, it changes in gender, number and case and denotes a sign of action. There are three participles in Latin: Participium praesentis activi, Participium perfecti passivi, Participium futuri activi.
Participiumpraesentisactivation– present participle (imperfect form) of the active voice, it corresponds in meaning to the Russian active participle and sometimes the gerund. This participle is formed as follows:
Basis of infection +ns (I, IIref.) / +ens (III, IVspr.)
Declined participium praesentis acti like adjectives of the III declension, but in ablativus singularis it can have an ending -e, if the participle has a predicative meaning.
N.B.! - ns arose from - nt+ s, so genetivus singularis ends with - ntis.
The Latin participium prasentis acti corresponds to forms in modern European languages: Partizip I – in German; Participle Present - in English; participe present - in French.
Participiumperfectipassive– past participle (perfect form) of the passive voice, it corresponds in meaning to the Russian passive participle and gerund. This participle is formed as follows:
Support base + -us (m), - a (f), - um (n)
Declined participium perfecti passivi like adjectives of the 1st – 2nd declension.
Participium perfecti passivi can be a definition or circumstance in a sentence, in addition, it is a participle in combination with tense forms auxiliary verb sum, fui, esse serve to form tenses of the perfect passive voice system. In modern European languages, the Latin participium perfecti passivi corresponds to the following forms: participe passé in French; Past Paticiple Passive, Perfect Paticiple in English; Partizip II in German.
Participiumfuturiactivation– participle of the future tense of the active voice, in Russian there is no analogy to this participle, it is used to denote the intention to perform some action and is translated into Russian descriptively using the words “intending, intending, ready” to do something or “one who will" do. The participle is formed as follows:
Base of supina + ūr + - us (m), - a (f), - um (n)
Declined participium futuri acti as adjectives of the 1st – 2nd declension.
Participium futuri activi can be a definition or circumstance in a sentence, but most often it is used as a nominal part of the predicate of the verb sum, fui, esse and forms a descriptive conjugation with it with the meaning of intention. For example: scripturus sum “I intend to write.”
has the forms of gender, number and case, like an adjective.
In veterinary medicine, participles are often used as agreed-upon modifiers in a multi-component term, for example:
aorta descendens – descending aorta; aqua destillata – distilled water.
§ 58. Present participle of the active voice
(Participium praesentis activi)
This participle is formed from the verb stem of the present tense by adding to it the ending –ns (for verbs of I, II conjugations), -ens (for verbs of III, IV conjugations). In Gen. sing. these participles end in –ntis. Such participles are translated with the suffixes -ush, -yush; -ash, -box.
Table 28 |
||||||
Formation of present participles |
||||||
Present participle |
||||||
Infinitive |
||||||
healing, ah, her |
||||||
mixing, aya, her |
||||||
dividing, aya, her |
||||||
listening, aya, her |
||||||
The ending of the participle -ns is the same for all three genders, as in adjectives of group II: recens, ntis - fresh. These participles are declined in the same way as adjectives of the third declension with one
aorta descendens |
aortae descendentes |
|
aortae descendentis |
aortarum descendentium |
|
aortae descendenti |
aortis descendentĭbus |
|
aortam descendentem |
aortas descendentes |
|
aorta descendenti |
aortis descendentĭbus |
|
Terminological minimum
present time in
1) participle terminology:
ascendens, ntis – ascending abducens, ntis – efferent efferens, ntis – efferent comitans, ntis – accompanying afferens, ntis – bringing
anatomical
descendens, ntis - descending recurrens, ntis - recurrent communicans, ntis - connecting permanens, ntis - constant confluens, ntis - merging
2) in pharmaceutical terminology adjuvans, ntis - helping;
corrigens, ntis - correcting (smell, taste); constituens, ntis – formative;
3) in clinical terminology |
|
convalescens, ntis – |
migrans, ntis – wandering |
recovering |
penetrans, ntis – penetrating |
deformans, ntis – |
remittens, ntis – temporarily |
deforming |
fading |
perforans, ntis – perforating |
laxans, ntis – laxative |
relaxans, ntis – relaxing |
Exercises
1) Restore the initial form of the verb from which the following participles are formed.
Solvens, ntis; absorbens, ntis; recipiens, ntis; perforans, ntis; penetrans, ntis; audiens, ntis; communications, ntis; students, ntis; deformans, ntis; sanans, ntis.
2) Form present participles from the following verbs; translate into Russian.
Curāre (to treat); vidēre (to see); abducěre (to withdraw); limitāre (limit); filtrāre (to cleanse); nutrīre (to nourish); recipe
(take); venīre (to come); adhibēre (to consume).
3) Translate into Latin.
Perforating ulcer; wandering kidney; deforming osteoarthritis; ascending aorta; accompanying vein.
4) Find the present participles in the following multi-component terms and translate.
Arteria recurrens caudalis; vena comitans arteriae lingualis; ramus perforans distalis; ramus lobi cranialis ascendens; laminae limitantes.
5) Translate into Latin.
Penetrating, permanent, descending, carrying out, abducting, correcting, returning, relaxing, ascending, bringing.
6) Decline.
Pulsus alternans – changing pulse;
Remedium excitans is an aphrodisiac.
§ 59. Passive past participle.
(Participium perfecti passivi)
This participle in its endings coincides with adjectives of the I and II declensions. Compare:
adjective: albus, a, um – white, aya, oh;
participle: destillatus, a, um – distilled, aya, oe. Past participles are formed from the stem
supina (§52) by adding the endings –us, a, um. The base of the supine ends in -s or -t: signo, signavi, signatum, āre (I) –
designate (base of supine signat+us, a, um = designated, aya,
oe); misceo, miscui, mixtum, ēre (II) – mix (basis supina mixt+us, a, um = mixed, aya, oh).
Such participles are translated into Russian using the perfect passive participle (in -nn-, -t -), for example: bruised , stabbed . Such participles are declined as are adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension, for example:
magnesia usta (burnt magnesia) |
||
magnesiārum ustārum |
||
Terminological minimum.
1) in anatomical terminology
apertus, a, um – open compactus, a, um – dense compositus, a, um – complex
obturatus, a, um – closed perforatus, a, um –
perforated
2) in clinical terminology
3) in pharmacological terminology
decoctus, a, um – boiled destillatus, a, um – distilled dilutus, a, um – diluted filtratus, a, um – strained
depuratus, a, um – purified rectificatus, a, um – purified sterilisatus, a, um –
destitute
ustus, a, um – burnt
Exercises
1) Translate into Russian, determining the form of the participle.
Articulationis compositae, substantia compacta, laminae perforatae, cataractārum congenitārum, myelitis diffusa, acidum dilutum.
2) Form past participles from the verbs, translate.
Diluěre, sanāre, finīre, contunděre, sterilisāre, aperīre, formāre, adděre, pungěre, urěre.
3) Translate into Latin in the appropriate form.
Broken, full, dense, perforated, strained, boiled, cut, open, deformed.
4) Translate, determining the number, case and declension. Solutiones dilutae, vulnus punctum, substantia perforata, foramen
obturatum, solutionis sterilisatae, vulněra mixta, substantiae compactae, remedium constituens.
5) Determine which terms have present participles and which have past participles. Translate.
Vulněra morsa, arteria recurrens, fistula congenita, spirĭtus rectificatus, vena palatina ascendens, solutio diluta, ulcus penetrans intestini recti, folium recens.
6) Select Russian proverbs that correspond to Latin ones. Remember them.
Dies diem docet. Day teaches day.
Serva me, servabo te. Help me out - I will help you out.
§ 60. Summary table (formation and use) of participles
Table 29 |
||||
Present participle about time |
Past participle of time |
|||
valid pledge a |
passive voice a |
|||
Are formed |
||||
Present tense stem+-ns (I,II) |
Base of supina + -us (m) |
|||
filter + ns; filrtantis |
||||
filtering, aya, her |
purified, oh, oh |
|||
descend + ens; descendentis |
||||
descending, aya, her |
bruised, oh, oh |
|||
Leaning |
||||
according to III declension (vowel type) |
according to I, II declension |
|||
No. nervus perforans |
||||
Gen. nervi perforantis |
solutionis dilutae |
|||
Plur. |
||||
No. nervi perforantes |
solutions dilutae |
|||
Gen. nervorum perforantium |
solutionum dilutorum |
|||
§ 61. Latin borrowings in Russian
The Russian language, like many other languages, has borrowed many nouns that go back to Latin participles.
1) The following nouns are formed from the stem of the present participles: absorbent (from absorbens, ntis - sucking); patient (from patiens, ntis – suffering); ingredient (from ingrediens, ntis - included, component); migrant, emigrant, immigrant (from migrans, ntis - wandering); student (from studens, ntis – studying); associate professor (from docens, ntis - teaching), etc.
2) The following nouns are formed from the base of past participles: certificate (from attestāre - to testify); candidate (from candidatus - dressed in white, because in Ancient Rome
applicants for government positions wore a white toga); drug (from praeparatum - prepared); infiltrate (from in+filtratus - strained), etc.
Questions for self-control
1. What types of participles do you know? What are their differences from each other?
2. What is the sign of an active participle?
3. How are passive participles formed?
4. Where are participles used in medicine?-veterinary terminology?
§ 62. Country studies
Read the text below and answer the questions:
1. What units did the Roman legion consist of?
2. How was the Roman legionnaire armed?
3. What insignia did Roman troops have?
4. What explains the advantage of the Roman army compared to the armies of other nations?
5. What Latin expression could serve as an epigraph to the following story? Remember your favorites:
Audentes fortuna juvat. Fate helps the brave. Fas est et ab hoste doceri. You should also learn from the enemy.
In hostem omnia licita. Everything is permitted in relation to the enemy. Periculum est in mora. The danger is in delay.
Tertium non datur. There is no third option.
Militari non sine gloria. I fought not without glory.
Roman army
The organization of the Roman army, its structure, methods of warfare, camp equipment, technical equipment, weapons, banners and insignia were to a certain extent borrowed by other peoples. And military terms have come down through the centuries to the present day.
Let's look at what the Roman army was like by the 1st century. BC, when Rome reached its greatest power.
The main army unit was the legion, which was divided into 10 cohorts, those, in turn, into 3 maniples each,
The maniple consisted of two centuries. The legion numbered 6,000 people.
Each legionnaire was protected by a helmet, armor and shield. The iron helmet protected the shoulders and the back of the head; its forehead and cheekpieces, protruding forward, did not allow the enemy to injure his face with a slashing blow. A leather armor - lorica - was put on the body, leaving the arms and legs open to the knees. Often the shell was made of iron plates. On his feet, the legionnaire wore low soldier leather boots - caliga.
An important piece of defensive equipment was the shield. It was a half-cylinder, bound at the edges with metal. A metal sheet with a convex middle was fixed
And in the center of the shield, which allowed the warriors to repel enemy blows.
IN the legionnaire had a heavy spear in his hands for throwing at
enemy at a distance of several tens of steps. Its thin end, pierced, for example, into a shield, bent with a hook and got stuck (it was impossible to cut the iron shaft of a spear). The enemy was forced to throw down his shield. On the shoulder strap hung a heavy, pointed gladius sword (the word “gladiator” comes from this name). Legionnaires often used daggers called pugio. In addition to the sword, spear and dagger different kinds The troops also had other offensive weapons: bows, darts, slings.
The army had to not only fight, but also for a long time be on hikes, overcoming mountains, rivers, swamps. To build roads, bridges, and fortified garrisons, engineers, builders, blacksmiths, and carpenters were needed, so the Roman army consisted not only of soldiers and their commanders, much attention was paid to technical equipment army.
Instead of a banner in the usual sense (an image on a cloth), the legion had a statue of an eagle (aquĭla) on a wooden pole. The eagle symbol was later adopted by many nations for their state signs. Maniples and cohorts were designated by signs (signum - sign, hence “signal”). A round plate was attached to a long shaft, above it was a tablet with the name of the unit, and above it was an image of an animal or a hand.
The banner in the modern concept was a vexillum - a bright cloth with some kind of pattern. Such a banner can be seen in the State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow. On a purple cloth there is a golden image of the Goddess of Victory on a ball.
The most severe discipline reigned in the Roman army, the soldiers unconditionally obeyed their commander. But if suddenly the soldiers fled from the battlefield, which did not happen often, then the commander could apply an ancient cruel custom - denimation, that is, the execution of every tenth. The soldiers were lined up and divided into dozens. Then lots were cast, and those to whom he pointed were executed.
Despite the proximity of the sea, the Romans at first did not have much experience in naval battles. However, during the Punic Wars with Carthage, boarding was introduced - a method of naval combat that later spread throughout the world, in which a Roman ship was fastened to an enemy ship with hooks and bridges, and hand-to-hand combat began on the decks.
Lesson 12 Word Formation
§ 63. Types of word formation
It often happens that in order to correctly translate a Latin word into Russian, you need to know its meaning well components: prefixes, roots, suffixes.
In Latin there are two types of word formation:
1) compounding, when two or more stems are combined
in one word (cf. needle-o-therapy, shoulder-e-head); 2) affixation, when affixes are added to the base of the word: prefixes and suffixes.
The addition of prefixes does not change the part of speech of the word, that is, a verb remains a verb, a noun remains a noun.
For example:
dico – in dico (I say – I announce); consul - pro consul (consul - proconsul).
Suffixes can change part of speech: ad-venio – advena (I come – alien) frango – fragmentum (I break – fragment)
Let's take a closer look at the meanings of some Latin prefixes.
§ 64. Prefixes
The role of prefixes in term formation is very great. The meaning of prefixes coincides with the meaning of prepositions, because both of them go back to adverbs. (For example, the preposition cum “with, with” with the prefix con with the same meaning). Greek prefixes duplicating Latin ones also participate in term formation: Latin sub - and Greek hypo - “under”. Greek prefixes are usually combined with Greek roots, and Latin prefixes with Latin roots. But there are also hybrid terms that contain both Latin and Greek elements, usually in clinical terminology:
Dys -functio, onis, f – dysfunction.
§ 65. Phonetic changes during prefixation
Prefixation (formation of terms using prefixes) can occur with a change in the spelling of prefixes, which is caused by the following phenomena:
1) Assimilation (assimilation) of the final consonant prefix to the initial vowel of the root. This usually applies to the consonants d and n in the prefixes, in-, ad-, con -, syn -, as well as s in the prefix dis -.
Complete assimilation of the consonant d in the prefix ad is noted when it is combined with roots starting with c, f, g, l, n, t, s. For example, ad - before the initial consonant of the root c changes to ac -: ac cumulatio - accumulation; ad - before s changes
in as- : as similatio - likening, etc.;
2) The consonant undergoes partial assimilation n in prefixes in-, con -, syn -: n before b, p goes into m, compare: syn +
biosis = sym biosis symbiosis; in + potentia = im potentia impotence.
Complete assimilation of n is noted before r (con + relatio = correlation ratio); before l (con + lateralis = col lateralis
additional, bypass, side).
The consonant s in the prefix dis- can be likened to the consonant f, cf.: dif fusus from dis-fusus - scattered, diffuse (from fusus - flowing);
3) Some prefixes lose the final element - a consonant, for example, co(n)-, di(s) - sometimes the vowel ana-, anti-, apo-, cata-, dia-, epi-, hypo-, meso-, meta -. Example: hypoxia (hypoxia - low oxygen content in tissues) from hypo + oxys - oxygen; meso + enteron = mes enterium (mesentery).
A sign of the presence of a modified prefix can be a doubled consonant, which appears as a result of complete assimilation of the final element of the prefix. Compare: agg lutinatio (agg lutination - gluing from ad + gluteo - glue); app licatio (app lication - application from ad + plicare - put); eff erens (eff erent - taking out from ex + ferens - bearing).
§ 66. Prefixes with the meaning “inside, in, outer, former, out”
Table 30 |
|||||
Prefix |
Options |
Special |
|||
consoles |
meaning |
||||
ex-; ec- (Greek) |
direction |
you -, from, former |
|||
something out |
|||||
ecto-; extra- (Greek) |
finding |
||||
outside |
outer, |
||||
in-; en- (Greek) |
il-; im-; ir-; em- |
direction |
in, inside, inside |
||
anything, inside |
|||||
intra-; endo- (Greek) |
finding |
||||
during, |
|||||
Exercise
Translate by analyzing the words according to their composition.
Intramuscularis, e; intracutaneus, a, um; intracellularis, e. Endoderma, atis, n (entoderma); endoplasma, atis, n;
endothoracicus, a, um.
Extrapulmonalis, e; ectoderma, atis, n.
orno, ornav i, ornat um, ornā re 1 decorate
doce o, docu i, doc um, docē re 2 teach
mitt o, mis i, miss um, mittĕre 3a send
capi o, cep i, capt um, capĕre 3b to capture
muni o, muniv i, munit um, munī re 4 strengthen
|
Name |
Suffixes |
Endings |
Declension | ||
|
Participiumpraesentisactī vi |
basis of infection |
(I–II reference) / (III–IV reference) |
nom. sg. -s ((e)nt+s>(e)ns) |
declinatio tertia definition function; consŏnans – function of circumstance) |
orna-ns, orna-nt-is – decorating, Aya, -ee; decorating doce-ns, doce-nt-is – teaching, -aya, -ee; teaching mitt-ens, mitt-ent-is – sending, Aya, -ee; sending capi-ens, capi-ent-is – exciting, -aya, -ee; capturing muni-ens, muni-ent-is – strengthening, -aya, -ee; strengthening |
|
Participium perfecti passīvi |
supin base |
ornat-us, ornat-a, ornat-um – decorated, -aya, doct-us, doct-a, doct-um – trained, -aya, miss-us, miss-a, miss-um – sent, -aya, capt-us, capt-a, capt-um – captured, -aya, munīt-us, munīt-a, munīt-um – fortified, |
|||
|
Participium futūri actīvi |
supin base |
declinatio prima (femin.), secunda (masc., neutr.) |
ornat-ūr-us, ornat-ūr-a, ornat-ūr-um – intending to decorate doct-ūr-us, doct-ūr-a, doct-ūr-um – intending, -ais, -to teach miss-ūr-us, miss-ūr-a, miss-ūr-um – intending, -ayas, -esya to send capt-ūr-us, capt-ūr-a, capt-ūr-um – intending, -ais, -to capture munit-ūr-us, munit-ūr-a, munit-ūr-um - intending, -ais, -to strengthen |
Task No. 19
Subject: Terminological dictation. Pronouns. Reading the student anthem "Gaudeā mus» canalysis of difficult places
Theory:§§ 112–135 in the textbook by V. Yarho, lessons 39, 40, 51, 52 in the textbook lat. language (V.K. Kochetkova, E.V. Soboleva)
1. Places of pronouns (repetition).
2. Demonstrative pronouns (pronomĭna demonstratīva), their declension (repetition).
3. Relative pronoun (pronomen relatīvum), its declension.
4. Interrogative pronouns (pronomĭna interrogatīva), their declension.
5. Negative pronouns (pronomĭna negatīva), their declension.
6. Indefinite pronouns (pronomĭna indefinīta).
7. Determinative pronouns (pronomĭna determinatīva).
Practice
In class: reading, commenting, translating and listening to the student anthem “Gaudeamus” (p. 327-328 in the study by V. Yarho).
At home:
1. Learn the vocabulary minimum of section 19 (pp. 281–282).
2. Do the exercise. 1, p. 280 (2nd phrase) (written).
3. Read and translate sentences (the teacher distributes sentence numbers to each group); read and translate the text “Memorabĭle dictum”, p. 281, do a morphological and syntactic analysis of all studied pronouns, characterize the phrases, if any.
4. Learn catchphrases:
1) Out Caesar, out nihil. Either Caesar or nothing (Wed. Either pan or gone) (Caligula, Roman emperor, 12-41).
2) Nullummalumbluealĭ quobono. Every cloud has a silver lining.
3) Quod licet Jovi, non licet bovi. What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull (proverb).
4) Quisque fortūnae suae faber. Everyone is the smith of their own happiness.
5) Inhocsignovinces. Under this banner you will win (Emperor Constantine (272-337) on the eve of the battle with the enemy of the Christians Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge in October 312 saw the sign of the Cross in the sky (according to other sources - in a dream). Constantine’s victory in the battle led to legalization of Christianity and its transformation into the state religion).
5. Prepare for lexical work(repeat vocabulary sections 9–19 and the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives).
Task No. 20
Subject: Lexical work. Repetition of covered material. Preparing for the test
Theory:
1. Review all grammar topics.
2. Repeat all vocabulary.
Practice
Complete training tasks:
1. Write the 4 main forms of the verb, highlight the stems, form all the tense forms of the infinitive (both voices) and all participles; form p.1, pl. in the tenses of the perfect indicative system of active and passive from the verbs moneo 2 and veho 3.
2. Indicate the type of sentence (simple or complex), underline the subject and predicate. Select and name the syntactic phrase (acc. c. inf. or abl. abs.), characterize the sentence, make a morphological and syntactic analysis of each word of the phrase, translate the sentence into Russian. Sentences: A No. 4–6, 7, 13, p. 266; Amicis advenientĭbus, gaudēmus. Pontĭbus factis, Caesar flumen transit. Cicerone consule, conjuratio reperta est.
3. Decline the phrase: is homo nobilior, illud tempus clarissimum, ista virgo notior
Task No. 21
Subject: Test
Homework:
1. Learn the student anthem “Gaudeamus” by heart;
2. Prepare individual reading (texts from the teacher). In a separate notebook, complete 6 types of text analysis and translate the text into Russian.
Types of analysis:
phonetic analysis (write down examples on the basic rules of reading and stress);
morphological analysis (do a morphological analysis of all words);
syntactic analysis (indicate the syntactic function of each word, the studied functions of cases, if any, characterize the phrases, if any);
semantic analysis (indicate the meaning of the studied suffixes of nouns and adjectives);
stylistic analysis (find vocative and imperative, if available);
historical and cultural commentary (depending on the text, describe the historical events of the text or phenomena / cultural objects - objects of art (architecture, sculpture, vase painting, painting), myths, facts about the Olympic Games, facts about music, philosophy, literature, emerging sciences, etc. .d.);
Task No. 22
Topic: Error Analysis test work. Individual reading and student anthem survey "Gaudeā mus»
Homework: prepare for a test on ancient culture and a survey of popular expressions.
Task No. 23
Topic: Test on ancient culture. Catchphrase Survey
1The participle is inflected in 1-2 cl. (f.r. according to the 1st class, m.r. and avg. according to the 2nd class).
2 The form iri is the infinitivus praesentis passīvi of the verb eo, ii, itum, ire “to go”; The infinitive here conveys the meaning of the future.
